Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CCSBT'

Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CCBT) has been recommended for patients in the National Health Service (NHS) Primary Care across the United Kingdom for management of mild to moderate anxiety and depression. This approach also promises financial savings, and may fill the gap between demand and supply of face-to-face therapy. Studies have shown that CCBT is feasible and effective. However, dropout rates can be as high as 86%, but the reasons remain unclear and the information available is limited. This thesis explores factors that may impact on the usability and user experience of this computer-mediated therapy. Espousing the “real world” research philosophy and widely used methods in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field for usability evaluations, four studies using a mixed-methods design were conducted. Study I was an online usability survey, which investigated if usability evaluations had been conducted for CCBT applications. Two versions of questionnaires were sent to four CCBT software developers and ten authors of randomised controlled trials. The categories and responses of the questionnaires gathered from five respondents were reviewed and summarised. The findings suggested that usability evaluations for CCBT were still in their infancy when compared to other healthcare interventions to which HCI approaches have been widely applied. Study II was a usability Heuristic Evaluation (HE) conducted with four expert evaluators to assess two different CCBT applications’ interfaces (MoodGYM and Living Life to the Full) against the self-designed usability heuristics for their compliance. The findings revealed numerous usability issues. Major problems related to navigation and inconsistency of the interfaces were identified. These could be rectified to enhance the user experience. Study III focused on other factors besides usability that might have an influence on the effective use of CCBT. Perceptions of service providers who were involved in both decision-making about CCBT availability and supporting its use were gathered. Nine service providers at different NHS organisations were interviewed. The interviews were analysed using techniques from Grounded Theory (GT). The findings suggested that the practitioners’ attitudes towards CCBT might have affected its service delivery. Four categories from the data analysis were identified: (1) shaping behaviour, (2) implementing and delivering, (3) making an appropriate referral, and (4) technology/CCBT packages - advancing with time. A conceptual model was also generated, “building support around CCBT”: a road-map that could address some of these issues. Study IV examined patients’ perceptions and acceptance of a CCBT application (Beating the Blues), its usability and the user experience, and also whether the user characteristics (e.g. computer experience (CE) and computer self-efficacy (CSE)) had any influence on patients’ use of this technology. A mixed-methods approach was utilised with a sample of 33 participants. Face-to-face and email interviews were conducted. Feedback was also gathered from a usability questionnaire and think-aloud protocol with seven participants selected from the sample. The data were analysed using Thematic and Saliency Analysis to uncover themes. Descriptive statistics were used to describe data from questionnaires. Two overarching themes from the interviews were identified: (1) access to CCBT services, and (2) perceptions and attitudes towards CCBT. Both themes revealed issues which might have significantly impacted on patients’ engagement with CCBT. Numerous flaws were also discovered in the application’s design and functionality (e.g. navigation, aesthetics, relevance of content, and inflexibility). However, the results from CE and CSE questionnaires suggested that participants were confident in using this technology. The four studies provided an in-depth understanding of factors that affect the usability and user experience of CCBT and possible reasons for the high attrition rates. The implications of this research point to the need for health policymakers to focus on the current implementation issues and on how best to deploy this treatment therapy to patients. Further development of CCBT is pivotal to its success, in particular, expanding contexts of use and increasing usability evaluations. Keeping users interested and engaged will improve treatment efficiency, completion rates and will achieve better clinical outcomes.

