Journal articles on the topic 'Cell carcinomas'
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1
Sica, Gabriel, Patrick L. Wagner, Nassar Altorki, Jeffrey Port, Paul C. Lee, Madeline F. Vazquez, and Anjali Saqi. "Immunohistochemical Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Primary Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/132.12.1889.
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Abstract Context.—Lung and breast carcinomas are among the most prevalent cancers. Advances in cancer therapies can provide survival benefit and be potentially curative, even in metastatic disease. Due to the high prevalence of these carcinomas, it is not unusual to encounter lung nodule(s) in a patient with breast carcinoma, and distinguishing between primary and metastatic disease is critical for management/treatment. Occasionally neuroendocrine differentiation is present in breast carcinoma, making its distinction from pulmonary/nonpulmonary neuroendocrine tumors in the lung difficult. Objective.—To assess estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in the entire spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Design.—Seventy-one neuroendocrine neoplasms including typical carcinoids (42), atypical carcinoids (7), small cell carcinomas (14), large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (2), and combined small cell carcinomas (6) were evaluated for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Mammary and non–small cell lung carcinomas were also stained for comparison. Results.—The entire spectrum of neuroendocrine neoplasms demonstrated focal to diffuse estrogen (typical carcinoid, 23; atypical carcinoid, 6; small cell carcinoma, 8; large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 2; combined small cell carcinoma, 4) and progesterone (typical carcinoid, 11; atypical carcinoid, 2; small cell carcinoma, 7; large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 0; combined small cell carcinoma, 2) expression. There was no correlation between sex and estrogen/progesterone status. Estrogen and progesterone staining were also noted in endothelial cells. Relative to neuroendocrine carcinomas, mammary carcinomas expressed estrogen and progesterone more frequently. Non–small cell carcinomas had greater and similar immunoreactivity for estrogen and progesterone, respectively. Conclusions.—Although estrogen and progesterone receptor staining is frequently associated with breast and gynecologic primaries, it can also be observed in “nontarget” organs. Therefore, presence of estrogen and/or progesterone expression in neuroendocrine tumors involving the lung should not exclude a primary pulmonary neoplasm.
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Capelli, Marco, Giulia Bertino, Patrizia Morbini, Chiara Villa, Stefano Zorzi, and Marco Benazzo. "Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Upper Airways: A Small Case Series with Histopathological Considerations." Tumori Journal 93, no. 5 (September 2007): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160709300517.
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Neuroendocrine carcinomas are rare tumors. In the head and neck region they are most common in the larynx, where they represent 0.5-1% of epithelial cancers. Diagnosis requires the recognition of the typical neuroendocrine architecture and morphology and the immunohistochemical confirmation of neuroendocrine differentiation. In the 1991 WHO classification laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas have been divided into carcinoids, atypical carcinoids, small cell carcinomas and paragangliomas. Atypical carcinoids in the head and neck region usually show an aggressive behavior analogous to poorly differentiated carcinomas, and are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. For this reason, it was recently proposed to change their designation to “moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas”. We present the clinical and histopathological features of 2 moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx, one large cell poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the oropharynx, and one small cell carcinoma of the minor salivary glands of the tongue. The patient with small cell carcinoma was free from disease 26 months after radical surgery, while the other patients showed liver, lung and bone metastases 18, 26 and 24 months after the diagnosis despite radical surgery or concomitant intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Shilo, Konstantin, Tatiana Dracheva, Haresh Mani, Junya Fukuoka, Isabell A. Sesterhenn, Wei-Sing Chu, Joanna H. Shih, Jin Jen, William D. Travis, and Teri J. Franks. "α-Methylacyl CoA Racemase in Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Neuroendocrine Tumors: Expression and Survival Analysis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-1555-mcripa.
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Abstract Context.—α-Methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) is an oxidative enzyme involved in isomeric transformation of fatty acids entering the beta-oxidation pathway. AMACR serves as a useful marker in establishing a diagnosis of prostatic malignancy; however, limited information is available in regard to its presence in pulmonary neoplasms. Objective.—To investigate AMACR expression within a spectrum of lung carcinomas and its correlation with patients' survival. Design.—Four hundred seventy-seven pulmonary carcinomas, including 150 squamous cell carcinomas, 150 adenocarcinomas, 46 typical carcinoids, 31 atypical carcinoids, 28 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 72 small cell carcinomas, were studied immunohistochemically using tissue microarray–based samples. Results.—Overall, pulmonary tumors were positive for AMACR in a significant percentage (47%) of cases. Among tumor types, 22% of squamous cell carcinoma, 56% of adenocarcinoma, 72% of typical carcinoid, 52% of atypical carcinoid, 70% of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 51% of small cell lung carcinoma were positive for AMACR. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the patients with AMACR-positive small cell carcinoma had better survival (19% vs 5% after 5 years, P = .04) than patients with AMACR-negative tumors. Such survival advantage was seen for patients with stage I–II (P = .01) but not stage III–IV small cell carcinomas (P = .58). Conclusions.—These results indicate that, similar to prostate cancer, the overexpression of AMACR frequently occurs in pulmonary carcinomas. Additionally, its positive correlation with outcome of stage I–II small cell lung carcinoma warrants further investigation of the AMACR role in the prognosis of this tumor.
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Frixen, U. H., J. Behrens, M. Sachs, G. Eberle, B. Voss, A. Warda, D. Löchner, and W. Birchmeier. "E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells." Journal of Cell Biology 113, no. 1 (April 1, 1991): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.113.1.173.
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The ability of carcinomas to invade and to metastasize largely depends on the degree of epithelial differentiation within the tumors, i.e., poorly differentiated being more invasive than well-differentiated carcinomas. Here we confirmed this correlation by examining various human cell lines derived from bladder, breast, lung, and pancreas carcinomas. We found that carcinoma cell lines with an epithelioid phenotype were noninvasive and expressed the epithelium-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin (also known as Arc-1, uvomorulin, and cell-CAM 120/80), as visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy and by Western and Northern blotting, whereas carcinoma cell lines with a fibroblastoid phenotype were invasive and had lost E-cadherin expression. Invasiveness of these latter cells could be prevented by transfection with E-cadherin cDNA and was again induced by treatment of the transfected cells with anti-E-cadherin mAbs. These findings indicate that the selective loss of E-cadherin expression can generate dedifferentiation and invasiveness of human carcinoma cells, and they suggest further that E-cadherin acts as an invasion suppressor.
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Cheuk, W., M. Y. Kwan, Saul Suster, and John K. C. Chan. "Immunostaining for Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 and Cytokeratin 20 Aids the Distinction of Small Cell Carcinoma From Merkel Cell Carcinoma, But Not Pulmonary From Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinomas." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0228-ifttfa.
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Abstract Objective.—To study the expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) in pulmonary small cell carcinomas, extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas, and Merkel cell carcinomas, and thereby determine whether these markers are helpful in distinguishing these 3 groups of small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Materials and Methods.—Immunostaining for TTF-1 and CK20 was performed in 102 cases of small cell carcinoma (pulmonary, 52; extrapulmonary, 50) and 23 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma. The results for the 3 groups were compared. Results.—Thyroid transcription factor 1 was expressed in 82.7% of pulmonary small cell carcinomas, 42.0% of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (range, 33.3–53.3% for the various sites), and 0% of Merkel cell carcinomas. Cytokeratin 20 staining was consistently negative in pulmonary small cell carcinomas, and positive in 4.0% of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas and 100% of Merkel cell carcinomas. Conclusions.—Immunostaining for TTF-1, especially when combined with immunostaining for CK20, can aid in the distinction between Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma (both pulmonary and extrapulmonary). However, in individual cases, these markers cannot be used to distinguish between pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas due to the extensive overlap in immunophenotypes.
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Liddell, Heath, Anton Mare, Sean Heywood, Genevieve Bennett, and Hin Fan Chan. "Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Mimic of Conventional Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma on Core Biopsy." Case Reports in Urology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/423908.
