Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cell based studies

Academic literature on the topic 'Cell based studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cell based studies"

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Palonko, R. I. "STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM AND PHOSPHORUS COMBINED MEDICATION BASED ON CASEIN." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 5 (October 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.05.056.

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Aim. The Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Animals, named after Academician Guly NUBIP of Ukraine, developed magnesium and phosphorus combined medication based on casein. Our aim was to test its bioavailability based on the ability to be hydrolyzed by a mixture of pancreatic digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, also check the absence of cytotoxic effects on cell cultures. Methods. To assess bioavailability, we used hydrolysis of the medication with a mixture of trypsin and chymotrypsin, followed by detection of hydrolysis products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A standard MTT-test performed on both MT-4 and Namalva cell lines was used to assess cytotoxic effects. Results. Based on electrophoresis data, it was found that despite chemical modifications of the natural casein, the medication based on it is characterized by a high ability to hydrolyze by digestive enzymes under the same conditions as casein. Also, an MTT-test demonstrates that the medication has no cytotoxic properties against cell lines MT-4 and Namalva. Conclusions. Since the negative effects of the drug associated with its digestibility and toxicity have not been observed, it is recommended to continue the study of its effects on living organisms.
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Sun, Jing, Attila Tárnok, and Xuantao Su. "Deep Learning‐Based Single‐Cell Optical Image Studies." Cytometry Part A 97, no. 3 (January 25, 2020): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.23973.

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Stacey, Dennis W., and Masahiro Hitomi. "Cell cycle studies based upon quantitative image analysis." Cytometry Part A 73A, no. 4 (2008): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.20511.

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Zhou, Wei, Erek D. Nelson, Anan A. Abu Rmilah, Bruce P. Amiot, and Scott L. Nyberg. "Stem Cell-Related Studies and Stem Cell-Based Therapies in Liver Diseases." Cell Transplantation 28, no. 9-10 (June 26, 2019): 1116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689719859262.

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Owing to the increasing worldwide burden of liver diseases, the crucial need for safe and effective interventions for treating end-stage liver failure has been a very productive line of inquiry in the discipline of hepatology for many years. Liver transplantation is recognized as the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease; however, the shortage of donor organs, high medical costs, and lifelong use of immunosuppressive agents represent major drawbacks and demand exploration for alternative treatments. Stem cell-based therapies have been widely studied in the field of liver diseases and are considered to be among the most promising therapies. Herein, we review recent advances in the application of stem cell-related therapies in liver disease with the aim of providing readers with relevant knowledge in this field and inspiration to spur further inquiry.
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Simioni, A. R., O. P. Martins, Z. G. M. Lacava, R. B. Azevedo, E. C. D. Lima, B. M. Lacava, P. C. Morais, and A. C. Tedesco. "Cell Toxicity Studies of Albumin-Based Nanosized Magnetic Beads." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.511.

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Xu, Xiao-Ning, and Gavin R. Screaton. "MHC/peptide tetramer-based studies of T cell function." Journal of Immunological Methods 268, no. 1 (October 2002): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00196-5.

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Harding, John, and Oleg Mirochnitchenko. "Preclinical Studies for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-based Therapeutics." Journal of Biological Chemistry 289, no. 8 (December 20, 2013): 4585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.r113.463737.

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Haddad, Mônica Santoro, Cristiane Valverde Wenceslau, Celine Pompeia, and Irina Kerkis. "Cell-based technologies for Huntington's disease." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 10, no. 4 (December 2016): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1004006.

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ABSTRACT Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal genetic disorder, which causes the progressive breakdown of neurons in the human brain. HD deteriorates human physical and mental abilities over time and has no cure. Stem cell-based technologies are promising novel treatments, and in HD, they aim to replace lost neurons and/or to prevent neural cell death. Herein we discuss the use of human fetal tissue (hFT), neural stem cells (NSCs) of hFT origin or embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), in clinical and pre-clinical studies. The in vivo use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are derived from non-neural tissues, will also be discussed. All these studies prove the potential of stem cells for transplantation therapy in HD, demonstrating cell grafting and the ability to differentiate into mature neurons, resulting in behavioral improvements. We claim that there are still many problems to overcome before these technologies become available for HD patient treatment, such as: a) safety regarding the use of NSCs and pluripotent stem cells, which are potentially teratogenic; b) safety regarding the transplantation procedure itself, which represents a risk and needs to be better studied; and finally c) technical and ethical issues regarding cells of fetal and embryonic origin.
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Rodriguez, Antonio, and Erik K. Flemington. "Transfection-Mediated Cell-Cycle Signaling: Considerations for Transient Transfection-Based Cell-Cycle Studies." Analytical Biochemistry 272, no. 2 (August 1999): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4156.

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Jin, Meiling, Yuansheng Xie, Qinggang Li, and Xiangmei Chen. "Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapy for Glomerulonephritis." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/124730.