Introduction: Current recommendations by National Institute of Clinical Excellence (Technology Appraisal 51) emphasise the need for future research to examine the effectiveness of CCBT across the age span. Kaltenthaler et al. (2008) recommended future research focuses on acceptability of CCBT through using ‘survey and intensive qualitative methods, include the process of initial engagement, continuation versus drop-out, and in those completing, satisfaction or regret undertaking CCBT’ (p.1528). The pilot study by McMurchie (2011) was the first to explore the acceptability and effectiveness of the CCBT package Beating the Blues (BTB) solely with older people. Using qualitative methodology, the aim of the current study was to explore the experiences of older people who, when participating in the pilot study chose to use BTB compared to those who chose to remain with their treatment as usual (TAU). The current study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the acceptability of BTB as well as factors that influence decisionmaking in terms of uptake to BTB and discontinuation from BTB. Method: Individual semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 older people who took part in the pilot study (McMurchie, 2011). Participants were in one of three groups, these were: BTB-completers, BTB-discontinuers and TAU. Transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (Smith et al., 2009). Findings: Five master themes emerged from the interviews: Beating the Blues as a Process of Change; Relevance of Beating the Blues to Older People; Challenges of Using Beating the Blues; Motivation to Try Something New and Barriers to Beating the Blues at Time of Uptake. Conclusions: Overall, the master themes reflected the experiences of either “regaining control” or a sense of “hopelessness” when opting whether or not to use BTB in the first instance and to then continue with the treatment. Experiences of using BTB appeared to be linked to the outlook participants had about using a novel treatment with either a sense of hope or impending failure. Participants who chose BTB had a more positive outlook which impacted their ability to manage perceived challenges and work towards recovery. The sense of impending failure seemed to be linked to participants perceiving more barriers to using BTB and struggling to overcome these challenges, resulting in them either declining BTB or feeling they were not benefiting from BTB and therefore discontinuing it.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo produzir as enzimas lacase e endoglicanase (CMCase) por meio da fermentação em estado sólido (FES) utilizando resíduos agroindustriais sob ação do fungo Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781. O fungo foi previamente crescido em MEA 2% e inoculado em substratos a base de palha de milho verde suplementado com cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de coco verde suplementado com farinha de soja nas proporções adequadas para se obter C/N 90, mediadores óleo vegetal (1 mL), Tween 80 (0,1 mL), RBBR 2% (1 mL) e 70% de umidade a 28ºC, por 60 dias. A extração enzimática foi feita em tampão acetato de sódio, pH 4,8. A atividade de lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ABTS, e a atividade de endoglicanase determinada por meio da dosagem dos açúcares redutores produzidos na degradação enzimática da carboximetilcelulose (CMC). Obteve-se a produção de lacase pelo fungo Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781 sob as diferentes condições de cultivo. Uma maior produtividade foi alcançada quando o meio foi suplementado com soja. O pico de atividade de lacase ocorreu em torno do 30º dia de fermentação (113,12 U/L), contendo coco como fonte de carbono, suplementado com soja como fonte de nitrogênio, sob ação de todos os mediadores. Para o substrato a base de milho e cana, os maiores valores de atividade, foi de 98,25 U/L em 60 dias, para o mesmo tratamento. A maximização da produção de endoglicanase (0,29 U/g) ocorreu apenas para o substrato a base de milho e cana, em 45 dias, sob a influência do corante têxtil RBBR. Esses resultados mostram que a bioconversão desses resíduos sob fermentação em estado sólido (FES) é uma forma viável de obtenção das enzimas lignocelulolíticas e possuem aplicabilidade na área biotecnológica. Os dados obtidos neste estudo permitiram também evidenciar a capacidade de P. castanella CCIBt 2781de degradar o corante Azul Brilhante Remazol R em meio de cultura utilizado, durante o intervalo de tempo de 45 dias, havendo total descoloração do corante após esse período.