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Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCP-RCC) is a recently described, relatively uncommon variant of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with a reported incidence of 4.1%. Thought to only arise in those with end stage renal disease, CCP-RCC is increasingly identified in those without renal impairment. CCP-RCCs have unique morphologic, genetic, and immunohistochemical features distinguishing them from both conventional clear cell renal cell carcinomas and papillary renal cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemically, these tumors are positive for CK7 and negative for CD10 and racemase. This is in contrast to conventional cell renal cell carcinomas (CK7 negative, CD10 positive) and papillary cell carcinomas (CK7, CD10, and racemase positive). These tumours appear to be indolent in nature, with no current documented cases of metastatic spread. We present the case of a 42-year-old female who presented with an incidental finding of a renal mass that on a core biopsy was reported as clear cell carcinoma, Fuhrman grade 1. She subsequently underwent a radical nephrectomy and further histological examination revealed the tumor to be a clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, Fuhrman grade 1.
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Milroy, C. M., P. J. Robinson, and H. R. Grant. "Primary composite squamous cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hypopharynx." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 11 (November 1989): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100111107.
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AbstractNeuroendocrine carcinomas are rare neoplasms of the larynx and hypopharynx. Tumours composed of both neuroendocrine and Squamous cell elements are very rare. We report a case of a primary hypopharyngeal carcinoma composed of both squamous cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and discuss the treatment of this patient and management of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx.
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Nikiforova, Marina N., Edna T. Kimura, Manoj Gandhi, Paul W. Biddinger, Jeffrey A. Knauf, Fulvio Basolo, Zhaowen Zhu, et al. "BRAF Mutations in Thyroid Tumors Are Restricted to Papillary Carcinomas and Anaplastic or Poorly Differentiated Carcinomas Arising from Papillary Carcinomas." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 5399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030838.
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Abstract Activating point mutations of the BRAF gene have been recently reported in papillary thyroid carcinomas. In this study, we analyzed 320 thyroid tumors and six anaplastic carcinoma cell lines and detected BRAF mutations in 45 (38%) papillary carcinomas, two (13%) poorly-differentiated carcinomas, three (10%) anaplastic carcinomas, and five (83%) thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cell lines but not in follicular, Hürthle cell, and medullary carcinomas, follicular and Hürthle cell adenomas, or benign hyperplastic nodules. All mutations involved a T→A transversion at nucleotide 1796. In papillary carcinomas, BRAF mutations were associated with older age, classic papillary carcinoma or tall cell variant histology, extrathyroidal extension, and more frequent presentation at stages III and IV. All BRAF-positive poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas contained areas of preexisting papillary carcinoma, and mutation was present in both the well-differentiated and dedifferentiated components. These data indicate that BRAF mutations are restricted to papillary carcinomas and poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. They are associated with distinct phenotypical and biological properties of papillary carcinomas and may participate in progression to poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas.
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Wysocki, John, Rishi Agarwal, Laura Bratton, Jeremy Nguyen, Mandy Crause Weidenhaft, Nathan Shores, and Hillary Z. Kimbrell. "Mixed Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma with Spindle Cell and Clear Cell Features in the Extrahepatic Bile Duct." Case Reports in Pathology 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/347949.
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Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas, spindle cell carcinomas, and clear cell carcinomas are all rare tumors in the biliary tract. We present the first case, to our knowledge, of an extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma composed of all three types. A 65-year-old man with prior cholecystectomy presented with painless jaundice, vomiting, and weight loss. CA19-9 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were elevated. Cholangioscopy revealed a friable mass extending from the middle of the common bile duct to the common hepatic duct. A bile duct excision was performed. Gross examination revealed a 3.6 cm intraluminal polypoid tumor. Microscopically, the tumor had foci of conventional adenocarcinoma (CK7-positive and CA19-9-postive) surrounded by malignant-appearing spindle cells that were positive for cytokeratins and vimentin. Additionally, there were separate areas of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Foci of clear cell carcinoma merged into both the LCNEC and the adenocarcinoma. Tumor invaded through the bile duct wall with extensive perineural and vascular invasion. Circumferential margins were positive. The patient’s poor performance status precluded adjuvant therapy and he died with recurrent and metastatic disease 5 months after surgery. This is consistent with the reported poor survival rates of biliary mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas.
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Rudland, P. S., S. J. Leinster, J. Winstanley, B. Green, M. Atkinson, and H. D. Zakhour. "Immunocytochemical identification of cell types in benign and malignant breast diseases: variations in cell markers accompany the malignant state." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 4 (April 1993): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.4.8450194.
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We performed immunocytochemical staining of benign, in situ, and malignant breast disease to identify antigens related to the presence of the major parenchymal cell types of the normal breast. Markers for the epithelial cells, antiserum to epithelial membrane antigen, and three monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to milk-fat globule membranes stained most of the inner cells in benign breast lesions, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinomas, but the peripheral cells in benign lesions, as well as in carcinoma in situ, were unstained. MAb to epithelium-specific keratin 18 stained the majority of inner cells in benign breast lesions but comparatively fewer such cells in carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. Markers for the myoepithelial cells, antisera, and MAb to smooth muscle actin and vimentin stained most of the peripheral cells in benign breast lesions and in carcinoma in situ but failed to stain virtually any neoplastic cells in invasive carcinomas. Markers for the basement membrane adjacent to the myoepithelial cells, antiserum, and MAb to laminin and Type IV collagen delineated an intact basement membrane around benign lesions and carcinoma in situ, and fragmented structures in 5-10% of invasive carcinomas; the remaining carcinomas were largely unstained. Markers for both myoepithelial and epithelial cells, keratin MAb PKK2 and LP34, stained most of the inner cells in benign lesions but usually only relatively few malignant cells in carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinomas. Markers for the secretory alveolar cell, MAb to beta- and kappa-casein, stained a few isolated cells in benign lesions, many more inner cells in two such lesions in pregnant females, and none in invasive carcinomas. In conclusion, the myoepithelial cell and, under suitable hormonal conditions, the secretory alveolar cell, are retained in most benign lesions, but they are largely lost in invasive carcinomas.
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Ko, Christine J., G. Peter Sarantopoulos, Sunita Bhuta, and Scott W. Binder. "Scalp Paraffinoma Underlying Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 128, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2004-128-1171-spuscc.
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Abstract We report the case of an 84-year-old man with multiple squamous cell carcinomas located on his bald scalp, arising in association with underlying paraffinoma. Histologically, poorly differentiated, acantholytic squamous cell carcinomas were located above characteristic pseudocystic spaces. Carcinomas have been reported in association with penile and breast paraffinomas, but we are unaware of any reports of squamous cell carcinoma arising over a scalp paraffinoma.
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Aron, Manju, and Ming Zhou. "Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Genitourinary Tract." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2010-0072-rsr2.
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Merkel cell carcinomas are rare cutaneous neoplasms that are known to metastasize to various mucosal sites, including the genitourinary tract. Primary Merkel cell carcinomas of the genitourinary tract are extremely rare and may be mistaken for other more common carcinomas of the genitourinary tract, including urothelial carcinomas and prostatic carcinomas. However, primary Merkel cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract is a very aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate clinical treatment. The discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus as a possible causative agent adds a new dimension in the understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis, and possible targeted therapies for this tumor.
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Grygoruk, O. G., D. A. Tsoi, L. M. Bazulina, and I. V. Vihlyanov. "Small‑cell lung carcinoma. Cytological diagnosis." Malignant tumours 12, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2022-12-1-36-43.
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The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibilities of cytology for lung neuroendocrine tumors (small‑cell lung carcinoma and carcinoids) diagnostics. Cytology specimens obtained by bronchoscopy (n = 112), biopsy of metastatic lymph nodes (n = 27) or from pleural effusion (n = 8) were collected within over 1 year from 147 patients and studied. Small-cell lung carcinoma was diagnosed in 143 patients, representing 23,9 % of all lung carcinomas. The proportion of carcinoid tumors was 2,7 % of all neuroendocrine tumors. Typical carcinoid was observed in three cases, and atypical carcinoid — in one case. Cytologic features most significant for cytological diagnosis of small‑cell lung carcinoma and carcinoids were identified (n = 11). Discriminant analysis demonstrated that the proportion of accurate cytological diagnosis of small‑cell lung carcinoma and carcinoids was 96,69 %. Cytology is a reliable method for neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis. Immunocytochemistry with neuroendocrine markers along with light microscopy should be used to differentiate small‑cell lung carcinoma metastases from other tumors and non‑malignant pathology in pleural effusion specimens.