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Glomerulonephritis (GN), characterized by immune-mediated inflammatory changes in the glomerular, is a common cause of end stage renal disease. Therapeutic options for glomerulonephritis applicable to all cases mainly include symptomatic treatment and strategies to delay progression. In the attempt to yield innovative interventions fostering the limited capability of regeneration of renal tissue after injury and the uncontrolled pathological process by current treatments, stem cell-based therapy has emerged as novel therapy for its ability to inhibit inflammation and promote regeneration. Many basic and clinical studies have been performed that support the ability of various stem cell populations to ameliorate glomerular injury and improve renal function. However, there is a long way before putting stem cell-based therapy into clinical practice. In the present article, we aim to review works performed with respect to the use of stem cell of different origins in GN, and to discuss the potential mechanism of therapeutic effect and the challenges for clinical application of stem cells.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cell based studies"

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Lähdesmäki, Ilkka Johannes. "Flow injection methods for drug-receptor interaction studies, based on probing cell metabolism /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8590.

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Shiratori, Masaru Ken. "Studies of a TMV-based expression vector in plant cell cultures /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Mier, Alexandro Castellanos. "Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) based BioMEMS/NEMS for cell manipulation." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001814.

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Stacy, Stephen. "Characterization of porous media in proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on percolation studies." Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1552771.

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Water management in the porous media of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, catalyst layer and porous transport layers (PTL) is confronted by two issues, flooding and dry out, both of which result in improper functioning of the fuel cell and lead to poor performance and degradation. The data that has been reported about water percolation and wettability within a fuel cell catalyst layer is limited to porosimetry. A new method and apparatus for measuring the percolation pressure in the catalyst layer has been developed. The experimental setup is similar to a Hele-Shaw experiment where samples are compressed and a fluid is injected into the sample. Pressure-Wetted Volume plots as well as Permeability plots for the catalyst layers were generated from the percolation testing. PTL samples were also characterizes using a Hele-Shaw method. Characterization for the PTLs was completed for the three states: new, conditioned and aged. This is represented in a Ce-t* plots, which show a large offset between new and aged samples.

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Kösling, Stefanie Kristine [Verfasser], Reza [Gutachter] Ahmadian, and Alfred [Gutachter] Wittinghofer. "Cell-based studies of ciliary transport / Stefanie Kristine Kösling ; Gutachter: Reza Ahmadian, Alfred Wittinghofer." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160753237/34.

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Gafri, Fadia Mohamed. "An assessment of the effects of novel anti-inflammatory compounds in cell based studies." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19010.

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NF-κB and AP-1 are transcription factors with an evolutionary conserved role in the triggering and coordination of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Since they regulate a large number of inflammatory genes, they are considered as potential targets for anti-inflammatory drugs. In the current study, natural SU182 and synthetic alkaloid compounds, SU331, SU432 and minor groove binder compounds AIK18/85/1 and AIK18/70 obtained from the library associated with University of Strathclyde CRUK-Small Molecule Drug Discovery (SMDD) were investigated for possible anti-inflammatory effects at μM concentrations. In NCTC2544 human keratinocyte cells stably transfected with either NF-κB- or AP-1-linked luciferase reporter plasmids, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and phorbol-12-myristate- 13 acetate (PMA) well characterized stimuli for canonical NF-κB pathway induced NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activity respectively. However, all tested compounds inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity; in particular AIK18/85/1 prevented the TNF-α-induced translocation of NFκB (p65) to the nucleus assessed by indirect immunoflouresnce. This effect of AIK18/85/1 was also reflected in the significant reduction of nuclear extract NF-κB-DNA binding activity as detected by Electrophoresis Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA), but without affecting the degradation of IκBα protein induced by TNF-α. Furthermore, AIK18/70 also decreased TNF-α-induced NF-κB-DNA binding activity but neither affected the phosphorylation of p65 nor the degradation of IκBα. On the other hand, both SU331 and SU432 inhibited the IκBα loss and resultant NF-κB-DNA binding activity in a concentration dependent manner. Although none of these compounds inhibited TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB (Ser536-p65), their mode of inhibition on NF-κB signalling was sufficient to prevent the expression of NF-κB dependent proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Intriguingly, in contrast to other compounds SU182 was only effective at the level of NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activities, but without affecting the expression level of iNOS and COX-2 enzymes. Taken together these data indicate the potential for tested compounds to interfere with NF-κB signalling as IKK inhibitors or novel translocation inhibitor and thus may considered to be useful leads for the development of novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
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Xia, Jixiang. "Development of molecular and cellular imaging tools to evaluate gene and cell based therapeutic strategies in vivo." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4724.