This study aimed to produce the enzymes laccase and endoglucanase (CMCase) by solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro-industrial residues by the action of the fungus Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781. Fungus was previously grown on 2% MEA substrates and inoculated into the background of green maize straw supplemented with sugar cane bagasse and coconut supplemented with soybean meal in the proper proportions to obtain C/N 90, mediators vegetable oil (1 ml), Tween 80 (0,1 mL), RBBR 2% (1 mL) and 70% humidity at 28°C for 60 days. The enzyme extraction was performed in sodium acetate buffer, pH 4,8. The laccase activity was determined by oxidation of ABTS, and the activity of endoglucanase determined by dosage of the reducing sugars produced in the enzymatic degradation of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Obtained the production of laccase by the fungus Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781 under different culture conditions. A higher yield was achieved when the medium was supplemented with soy. The peak activity of laccase occurred around the 30th day of fermentation (113,12 U/L), containing coconut oil as carbon source, supplemented with soy as nitrogen source, under the action of all mediators. For the substrate from corn and sugarcane, the highest values of activity was 98,25 U/L in 60 days for the same treatment. Maximising production of endoglucanase (0,29 U/g) was observed only for the substrate from corn and sugar cane, in 45 days, under the influence of textile dye RBBR. These results show that the bioconversion of these wastes in solid state fermentation (SSF) is a feasible way of obtaining lignocellulolytic enzymes form and have applicability in biotechnology field. The results of this study also allowed to show the ability of P. castanella CCIBt 2781de degrade Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye in used culture medium during the time interval of 45 days, resulting in complete decolorization after this period.

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Uma das formas de remediar poluentes urbanos, como polímeros plásticos, é a utilização de processos biotecnológicos que exploram a capacidade de micro-organismos decompositores, produzirem enzimas na presença de substratos que possuem fontes indutoras adequadas, a exemplo de fungos do gênero Basidiomiceto em substratos como biomassas lignocelulósicas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o potencial de substratos como a casca de coco verde, farinha de soja comercial, farelo da palha de milho verde e cana-de-açúcar na produção de lacase e CMCase por meio da fermentação semissólida (FES) utilizando o micro-organismo Psilocybe castanella (CCIBt 2781) como agente da fermentação, bem como, avaliar a degradação de pedaços de copos de polipropileno por esse basidiomiceto, sem e com interferência de mediadores orgânicos e inorgânicos. O fungo foi previamente crescido em ágar extrato de malte (MEA) 2% e inoculado em substratos a base de farelo de palha de milho verde com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e bagaço da casca de coco verde com farinha de soja comercial nas proporções adequadas para se obter C/N 90 e com os mediadores, óleo vegetal, Tween 80 e azul brilhante de remazol (RBBR). Durante 60 dias de cultivo foram analisados as atividades enzimáticas de lacase e carboximetilcelulase. A degradação causada pela ação microbiana nos polímeros plásticos foi analisada por medidas de perda de massa, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raio X (DRX). A maior atividade da lacase ocorreu em torno do 15º dia de fermentação (95,67 UL-1), contendo bagaço da casca de coco verde como fonte de carbono e soja como fonte de nitrogênio, sob ação dos mediadores tween e RBBR. Para o substrato a base de milho e cana, a maior atividade foi de 69,77 UL-1 em 30 dias, utilizando tween como mediador. A maior produção de CMCase foi de 0,29 U/g, para o substrato a base de milho e cana e de 0,22 U/g no substrato contendo bagaço da casca de coco verde e farinha de soja comercial. Todas as amostras de PP submetidas à incubação nos dois substratos apresentaram alterações nas superfícies dos polímeros, indicadas por ranhuras, sulcos e furos, quando analisadas por MEV. Esses resultados mostram que a bioconversão dos resíduos utilizados nesse trabalho por meio da fermentação semissólida (FES) é uma forma viável de obtenção das enzimas lignocelulolíticas, além da relação positiva entre a degradação de polímeros sintéticos (PPs) e a atividade enzimática de lacase.