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Ferlito, Alfio, Kenneth O. Devaney, and Alessandra Rinaldo. "Clinicopathological Consultation Squamous Neoplastic Component in Unconventional Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Larynx." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 105, no. 11 (November 1996): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949610501115.
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Both otolaryngologists and surgical pathologists arc involved in the diagnosis and treatment of lesions of the larynx that are best diagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinomas of some specified degree of differentiation, not further subclassified (that is, conventional squamous cell carcinomas). On occasion, however, a patient will present with an invasive tumor that on histologic examination diverges from the expected pattern of a squamous cell carcinoma of the usual type and so raises the question of proper classification (on the part of the pathologist) and, following classification, a consideration of the prognostic and therapeutic implications of such a classification (on the part of the clinician). While some of these unconventional squamous cell carcinomas are rather indolent lesions (as, for example, the hybrid verrucous squamous cell carcinoma), others behave in a fashion similar to conventional squamous cell carcinomas (such as the adenoid squamous cell carcinomas), and yet others seem to behave more aggressively than do conventional squamous cell carcinomas of a similar size and stage (examples include the basaloid squamous cell carcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas). Finally, the possibility exists within the larynx, as elsewhere in the body, that a nonepithelial lesion such as malignant melanoma may mimic a tumor more commonly encountered in that vicinity — namely, a squamous cell carcinoma — and so receive inappropriate treatment if such mimicry is not recognized.
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Matrana, Marc Ryan, Priya Rao, Bradley J. Atkinson, Charles Guo, and Nizar M. Tannir. "Therapies and outcomes of non-renal cell carcinoma (non-RCC) neoplasms of the kidney: A single-institution experience." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2012): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.5_suppl.431.
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431 Background: Non-RCC neoplasms of the kidney include neuroendocrine tumors (small cell carcinoma and carcinoid) and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET). Small cell carcinoma and renal carcinoids are small blue cell tumors that rarely occur as primary renal neoplasms. PNET, known as extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, is characterized by t(11;22), the gold standard for diagnosis. It is a small round cell tumor derived from the neural crest and treated with chemotherapy; the role of nephrectomy is unclear. Methods: We reviewed records of patients seen at MDACC between 01/01/2001 and 01/01/2011 for PNET, small cell carcinomas, and carcinoid tumors of the kidney. Overall survival (OS) was determined from diagnosis to death. Results: 21 pts met inclusion criteria. Disease-specific data is shown in the table. Common treatments included: carboplatin/etoposide for small cell carcinomas; vincristine/doxorubicin/ifosfamide, vincristine/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin/ifosfamide alternating with cisplatin/etoposide for PNET. Irinotecan was a common salvage agent in PNET. Most carcinoid tumors were treated with surgery alone. Two patients with small cell received whole brain radiation for brain metastases. Conclusions: Carcinoid tumors of the kidney had better outcomes compared to renal small cell carcinomas or PNET. Local carcinoid tumors of the kidney were generally managed with surgery alone. Renal small cell carcinomas and PNET were treated with systemic therapies. [Table: see text]
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Iwamoto, H., H. Fukasawa, T. Honda, S. Hirata, and K. Hoshi. "HER-2/neu expression in ovarian clear cell carcinomas." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 1 (2003): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200301000-00005.
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HER-2 /neu is a 185-kDa glycoprotein and a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. Its overexpression is observed in 25–30% of primary breast carcinomas and is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor approved the use of trastuzumab (Herceptin, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast carcinomas overexpressing HER-2 /neu. Results of clinical trials with Herceptin suggest that it may prolong the survival of patients with advanced metastatic breast carcinoma. Relatively little is known concerning the relationship between HER-2 /neu status and ovarian clear cell carcinoma. If HER-2 /neu overexpression status were demonstrable in ovarian clear cell carcinoma and a clinical correlation between overexpression and prognosis could be established, a rationale for clinical use of Herceptin for this tumor could be established. Our aim was to evaluate HER-2 /neu status in ovarian clear cell carcinomas. Fifteen ovarian clear cell carcinoma cases were immunostained for HER-2 /neu using HercepTest (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark). Overexpression of HER-2 /neu was detected in only one case. Unlike in breast carcinoma, HER-2 /neu overexpression appeared to be uncommon in ovarian clear cell carcinomas. Herceptin may thus target only a small proportion of ovarian clear cell carcinomas and be of limited clinical value for treatment of this carcinoma.
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Sadr, AH, S. de Kerviler, and N. Kang. "Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with endobronchial metastasis." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 96, no. 7 (October 2014): e20-e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588414x13946184902244.
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Although basal cell carcinoma is a very common malignancy, metastasis from this tumour is extremely rare. For this reason, many plastic surgeons, dermatologists and physicians dealing with skin malignancies consider this as a locally invasive malignancy. We present a rare case of metastatic basal cell carcinoma manifested as a bronchial tumour. This case highlights the fact that despite basal cell carcinoma’s local invasive potential, the possibility of distant metastasis still exists and clinicians should therefore be cautious about interpreting extracutaneous symptoms. Chest physicians should always consider the possibility of this rare tumour in the lungs in patients with a history of large basal cell carcinomas in the head and neck region.
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Altree-Tacha, David, Jillian Tyrrell, and Faqian Li. "mASH1 is Highly Specific for Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation on Normal and Various Neoplastic Tissues." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 141, no. 2 (September 15, 2016): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2015-0489-oa.
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Context.—High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas and carcinoids can arise in different sites such as lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and skin. Classic neuroendocrine markers such as CD56, synaptophysin, and chromogranin cannot distinguish carcinoids from high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. Recently, mouse monoclonal mASH1 has been shown to help discriminate carcinoids from high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas in various neoplastic sites. To date, there have been no comprehensive immunohistochemistry studies with mASH1 on nonneuroendocrine neoplasms. Objective.—To evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of mASH1 in various normal and neoplastic tissues, including lung cancers. Design.—Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue microarrays consisting of normal tissues and various neoplastic tissues were immunohistochemically evaluated with mASH1. Results.—In normal tissues (n = 30), mASH1 (nuclear staining) was sparsely expressed in the molecular cell layer, white matter, and granular cell layer of cerebellum; C cells in thyroid; and epithelial cells in thymus. In lung cancers, mASH1 stained 1.1% (1 of 93) of adenocarcinomas, 0.9% (1 of 111) of squamous cell carcinomas, 0% (0 of 30) of large cell carcinomas, 66.7% (6 of 9) of large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 82.5% (94 of 114) of small cell carcinomas. In various other neoplastic tissues (n = 1114), mASH1 was expressed in thyroid medullary carcinomas, thymic carcinomas, and brain cancers; mASH1 was also expressed in a very low percentage of breast carcinomas, ovarian cancers, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. All typical carcinoids of various sites were negative (0 of 11), however, in lung atypical carcinoids, mASH1 was expressed in 42.9% (9 of 21). Conclusions.—Although not organ specific, mASH1 is highly specific for high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas versus carcinoids and other nonneuroendocrine neoplasms.
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Cheng, Shaun Kian Hong, and Khoon Leong Chuah. "Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Pancreas: A Review." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 140, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2015-0135-rs.
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The pancreas is an unusual site for tumor metastasis, accounting for only 2% to 5% of all malignancies affecting the pancreas. The more common metastases affecting the pancreas include renal cell carcinomas, melanomas, colorectal carcinomas, breast carcinomas, and sarcomas. Although pancreatic involvement by nonrenal malignancies indicates widespread systemic disease, metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the pancreas often represents an isolated event and is thus amenable to surgical resection, which is associated with long-term survival. As such, it is important to accurately diagnose pancreatic involvement by metastatic renal cell carcinoma on histology, especially given that renal cell carcinoma metastasis may manifest more than a decade after its initial presentation and diagnosis. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathologic findings of isolated renal cell carcinoma metastases of the pancreas, with special emphasis on separating metastatic renal cell carcinoma and its various differential diagnoses in the pancreas.
