Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CDVS'
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PORTO, BUARQUE DE GUSMAO PEDRO. "Feature extraction using MPEG-CDVS and Deep Learning with application to robotic navigation and image classification." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2665943.
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The main contributions of this thesis are the evaluation of MPEG Compact Descriptor for Visual Search in the context of indoor robotic navigation and the introduction of a new method for training Convolutional Neural Networks with applications to
object classification.
The choice for image descriptor in a visual navigation system is not straightforward. Visual descriptors must be distinctive enough to allow for correct localisation while still offering low matching complexity and short descriptor size for real-time applications. MPEG Compact Descriptor for Visual Search is a low complexity image descriptor that offers several levels of compromises between descriptor distinctiveness and size. In this work, we describe how these trade-offs can be used for efficient loop-detection in a typical indoor environment. We first describe a probabilistic approach to loop detection based on the standard’s suggested similarity metric. We then evaluate the performance of CDVS compression modes in terms
of matching speed, feature extraction, and storage requirements and compare them with the state of the art SIFT descriptor for five different types of indoor floors.
During the second part of this thesis we focus on the new paradigm to machine learning and computer vision called Deep Learning. Under this paradigm visual features are no longer extracted using fine-grained, highly engineered feature extractor, but rather using a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) that extracts hierarchical features learned directly from data at the cost of long training periods.
In this context, we propose a method for speeding up the training of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) by exploiting the spatial scaling property of convolutions. This is done by first training a pre-train CNN of smaller kernel resolutions for a few epochs, followed by properly rescaling its kernels to the target’s original dimensions and continuing training at full resolution. We show that the overall training time of a target CNN architecture can be reduced by exploiting the spatial scaling property of convolutions during early stages of learning. Moreover, by rescaling the kernels at different epochs, we identify a trade-off between total training time and maximum obtainable accuracy. Finally, we propose a method for choosing when to rescale kernels and evaluate our approach on recent architectures showing savings in training times of nearly 20% while test set accuracy is preserved.
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Tapparel, Pierre-André. "CDMS pour cubesat /." Sion, 2006. http://doc.rero.ch/search.py?recid=8376&ln=fr.
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Houdain, Julien. "Valorisation et gestion de dérivés de crédit : les CDOs synthétiques ou la croissance exponentielle des produits de corrélation." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DENS0054.
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Ce travail de thèse repose sur l'utilisation de méthodes quantitatives pour la valorisation et la gestion de structures de type CDOs synthétiques. Nous illustrons les limites des approches standards et développons une méthode de valorisation novatrice fondée sur l'utilisation de la distribution normale inverse gaussienne (NIG) et de niveaux de corrélation historiques. Nous comparons ces différentes approches et en étudions l'impact sur la gestion des tranches. Nous élargissons ensuite nos recherches aux tranches de CDO^2 et développons deux méthodes originales pour la valorisation de ces produits. Enfin, nous étudions les opportunités offertes par la gestion et la couverture de tranches standardisées d'indices CDS et illustrons plus précisément deux sources de risque venant s'additionner au risque de crédit, le risque de modèle et le risque de corrélationThe thesis objective is to price credit derivatives such as synthetic CDOs by using advanced quantitative methodologies. We describe the standard market model used for the pricing of synthetic CDO tranches. We then proceed to illustrate the limitations of the standard approach and introduce a new methodology using Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG) distributions and historical correlations. We compare both approaches in terms of pricing and hedging capabilities and can deduce that our approach is more accurate on both a theoretical and empirical basis. We then extend our research to CDO^2 and introduce two new methodologies for pricing this type of structures. We aiso study the opportunities offered by hedging standardized tranches. We can then conclude that significant model and correlation risks exist in the credit derivatives market. These risks should be taken into account with the credit risk in these types of structured deals
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Gutta, Venkatesh. "INVESTIGATIONS OF CuInTe2 / CdS & CdTe / CdS HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/654.
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Thin film solar cells of Copper Indium Telluride and Cadmium Sulfide junctions were fabricated on plain ITO glass slides and also on those coated with intrinsic Tin Oxide. CdS was deposited through chemical bath deposition and CIT by electrodeposition. Both compounds were subjected to annealing at temperatures between 350°C and 500°C which produced more uniform film thicknesses and larger grain sizes. The CIT/ CdS junction was characterized after performing XRD and spectral absorption of individual compounds.
Studies were also made on CdS / CdTe solar cells with respect to effect of annealing temperatures on open circuit voltages. NP acid etch, the most important process to make the surface of CdTe tellurium rich, was also studied in terms of open circuit voltages. Thermally evaporated CdS of four different thicknesses was deposited on Tin Oxide coated ITO and inferences were drawn as to what thickness of CdS yields better results.
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Kasem, Sefian. "Pricing and risk-managing synthetic CDOs." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528311.
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Charlwoood, Joanne. "Aberrant protein glycosylation in the carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome and galactosaemia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285233.
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Adegoke, Oluwasesan, Tebello Nyokong, and Patricia B. C. Forbes. "Deposition of CdS, CdS/ZnSe and CdS/ZnSe/ZnS shells around CdSeTe alloyed core quantum dots: effects on optical properties." Wiley, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020342.