One way to remedy urban pollutants such as plastic polymers, would be the use of biotechnological processes that exploit the ability of decomposing micro-organisms produce enzymes in the presence of substrates that have appropriate inducing sources, like basidiomycete fungi of the genus substrates as lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the potential of coconut husk and commercial soy flour, bran straw corn and cane sugar as substrates in the production of laccase and CMCase by semisolid fermentation (SSF) Psilocybe castanella (CCIBt 2781) microorganism as the fermentation agent, as well as to evaluate the degradation of pieces of polypropylene cups by this basidiomycete with and without interference from inorganic and organic mediators. The fungus was previously grown on malt extract agar (MEA) 2% and inoculated in substrates bran straw corn with crushed sugar cane bagasse and coconut husk with commercial soy flour in the proportions adequate to obtain C/N 90 and mediators, vegetable oil, Tween 80 and Remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). During cultivation for 60 days were analyzed, the enzymatic activities of laccase and carboxymethylcellulase, besides the degradation of plastics by polymer mass loss, MEV and DRX. The highest activity of laccase occurred around the 15th day of fermentation (95.67 UL-1), containing bagasse coconut husk as carbon source and soybean as nitrogen source, under the action of mediators tween and RBBR. To the substrate from corn and sugarcane, the highest activity was 69.77 UL-1 in 30 days, using tween as a mediator. The largest production of CMCase was 0.29 U/g, for the substrate from corn and sugarcane and 0.22 U/g substrate containing bagasse in the coconut husk and commercial soy flour. All samples analyzed by MEV and DRX were subjected to incubation with both substrates showed changes in the surfaces of polymers, indicated by grooves, grooves and holes. These results show that bioconversion of waste materials through this work semisolid fermentation (SSF) is a feasible way of obtaining the enzymes lignocellulolytic way, besides the positive relationship between the degradation of synthetic polymers (PP) and enzymatic activity.

This thesis follows the research portfolio format and is carried out in part fulfilment of the academic component of the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology at the University of Edinburgh. An abstract provides an overview of the entire portfolio thesis. Chapter One contains a systematic review of published research exploring staff attitudes towards computerized cognitive behavior therapy (cCBT). Chapter Two is an empirical study examining a range of potential predictor variables on well-being outcomes from cCBT. Chapter one is prepared for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, whereas chapter two is prepared for submission to the journal, Behaviour Research and Therapy. Both chapters follow the relevant author guidelines. Background: Evidence suggests that computerised cognitive behavioural therapy (cCBT) is both effective and efficacious in treating depression and anxiety. Numerous barriers to its implementation and uptake have been identified, however, including attitudinal variables and high patient attrition rates. Research examining predictors of response from cCBT have tended to adopt the pathological model of distress, focussing on symptom reduction rather than the promotion of well-being. Furthermore, exploration of possible predictors has tended to focus on a narrow range of factors (e.g. age, gender), neglecting key psychosocial variables (e.g. social identification, baseline distress) that could be exerting an effect. Aims: A systematic review examined staff attitudes towards cCBT for depression, anxiety, and comorbid depression and anxiety, focussing on three attitudinal domains: Perceived acceptability of cCBT; staff's self-reported intention to use cCBT in the future, and perceived advantages and disadvantages of cCBT for depression and/or anxiety. An experimental study was subsequently conducted, examining a range of potential predictors on well-being outcomes from a cCBT intervention utilising Beating the Blues. Method: A systematic search across five databases was conducted, followed by manual searches. Strict search criteria were applied, resulting in the identification of 15 studies. These were subjected to quality assessment, data extraction and synthesis. For the empirical study, data from 1354 participants was collected, with subgroup-analyses conducted on those completing measures of life and mental health satisfaction, functioning and well-being. Key potential predictors of interest were level of group identification, baseline distress, and socioeconomic deprivation. Results: Findings from the systematic review indicated that staff held relatively positive attitudes towards cCBT, with some ambivalence emerging in relation to perceived advantages and disadvantages of the intervention. The empirical study obtained significant effects of group identification on life and mental health satisfaction. A mediating impact of group identity on baseline distress emerged, whereas a moderating effect of baseline distress on deprivation was obtained for the functioning model. Discussion: The current findings demonstrated both positive and negative aspects of staff attitudes towards cCBT for depression and/or anxiety, whereas the empirical project established a clear link between social identification, baseline distress, and well-being. Results from both studies are discussed in terms of clinical implications relating to the uptake of cCBT.

Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos referentes ao comportamento mecânico e ao contato nata-rocha de dois arenitos da Serra do Espigão, no estado de Santa Catarina, localizados em um trecho de 700m na BR-116 km 108 com histórico de problemas de instabilidade de encostas. No local, observam-se duas formações geológicas, a Formação Rio do Rastro, composta por sedimentos transicionais em pacotes de arenitos e lamitos, e a Formação Botucatu, composta por arenitos eólicos. Neste estudo foram obtidas mais de uma centena de amostras que foram submetidas a análises de lâmina delgada e difratometria de raio X, além de ensaios de granulometria, compressão simples e ensaios CCBT (Composity Cylinder Bond Test). As amostras foram extraídas diretamente da face do talude e também de blocos remanescentes de rupturas no bordo da pista através de uma perfuratriz manual. Para o arenito Botucatu, foram realizados cortes em posição paralela, perpendicular e angular em relação ao plano de estratificação natural da rocha sedimentar. No ensaio de compressão simples avaliou-se a influência da estratificação do arenito Botucatu, bem como a variação na resistência de amostras embebidas e, ainda, a relevância da profundidade amostral na resistência. Os resultados revelaram que a estratificação do arenito Botucatu apresenta forte influência na resistência desta. Para o arenito Rio do Rastro não foram observados planos de estratificação em escala amostral. Ambos os arenitos apresentam considerável queda de resistência ao serem embebidos. Os resultados dos ensaios CCBT puderam ser comparados com ensaios de arrancamento em campo, apresentando valores numéricos muito próximos. A adesão obtida através do ensaio CCBT representa o limite inferior de resistência de contato, podendo ser utilizado diretamente como parâmetro de projeto da adesão nata-rocha. Observou-se em laboratório que o material pulverizado do corte dos corpos de prova compostos tem influência na adesão nata-rocha uma vez que este material promove a colmatação da superfície porosa. As análises de lâmina delgada e difração de raio X contribuíram para a caracterização e identificação geológica dos materiais estudados, bem como para a interpretação dos resultados.
In this research, the grout-rock contact and the mechanical behavior of two sandstones were studied. The samples were collected from a highway cut slope (700m long) at km 108 of BR- 116 from Serra do Espigão in the State of Santa Catarina, which has an history of instability problems. There are two geological Formations: Rio do Rastro Formation, composed of transitional sediment packages of sandstones and mudstones and the Botucatu Formation composed of eolian sandstones. In this work more than one hundred samples were taken for optical thin section microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and tests of grading, uniaxial compression tests and CCBT (Composity Cylinder Bond Test). Samples were taken directly from the slope and also from rock blocks toppled by the road using a portable hand drill. For sampling Botucatu sandstone cuts were made in order to obtain specimens with the natural stratification parallel, perpendicular and angular in relation to its axis. Uniaxial compression test were used to evaluate the influence of these angles of stratification of Botucatu sandstone and the influence of previous soaking. For Rio do Rastro sandstone specimens no bedding planes were observed at the sample scale. The results showed that the Botucatu sandstone strength has a strong influence with respect to its stratification. Both sandstones exhibit considerable loss in strength due to soaking. Pullout field test results which compared well with CCBT. The CCBT results represents the lower limit of rock-grout contact strength and can be used directly as the bond strength design parameter. In the laboratory tests it was also observed that the powdered material resultant from the specimens cutting operations have a considerable influence on the grout-rock bond strength as this material promotes clogging of the porous surface. The grading and the microscopic and diffraction analyses contributed to the characterization and identification of geological materials studied and the results interpretation.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
應用經濟研究所
94
Abstract The Commission for Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) is the first international fishery organization Taiwan joins formally as a Fishing Entity. For conservation and effective utilization of the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) resources, Management Procedure (MP) has developed to produce a transparent and clear mechanism of setting total allowable catch (TAC). The Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Stock Assessment Group (SAG6) in 2005 has already confirmed that the recruitments in 2000 and 2001 were at historical low level. In addition to immediate adoption of an MP, catch reductions are required to prevent further stock decline. It is recommend that a 5000 tonne reduction in TAC in 2006 or a 7160 tonne reduction in TAC in 2007 will provide an estimated 50% probability that the spawning