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Rose, Peter Graham, James Java, Charles W. Whitney, Henry Keys, Rachael Lanciano, and Gillian Thomas. "Locally advanced adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix compared to squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in Gynecologic Oncology Group trials of chemoradiation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 5530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5530.
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5530 Background: Conflicting results have been reported for adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas the cervix with respect to their response to therapy and prognosis. Adeno- and adenosquamous carcinoma comprise the majority of non-squamous carcinomas of the cervix enrolled in GOG trials of chemoradiation. Methods: Adeno- and adenosquamous cervical carcinomas were retrospectively studied and compared to squamous cell carcinomas in GOG trials of chemoradiation. Results: Among 1672 patients enrolled in clinical trials of chemoradiation, 182 adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas were identified (10.8%). A higher percentage of adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas were stage IB (27% versus 20%) and fewer were stage IIIB (21.4% versus 28.6%). The mean tumor size was larger for squamous than adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas, but adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas were more often poorly differentiated (46.2% versus 26.8%). Among patients that received cis-platinum during radiation therapy, 843 with squamous cell carcinoma were compared to 112 with adeno- or adenosquamous carcinoma for overall survival, with no significant difference in risk of death (p=0.472). However, among patients that did not receive cis-platinum, 647 with squamous cell carcinoma and 70 with adeno- or adenosquamous carcinoma, there was a slightly higher risk of death for the adeno- or adenosquamous group (p=0.049). Adverse effects to treatment were similar across histologies. Conclusions: Patients with adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas of the cervix have worse overall survival when treated with radiation alone, but have progression-free and overall survival similar to patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix when treated with cis-platinum based chemoradiation.
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Baranovska, V. V., A. M. Romanenko, and L. M. Zakhartseva. "HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHROMOPHOBE RENAL CELL CARCINOMA." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 1 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(1):15-23.
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Introduction. Renal neoplasms are a common disease. Differential diagnostics of different tumor subtypes for prognosis and treatment is necessary given that some of them, like renal cell oncocytomas, are benign, and others, like chromophobe renal cell carcinomas, are malignant. Unfortunately, the histological similarity between these tumors makes accurate diagnostics difficult. In some cases, additional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry should be used. The aim of our study is to analyze the histological characteristics of chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and renal oncocytomas, in order to specify their pathognomonic features, allowing for the confirmation of the diagnosis. Materials and methods. We used data from histories of disease and histological postoperative material of 198 patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma. After the diagnosis was confirmed, we described the histological features of the tumors and calculated their relative prevalence amongst the renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma tissues. To conclude, we identified the histological features that are more likely to be present in the case of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Conclusions. Chromophobe renal cell carcinomas are present in 31 % of our samples. Tumors are more prevalent in patients in their sixth and seventh decade. Most chromophobe renal cell carcinomas are unilateral. Chromophobe renal cell carcinomas have a polymorphic histological structure. The classic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is more common than the eosinophilic one. A mixed variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is present in a minority of cases. The most common features of ChRCC are solid and alveolar growth patterns, clear and reticular cytoplasm, raisinoid nuclei. After comparing the relative prevalence of various histological features in renal oncocytomas to those present in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas, we are able to ascertain that chromophobe renal cell carcinomas tend to exhibit the following features significantly more often than renal oncocytomas: differing nuclear size, raisinoid nuclei, reticular cytoplasm, clear cytoplasm. The particular features mentioned in the preceding paragraph, can be present on a small subset of the tumor tissue, and are thus, often missed during analysis, which can lead to misdiagnosis. In order to mitigate this risk, we recommend analyzing a big sample of tumor tissue and using additive methods such as immunohistochemistry with biomarkers CD 10 (56C6), CD 68 (KP1), Cytokeratin 7 (OV-TL 12/30), CD117/c-kit, Vimentin (Vim3B4), S-100 (4C4.9).
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de las Mulas, J. Martín, A. Espinosa de los Monteros, L. Carrasco, M. van Niel, and A. Fernández. "Immunohistochemical Distribution Pattern of Intermediate Filament Proteins in 50 Feline Neoplasms." Veterinary Pathology 32, no. 6 (November 1995): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200611.
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Twenty-eight epithelial and 22 nonepithelial feline tumors were studied immunohistochemically. Epithelial tumors were 10 squamous cell carcinomas, two basal cell tumors, two sebaceous gland carcinomas, three apocrine gland carcinomas, three thyroid papillary carcinomas, one thyroid solid carcinoma, one renal clear cell carcinoma, one renal papillary carcinoma, one endometrial carcinoma, and four lung bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. Nonepithelial tumors were 10 fibrosarcomas, one liposarcoma, one leiomyosarcoma, one rhabdomyosarcoma, one hemangiosarcoma, two mast cell tumors, one osteosarcoma, three melanomas, and two lymphomas. Commercially available antibodies directed against high- and low-molecular-weight keratins (keratin, RCK-102, NCL-5D3), vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament intermediate filament (IF) proteins were used in the avidin—biotin–peroxidase complex technique on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples. All epithelial tumors except the endometrial carcinoma expressed some type of keratin protein. Squamous cell carcinomas expressed high-molecular-weight keratins exclusively. Coexpression of high- and low-molecular-weight keratins was observed in one basal cell tumor, sebaceous and apocrine adenocarcinomas, and thyroid, renal, and lung carcinomas. In addition to keratins, vimentin immunoreactivity was found in all basal cell tumors, all sebaceous gland, thyroid papillary, renal, and lung adenocarcinomas, and one of the apocrine gland adenocarcinomas. Immunoreactivity with GFAP antibody was found in one basal cell tumor and one sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma. The endometrial carcinoma did not react with any of the antibodies applied. Nonepithelial tumors analyzed expressed either vimentin (fibrosarcomas, liposarcoma, haemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumors, osteosarcomas, melanomas) or vimentin and desmin (leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, one fibrosarcoma) IF proteins exclusively. Lymphomas did not react with any of the antibodies employed. These findings indicate that IF proteins antibodies can be included in diagnostic panels of antibodies for immunocharacterization of feline tumors. In addition, they can be used as a basis for the diagnoses of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated feline neoplasms.
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Song, Jie, Mei Li, Maria Tretiakova, Ravi Salgia, Philip T. Cagle, and Aliya N. Husain. "Expression Patterns of PAX5, c-Met, and Paxillin in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2009-0664-oar1.1.
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Abstract Context.—c-Met is important in the pathogenesis, invasion, and spread of several forms of lung cancer, and multiple c-Met inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials. PAX5 has been shown to upregulate c-Met in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and coinhibiting PAX5 and c-Met had a synergic effect in killing tumor cells. Paxillin is a downstream target of activated c-Met, and its activation leads to enhanced cell motility and tumor spread. The expression patterns of these functionally related proteins have not, to our knowledge, been systemically studied in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Objective.—To investigate the expression patterns of PAX5, paxillin, c-Met, and phosphorylated c-Met in 4 categories of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Design.—Tissue microarrays of 38 typical carcinoids, 6 atypical carcinoids, 34 SCLCs, and 11 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas were studied with immunohistochemistry. Results.—Most of the 4 tumor types expressed c-Met, phosphorylated c-Met, and paxillin. PAX5 was frequently expressed in atypical carcinoids, SCLCs, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas but tended to be negative in typical carcinoids. Coexpression of PAX5 with c-Met or phosphorylated c-Met was present in most of the atypical carcinoids, SCLCs, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Significant correlation between PAX5 and paxillin was detected in SCLCs and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas but not in carcinoid tumors. Conclusions.—The frequent coexpression of PAX5 with c-Met or phosphorylated c-Met in intermediate-grade and high-grade neuroendocrine tumors supports the therapeutic strategy of coinhibiting these proteins. The discrepancy between high-grade and low-grade neuroendocrine tumors in PAX5/paxillin expression correlation may be due to the different underlying molecular genetics of these tumors.
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De Leo, Antonio, Donatella Santini, Claudio Ceccarelli, Giacomo Santandrea, Andrea Palicelli, Giorgia Acquaviva, Federico Chiarucci, et al. "What Is New on Ovarian Carcinoma: Integrated Morphologic and Molecular Analysis Following the New 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Female Genital Tumors." Diagnostics 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040697.