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In this work, we synthesized water-soluble L-cysteine-capped alloyed CdSeTe core quantum dots (QDs) and investigated the structural and optical properties of deposition of each of CdS, CdS/ZnSe and CdS/ZnSe/ZnS shell layers. Photophysical results showed that the overcoating of a CdS shell around the alloyed CdSeTe core [quantum yield (QY) = 8.4%] resulted in effective confinement of the radiative exciton with an improved QY value of 93.5%. Subsequent deposition of a ZnSe shell around the CdSeTe/CdS surface decreased the QY value to 24.7%, but an increase in the QY value of up to 49.5% was observed when a ZnS shell was overcoated around the CdSeTe/CdS/ZnSe surface. QDs with shell layers showed improved stability relative to the core. Data obtained from time-resolved fluorescence measurements provided useful insight into variations in the photophysical properties of the QDs upon the formation of each shell layer. Our study suggests that the formation of CdSeTe/CdS core/shell QDs meets the requirements of quality QDs in terms of high photoluminescence QY and stability, hence further deposition of additional shells are not necessary in improving the optical properties of the core/shell QDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.3013
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Archbold, Martin David. "Polycrystalline CdS thin films and their role in CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices." Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2138/.
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This thesis represents a systematic study of polycrystalline CdS thin films and their role as an n-type window layer in CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices. This work encompasses the growth of CdS, primarily by the solution deposition method, and the subsequent characterisation of these films in isolation and as part of thin film CdS/CdTe device structures. A novel solution deposition approach was devised in order to grow high quality CdS thin films. Structural, electrical and chemical characterisation methods applied to these have shown that in their as-grown state they are highly oriented (in either the c[l1l] or h[002] direction), possess a small grain size of approximately 10-15 nm, and contain a considerable level of compressive strain. Annealing treatments in the presence of the fluxing agent CdCl(_2) have been shown to strongly modify the properties of these films, they are converted to a polycrystalline hexagonal structure with a significantly reduced level of strain, possess a larger grain size (27-28 nm) and a considerably enhanced crystalline quality. Novel 'hybrid' films comprising two CdS layers grown by different growth methods, one grown directly upon the other, have been studied. It has been shown that there are remarkable differences in morphology between these and films grown by a single growth method alone. Complete CdS/CdTe devices have been fabricated from several types of film grown in this study. Cell efficiencies of 9.80% were attained for a limited batch of devices, suggesting that these films possess good qualities for PV device fabrication. Early results from a novel tubular photovoltaic device concept are presented. This geometry has the potential to reduce manufacturing costs, may open up new routes to enhance the efficiency of CdS/CdTe devices, and is an attractive candidate for PV/solar thermal power generation.
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Forsyth, Nicola M. "A study of Schottky barriers to CdS, and the CdTe : CdS heterojunction." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375956.
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Dias, Tânia Filipa Teodoro. "A crise da dívida soberana portuguesa lida através dos spreads dos CDS da dívida portuguesa e dos CDS da dívida alemã." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10316.
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Mestrado em FinançasO objetivo deste Trabalho Final de Mestrado consiste em responder à questão: O que é que explica os spreads dos CDS (credit default swaps) da dívida pública portuguesa, naquilo em que esta se distingue da dívida pública alemã? Para tal foram escolhidas diversas variáveis divididas em dois grupos (variáveis representativas da situação conjuntural da economia e variáveis financeiras, relacionadas com o mercado de capitais), três maturidades (1, 5 e 10 anos) e três períodos (agosto de 2005 a fevereiro de 2008, março de 2008 a julho de 2010 e agosto de 2010 a março de 2012). O estudo econométrico desenvolvido permitiu retirar diversas conclusões importantes. A variável spreads dos títulos de dívida pública apresenta significância em quase todas as regressões e um impacto positivo. Os níveis de dívida pública são também uma determinante dos spreads significativo, cujo efeito positivo apresenta mais relevância nos spreads a 1 ano. A taxa de câmbio tem um efeito negativo, com mais relevância nos spreads a 1 e 5 anos. A taxa de crescimento real, com o seu impacto negativo, é mais importante para os períodos total e II, e para os spreads a 1 ano. Os fatores relacionados com o setor externo têm um efeito negativo e são significativos apenas para os spreads a 1 ano, e o PIB per capita aumenta o risco de incumprimento para os spreads a 5 e 10 anos.
The purpose of this final assignment is to answer the question: What explains the CDS (credit default swaps) spreads of Portuguese government debt, as this differs from the German public debt? We were chosen for such diverse variables divided into two groups (variables representing the economic situation of the economy and financial variables related to stock market), three maturities (1, 5 and 10 years) and three periods (august 2005 to february 2008, march 2008 to july 2010 and august 2010 to march 2012). The econometric study developed allowed several important conclusions. The variable spread of Portuguese government bonds has significance in almost all regressions and has a positive impact. The levels of public debt are also a significant determinant of spreads, whose positive effect has more relevance for spreads at 1 year. The exchange rate has a negative effect, with more relevance in spreads at 1 and 5 years. The real growth rate, with its negative impact, it is more important to total and II periods, and to spreads at 1 year. The factors related to the external sector have a negative effect and are significant only for spreads at 1 year, and GDP per capita increased default risk for spreads at 5 and 10 years.
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AUDINET, LAURENCE. "Croissance et proprietes structurales de nanostructures semi-conductrices ii-vi : cds et cds/zns." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066208.