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Molecular imaging modalities are important tools to evaluate the efficacy of gene delivery systems and cell-based therapies. Development and application of these modalities will advance our understanding of the mechanism of transgene expression and cell fate and functions. Physical gene transfer methods hold many advantages over viral vectors among gene therapeutic strategies. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of biolistic ("gene gun") gene targeting to tissues with non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) methods. Plasmids carrying the firefly luciferase reporter gene were transfected into mouse skin and liver using biolistics, and BLI was measured at various time points after transfer. With optimized DNA loading ratio (DLRs), reporter gene expression reached to peak 1 day after transfer to mouse skin, and the maximum depth of tissue penetration was between 200-300[mu]m. Similar peak expression of reporter gene was found in mouse liver but the expression was relatively stable 4-8 days post-biolistic gene transfer and remained for up to two weeks afterward. Our results demonstrated BLI was an efficient strategy for evaluation of reporter gene expression in the same animals over a period of up to two weeks in vivo. Different tissues showed different expression kinetics, suggesting that this is an important parameter to consider when developing gene therapy strategies for different target tissues. We also employed BLI to measure differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into beating cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. A subset of these cardiomyocytes appears to be derived from an adrenergic lineage that ultimately contribute to substantial numbers of cardiomyocytes primarily on the left side of the heart. At present, it is unclear what the precise role of these cardiac adrenergic cells is with respect to heart development, though it is known that adrenergic hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) are essential for embryonic development since mice lacking them die from apparent heart failure during the prenatal period. To identify and characterize cardiac adrenergic cells, we developed a novel mouse genetic model in which the nuclear-localized enhanced green fluorescent protein (nEGFP) reporter gene was targeted to the first exon of the Phenylethanoamine N-transferase (Pnmt) gene, which encodes for the enzyme that converts noradrenaline to adrenaline, and hence serves as a marker for adrenergic cells. Our results demonstrate this knock-in strategy effectively marked adrenergic cells in both fetal and adult mice. Expression of nEGFP was found in Pnmt-positive cells of the adult adrenal medulla, as expected. Pnmt-nEGFP expression also recapitulated endogenous Pnmt expression in the embryonic mouse heart. In addition, nEGFP and Pnmt expression were induced in parallel during differentiation of pluripotent mouse ES cells into beating cardiomyocytes. This new mouse genetic model provides a useful new tool for studying the properties of adrenergic cells in different tissues. We also identified two limitations of the Pnmt-nEGFP model. One is that the amount of nEGFP expressed within individual adrenergic cells was highly variable. Secondly, expression of nEGFP in the embryonic heart was of low abundance and difficult to distinguish from background autofluorescence. To overcome these limitations, we developed two alternative genetic models to investigate adrenergic cells: (1) Mouse embryonic stem cells, which have been previously targeted with Pnmt-Cre recombinase gene, were additionally targeted with a dual reporter plasmid which covered both a loxP-flanked cDNA of red fluorescence protein (HcRed) and also EGFP. Under the undifferentiated status, cells emit red fluorescence as transcription stops before EGFP coding sequence. After differentiation into beating cardiomyoctyes, some cells switch fluorescence from red to green, indicating that excision of loxP-flanked sequences by Cre since Pnmt had been activated. (2) A surface marker, truncated low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor ([delta]LNGFR) was used as the reporter gene as cells expressing this marker can be enriched by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), a potentially efficient way to yield highly purified positive cells at low input abundance in a population. Through a series of subcloning steps, the targeting construct, Pnmt-[delta]LNGFR-Neo-DTA was created and electroporated into 7AC5EYFP embryonic stem cells. Correctly targeted cells were selected by positive and negative screening. These cells provide a new tool with which to identify, isolate, and characterize the function of adrenergic cells in the developing heart, adrenal gland, and other tissues where adrenergic cells make important contributions.
ID: 031001454; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed July 3, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-130).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Molecular Biology and Microbiology
Medicine
Biomedical Sciences
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Stokes, Stephen J. "Atomistic modelling studies of fluorite- and perovskite-based oxide materials." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527142.

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Fast oxide-ion and proton conductors are the subject of considerable research due to their technological applications in sensors, ceramic membranes and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This thesis describes the use of computer modelling techniques to study point defects, dopants and clustering effects in fluorite-and perovskitetype ion conductors with potential SOFC applications. Bi2O3 related phases are being developed with the objective of high oxide-ion conductivities at lower operating temperatures than 1000°C, as in current generation SOFC electrolytes. Doped Bi2O3 phases have shown promise as materials capable of accomplishing this goal. First, the Y-doped phase, Bi3YO6, has been investigated including the ordering of intrinsic vacancies. The defect and dopant characteristics of Bi3YO6 have been examined and show that a highly mobile oxygen sub-lattice exists in this material. A preliminary structural modelling study of a new Re-doped Bi2O3 phase was also undertaken. A comprehensive investigation of the proton-conducting perovskites BaZrO3, BaPrO3 and BaThO3 is then presented. Our results suggest that intrinsic atomic disorder in BaZrO3 and BaThO3 is unlikely, but reduction of Pr4+ in BaPrO3 is favourable. The water incorporation energy is found to be less exothermic for BaZrO3 than for BaPrO3 and BaThO3, but in all cases the results suggest that the proton concentration would decrease with increasing temperature, in accord with experimental data. The high binding energies for all the dopant-OH pair clusters in BaPrO3 and BaThO3 suggest strong proton trapping effects. Finally, a study of multiferroic BiFeO3 is presented, in which the defect, dopant and migration properties of this highly topical phase are investigated. The reduction process involving the formation of oxygen vacancies and Fe2+ is the most favourable redox process. In addition, the results suggest that oxide-ion migration is anisotropic within this system.
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Yu, Zhiqiang. "Transient Studies of Ni-, Cu-Based Electrocatalysts in CH4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1194625466.