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Ovarian carcinomas represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms consisting of separate entities with distinct risk factors, precursor lesions, pathogenesis, patterns of spread, molecular profiles, clinical course, response to chemotherapy, and outcomes. The histologic subtype and the related molecular features are essential for individualized clinical decision-making. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the female genital tract divides ovarian carcinomas into at least five main and distinct types of ovarian carcinomas: high-grade serous carcinoma, low-grade serous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma. Molecular pathology has improved the knowledge of genomic landscape of ovarian carcinomas identifying peculiar alterations for every histologic subtype. It is well-known that high-grade and low-grade serous carcinomas are separate entities with entirely different morphologic and molecular characteristics. TP53 and BRCA mutations are typical of high-grade serous carcinoma, whereas BRAF and KRAS mutations frequently occur in low-grade serous carcinoma. Endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas are frequently associated with endometriosis. Endometrioid tumors are characterized by β-catenin alterations, microsatellite instability, and PTEN and POLE mutations, while ARID1A mutations occur in both endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Mucinous carcinomas are uncommon tumors associated with copy-number loss of CDKN2A and KRAS alterations and metastasis from other sites should always be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Lam, King Y., and Kwok W. Chan. "Molecular Pathology and Clinicopathologic Features of Penile Tumors." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0895-mpacfo.
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AbstractObjectives.—To examine the histologic features of p21 in penile tumors and to determine the role of p21 and p53 in the pathogenesis of this group of tumors.Methods.—The clinicopathologic features of 87 patients with penile tumors were studied. The expression of p53 and p21 proteins in 49 cases was investigated by immunohistochemistry.Results.—Of the 87 tumors studied, 84 represented primary penile tumors (72 malignant and 12 benign) and 3 represented secondary tumors (2 from bladder, 1 from nasopharynx). The primary malignant penile tumors included 66 surface carcinomas with squamous differentiation (92%), 3 cases of Paget disease (4%), 1 case of Bowen disease (1%), and 2 penile urethral squamous cell carcinomas (3%). The former group was subdivided into squamous cell carcinoma (n = 50), verrucous carcinoma (n = 8), basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3), adenoid squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3), spindle cell carcinoma (n = 1), and adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1). The benign tumors were squamous cell papillomas (n = 10) and fibromatoses (n = 2). Expression of p21 and p53 was noted in 40% and 89%, respectively, of the 47 patients with primary surface penile carcinoma with squamous differentiation. Positive p21 and p53 expression was also seen in 2 cases of Paget disease. Staining for p21 was often weak and was found in the suprabasal region of carcinomas with squamous differentiation, while p53 expression was seen in the basal region of squamous cell carcinomas. Preinvasive lesions also showed p21 and p53 expression. An inverse correlation between p53 and p21 expression (p53+/p21− or p53−/p21+) was noted in half of the squamous cell carcinomas, 4 of 5 verrucous carcinomas, 2 of 3 basaloid squamous cell carcinomas, and in 1 spindle cell carcinoma. The other cases did not show this correlation.Conclusions.—Penile tumors had different histologic variants and p21/p53 expression patterns. Expression of p21 did play a role in some tumors and could be dependent or independent of p53 expression.
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Shah, Akeesha A., Susanne K. Jeffus, and Edward B. Stelow. "Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Comprehensive Review With a Focus on Genetic Alterations." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 138, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 731–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0070-ra.
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Context.— Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract is a heterogenous entity. Although conventional squamous cell carcinomas are easily recognized, the morphologic variants of squamous cell carcinoma can present a diagnostic challenge. Familiarity with these variants is necessary because many are associated with unique risk factors and are characterized by specific molecular alterations (eg, nuclear protein in testis midline carcinomas). Perhaps the most important distinction is in identifying viral-related from nonviral-related carcinomas. The accurate diagnosis of these variants is necessary for prognostic and therapeutic reasons. Objectives.— To provide a clinicopathologic overview and summary of the molecular alterations of the common squamous cell carcinoma variants, including verrucous, spindle cell, acantholytic, adenosquamous, basaloid, and papillary squamous cell carcinoma, as well as nuclear protein in testis midline carcinoma, and to discuss the distinguishing features of human papillomavirus- and Epstein-Barr virus-related squamous cell carcinomas. Data Sources.— Published peer-reviewed literature. Conclusions.— Familiarity with squamous cell carcinoma variants is essential for proper diagnosis and to guide appropriate clinical management. Further insight into the molecular alterations underlying those variants may lead to alterations in existing treatment approaches and to evolution of novel treatment modalities.
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Kaushik, Manish, Samir Bhattacharya, Subrata Kumar Sahu, Parth Ketankumar Shah, Subrata Chakraborty, and Sunipa Ghosh Pradhan. "Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: a case report." International Surgery Journal 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20222603.
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Metaplastic carcinoma is a rare but heterogeneous group of neoplasm of breast, accounting for about 1% of all breast carcinomas. Metaplastic carcinomas may be either low-grade tumors (e.g., adenosquamous carcinoma or spindle cell carcinoma), or high-grade tumors (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, or spindle cell carcinoma). We report a case of metaplastic breast carcinoma in a 72-year-old lady. The clinical, radiological and histological characteristics are discussed.
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Sato, Haruhiro, Yoshinori Ino, Ayaka Miura, Yoshifumi Abe, Hideto Sakai, Koichi Ito, and Setsuo Hirohashi. "Dysadherin: Expression and Clinical Significance in Thyroid Carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 4407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021757.
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Dysadherin is a cancer-associated cell membrane glycoprotein. Its cDNA encodes 178 amino acids, including a putative signal sequence, a potential O-glycosylated extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Dysadherin is believed to down-regulate the expression of E-cadherin, the prime mediator of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial cells, by a posttranscriptional mechanism and promote the metastasis of carcinoma cells. To evaluate the association between dysadherin expression and E-cadherin expression in thyroid carcinoma, immunostaining for dysadherin and E-cadherin was performed in 51 papillary, 10 follicular, and 31 undifferentiated carcinomas. Immunoreactivity for dysadherin, localized at cell-cell boundaries, was detected in 39 of the 51 papillary carcinomas and all 31 undifferentiated carcinomas but not in the follicular carcinomas or normal thyroid tissue controls. Dysadherin expression was significantly higher in undifferentiated carcinoma than in papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma and showed significant negative correlation with E-cadherin expression. The degree of dysadherin expression was significantly associated with the prognosis, occurrence of secondary undifferentiated carcinomas, size of the primary tumor, and metastasis to the regional lymph nodes and lungs. In conclusion, a process involving increased dysadherin expression may lead to an adverse clinical outcome.
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Abbas, Mariam, and Sunil Kalia. "Trends in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Canada." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 2 (October 12, 2015): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475415610106.
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Background: Despite its increased incidence and status as the most prevalent cancer in Canada, there is a paucity of epidemiological data on non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Objective: To assess trends of keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) in Canada over 5 decades. Methods: Articles published from 1960 to 2015 on NMSC in Canada were identified through MEDLINE. Six articles met our search criteria. Results: Overall, KC has increased. However, the rate of increase in the past decade has slowed down and decreased in younger age cohorts. Men had higher incidences of KC. In both sexes, the basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma ratio was ≥2.5:1. Keratinocyte carcinomas were most commonly located on the head and neck, and increasing rates are occurring on the trunk. Limitations: The methods of registering skin cancer cases vary among different provinces. Conclusion: Keratinocyte carcinomas incidence is overall increasing; however, there may be evidence that the incidence is leveling off and decreasing in younger age cohorts.
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Lane, Joshua E., Jennifer H. Allen, Tanda N. Lane, and Jack L. Lesher. "Unilateral Basal Cell Carcinomas: An Unusual Entity Treated with Photodynamic Therapy." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 9, no. 6 (December 2005): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347540500900610.