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Ce travail a ete consacre a l'etude des mecanismes de croissance d'agregats semi-conducteurs ii-vi de dimensions nanometriques elabores par une methode de chimie de colloides en micelles inverses. Deux systemes ont ete etudies plus particulierement : des nanocristaux de cds et des heterostructures nanometriques ternaires de cds/zns de type coeur-coquille. Le role de la coquille de zns est de confiner les porteurs de charges dans le cristal de coeur cds tout en passivant sa surface. La microscopie electronique a haute resolution (methr) a ete la technique d'investigation principale qui nous a permis d'etudier ces nanocristaux a l'echelle atomique. Des traitements numeriques des images par des methodes d'analyses d'images ont ete effectues. Dans un premier temps les aspects structuraux des nanocristaux de cds ont ete largement etudies. Les agregats cristallisent suivants les deux structures du materiau massif : la structure cubique de type blende metastable et la structure hexagonale de type wurtzite stable, les structures de croissance ont ete correlees aux dimensions des agregats. Une methode d'analyse d'images a ete developpee pour determiner la morphologie des agregats. La presence de facetages importants des cristaux a ete mise en evidence et comparee aux theories classiques de croissance cristalline. L'etude des heterostructures de cds/zns a permis de montrer la croissance de zns sur les cristaux de cds dans la meme structure que cds et suivant les faces de croissance precedemment decrites. L'epitaxie entre les deux materiaux s'effectue par introduction de defauts a l'interface dans le but d'accommoder le desaccord de parametres. La presence de zns a ete demontre egalement dans l'epaisseur a l'aide de simulations d'images, une configuration d'heterostructure est proposee.
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Grosof, Isaac (Isaac B. ). "Secure communication : CDS, PIR, PSM." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113150.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-53).
Private Information Retrieval is the problem of querying two servers to nd a value in a database, while keeping the index private. We extend this problem to Generalized Wildcard PIR, where we instead query an aggregate of the entries whose indices match a pattern, called a generalized wildcard, which species what values each segment of the indices may take. We give a construction for this variant with similar communication to that of the best PIR protocols known. We study information theoretic models in cryptography, namely Private Information Retrieval, Conditional Disclosure of Secrets, and Private Simultaneous Messages. We give extensions of PIR and CDS in the area of generalized wildcards, and give constructions for those extensions. We discuss directions towards more ecient protocols, and raise open questions.
by Isaac Grosof.
M. Eng.
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Ruan, Zheng. "CDS pricing with counterparty risk." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6083.
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This thesis focuses on the impact of counterparty-risk in CDS (Credit Default Swap) pricing. The exponential growth of the Credit Derivatives Market in the last decade demands an upsurge in the fair valuation of various credit derivatives such as the Credit Default Swap (CDS), the Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO). Financial institutions suffered great losses from Credit Derivatives in the sub-prime mortgage market during the credit crunch period. Counterparty risk in CDS contracts has been intensively studied with a focus on losses for protection buyers due to joint defaults of counterparty and reference entity. Using a contagion framework introduced by Jarrow and Yu (2001)[48], we calculate the swap premium rate based on the change of measure technique, and further extend both the two-firm and three-firm model (with defaultable protection buyer) with continuous premium payment. The results show more explanatory power than the discrete case. We improve the continuous contagion model by relaxing the constant intensity rate assumption and found close results without loss of generality. Empirically this thesis studies the behaviour of the historical credit spread of 55 sample corporates/ financial institutions, a Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model is applied to calibrate spread parameters. A proxy for counterparty spread is introduced as the difference between the spread over benchmark rate and spread over swap rate for 5 year maturity CDS. We then investigate counterparty risk during the crisis and study the shape of term structure for the counterparty spread, where Rebonato’s framework is deployed to model the dynamics of the term structure using a regime-switching framework.
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Nemani, Lingeshwar. "Effect of sno2 roughness and cds thickness on the performance of cds/cdte solar cells." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001106.
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Yan, Yueran. "CdTe, CdTe/CdS Core/Shell, and CdTe/CdS/ZnS Core/Shell/Shell Quantum Dots Study." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1327614907.
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Fikri, Cem. "Valuation of synthetic CDOs and related portfolio credit derivatives." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12014.
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Henderson, Andrew. "Isosteres of sulfonamide inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512187.
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Erne, Manfred. "Having a Look at CDOs from the Structuring Perspective." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11811282.
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Seyhan, Ayse. "Photoluminescence Specroscopy Of Cds And Gase." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1258383/index.pdf.
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With the use of photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy one can able to get a
great deal of information about electronic structure and optical processes in
semiconductors by the aid of optical characterization. Among various compound
semiconductors, Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and Gallium Selenide (GaSe) are
interesting materials for their PL emissions. Particularly, due to its strong anisotropy,
investigation of GaSe necessitates new experimental approaches to the PL technique.
We have designed, fabricated and used new experimental set-up for this purpose.
In this thesis, we have investigated the PL spectra of both CdS and GaSe as a
function of temperature. We observed interesting features in these samples. These
features were analyzed experimentally and described by taking the band structure of
the crystals into account. From the excitonic emissions, we determined the bandgap
energy of both materials. We studied various peaks that appear in the PL spectra and their origin in the material. We have found that donor acceptor transitions are
effective in CdS at low temperatures. A transition giving rise to a red emission was
observed and attributed to a donor level which is likely to result form an S vacancy
in CdS crystal. The PL peaks with energy close to the bandgap were observed in
GaSe. These peak were attributed to the bound excitons connected either to the direct
or indirect band edge of GaSe. The striking experimental finding in this work was the
PL spectra of GaSe measured in different angular position with respect to the crystal
axis. We observed that PL spectra exhibit substantial differences when the angular
position of the laser beam and the detector is changed. The optical anisotropy which
is responsible for these differences was measured experimentally and discussed by
considering the selection rules of the band states of GaSe.
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Alnajjar, Abdalla A. A. "Single crystal CdS/CdTe:P solar cells." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1174/.
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Kopf, Susanne. "Content policies in Social Media Critical Discourse Studies: The invisible hand of social media providers?" CADAAD, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7109/1/01%2DKopf.pdf.