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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2007.
"December, 2007." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 03/12/2008) Advisor, Steven S. C. Chuang; Committee members, Lu-Kwang Ju, Edward Evans, W. B. Arbuckle, Stephen Z. D. Cheng; Department Chair, Lu-Kwang Ju; Dean of the College, George K. Haritos; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Vickerman, Vernella V. V. (Vernella Velonie Verlin). "Microfluidic-based 3D cell culture for studies of biophysical and biochemical regulation of endothelial function." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76487.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-229).
New and more biologically relevant in vitro models are needed for use in drug development, regenerative medicine, and fundamental scientific investigations. The ultimate challenge lies in replicating the native cell/tissue environment ex vivo. Certain key features of living tissues such as the three dimensionality, biophysical and biochemical microenvironment cannot be readily replicated in traditional culture platforms. Moreover, the capability for multi-parameter manipulation, on a single platform, with the optical resolution to monitor the dynamics of individual cells or small populations is lacking. In this thesis, we developed a novel multiparameter microfluidic-based cell culture platform. The system permits 2D or 3D culture of cells on/in biologically-derived or synthetic hydrogel scaffolds and allows for controlled flow rates, pressure and concentration gradients while directly visualizing cellular response. In addition to the realtime and post-fixation imaging using optical microscopy, methods were developed to extend post-fixation analysis to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The platform was subsequently used to demonstrate for the first time, two microfluidicbased 3D in vitro assays with direct relevance to tumor development and glaucoma. For the first assay, biochemical induced sprouting was demonstrated. Endothelial cells sprout from an intact monolayer to form multicellular capillary-like structures. Furthermore, using time-lapse microscopy the cellular dynamics during sprouting angiogenesis were observed with great detail, showing tip cell dynamics, cell division events and lumen formation. Of particular relevance to tissue engineering community, we demonstrated that endothelial cells when cultured for several days can assemble into vascular networks with open, perfusable lumen. Using this new system, we present novel findings and results supporting a potential mechanism for flow-mediated mechanical regulation of angiogenesis by transendothelial fluid flow. We demonstrate that flow direction is sufficient to define an angiogenic ON or OFF state. The balance is tipped by forces generated at mechano-sensitive cell-matrix adhesions involving FAK-mediated signaling. These results provide one explanation for the bias towards angiogenesis occurring from the venous side of the circulation. For the second assay, an aqueous humor (AH) outflow model was developed. Subsequent proof-of-concept experiments confirmed its capability for studying the role of the inner wall endothelium in the regulation of AH outflow dynamics.
by Vernella V. V. Vickerman.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Cell based studies"

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Symbiogenesis: A macro-mechanism of evolution : progress towards a unified theory of evolution based on studies in cell biology. Berlin: W. De Gruyter, 1989.

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Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2015.

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Sarmento, Bruno. Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2015.

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Pereira, Catarina Leite, José Das Neves, and Bruno Filipe Carmelino Cardoso Sarmento. Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2024.

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Harmon, Jordan, United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., and New England Medical Center Hospital. Evidence-based Practice Center., eds. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on arrhythmogenic mechanisms in animal and isolated organ/cell culture studies. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2004.

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Schwemmler, Werner. Symbiogenesis: A Macro-Mechanism of Evolution - Progress Towards a Unified Theory of Evolution Based on Studies in Cell Biology. De Gruyter, Inc., 1989.

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Schwemmler, Werner. Symbiogenesis. A Macro-Mechanism of Evolution: Progress Towards a Unified Theory of Evolution Based on Studies in Cell Biology. De Gruyter, Inc., 2019.

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Farghaly, Samir A. Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0005.

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The standard management for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a combination of aggressive debulking surgery with residual tumor of less than 1 cm and platinum-based chemotherapy. However, a high percentage of patients experience disease recurrence. Extensive efforts to find new therapeutic options have been made, albeit cancer cells develop drug resistance and malignant progression occurs. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to enhance progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with advanced EOC. Several preclinical and clinical studies investigated feasibility and efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in EOC. The aim of this chapter is to present an overview of ACT in EOC, focusing on Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-restricted tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and MHC-independent immune effectors such as natural killer and cytokine-induced killer. The available data suggest that ACT may provide the best outcome in patients with low tumor burden, minimal residual disease, or maintenance therapy. Further preclinical studies and clinical trials are needed.
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Yartys, Volodymyr, Yuriy Solonin, and Ihor Zavaliy. HYDROGEN BASED ENERGY STORAGE: STATUS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. Institute for Problems in Materials Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2021.