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Background: Unilateral localized basal cell carcinomas are an uncommon finding that presents both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Exclusion of unilateral nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is indicated. There are few reports in the literature regarding this entity and even less regarding therapeutic strategies. Objective: We present a patient with unilateral localized basal cell carcinomas who was successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. Methods: Photodynamic therapy was started using Levulan® Kerastick® as previously described. The topical solution was applied to the patient's back and illuminated the following day via the BLU-U Blue Light Illuminator. Results: The patient tolerated the procedure well and without complications. The patient had an excellent therapeutic response with no clinically apparent basal cell carcinomas for 18 months. Conclusions: We report a patient with unilateral basal cell carcinomas successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. This uncommon entity represents a diagnostic challenge in its inherent absence of the classic clinical and radiographic findings of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Like nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, unilateral basal cell carcinomas poses a therapeutic challenge with the sheer number of cutaneous tumors. The use of photodynamic therapy carries a proven therapeutic efficacy, a low rate of adverse events and excellent cosmesis.
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Jorda, M., F. Mousavi, C. Gomez-Fernandez, Z. Maleki, G. Walker, and P. Ganjei-Azar. "P63 in cytologic material is helpful for detection of squamous differentiation in non-small cell carcinomas of lung and treatment selection." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 18052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.18052.
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18052 Background: Bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel improves overall response and survival in patients with advanced or recurrent non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, this drug is not recommended in patients with carcinomas with squamous differentiation. Therefore, identification of squamous cell component is desirable. In many instances, cytology is the diagnostic tool of choice; however, routine cytomorphology is limited in classification of non small-cell carcinomas into squamous and non-squamous subtypes. The aim of this study is to identify the value of immunocytochemistry for p63 in this distinction. Methods: Review of cytology records identified 51 consecutive pulmonary specimens with the diagnosis of non-small cell carcinoma (9 squamous cell carcinomas and 42 carcinomas without squamous differentiation). Histologically, they proved to be 26 squamous cell carcinomas and 25 non-small cell carcinomas without squamous differentiation. P63 immunocytochemical stain was performed on archival alcohol-fixed Papanicolaou stained cytology slides, using standard immunocytochemical methods. Results: Twenty-three (88 %) of the 26 histologically proven squamous cell carcinomas were positive for p63 on cytologic smears. Using p63, we detected 14 carcinomas with squamous differentiation not identified by cytomorphology. Smears from all carcinomas with squamous differentiation were positive for p63. Sensitivity of cytology for the detection of squamous differentiation increased from 35% to 88% using p63 immunocytochemistry (p=0.001, McNemar’s test). Four carcinomas with squamous differentiation were detected only in cytologic and not in corresponding histologic samples. Conclusions: 1- p63 is a useful marker for the detection of squamous differentiation in cytologic pulmonary samples; 2- p63 immunocytochemistry significantly increases the sensitivity for the identification of squamous cell carcinomas of lung from 35% to 88% (p=0.001); 3- p63 immunocytochemistry should be used in all pulmonary cytologic samples with a diagnosis of non-small cell carcinoma to improve therapeutic selection of patients; 4- Cytologic sampling may provide better representation of tumor subtypes. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Choi, April, Philip M. Carpenter, Shefali Chopra, Kristi M. Lara, William W. Tseng, Dakshesh B. Patel, and James Hu. "Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast managed with neoadjuvant AIM: A case report." Rare Tumors 12 (January 2020): 203636132097702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2036361320977021.
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Spindle cell carcinoma (SpC), also known as metaplastic carcinoma—spindle cell type, is a subtype of metaplastic carcinoma. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are rare but are thought to be more aggressive than invasive ductal carcinomas. Due to their rarity, there are few randomized trials that can inform any standardized approaches to treatment. Treatment is instead extrapolated from other types of breast cancer or metaplastic carcinomas of different locations. Here we present the first known case report of a patient with spindle cell carcinoma of the breast successfully treated with a standard sarcoma neoadjuvant regimen of doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and mesna (AIM) that resulted in >99% necrosis of the tumor and negative margins at the time of resection.
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Kito, Katsumi, Toshiharu Maeda, Keiko Ninomiya, Atsuro Sugita, Teiri Sagawa, Kinya Matsuoka, Kousei Kinoshita, Naoki Hyodo, Nagisa Morita, and Keizo Furuya. "HER2-Positive Metaplastic Spindle Cell Carcinoma Associated with Synchronous Bilateral Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast." Case Reports in Pathology 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/310829.
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Apocrine carcinoma, which is strictly defined as over 90% of tumor cells showing apocrine differentiation, is a rare variant of breast cancer. Here we report an uncommon case in which apocrine carcinomas developed concurrently in both breasts; in addition, a sarcomatoid spindle cell lesion was coincident in the right breast. Both apocrine carcinomas were immunohistochemically negative for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR), but diffusely positive for androgen receptor (AR), GCDFP-15, and HER2. The presence of intraductal components in bilateral carcinomas and the absence of lymph node metastasis suggested that they were more likely to be individual primary lesions rather than metastatic disease. The spindle cell lesion showed a relatively well-circumscribed nodule contiguous with the apocrine carcinoma. HER2 oncoprotein overexpression was observed not only in the apocrine carcinoma, but also in the spindle cell lesion. Since the spindle cell component was intimately admixed with apocrine carcinoma and had focal cytokeratin expression, we diagnosed it as metaplastic spindle cell carcinoma, which was originated from the apocrine carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a patient with synchronous bilateral apocrine carcinomas coinciding with metaplastic carcinoma.
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Lam, Alfred King-yin. "Squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid: a unique type of cancer in World Health Organization Classification." Endocrine-Related Cancer 27, no. 6 (June 2020): R177—R192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-20-0045.
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The aim is to review the features of 117 primary squamous cell carcinomas of thyroid which meet the histological criteria of the World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumours. The carcinomas occur in 83 women and 34 men (female to male ratio is 2.4 to 1) and with median age at presentation of 64. Half of these squamous cell carcinomas of thyroid were moderately differentiated. PAX-8 protein is a sensitive marker for confirming the thyroid origin of the carcinoma. The carcinoma is also positive for p63, p40, cytokeratins 5/6, 7,19 and negative for cytokeratins 20 and 10/13. P53 overexpression is common. The most important differential diagnosis is direct infiltration or metastatic involvement by squamous cell carcinoma from other organs. Limited mutation analysis revealed BRAF mutation in some squamous cell carcinomas of the thyroid. The genetic profile appears to be different from anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid had lymph node involvement in 59% and distant metastases in 26%. The median survival of the patients was 8 months. Curative surgery offers the best survival for the patients with the carcinoma. To conclude, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland has distinctive clinical, pathological and molecular profiles. It is important to recognize this unique variant of thyroid carcinoma for possible curative surgical resection and to do more genomic works on the entity to uncover the molecular pathogenesis.
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Letellier, Thibault, Florent Leborgne, Clarisse Kerleau, Aurélie Gaultier, Jacques Dantal, and Simon Ville. "Association between Use of Hydrochlorothiazide and Risk of Keratinocyte Cancers in Kidney Transplant Recipients." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15, no. 12 (November 10, 2020): 1804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.02560220.
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Background and objectivesKeratinocyte cancers, which primarily comprise squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas, represent a major concern and potential risk for kidney transplant recipients. Hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic widely used to treat hypertension, has been implicated in skin photosensitivity reaction. Recent studies conducted in the general population have found that hydrochlorothiazide use is associated with a higher risk of keratinocyte cancer, especially squamous cell carcinomas. High-risk groups, however, including transplant recipients were excluded from these. Our aim was to investigate whether hydrochlorothiazide use was associated with keratinocyte cancer in kidney transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsIn a single-center cohort of kidney (n=2155), combined kidney-pancreas (n=282), and pancreas (n=59) transplant recipients from the Données Informatisées VAlidées Transplantation (DIVAT) database transplanted between 2000 and 2017 in Nantes, France, we evaluated the association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and keratinocyte cancers. Multivariable cause-specific, time-varying Cox models were used to estimate the relationship between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and the hazard of squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, with hydrochlorothiazide designated as the time-dependent variable.ResultsAmong the participants, 279 of 2496 (11%) were exposed to hydrochlorothiazide after the transplantation. Cumulative incidence rates of keratinocyte cancer by 10 and 15 years were 7% and 9% for squamous cell carcinomas, respectively, and 8% and 11% for basal cell carcinomas, respectively. We found a relationship between exposure to hydrochlorothiazide and the risk of squamous cell carcinomas (hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 3.28). In contrast, we found no association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and basal cell carcinomas (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.35 to 1.15).ConclusionsIn a single-center cohort of kidney, combined kidney-pancreas, and pancreas transplant recipients, exposure to hydrochlorothiazide was associated with a two-fold higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma and no higher risk of basal cell carcinoma.