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This paper complements theoretical and methodological considerations regarding social media in critical discourse studies as it addresses social media content policies as a key contextual element. Specifically, this paper argues that - and why - the exploration of content policies and their enforcement is indispensable when approaching social media platforms and social media data in particular from a critical perspective.
A number of researchers have already begun to identify contextual elements that require particular attention when viewing social media and social media data through a CDS lens. However, social media sites' content policies, as pervasive contextual element, have not received adequate research attention yet.
Drawing on Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) and recent developments in Social Media CDS (SM-CDS), this paper first demonstrates the existing gap in research. Then, it contends that social media sites' content policies deserve more detailed attention in SM-CDS, argues why this is the case and elaborates on the different aspects of content policies and policy enforcement that require examination. After detailed theoretical discussion of this, empirical evidence to support this argument is presented in the form of a case study of Wikipedia and Wikipedia data.
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Jayaraman, Visweswaran. "Fabrication and Characterization of CIS/CdS and Cu2S/CdS Devices for Applications in Nano Structured Solar Cells." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/267.
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Nano structured solar cells provide an opportunity for increased open circuit voltages and and short circuit currents in solar cells due to quantum confinement of the window and absorber materials and an increase in the optical path length for the incident light. In this study, both bulk and nano heterojunctions of CIS/CdS and Cu2S/CdS devices have been fabricated and studied on plain glass substrates and inside porous alumina templates to compare their performance. The devices have also been characterized SEM, XRD and JV measurements. The J-V curves have also been analyzed for series resistance, diode ideality factor and reverse saturation current density.
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Acharya, Krishna Prasad. "Photocurrent Spectroscopy of CdS/Plastic, CdS/Glass, and ZnTe/GaAs Hetero-pairs Formed with Pulsed-laser Deposition." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1245089031.
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Qubbaj, Tawfiq A. H. "Physiological and molecular responses of resistant and susceptible apple cultivars of Malus domestica L. to the Rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini)." Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2005. http://d-nb.info/989884813/04.
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Kock, Johannes Marthinus de. "Volatilitätsarbitrage und ein Markoff-Modell für CDOs : eine finanzmathematische Untersuchung." München AVM, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1000247945/04.
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Prietz, Sandra. "Expressionsanalysen mit cDNS-Mikroarrays Aufklärung der Pathogenesemechanismen einer seltenen Augenkrankheit /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2003/75/index.html.
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Shin, Kyoo-Chul. "Identification of Critical Dispute Characteristics (CDCs) during construction project operations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20683.
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Mustapha, Mazlyn Mona. "Non-coherent optical fibre-based CDMS using optical orthogonal codes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435041.
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Al, Bahar Fares. "Examining the impact of CDSS on antibiotic use in hospitals." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8228/.
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Computerised clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are information technology tools used to optimise the use of antibiotics. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to review the level of evidence of the impact of CDSS on antibiotic prescribing using specific outcome measures. Overall, CDSS interventions were associated with an increase in adequacy of antibiotic coverage based on a random effects model [OR = 2.11, 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.66, p ˂ 0.00001]. Results showed that CDSS had a marginal statistically significant effect on mortality based on a random effects model. [OR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.96, p = 0.01]. Medical and non-medical healthcare professionals in University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust were surveyed about their perceptions and attitudes towards CDSS. 85% participants showed a positive attitude towards CDSS. A quantitative retrospective before-and-after study in the University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust was conducted from June 2012 to June 2016 to measure the impact of a CDSS tool known as Structured Prescribing on the volume of antibiotic use. From June 2012 to June 2016, the total antibiotic usage increased by 13.1% from 1436.3 to 1624.85 DDD/1000 bed-days. CDSS show demonstrable potential in optimising the use of antibiotics and containing antimicrobial resistance.
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Correia, João Pedro Barata. "Are CDOs the beauty or the beast of financial markets?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11382.
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Mestrado em FinançasA crise financeira de 2007-2010 começou nos EUA e rapidamente se espalhou pelo mundo. Os Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) estiveram fortemente envolvidos na formação e propagação da mesma. Neste trabalho vamos apresentar e estudar o produto. É analisada a história desde a sua criação, com um ênfase especial sobre a sua participação na recente crise financeira e expostos os seus principais problemas e vantagens. Numa segunda parte, o trabalho aborda três casos para a utilização futura dos CDOs. Três diferentes possibilidades são analisadas: (i) European Safe Bonds (ESBs), (ii) Financiamento de programas de pesquisa biomédica e (iii) Microcrédito. Os casos de estudo começam por introduzir a indústria e expor o problema existente para cada situação. De seguida, os casos seguem com a apresentação da abordagem proposta, explicando os benefícios que a utilização dos CDOs trariam e porque é que os CDOs são uma apropriada solução para o problema. Por fim são feitas algumas simulações e ilustrações para uma melhor compreensão dos benefícios. Os estudos comparam também a proposta apresentada com alternativas propostas, no caso de elas existirem.
The Financial Crisis of 2007-2010 started in the U.S. and speedily was spread among the world. Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) had been strongly involved in the formation and propagation of the crisis. This study analyses the securitization process of CDOs. We review its history with a special emphasis on its role in the recent Financial crisis and expose its main problems and advantages. Afterward, we suggest possible future usage of CDOs. Three different cases are analysed:(i)European Safe Bonds (ESBs), (ii) Biomedical research programs and (iii)Microcredit. The cases studies start by introduce the industry and expose the existent problem for each situation. After, they follow with the presentation of the proposed approach and why CDOs are an appropriate and enriching solution exposing the benefits CDOs could bring. Finally are done some simulations and illustrations to better explanation and compared the results with alternative proposals, if they exist.