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The book presents the recent achievements in the use of renewable energy sources, chemical processes, biomaterials for the efficient production of hydrogen, its storage and use as a fuel in the FC-based power systems. Novel results were obtained within two research programs, namely, the NATO Science for Peace G5233 project “Portable Energy Supply” (2017-21) and the priority program of the NAS of Ukraine "Development of scientific principles of the production, storage and use of hydrogen in autonomous energy systems" (2019-21). The priority program was implemented by the leading institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and contained three focus areas: efficient materials and technologies for the production, storage and use of hydrogen. This includes the development of new functional materials for the fuel cells and the application of the latter in autonomous power supply systems. 4-years NATO's project was implemented by a consortium led by the Institute for Energy Technology (Coordinator; NATO country - Norway) together with the institutes from the NATO partner country – Ukraine – belonging to the NAS of Ukraine: Physico-Mechanical Institute, Institute for Problems of Materials Science and Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry. The work included the studies of H2 generation by the hydrolysis of MgH2, Al and NaBH4, analysis of the mechanisms of these processes and selection of the most efficient catalyzers. The project successfully developed a system integrating hydrolysis process and a PEM fuel cell.
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Salvatori, Daniela, Harsha D. Devalla, and Robert Passier. Cells to repair the infarcted myocardium. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0030.

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The adult mammalian heart has poor regenerative capacity. Loss of functional cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction leads to the replacement of functional muscle by scar tissue. This has a detrimental effect on cardiac function and may lead to heart failure. Potential regeneration of severe cardiac damage would require replacement of dead and damaged cardiomyocytes by transplantation, recruitment of endogenous progenitor cells, or induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation. For more than a decade, clinical trials to ameliorate the injured heart have been under way. However, after evaluation of the outcome of these trials it is evident that the beneficial effects of these cell-based transplantations are only marginal, and beneficial effects, if any, are not caused by regeneration of cardiomyocytes. In recent years, alternative approaches and various cell sources have been studied and suggested for cardiac repair. Recent advances in these cell-based therapies or strategies to activate endogenous cardiac repair are discussed.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cell based studies"

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Raki, Mari, Kim Bergström, and Jukka Jolkkonen. "In Vivo Biodistribution Studies and Cell Tracking in Stroke Using SPECT Imaging." In Cell-Based Therapies in Stroke, 137–49. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1175-8_10.

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Riva, S., C. Brunati, W. Pollini, C. Quarta, and M. L. Nolli. "Use of Cell-Based Assays for in Vitro Studies of Drugs." In Animal Cell Technology, 133–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5404-8_22.

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Deby-Dupont, G., J. Pincemail, and M. Lamy. "Hemoglobin-based Red Cell Substitutes: Preliminary Human Studies." In Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1994, 264–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85068-4_25.

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Hunt, L., M. Jordan, M. De Jesus, and F. M. Wurm. "Growth Kinetic Studies (In Hours) Based on the Fluorescence of Stable, GFP-Expressing CHO Cells." In Animal Cell Technology: Products from Cells, Cells as Products, 119–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46875-1_26.

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Kerdels, Jochen, and Gabriele Peters. "A Noise Compensation Mechanism for an RGNG-Based Grid Cell Model." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 263–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99283-9_13.

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Diaz, Daniel, Salvador Abreu, and Philippe Codognet. "Parallel Constraint-Based Local Search on the Cell/BE Multicore Architecture." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 265–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15211-5_28.

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Kruger, Karel, and Anton Basson. "Implementation of an Erlang-Based Resource Holon for a Holonic Manufacturing Cell." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 49–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15159-5_5.

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Joseph, X., K. B. Megha, A. Arathi, S. Reshma, S. Amir, and P. V. Mohanan. "Microfluidics-Based Organ-on-a-Chip for Cell Biology Studies." In Microfluidics and Multi Organs on Chip, 51–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1379-2_3.

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Taguchi, Y. H. "Sincle Cell RNA-seq Analysis Using Tensor Decomposition and Principal Component Analysis Based Unsupervised Feature Extraction." In Studies in Big Data, 155–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9158-4_11.

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Tsukanov, Alexey A., and Olga Vasiljeva. "Nanomaterials Interaction with Cell Membranes: Computer Simulation Studies." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 189–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_9.

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AbstractThis chapter provides a brief review of computer simulation studies on the interaction of nanomaterialswith biomembranes. The interest in this area is governed by the variety of possible biomedical applications of nanoparticles and nanomaterials as well as by the importance of understanding their possible cytotoxicity. Molecular dynamics is a flexible and versatile computer simulation tool, which allows us to research the molecular level mechanisms of nanomaterials interaction with cell or bacterial membrane, predicting in silico their behavior and estimating physicochemical properties. In particular, based on the molecular dynamics simulations, a bio-action mechanism of two-dimensional aluminum hydroxide nanostructures, termed aloohene, was discovered by the research team led by Professor S. G. Psakhie, accounting for its anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Here we review three groups of nanomaterials (NMs) based on their structure: nanoparticles (globular, non-elongated), (quasi)one-dimensional NMs (nanotube, nanofiber, nanorod) and two-dimensional NMs (nanosheet, nanolayer, nanocoated substrate). Analysis of the available in silico studies, thus can enable us a better understanding of how the geometry and surface properties of NMs govern the mechanisms of their interaction with cell or bacterial membranes.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cell based studies"

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Chasiotis, I., D. C. Street, H. L. Fillmore, and G. T. Gillies. "AFM Studies of Tumor Cell Invasion." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43293.