stock biomass in 2014 would be no lower than the level in 2004. Furthermore, tests for the performance of MPs were conducted given the resources recovery management goal of maintaining an estimated probability of 10% and 20%, respectively, that the stock in 2022 will be below the 2004 level. The four candidate decision rules were chosen at the the Fourth Meeting of the Management Procedure Workshop Subsequently, SAG6 recommends that CMP_2 be adopted as it uses indices of recruitment and provides a generally smoother and less variable catch series. In our research, we find that under CMP_2, after reaching resources recovery management goal in 2022, TAC will hardly increase because of the unique feature of the model. This is very different from CMP_1 and CMP_4. As a result, there will be excessive stock accumulation and the TAC can not respond to the information of increasing resources. In addition, when CMP_2 recommended by the SAG6 is so tuned that the probability of the stock in 2022 will be below 2004 level is an estimated 10% or 20%, we find that the traces of TAC variation under CMP_2 exhibits extreme different responses due to the very different value assumed. This leads the industry to expect either stock accumulation or complete exploitation of resources. The uncertainty will leave the industry at loss as to what it can do and unable to plan future development. Finally, due to the time limitation of the meeting, SAG6 evaluated all situations of CMP_2 in resources recovery goal, but did not compare it to others decision rules given the same resources recovery goal. This, it seems too biased if the future resources and direction of catch is determined only by this decision rule. In the above reason, this study uses CMP_4, one of the four decision rules proposed by Sun (2005), to conduct simulations. CMP_4 is the only decision rule that incorporates resource and economic considerations for the long-term and the short-term goals. A complete discussion of the comparison of CMP_2 and CMP_4 by performance measure and robustness tests will be made. For the simulation result, it appears that CMP_4 can adjust TAC by variation of resources for the short-term, the medium-term, and the long-term. Under the setting of resource recovery management goal of 10% and 20% risk, the traces of TAC variation under CMP_4 is consistent with the CMP_2. After CMP_2 is implemented, the SBT quota for Taiwan may be greatly reduced. Hence, the industry will face the quota redistribution. To deal with the issue of quota distribution over time, Taiwan should consider adopting the Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system and learn from the Australian experience to effectively manage the SBT catch distribution. We believe that an MP should give due consideration to the development of the industry and the TAC should increase timely as the stock recovers. If stock appears to accumulate continuously, the industry may anticipate large increments of TAC in the future. The anticipation may lead to excessive investment. Consequently, an ideal MP is one that the long-term catch should be adjusted in accordance with the resource level so that the stability of the industry and the resource stock can both be given due consideration at the same time.

碩士
國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
101
Regional fishery management organizations encourage nation states to enter in regulatory agreements in order to avoid depleting the available resource stock. However in the case the organizations employ total allowable catch policy, non-cooperating countries do not suffer restrictions and can thus increase their catch. This can be viewed as a positive externality at the cost of faster stock deterioration. In the case the benefits from non-cooperation exceed the benefit of avoiding stock exhaustion a country will have incentives not to sign in to the organization. This paper uses a two stages coalition game approach to analyze the stability of such organizations. In the first stage it is assumed that all nations cooperate in the policy. In the second the inquiry will consider how participation evolves as this becomes dependent on each nation’s profit function.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
應用經濟研究所
92
For the purpose of establishing a transparent mechanism for deciding the global Total Allowable Catch (TAC) of Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT), the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) has constructively developed the Management Procedure (MP) to manage the global TAC since 2000 started in the Management Strategy Workshop in May, 2000. According to the timetable, MP will be finalized and decided at the Extended Commission of the eleventh annual meeting of CCSBT in October, 2004. Since Taiwan has become a member of the Extended Commission and the Extended Scientific Committee of CCSBT since 2002, the implementation of MP will impact on Taiwan’s quota directly. This study analyzes the SBT import market in Japan to show the fluctuation of imported price from Taiwan and conducts a survey to estimate the operation cost of SBT fishing fleets in Taiwan annually and during the SBT fishing