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Kunrath, Romerio Jair. "CDES : o Conselho de Desenvolvimento Economico e Social do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/5806.
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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo a análise do Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social do Brasil, durante os seus dois primeiros anos de existência (2003-2004). Adotou-se como ponto de partida a idéia de que a criação do CDES pelo governo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, logo no início de sua gestão, devia-se a duas ordens de fatores: de um lado, a necessidade de ampliar a base de apoio por parte de um governo que foi eleito num contexto desfavorável e que tinha um compromisso de mudar o “modelo de desenvolvimento” que vinha sendo adotado pelo país; e de outro, a necessidade de reafirmar a importância de criação de novos espaços de participação e articulação política, defendida, de longa data, pelas principais forças políticas que o elegeram. Este é um trabalho marcadamente descritivo e que se encontra dividido em duas partes: 1) na primeira, através da análise de documentos (decretos, atas de reuniões, relatórios, etc.), procura-se reconstituir desde os fundamentos apresentados quando da criação do CDES, até as principais atividades desenvolvidas pelo Conselho nos dois primeiros anos; 2) na segunda, através da análise de questionários, procede-se a uma avaliação do CDES, por parte dos seus integrantes.
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Kock, Johannes Marthinus de. "Volatilitätsarbitrage und ein Markoff-Modell für CDOs eine finanzmathematische Untersuchung." München AVM, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000247945/04.
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Jayaraman, Visweswaran. "Fabrication and characterization of CIS/CdS and Cu₂S/CdS devices for applications in nano structured solar cells." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2005. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyelen2005t00369/VJThesis.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2005.Title from document title page (viewed on January 19, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains: ix, 104 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-101).
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Nemani, Lingeshwar. "Effect of SnO2 Roughness and CdS Thickness on the Performance of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells." Scholar Commons, 2005. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/790.
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Textured SnO2 films as TCO have been investigated to determine the effect of surface roughness on the performance of CdS/CdTe solar cells. Film roughness was controlled by varying the substrate temperature. Characterization of the SnO2 films has also carried out using AFM measurements. It was found that increase in substrate temperature results in increased roughness of the film.
A series of cells were fabricated with different CdS thicknesses to determine the combined effect of SnO2 roughness and CdS thickness. As a part of fabrication process, cells were subjected to different post deposition treatments. It was observed that roughness seems to be critical when CdS remained in the final device is thin. The performance of CdS/CdTe devices fabricated was characterized using J-V and spectral response measurements. It was found that cells with initial CdS thickness of 1000 showed better performance than those with thicker CdS for the same roughness of SnO2.
Conversion efficiency of 13.37% was achieved by increasing the SnO2 roughness and depositing thicker CdS initially.
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Rodrigues, André Luís da Silva. "A cultura das imagens nas décadas de 60, 70 e 80 do século XX." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11316.
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Zhu, Xiaolei. "Per-o-methylated cyclodextrins for C60 solubilization and metal encapsulation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066624/document.
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Nos travaux antérieurs ont développé la débenzylation DIBAL-H de α-, β- et γ-CDBn, qui génère une fonctionnalisation regiosélective sur le bord primaire. De plus, la déméthylation DIBAL-H de α- et β-CDMe donne accès à une modification régiosélective sur le bord secondaire sans changer la conformation de l'unité suger. La déméthylation DIBAL-H optimisée pourrait également influer sur la modification du bord primaire. En raison de la grande cavité du γ-CD sur la solubilisation et l'encapsulation C60, l'un des objectifs de mon travail est d'obtenir le γ-CDMe sélectivement modifié sur le bord secondaire. Sur la base de la déméthylation DIBAL-H de α-, β- et γ-CDMe, 7 conjugués α-CD-C60 sont soumis à l'évaluation biologique en tant qu'agents antiviraux potentiels et un conjugué β-CD-C60 est en cours d'étude en tant que potentiel anti-allergique agent. En outre, le conjugué 2A-γ-CDMe-C60 avec attachement de jante secondaire présente la plus grande solubilité dans l'eau parmi les conjugués CD-C60 et les complexes γ-CD / C60. Le conjugué 2A-γ-CDMe-C60 et le conjugué 6A-γ-CDMe-C60 avec fixation du jonc primaire ont montré un rendement quantique 1O2 plus élevé que les conjugués CD-C60 rapportés sous irradiation UV. À la lumière de la méthodologie de la débenzylation DIBAL-H, 6 complexes α- et β-CDMe-Ag hydrosolubles (Cu, Au) ont été synthétisés. On a obtenu des structures cristallines à rayons X d'α-CDMe-AgCl à la fois dans CDCl3 et dans de l'eau. Par ailleurs, nous avons obtenu le monomère α-CDMe-CuCCPh qui est stable dans l'eau. De plus, α- et β-CDMe-AuCl ont été comme catalyseurs en cyclosomérisation regiosélective, énantiéselective et lactonisation dans DCM et eauOur previous work have developed DIBAL-H debenzylation of α-, β- and γ-CDBn, which generates regioselective functionalization on the primary rim. Moreover, DIBAL-H demethylation of α- and β-CDMe gives an access to regioselective modification on the secondary rim without changing the conformation of suger unit. Meanwhile, the optimized DIBAL-H demethylation could affordes the modification on the primary rim as well. Because of the large cavity of γ-CD on C60 solubilization and encapsulation, one of the goals of my work is to obtain the selectively modified γ-CDMe on the secondary rim. Based on DIBAL-H demethylation of α-, β- and γ-CDMe, 7 α-CD-C60 conjugates are under the biological evaluation as potential antiviral agents and a β-CD-C60 conjugate is being studied as a potential anti-allergic agent. Furthermore, 2A-γ-CDMe-C60 conjugate with secondary rim attachement displays the highest water-solubility among CD-C60 conjugates and γ-CD/C60 complexes. Both 2A-γ-CDMe-C60 conjugate and 6A-γ-CDMe-C60 conjugate with primary rim attachment showed higher 1O2 quantume yield than the reported CD-C60 conjugates under UV irradiation. In light of the methodology of DIBAL-H debenzylation, 6 water-soluble α- and β-CDMe-Ag(Cu, Au) complexes have been synthesized. X-ray crystal structures of α-CDMe-AgCl in both CDCl3 and water have been obtained. Besides, we got monomer α-CDMe-CuCCPh which is stable in water. In addition, α- and β-CDMe-AuCl have been as catalysts in regioselective, enantioselective cycloisomerization and lactonization in DCM and neat water
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Shan, Chenyu, and 陜晨煜. "Credit default swaps (CDS) and loan financing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B5089965X.