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Ayhan, Ayse, Tsui-Lien Mao, Tamer Seckin, Chen-Hsuan Wu, Bin Guan, Hiroshi Ogawa, Masayuki Futagami, et al. "Loss of ARID1A Expression Is an Early Molecular Event in Tumor Progression From Ovarian Endometriotic Cyst to Clear Cell and Endometrioid Carcinoma." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 22, no. 8 (October 2012): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e31826b5dcc.
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ObjectivesARID1A is a recently identified tumor suppressor participating in chromatin remodeling. Somatic inactivating mutations of ARID1A and loss of its expression occur frequently in ovarian clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas and in uterine endometrioid carcinomas. Because endometriotic epithelium is thought to be the cell of origin of most ovarian clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas, we undertook an analysis of ARID1A expression of these tumors arising within an endometriotic cyst (endometrioma).Materials and MethodsOur immunohistochemical study set consisted of 47 endometriotic cysts containing clear cell carcinoma in 24 cases, well-differentiated ovarian endometrioid carcinoma in 20 cases, and mixed clear cell and endometrioid carcinoma in 3 cases.ResultsARID1A loss was observed in 31 (66%) of 47 carcinomas; and therefore, these cases were informative for determining the temporal sequence of loss of ARID1A expression in tumor progression. In 16 of the 47 cases, ARID1A immunoreactivity was retained in both the endometriotic cyst and the carcinoma; and thus, these cases were not informative. All of the 31 informative cases showed loss of ARID1A immunoreactivity in the carcinoma and in the endometriotic cyst epithelium in direct continuity with the carcinoma but not in the cyst epithelium that was not adjacent to the tumor.ConclusionsLoss of ARID1A function as shown by loss of expression, presumably due to mutations, is an early molecular event in the development of most ovarian clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas arising in endometriomas.
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Okuda, Tsuyoshi, Akihiko Sekizawa, Yuditiya Purwosunu, Masaaki Nagatsuka, Miki Morioka, Masaki Hayashi, and Takashi Okai. "Genetics of Endometrial Cancers." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/984013.
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Endometrial cancers exhibit a different mechanism of tumorigenesis and progression depending on histopathological and clinical types. The most frequently altered gene in estrogen-dependent endometrioid endometrial carcinoma tumors isPTEN. Microsatellite instability is another important genetic event in this type of tumor. In contrast,p53mutations or Her2/neu overexpression are more frequent in non-endometrioid tumors. On the other hand, it is possible that the clear cell type may arise from a unique pathway which appears similar to the ovarian clear cell carcinoma.K-rasmutations are detected in approximately 15%–30% of endometrioid carcinomas, are unrelated to the existence of endometrial hyperplasia. Aβ-cateninmutation was detected in about 20% of endometrioid carcinomas, but is rare in serous carcinoma. Telomere shortening is another important type of genomic instability observed in endometrial cancer. Only non-endometrioid endometrial carcinoma tumors were significantly associated with critical telomere shortening in the adjacent morphologically normal epithelium. Lynch syndrome, which is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder of cancer susceptibility and is characterized by a MSH2/MSH6 protein complex deficiency, is associated with the development of non-endometrioid carcinomas.
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Tecimer, Tülay, Jeffrey Dlott, Anan Chuntharapai, Alvin W. Martin, and Stephen C. Peiper. "Expression of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 in Normal and Neoplastic Neuroendocrine Cells." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0520-eotcrc.
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Abstract Background.—Chemokines effect their proinflammatory and growth regulatory roles through interaction with serpentine receptors. One such receptor, CXCR2, binds multiple CXC chemokines, including interleukin 8, GRO-α, GRO-β, GRO-γ, and NAP-2. We have previously identified CXCR2 expression on myeloid cells, notably mature granulocytes, and projection neurons. Objective.—To determine the expression of CXCR2 by cells of the neuroendocrine system. Design.—Archival specimens from normal neuroendocrine tissues and their malignant counterparts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies specific for CXCR1 and CXCR2. Results.—Immunohistochemical analysis revealed high-level expression of CXCR2 by cells in the pituitary, adrenal medulla, pancreatic islets, thyroid C cells, scattered Kulchitsky cells in the bronchi, and counterpart neuroendocrine cells in the stomach, small bowel, colon, and appendix. Neuroendocrine neoplasms that demonstrated high-level CXCR2 expression included (1) primary carcinoids localized to the stomach, small bowel, colon, appendix, fallopian tube, ovary, and lung; (2) atypical carcinoids of the lung; (3) metastatic carcinoids; (4) pituitary adenomas; (5) pheochromocytomas; and (6) medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Small cell lung carcinomas, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung, small cell carcinoma of the cervix, Merkel cell carcinomas, neuroblastomas, and malignant melanomas lacked evidence of CXCR2 expression. Conclusions.—The expression of CXCR2 by normal neuroendocrine cells and neoplastic counterparts that have retained phenotypic features of this differentiation program suggests that chemokines may play an important role in functions that are characteristic of this cell type. In addition, this raises the possibility that chemokines may modulate secretion of biologically active products of these cells and their neoplastic counterparts.
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Jaiswal, Vilkesh R., and Mai P. Hoang. "Primary Combined Squamous and Small Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 128, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2004-128-1279-pcsasc.
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Abstract Primary laryngeal carcinomas comprise approximately 2% to 5% of all malignancies worldwide. Of these laryngeal carcinomas, approximately 99% are primary squamous cell carcinomas. During the past 30 years, about 160 cases of primary small cell carcinoma of the larynx have been reported. Combined primary squamous and small cell carcinoma of the larynx, the so-called composite tumor of the larynx, is even more rare, with only 13 published cases to date. Although the major risk factors for developing these composite tumors of the larynx are thought to be similar to other more common neoplasms of the larynx, such as squamous cell carcinoma, the treatment and prognosis are different. We report an additional case of combined small cell carcinoma of the larynx and discuss the histogenesis of this unusual neoplasm.
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Comstock, Jody, Ronald C. Hansen, and Antoinette Korc. "Basal Cell Carcinoma in a 12-Year-Old Boy." Pediatrics 86, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.3.460.
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Basal cell carcinomas are common skin tumors occurring in white adults that are mainly attributable to ultraviolet-B exposure.1 They grow slowly, invade locally, and rarely metastasize.2 Basal cell carcinomas appear most frequently on the head, neck, and upper extremities. The majority occur on the face and the relative risk for recurrent tumor is high in certain sites, especially the nose.3 It is uncommon to see actinically induced basal cell carcinomas in children. There are well documented associations of basal cell carcinomas in children with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, preceding exposure to x-irradiation, or preceding scar from a burn or trauma.4-10
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Veronese, Silvio, Rachele Volpe, Virgilio Dal Bo, Marcello Francini, Antonino Carbone, and Mauro Boiocchi. "Proliferative Activity in Human Urologic Malignancies: A Preliminary Study." Tumori Journal 73, no. 3 (June 1987): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168707300314.
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Cellular proliferative activity was evaluated by the determination of 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) in 20 specimens of human urologic malignancies (13 renal cell carcinomas and 7 transitional cell bladder carcinomas). Very low LI values were found in renal cell carcinomas, with a median value of 0.28%. Slightly higher proliferative activities were observed in bladder carcinomas, with a median LI value of 1.96%. No significant correlations were found between proliferative activity and pathologic stage or histologic grading in renal cell carcinomas. Although the number of bladder carcinomas evaluated does not allow any definite conclusion, an increase in LI values was found from in situ to invasive carcinoma and from tumors at stage I to tumors at stage III.
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Badve, Sunil S., Rachel Dougherty, Michael Balatico, Kenneth A. Kesler, Patrick Loehrer, and Yesim Gökmen-Polar. "Thymic Carcinomas and Second Malignancies: A Single-Center Review." Cancers 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102472.