season from June to October. Based on the official report of the Third Meeting of the Management Procedure Workshop (MPWS3) of CCSBT, which was held in April, 2004, four candidate decision rules, FXR_01, HK5_01, D&M_03 and TAI_03, was selected. This study tries to evaluate their performances through the TAC projection on various stock-rebuilding tuning levels and to analyze their impact on the operation of SBT fishery in Taiwan. This study shows that, in 2002, although the SBT harvest accounts for only 1.07% of the total harvest of Taiwanese tuna longliners in Indian Ocean, the average revenue of SBT harvest for seasonal target SBT fleet can cover about 12.5% of their annual operating cost and about 36.88% of their operating cost during the fishing season started from June to October. Since the number of fishing vessels caught SBT accounts for 33.7% of the total number of fishing vessels in Indian Ocean of Taiwan in 2003, it is worth to know that the availability of SBT quota would promise the Taiwanese fishing fleets enough incentive to fish for SBT during June to October. In order to mitigate the fishing pressure of other fishing ground in Indian Ocean, it is important to maintain the current quota of SBT for Taiwan. According to the results on the performance of the reference case proposed by CCSBT during MPWS3, if the rebuilding tuning level for the SBT stock will be achieved in 2022 is set as 1.1 times of the SBT stock in 2002, the industries will face a dramatic decrease of TAC for 31.59% to 49.70% in the following 9 years. If the tuning level target is set for 0.9 times of the stock in 2022, the industries will face a minor decrease of TAC for 11.47％ in the following 9 years and the stock in 2032 would eventually be rebuild to 1.1 of the stock in 2002. It shows that it is unreasonable that if the MP would lead to a dramatic TAC reduction in the short run and to make the industry expect a dramatic TAC increase 20 years later, then the industry would over-invest again in the future. Taking into account of economic stability of the industry, a suggestion was proposed regarding how to choose the best decision rules from the four candidate decision rules. Both decision rules, D&M_03 and TAI_03, are therefore recommended to choose to show the ability to reduce the TAC fluctuation in the short run.

This thesis analyses the legal issues arising when a fully exploited or overexploited international fishery cannot, because a significant part of the fishing takes place on the high seas where there is a customary and conventional right of all States for their national to fish on the high seas, readily be closed to new entrants. If the complete collapse of the fishery predicted by the economics literature (and in many instances borne out by real-world examples) is not to ensue, some way must be found of circumventing this problem of open access. Drawing largely on the documented history of the interactions among the States (and Taiwan) involved in the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) fishery, supplemented where relevant by reports of meetings of treaty-based commissions managing other international fisheries, the thesis traces, and attempts to explain, the development of a property-rights mentality among existing participants in the fisheries implicit in the arguments they employ to minimise newcomers’ catch or keep them out altogether. Though at odds with the formal rule, to which they nonetheless continue to appear attached, some accommodation of the property concept will be needed if the recovery of the stocks to the biomass that generates the maximum sustainable yield is ever to take place. At present the participants in the SBT and other depleted international fisheries have insufficient incentive to insist on the catch reductions necessary to permit this recovery and thereby, it is argued, are collectively in breach of their obligations to all other States that are potential new entrants. Among the possible solutions explored are the development of trading in fishery commission quotas – these, as shown by an analysis from first principles, are negative obligations (for catch not to exceed given limits) and thus lack the positive characteristics of truly tradable assets, but, as also demonstrated, they can even so be made to fulfil asset-like functions if the commission as a whole is willing. The well developed system of accounting for catch that any worthwhile trading mechanism would require in turn gives rise to the conclusion that this, in the form of State responsibility – in terms of both attribution of fishing activities on the high seas to the flag State and the secondary obligation to wipe out the consequences of breach of a primary obligation that occurs when limits are exceeded – has hitherto been a neglected area of international fisheries law that invites further research. Meanwhile, the paradoxical result is that the freedom to fish is not just the source of the overfishing problem but potentially also a necessary part of its solution, in that a small number of new entrants may be the only ones with a sufficient economic interest to enforce the obligation to permit the stocks’ recovery.