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As evidenced by its market size, credit default swaps (CDSs) has been the cornerstone product of the credit derivatives market. The central question that I attempt to answer in this thesis is: why and how does the introduction of CDS market affect bank loan financing? Theoretical works predict some potential effects from CDS market, but empirical evidence is still rare.
This dissertation empirically examines the effects of CDS trading on bank loan financing. In chapter one, I find that banks increase average loan amount and charge higher loan spread after the onset of CDS trading on the borrower’s debt. Also, credit quality of the borrower deteriorates for those with active CDS trading. These findings suggest that banks tend to take on more credit risk by issuing larger loans and by lending to riskier firms that could not obtain bank loan in the absence of CDS. The risk-taking by banks ultimately transmitted to higher bank-level risk profile.
The second chapter is the first empirical study of CDS’ role in determining loan syndicate structure. I find larger lead bank share when CDS is in place. Moreover, participation of credit derivatives trading by lead banks is much larger than by the participants, suggesting that lead banks have better chance to use CDS to their own advantage. Further analysis shows that lead banks retain an even larger share when it is more experienced dealing with the borrower and when information asymmetry between the lender and the borrower is less severe. Different from conventional wisdom about moral hazard in syndicated lending, our findings suggest that the lead bank likely takes on more credit risk voluntarily due to its increased financing capacity.
The third chapter focuses on the effects of CDS on debt contracting. Given that current evidence does not show CDS reduces average cost of debt, we conjecture that the diversification benefit is reflected by relaxation of restrictions imposed on borrowers. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find the marginal effect from CDS trading on covenant strictness measure is 16.8% on average. One standard deviation increase in the number of outstanding CDS contracts loosens net worth covenants by approximately 8.9%. Using various endogeneity controls, we are able to show the loosening of covenants is due to the reduced level of debtholder-shareholder conflict. Furthermore, the loosening effect is stronger when the expected renegotiation cost is larger, consistent with the view that CDS mitigates contracting friction and improves contracting efficiency.
Overall, this dissertation attempts to provide first empirical evidence on how CDS affects bank loan financing. We focus the analysis on loan issuance, syndicate structure and contracting. The findings suggest that banks lend to riskier borrowers in the presence of CDS. On a positive note, banks tend to impose less restrictive covenants on its borrower, which may mitigate frictions in lending market in terms of ex ante bargaining and ex post renegotiation cost.published_or_final_version
Economics and Finance
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Wicklein, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Steuerdaten-CDs und demokratischer Rechtsstaat / Daniel Wicklein." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142095959/34.
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Sabat, Rodrigo. "CDV. Centro de Desarrollo Vitivinícola, Santa Cruz." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100528.
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El vino chileno ha alcanzado un lugar destacado
dentro de la industria vitivinícola internacional. Se ha
destacado con productos de calidad y más que nada por
su excelente relación precio-calidad. Los factores climáticos
y geográficos han sido claves para la producción de vides
de calidad mundial, junto con la apuesta de empresarios
por apoyar el rubro e invertir en él.
El desarrollo que ha evidenciado la industria se
ha visto influenciado netamente por los aportes tecnológicos
introducidos a los procesos. Esto se ha manifestado en
los aumentos de las exportaciones, plantaciones y producción
de vino, como así también en la calidad de los vinos
producidos en el país.
La alta competitividad del mercado vitivinícola, a
nivel nacional y mundial, obliga a los empresarios a
desarrollar la industria y mantenerse al día con las
tecnologías desarrolladas. Es así como las viñas emergentes
se han ido agrupando en asociaciones, como Chilevid,
Chilevinos, Viñas de Colchagua SA, y otras, para así
estar comprometidos con el desarrollo y difusión del vino,
considerando las exigencias establecidas por el mercado
internacional y la competencia nacional.
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Джафаров, М. А., Р. М. Мехтиев, and С. А. Джахангирова. "Пленочный p-n переход на основе CdS." Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/27676.
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Rho, Young Gyu. "Quantum-Confined CdS Nanoparticles on DNA Templates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279352/.
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As electronic devices became smaller, interest in quantum-confined semiconductor nanostructures increased. Self-assembled mesoscale semiconductor structures of II-VI nanocrystals are an especially exciting subject because of their controllable band gap and unique photophysical properties. Several preparative methods to synthesize and control the sizes of the individual nanocrystallites and the electronic and optical properties have been intensively studied. Fabrication of patterned nanostructures composed of quantum-confined nanoparticles is the next step toward practical applications. We have developed an innovative method to fabricate diverse nanostructures which relies on the size and a shape of a chosen deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template.