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Thymic carcinomas account for less than 0.01% of new cancer diagnoses annually and are more aggressive than thymomas. Autoimmune disorders have been associated with thymomas and only recently with thymic carcinomas. Second malignancies are well described after thymomas. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of second malignancies in patients with thymic carcinomas. All cases of thymic carcinomas were identified from the pathology archives of Indiana University. Histological materials were reviewed and further correlated with clinical data to identify incidence of second cancers in patients with thymic carcinomas. Histological material was available for review in 92 cases of thymic carcinoma. Clinical data were available for 85 patients. Fourteen of these (16.5%) patients had a second malignancy; these included small cell lung carcinoma, “testicular cancer”, embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, breast carcinoma (two cases), prostatic adenocarcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, thyroid carcinoma, bladder carcinoma (two cases), renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. The latter could precede, be concurrent with, or follow the diagnosis thymic carcinoma. The incidence of second cancers in patients with thymic carcinomas is similar to that reported for thymomas. Abnormalities in immunological surveillance may be responsible for this high incidence of second malignancies in thymic tumors.
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Nikumbh, Dhiraj B. "Collecting duct carcinoma (Bellini Duct Carcinoma) of kidney-An overview." IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research 7, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.achr.2022.048.
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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for more than eighty-five percent of primary renal cell carcinomas with male preponderance in 5 to 7 decades. Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) constitutes for less than 1% of all renal cell carcinomas. Histopathological examination of all types of RCC is almost importance in view of therapeutic and prognostic implications of its varied subtypes. The purpose of this editorial is to highlight the morphology and rarity of collecting duct carcinoma and differentiation of it from papillary renal cell carcinoma.
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El-Naggar, Adel K., J. G. Batsakis, Mario A. Luna, Donia McLemore, and R. M. Byers. "DNA flow cytometry of acinic cell carcinomas of major salivary glands." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 104, no. 5 (May 1990): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100158578.
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AbstractFifteen acinic cell carcinomas from an equal number of patients were analysed for their DNA content and proliferative (S-phase) index by flow cytometry from archival tissues. Seven of the carcinomas manifested a diploid DNA content. None of the patients with diploid acinic cell carcinomas died of their carcinomas and none developed metastases in follow-up periods extending for 10 or more years. Four of eight patients with aneuploid acinic cell carcinomas have died because of their malignancies within a 10 year period after the first surgical removal of the carcinoma. Five of the eight patients exhibited metastases. Although the number of cases does not permit strong correlations between histopathological features, abnormalities in DNA content and outcome of patients, it was noted that carcinomas with prominent necrosis, tubulo ductal differentiation and ‘dedifferentiated’ areas displayed more aggressive biological courses.
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Adams, M., and R. Caffrey. "Triple primary cancers of the head and neck: case report and literature review." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 6 (May 22, 2014): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114000905.
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AbstractBackground:Coincident thyroid and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are rare. This paper presents a case of synchronous laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma and micropapillary thyroid carcinoma.Methods:A PubMed search was performed for articles describing synchronous thyroid and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, using the search terms ‘thyroid cancer’, ‘cancer of the head and neck’, ‘synchronous’ and ‘synchronous neoplasm’.Results:The literature suggests that the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stage is a better predictor of outcome than the extent of surgical treatment of the thyroid gland in synchronous malignancies.Conclusion:The decision regarding surgical treatment of the thyroid in synchronous thyroid and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas should take several factors into account. The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stage is the strongest predictor of outcome, although patient-related factors and the location of malignant thyroid tissue may also affect management.
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López, F., J. L. Hunt, I. J. Nixon, A. Rinaldo, M. D. Williams, A. Cardesa, and A. Ferlito. "How phenotype guides management of the neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 7 (June 18, 2018): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118000968.
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AbstractObjectiveThis review aimed to critically analyse data pertaining to the clinical presentation and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx.MethodA PubMed search was performed using the term ‘neuroendocrine carcinoma’. English-language articles on neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx were reviewed in detail.Results and conclusionWhile many historical classifications have been proposed, in contemporary practice these tumours are sub-classified into four subtypes: carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. These tumours exhibit a wide range of biological behaviour, ranging from the extremely aggressive nature of small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, which usually have a fatal prognosis, to the less aggressive course of carcinoid tumours. In small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, a combination of irradiation and chemotherapy is indicated, while carcinoid and atypical carcinoid tumour management entails conservation surgery.
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Rosen, Lauren Elizabeth, and Paolo Gattuso. "Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Breast." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 141, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2016-0364-rs.
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Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the breast are a rare and underrecognized subtype of mammary carcinoma. Neuroendocrine tumors of the breast occur predominately in postmenopausal women. The tumors are subclassified into well-differentiated and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, and invasive breast carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. Well-differentiated tumors show architectural similarity to carcinoids of other sites but lack characteristic neuroendocrine nuclei. Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors are morphologically identical to small cell carcinoma of the lung. Neuroendocrine differentiation, seen in up to 30% of invasive breast carcinomas, is most commonly associated with mucinous and solid papillary carcinomas. The diagnosis of neuroendocrine differentiation requires expression of the neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin or chromogranin. The main differential diagnosis is a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor from an extramammary site. Neuroendocrine tumors of the breast are treated similarly to other invasive breast carcinomas. Although no consensus has been reached on the prognosis, most studies suggest a poor outcome.
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Dasgeb, Bahar, Tarana M. Mohammadi, and Darius R. Mehregan. "Use of Ber-EP4 and Epithelial Specific Antigen to Differentiate Clinical Simulators of Basal Cell Carcinoma." Biomarkers in Cancer 5 (January 2013): BIC.S11856. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bic.s11856.
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EpCam is a transmembrane epithelial adhesion molecule present on all non-squamous epithelial cells. It is often overexpressed in certain carcinomas, such as breast and colon, and in dermatology, eg, basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Various monoclonal antibodies have been used to detect EpCam, including BerEP4 and epithelial specific antigen. We compared anti-EpCam clones, BerEP4, and epithelial specific antigen clone VU-1D9. One hundred and twelve lesions were stained with both antibodies. All basal cell carcinomas stained uniformly and strongly positive with both antibodies. Diffuse positive staining was also seen in all trichoepitheliomas and merkel cell carcinomas. Focal positive staining was seen in squamous cell carcinoma and benign sebaceous neoplasms. Clone VU-1D9 was more likely to produce focal positive staining as compared to BerEP4. This focal positive staining of sebaceous neoplasms and squamous cell carcinomas is a potential diagnostic pitfall.
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Carnate, Jose M. "Spindle Cell Carcinomas of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 27, no. 2 (December 3, 2012): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v27i2.535.
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A 65-year-old male with a two-month history of cough and hoarseness underwent direct laryngoscopy which showed a 1.5 cm diameter polypoid glottic mass. A polypectomy was performed revealing spindle cell carcinoma.
The World Health Organization (2005) defines a spindle cell carcinoma as “a biphasic tumor composed of a squamous cell carcinoma, either in-situ and/or invasive, and a malignant spindle cell component with a mesenchymal appearance, but of epithelial origin.”1 Spindle cell carcinomas go by a variety of synonyms such as sarcomatoid carcinoma, spindle cell squamous carcinoma and carcinosarcoma.
The larynx is a preferred site of involvement where they often present as polypoid masses.1,3 Microscopic examination often shows predominance of the sarcomatoid, spindle-cell component, which can range from fairly bland, reactive-looking fibroblastic-proliferation-like processes, to cytologically malignant and mitotically active proliferations that mimic other spindle-cell sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma.1,2,3 (Figure 1, double arrows) The squamous cell carcinoma component may be in the form of an overlying carcinoma-in-situ, or of a focal keratinizing invasive squamous cell carcinoma that requires multiple sections to disclose.1,2 (Figure 1, single arrow) Cytokeratin-reactivity in the spindle cells, which may be quite focal as in this case, points to their epithelial derivation.1,2,4 (Figure 2)
Favorable prognostic findings include polypoid morphology and, like conventional laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, a low-stage and a glottic site of origin. Reported 5-year survival rates range from 65 – 95%.1
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Silva, Elvio G., Susan S. Robey-Cafferty, Terry L. Smith, and David M. Gershenson. "Ovarian Carcinomas with Transitional Cell Carcinoma Patter." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 93, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/93.4.457.
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