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Our recent investigations on human brain tumor (glioma) cell micro and nanodynamics via AFM methodologies have shown that brain tumor invadopodia (malignant cytostructural cell extensions with sensory, motility, and invasive characteristics extended by tumor cells into their environment) can assume specific geometries based on cell plating density and the location/distance of neighboring cells indicating strong cell sensing and signaling mechanisms between malignant cells and their surroundings. In certain occasions, cancer cell processes (extensions) have been found to be highly directional measuring more than 80 μm while invading neighboring cells by following a connecting straight path. Moreover, strong chemical gradients are suggested to influence the growth and motility of cell processes allowing for gradual adjustments of the direction of the invasive tumor extension. In response to external signals, tumor cell invadopodia develop micron-sized side-ligaments that follow the chemical gradients in their neighborhood and assist the reorientation of their main intrusive elements.
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Yoon, Sang-Hee, Vimalier Reyes-Ortiz, and Mohammad R. K. Mofrad. "MEMS-Based Microballoons Achieving Multidirectional Large-Strain for Cell Mechanics Studies." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206853.

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The influence of mechanical stresses on cells has been a topic of special interest [1]. Attention is being focused on the cell-to-cell and cell-to-surrounding interactions and the mechanical stimuli that could be directly linked with functional adaption and pathological conditions of each cell or cluster of cells [2]. The aim of this research is to understand the biomechanical roles of cellular junctions on epithelial cells, exposed to a large multidirectional and uniform strain, using a microballoon (MB) platform. Quantitative measurement on strain values can be used to determine the necessary strains at which intercellular and cell-to-substrate connections are disassembled. This will provide information for characterizing cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesions during biological development and/or diseases.
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Fu, Yuan, Lin Yang, and Chunsheng Yan. "Porous ceramic based multi-pass gas cell studies using absorption spectroscopy." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acp.2012.ath2h.3.

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Fu, Yuan, Lin Yang, and Chunsheng Yan. "Porous ceramic based multi-pass gas cell studies using absorption spectroscopy." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acpc.2012.ath2h.3.

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Nelson, George, and Comas Haynes. "Parametric Studies of Constriction Resistance Effects Upon Solid Oxide Cell Transport Phenomena." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15100.

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The competition between mass transfer and electronic resistance effects arising from solid oxide cell interconnect geometry has been initially explored through parametric studies based on a design of experiments (DOE) approach. These studies have demonstrated the advantages of smaller interconnect-fuel stream total width and the increased dominance of mass transport as a limiting factor at low fuel stream hydrogen compositions. In addition to the direct effects of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnect geometry on mass and electronic transport phenomena, the compounded effects of fuel stream concentration and cell current loading are considered. Finally, the parametric studies conducted for SOFC operation have been applied to the operation of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). These additional studies have demonstrated that interconnect designs that benefit SOFC performance are mutually beneficial for SOEC performance.
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Takayama, Shuichi, Dongeun Huh, Jonathan Song, Wansik Cha, and Yunseok Heo. "Micro- and Nanofluidics for Cell Biology, Cell Therapy, and Cell-Based Drug Testing." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82151.

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Many biological studies, drug screening methods, and cellular therapies require culture and manipulation of living cells outside of their natural environment in the body. The gap between the cellular microenvironment in vivo and in vitro, however, poses challenges for obtaining physiologically relevant responses from cells used in basic biological studies or drug screens and for drawing out the maximum functional potential from cells used therapeutically. One of the reasons for this gap is because the fluidic environment of mammalian cells in vivo is microscale and dynamic whereas typical in vitro cultures are macroscopic and static. This presentation will give an overview of efforts in our laboratory to develop microfluidic systems that enable spatio-temporal control of both the chemical and fluid mechanical environment of cells. The technologies and methods close the physiology gap to provide biological information otherwise unobtainable and to enhance cellular performance in therapeutic applications. Specific biomedical topics that will be discussed include, in vitro fertilization on a chip, microfluidic tissue engineering of small airway injuries, breast cancer metastasis on a chip, electrochemical biosensors, and development of tuneable nanofluidic systems towards applications in single molecule DNA analysis.
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Hu, Xiaojian, Wei Wang, and Jian Lu. "Urban Short-Term Traffic Flow Forecasting Based on the Semi-Variable Cell Transmission Model." In Seventh International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies (ICTTS) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41123(383)81.

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Beker, Anne. "MEMS-based Nano-Cell for in situ electrochemical studies inside the TEM." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.818.