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Wang, Yang. "CdS Reflection Coefficient Determination via Photocurrent Spectroscopy." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1219593815.
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Thorez, Eric. "CDS and the forecasting of bank default." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED073/document.
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A partir d’une analyse du défaut des banques et de la régulation au travers des notations de crédits (et des agences de notation), des modèles portant sur les CDS, de Bâle III et du capital insurance, nous trouvons que les spécificités des CDS en font un bon candidat pour prévoir (et idéalement empêcher) les défauts potentiels des banques. En effet, grâce aux propriétés (financières et économiques) des CDS, ainsi qu’aux résultats d’études empiriques, nous montrons qu’ils reflètent correctement le comportement des risques des banques et qu’ils ont capté les changements informationnels plus rapidement que les notations de crédits qui sont restées relativement constantes durant 2007 et 2008.Ainsi, en utilisant un déclencheur ad hoc basé sur les CDS et l’action appropriée si le déclencheur venait à s’activer, nous pourrions empêcher le défaut d’une banque. Et la compréhension du mécanisme afférent au capital contingent est d’un grand intérêt pour atteindre cet objectif qui optimise le monitoring mis en oeuvre par les banques et les régulateursBased on an analysis of the default of the banks and regulation through credit ratings (and rating agencies), CDS models, Basel III, bail-In and capital insurance, we find that the characteristics of CDS make them a good candidate to forecast (and ideally prevent) the potential defaults of the banks. Indeed, thanks to the economics of CDS and results of empirical studies, we show that they are a good proxy of bank risks and that they did capture information changes more quickly than the credit ratings which remained relatively constant during 2007 and 2008.So, using a specific trigger based on CDS and the appropriate action, should the trigger be activated, we could prevent the default of a bank. And the understanding of contingent capital mechanism is of great interest to reach this objective which optimizes the monitoring implemented by banks as well as regulators
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Witwinowski, Jerzy. "Caractérisation de voies de biosynthèse de dicétopipérazines chez les actinobactéries." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS273/document.
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Les dicétopipérazines (DKP : diketopiperazines) sont une classe de produits naturels largement utilisée en médecine. Chez les organismes producteurs, elles peuvent servir de facteurs de virulence, de molécules de signalisation ou encore être impliquées dans la concurrence entre (micro-)organismes ou la défense contre les prédateurs, mais souvent leur rôle est inconnu. Elles peuvent être synthétisées par deux voies de biosynthèse principales : soit par des voies dépendant de synthétases de peptides non ribosomiques (NRPS: Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase), des complexes enzymatiques de grande taille utilisant comme substrats les acides aminés protéinogènes ou non, soit par des voies dépendant des cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPS), de petites enzymes utilisant comme substrats des ARNt chargés. Je me suis intéressé à ce deuxième type de voie de biosynthèse. J’ai d’abord participé à une étude visant à caractériser la diversité des CDPS et des DKP synthétisées par ces enzymes. Ce travail a permis d’élargir le champ des CDPS caractérisées expérimentalement, de démontrer l’incorporation par ces enzymes de 17 acides aminés dans des DKP et de poser les bases de la prédiction des DKP synthétisées grâce à l’identification dans la séquence protéique des CDPS de motifs de résidus responsables de la sélection du substrat. J’ai ensuite étudié chez Streptomyces venezuelae un cluster de gènes homologues à des gènes essentiels impliqués chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis dans la biosynthèse d’une dicétopipérazine. J’ai enfin identifié chez Streptomyces aizunensis les gènes dirigeant la biosynthèse de la bicyclomycine, un antibiotique de la famille des DKP utilisé en médecine. Je présente la caractérisation complète de la voie de biosynthèse de la bicyclomycine. Cette biosynthèse fait intervenir une CDPS, cinq dioxygénases dépendantes du fer et du 2-oxoglutarate et une monooxygénase de la famille des cytochromes P450. C’est la voie la plus complexe dépendante de CDPS jamais décrite, la seule contenant plusieurs enzymes d’oxydoréduction et la première voie de biosynthèse d’une molécule utilisée en médecine dépendante d’une CDPSDiketopiperazines (DKP) are a class of natural products widely used in medicine. In producer organisms, they may act as virulence factors, signaling molecules or may be involved in competition between (micro-) organisms or defense against predators, but often their role is unknown. They can be synthesized by two main biosynthetic pathways: either by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) dependent pathways, NRPSs being large enzyme complexes using proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic amino acids as substrates, or by Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPS), small enzymes using loaded tRNAs as substrates. I was interested in this second type of biosynthetic pathway. I first participated in a study having as a goal to characterize the diversity of CDPSs and DKPs synthesized by these enzymes. This work enabled to widen the field of experimentally characterized CDPSs, to demonstrate the incorporation by these enzymes of 17 amino acids in DKPs and to lay the bases for the prediction of the DKPs synthesized thanks to the identification in the protein sequence of CDPSs of residue patterns responsible for substrate selection. I then studied in Streptomyces venezuelae a cluster of genes homologous to essential genes involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the biosynthesis of a diketopiperazine. I finally identified in Streptomyces aizunensis the genes directing the biosynthesis of bicyclomycin, an antibiotic of the DKP family used in medicine. I present the complete characterization of the bicyclomycin biosynthetic pathway. This biosynthesis involves a CDPS, five iron-2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. It is the most complex CDPS-dependent pathway ever described, the only one containing several redox enzymes and the first CDPS-dependent biosynthetic pathway for a molecule used in medicine
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Chen, Jianhao. "Investigation of CdS Nanowires and Planar Films for Enhanced Performance as Window Layers in CdS-CdTe Solar Cell Devices." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/27.