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Li, Fang, Lifeng Qin, and Qing-Ming Wang. "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Love Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for Cellular Sensing." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39279.

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Cell-based biosensors have the capacity to respond to a wide range of analytes in a physiologically relevant manner. By employing living cells as sensors, bioanalytes can be screened without requiring apriori knowledge of the analyte’s chemistry. The ability to operate and screen for unknown analytes provides benefits in numerous applications, including pharmacology, cell biology, toxicology, and environmental monitoring. Recent studies have demonstrated that acoustic wave devices are capable of quantitatively probing the behaviors of cells attaching to sensor surface. Among various types of acoustic devices, Love mode sensor has many advantages in liquid environment. However, up to now, the use of Love mode devices as cell-based sensors is limited, including theoretical and experimental studies. In this study, we developed a theoretical model for cell-based Love mode sensors. The devices were designed, fabricated and utilized for cell adhesion monitoring.
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Hasirci, Habip Yusuf, and Ahmet Mete Vural. "Power Converter Topologies for PMSG Based Wind Energy Systems: Packed U Cell Multilevel Inverter Simulation." In 2021 5th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ismsit52890.2021.9604585.

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Reports on the topic "Cell based studies"

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Heise, Jaret. Studies of Helium Based Gas Mixtures Using a Small Cell Drift Chamber. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885540.

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Steward, D., M. Penev, G. Saur, W. Becker, and J. Zuboy. Fuel Cell Power Model Version 2: Startup Guide, System Designs, and Case Studies. Modeling Electricity, Heat, and Hydrogen Generation from Fuel Cell-Based Distributed Energy Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1087789.

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Ouyang, Zhiqiang, Qian Li, Guangrong Zheng, Tengfei Ke, Jun Yang, and Chengde Liao. Radiomics for predicting tumor microenvironment phenotypes in non-small cell lung cance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0060.

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Review question / Objective: Tumor microenvironment (TIME) phenotype is an important factor to affect the response and prognosis of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, accumulating studies have noninvasivly perdited the TIME phenotypes of NSCLC by using CT or PET/CT based radiomics. We will conduct this study by means of meta-analysis to eveluate the power and value of CT or PET/CT based radiomics for predicting TIME phenotypes in NSCLC patients. Condition being studied: At present, several recent prospective or retrospective cohort studies and randomized controlled studies have confirmed that CT or PET/CT-based radiomics were the potential tools to predict TIME phenotypes in NSCLC. However, this conclusion is controversial because of the difference of prediction profermance of different studies. The published and unpublished investigations will be included in this study. We will comprehensively evaluate the heterogeneity of these investigations, and the power and value of radiomics for predicting TIME phenotypes.
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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.

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To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.
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Semaan, Dima, and Linda Scobie. Feasibility study for in vitro analysis of infectious foodborne HEV. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wfa626.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family capable of infecting humans producing a range of symptoms from mild disease to kidney failure. Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis E genotype III and IV cases may be associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat, offal and processed products such as sausages [1]. A study carried out by the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), found hepatitis E virus contamination in the UK pork production chain and that 10% of a small sample of retail pork sausages were contaminated with the virus [2]. Furthermore, studies have confirmed the presence of HEV in the food chain and the foodborne transmission of Hepatitis E virus to humans [reviewed in 5]. Likewise, Scottish shellfish at retail [6] have also been found positive for HEV viral nucleic acid and some preliminary studies indicate that the virus is also detectable in soft fruits (L Scobie; unpublished data). There are current misunderstandings in what this data represents, and these studies have raised further questions concerning the infectivity of the virus, the processing of these foods by industry and the cooking and/or preparation by caterers and consumers. There are significant gaps in the knowledge around viral infectivity, in particular the nature of the preparation of food matrices to isolate the virus, and also with respect to a consistent and suitable assay for confirming infectivity [1,3]. Currently, there is no suitable test for infectivity, and, in addition, we have no knowledge if specific food items would be detrimental to cells when assessing the presence of infectious virus in vitro. The FSA finalised a comprehensive critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the HEV virus which is published [3] recommending that a cell culture based method should be developed for use with food. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method, there is a requirement to assess if food matrices are detrimental to cell culture cell survival. Other issues that may have affected the ability to develop a consistent method are the length of time the virally contaminated sample is exposed to the cells and the concentration of the virus present. In most cases, the sample is only exposed to the cells for around 1 hour and it has been shown that if the concentration is less that 1x103 copies then infection is not established [3,5,10,11].
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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.
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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.

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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.
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Halevy, Orna, Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni, and Israel Rozenboim. Enhancement of meat production by monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis: effect on muscle development and post-hatch growth. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586471.bard.