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Cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are two leading semiconductor materials used in the fabrication of thin film solar cells of relatively high power conversion efficiency and low manufacturing cost. In this work, CdS/CdTe solar cells with a varying set of processing parameters and device designs were fabricated and characterized for comparative evaluation. Studies were undertaken to elucidate the effects of (i) each step in fabrication and (ii) parameters like thickness, sheet resistance, light absorptivity solution concentration, inert gas pressure etc. Best results were obtained when the thickness of CdS planar film for the window layer was in the range of 150 nm to 200 nm. Also, CdS nanowires were fabricated for use as the window layer in CdS-CdTe solar cells. Their materials characteristics were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Spectral absorption measurements on the planar CdS films and nanowire CdS layers were performed and results compared. It was established that the nanowire CdS design was superior because its absorption of sunlight was far less than that of planar CdS film, which would lead to enhanced performance in the CdS-CdTe solar cell through higher short circuit current density and higher open circuit voltage. Diode behavior of CdS-CdTe devices on planar CdS and nanowire CdS was analyzed and compared.
KEYWORDS: Thin Film Solar Cell, Nanowire, UV Absorption, Open-circuit Voltage, Close Space Sublimation
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Schiefer, Dirk. "Collateralized debt obligations : (CDOs) ; eine empirische Analyse der Bonitätsrisikoprämie auf Finanzmärkten /." Bad Soden/Ts. : Uhlenbruch, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988368781/04.
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Lolli, Graziano. "Cdks at the interface of cell cycle and and transcription regulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426389.
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Hertel, Scott A. (Scott Alexander). "Advancing the search for dark matter : from CDMS II to SuperCDMS." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79517.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 285-294).
An overwhelming proportion of the universe (83% by mass) is composed of particles we know next to nothing about. Detecting these dark matter particles directly, through hypothesized weak-force-mediated recoils with nuclear targets here on earth, could shed light on what these particles are, how they relate to the standard model, and how the standard model fits within a more fundamental understanding. This thesis describes two such experimental efforts: CDMS 11 (2007-2009) and SuperCDMS Soudan (ongoing). The general abilities and sensitivities of both experiments are laid out, placing a special emphasis on the detector technology, and how this technology has evolved from the first to the second experiment. Some topics on which I spent significant efforts are described here only in overview (in particular the details of the CDMS II analysis, which has been laid out many times before), and some topics which are not described elsewhere are given a somewhat deeper treatment. In particular, this thesis is hopefully a good reference for those interested in the annual modulation limits placed on the low-energy portion of the CDMS II exposure, the design of the detectors for SuperCDMS Soudan, and an overview of the extremely informative data these detectors produce. It is an exciting time. The technology I've had the honor to work on the past few years provides a wealth of information about each event, more so than any other direct detection experiment, and we are still learning how to optimally use all this information. Initial tests from the surface and now underground suggest this technology has the background rejection abilities necessary for a planned 200kg experiment or even ton-scale experiment, putting us on the threshold of probing parameter space orders of magnitude from where the field currently stands.
by Scott A. Hertel.
Ph.D.
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Mottaghi, Soheil [Verfasser], and Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Hofmann. "Sampling the parameter space of cDBS in hemi-pd rat model." Freiburg : Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1231232706/34.
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Chiurato, Matteo. "Synthèse de tétrahydropyrido-[isoindolones/isoquinolones/indolizinones] pour l'élaboration d'inhibiteurs de CDks." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2069.
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Cette thèse est divisée en cinq parties. La première partie traite de la chimie des ions iminiums. Après une brève introduction sur leur découverte, sont présentées leurs préparations et leurs applications dans divers champs de la chimie, en particulier dans la synthèse de produits naturels. En suite nous traiterons des ions N-acyl iminiums, en évoquant les mécanismes de leur formation, les diverses applications et leurs particularités. La première partie se termine par la présentation des différentes voies d'accès à des structures du type isoindoquinolinonique obtenues notamment par formation d’ions d'acyl iminiums. La seconde partie de la thèse concerne une étude méthodologique de la réaction de cyclisation présentée par le groupe du Prof. Y. Troin. Cette réaction, basée sur un intermédiaire N-acyl iminium, permet la synthèse d'un système de type isoquinolone. La réaction est une cycloaddition intermoléculaire d’une cétone protégée, et le carboxy benzaldéhyde. entre une amine primaire en Nous avons repris ces premiers travaux et avons étendu la méthode à toute une série de noyaux comme des systèmes benzéniques différemment substitués (avec des groupes -OMe en différentes positions du cycle), des systèmes polyaromatiques (naphtalène) et des hétérocycles (pyridine, quinoléine etc. . . ). La différence de réactivité des différents systèmes est discutée, et une méthode alternative de hydroxy lactames est proposée. synthèse passant par des Dans la troisième partie l’application de nos recherches à la problématique de la chimiothérapie anticancéreuse est abordée. Après avoir rappelé les principales causes, les mécanismes et quelques notions sur le cycle cellulaire et sur quelques médicaments utilisables à ce jour, nous évoquerons le rationnel permettant l’utilisation de la 10-amino-1,3,4,10b-tétrahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoindol-6-one pour arriver à une série de diarylurées, inhibiteurs potentiels de kinases dépendantes des cyclines. La quatrième partie traite donc du chemin synthétique utilisé pour atteindre ces objectifs, et se termine par les résultats des tests biologiques et l’étude des premières relations entre structure et activité. Enfin, des perspectives de travail sont évoquées et une conclusion générale est proposée.