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The original objectives were: A. To determine the critical embryonic age for monochromatic green light stimulation. B. To follow the ontogeny of embryos exposed to monochromatic green light vs. darkness. C. To investigate the effects of monochromatic green light illumination on myoblast and fiber development in the embryo. D. To investigate the stimulatory effect of light combinations during embryo and post-hatch periods on growth and meat production. E. To evaluate the direct effect of monochromatic green light on cultured embryonic and adult myoblasts. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of monochromatic light stimuli during incubation period of broilers on muscle development and satellite cell myogenesis. Based on previous studies (Halevy et al., 1998; Rozenboim et al., 1999) that demonstrated the positive effects of green-light illumination on body and muscle growth, we hypothesized that monochromatic light illumination accelerates embryo and muscle development and subsequently enhances muscle growth and meat production. Thus, further decreases management costs. Under the cooperation of the laboratories at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Washington we have conducted the following: 1. We have established the critical stage for exposure to green monochromatic light which has the maximal effect on body and muscle growth (Objective A). We report that embryonic day 5 is optimal for starting illumination. The optimal regime of lighting that will eliminate possible heat effects was evaluated by monitoring egg core temperature at various illumination periods. We found that intermitted lighting (15 min. on; 15 min. off) is optimal to avoid heat effects. 2. We have evaluated in detail gross changes in embryo development profile associated to green light stimuli vs. darkness. In addition, we have investigated the stimulatory effect of light combinations during embryo and post-hatch periods on body and muscle growth (Objective B,D). 3. We have studied the expression profile of muscle regulatory proteins during chicken muscle cell differentiation in cultures using newly developed antibodies. This study paved the way for analyzing the expression of these proteins in our photo stimulation experiments (Objective C). 4. We have studied the pattern ofPax7 expression during myogenesis in the posthatch chicken. Experimental chick pectoralis muscles as well adult myoblast cultures were used in this study and the results led us to propose a novel model for satellite cell differentiation and renewal. 5. The effects of monochromatic green light illumination during embryogenesis have been studied. These studies focused on fetal myoblast and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation at pre- and posthatch periods and on the effects on the expression of muscle regulatory proteins which are involved in these processes. In addition, we have analyzed the effect of photo stimulation in the embryo on myofiber development at early posthatch (Objective C). 6. In follow the reviewers' comments we have not conducted Objective E. The information gathered from these studies is of utmost importance both, for understanding the molecular basis of muscle development in the posthatch chicks and for applied approach for future broiler management. Therefore, the information could be beneficial to agriculture in the short term on the one hand and to future studies on chick muscle development in the embryo and posthatch on the other hand.
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Palmer, Guy, Varda Shkap, Wendy Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of bovine anaplasmosis: cytokine enhancement of vaccine efficacy. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695879.bard.

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Anaplasmosis an arthropod-born disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. In this collaborative project we focused on two approaches to vaccine development. The first focused o n improving antigen delivery to livestock and specifically examined how DNA vaccines could be improved to enhance priming and expansion of the immune response. This research resulted in development and testing of two novel vaccine delivery systems--one that targeted antigen spread among dendritic cells (the key cell in priming immune responses and a follow-on construct that also specifically targeted antigen to the endosomal-lysosomal compartment the processing organelle within the dendritic cell that directs vaccine antigen to the MHC class ll-CD4* T cell priming pathway). The optimized construct targeting vaccine antigen to the dendritic cell MHC class II pathway was tested for ability to prime A. marginale specific immune responses in outbred cattle. The results demonstrated both statistically significant effects of priming with a single immunization, continued expansion of the primary immune response including development of high affinity lgG antibodies and rapid recall of the memory response following antigen challenge. This portion of the study represented a significant advance in vaccine delivery for livestock. Importantly the impact of these studies is not limited to A. marginale a s the targeting motifs are optimized for cattle and can be adapted to other cattle vaccinations by inserting a relevant pathogen-specific antigen. The second approach (which represented an addition to the project for which approval was requested as part of the first annual report) was a comparative approach between A . marginale and the Israel A . centrale vaccines train. This addition was requested as studies on Major Surface Protein( MSP)- 2 have shown that this antigen is highly antigenically variable and presented solely as a "static vaccine" antigen does not give cross-strain immunity. In contrast A. . centrale is an effective vaccine which Kimron Veterinary institute has used in the field in Israel for over 50 years. Taking advantage of this expertise, a broad comparison of wild type A. marginale and vaccine strain was initiated. These studies revealed three primary findings: i) use of the vaccine is associated with superinfection, but absence of clinical disease upon superinfection with A. marginale; ii) the A. centrale vaccine strain is not only less virulent but transmission in competent in Dermacentor spp. ticks; and iii) some but not all MSPs are conserved in basic orthologous structure but there are significant polymorphisms among the strains. These studies clearly indicated that there are statistically significant differences in biology (virulence and transmission) and provide a clear path for mapping of biology with the genomes. Based on these findings, we initiated complete genome sequencing of the Israel vaccine strain (although not currently funded by BARD) and plant to proceed with a comparative genomics approach using already sequenced wild-type A. marginale. These findings and ongoing collaborative research tie together filed vaccine experience with new genomic data, providing a new approach to vaccine development against a complex pathogen.
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10

Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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