Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CCS'

To decrease global warming, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS) has been proposed as an effective and necessary tool. Combusting biomass and capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the same process results in net negative emissions, hence, reducing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The infrastructure around heat and power generation in Sweden has transformed to make use of biomass and waste. Bio-CCS has the potential to be a key factor in making the heat sector carbon negative and the Swedish energy system more sustainable. This study has assessed how Bio-CCS can practically be implemented in the Uppsala heat and power plant. In the assessment, three chemical absorption post-combustion carbon capture (CC) technologies were evaluated based on energy requirement, potential to reduce emissions and economics. They are the amine process, the chilled ammonia process (CAP) and the hot potassium carbonate process (HPC). The process of each technology was modelled by performing mass and energy balance calculations when implementing CC on the flue gas streams of the production units using biomass-based fuel at the plant. The modelling enabled finding specific heating, cooling and electricity requirements of the technologies. With this data it was possible to assess the potential emission reduction and CC cost for the different configurations assessed. A solution was proposed in how a CC technology can be integrated into the system of the Uppsala plant regarding land footprint, available heat supply to the process and possibilities for waste heat recovery. If heat recovery is not utilized the results show that the amine process is the most cost-effective technology when implemented on the flue gas stream of the waste blocks. When utilizing heat recovery to use waste heat to heat the district heating water, CAP becomes more cost-effective than the amine process. Further improvements can be achieved by combining flue gas streams of the waste blocks to increase the number of hours per year CC can be performed. The plant in Uppsala can then capture 200 000 tonne CO2 annually. The total cost of Bio-CCS will be approximately 900 SEK per tonne CO2 captured.
För att minska den globala uppvärmningen har infångning och lagring av koldioxid från förbränning av biomassa (Bio-CCS) föreslagits som ett effektivt och nödvändigt verktyg. Förbränning av biomassa och infångande av koldioxid från samma process leder till negativa nettoutsläpp, vilket minskar koncentrationen av koldioxid (CO2) i atmosfären. Infrastrukturen kring värme- och kraftproduktion i Sverige har omvandlats till att använda biomassa och avfall. Bio-CCS har potential att vara en nyckelfaktor för att göra värmesektorn koldioxidnegativ och det svenska energisystemet mer hållbart. Denna studie har analyserat hur Bio-CCS praktiskt kan implementeras i Uppsalas kraftvärmeverk. I analysen utvärderades tre infångningstekniker av typen kemisk absorption baserat på energibehov, potential att minska utsläpp och ekonomi. Teknikerna är aminprocessen, chilled ammonia process (CAP) och hot potassium carbonate process (HPC). Processen för varje teknik modellerades genom att utföra mass- och energibalansberäkningar vid infångning av CO2 från rökgasströmmarna producerade av produktionsenheterna som förbränner biomassa. Modelleringen gjorde det möjligt att hitta specifika värme-, kyl- och elbehov för teknikerna. Med dessa data var det möjligt att bedöma den potentiella utsläppsminskningen och kostnaden för infångning för de olika konfigurationer som har analyserats. En lösning föreslogs i hur en infångningsanläggning kan integreras i kraftvärmeverkets system när det gäller markanvändning, tillgänglig värmeförsörjning till processen och möjligheter till återvinning av spillvärme. Om värmeåtervinning inte utnyttjas visar resultaten att aminprocessen är den mest kostnadseffektiva tekniken när den implementeras på rökgasströmmen från avfallsblocken. När man använder värmeåtervinning för att använda spillvärme för att värma fjärrvärmevattnet blir CAP mer kostnadseffektivt än aminprocessen. Ytterligare förbättringar kan uppnås genom att kombinera rökgasströmmar från avfallsblocken för att öka antalet timmar per år infångning kan utföras. Anläggningen i Uppsala kan då årligen fånga 200 000 ton CO2. Den totala kostnaden för Bio-CCS kommer att vara cirka 900 SEK per ton infångad CO2.

CCS (Communicating and Concurrent Systems) is the process algebra to specify and verify concurrent and communicating systems. This work proposes a transformation guide of the CCS equations into to the UML-RT (Unified Modeling Language for Real-Time) model and a transformation guide of the UML-RT model into a set of CCS equations. The UML-RT model is a software design language, which supports code generation and the construction of executable systems. The UML-RT is an UML extension, and it does not have a formal semantics; therefore it is not possible to verify UMLRT models. The transformation guide of UML-RT models into CCS equations allows verifying the models. We argue that the transformation of CCS models into UML-RT models allows an alternative way of correctly building systems. This work details the transformation guides from CCS equations to UML-RT models and from UML-RT models to CSS equations and it discusses the limitations and benefits.

The thesis focuses on CCS and CCU technologies, which could find application in industry and other sectors in the future. These technologies are used to reduce CO2 emissions, mainly from point sources. This thesis provides a comprehensive overview and division of CCS and CCU technologies and points out negative effects of its installation. Part of the work is also a comparison of individual steps of technology, both from an energetic and financial point of view. The aim is to show a wide range of influences on the final price and a significant discrepancy in the results of some scientific works. At the same time, in some parts, you can find a detailed description of individual parts of the technology.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka berörda samhällsaktörers inställning till att uppnå klimatneutralitet inom Sverige med bio-CCS som åtgärd. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av remisser från klimatpolitiska vägvalsutredningens betänkande Vägen till en klimatpositiv framtid genomfördes med ett multi-level perspective för att studera dessa aktörers ståndpunkt. Aktörernas synpunkter identifieras och analyseras för att därefter ställas mot tidigare forskning. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns delade uppfattningar hos aktörerna angående bio-CCS och vad som behövs för att främja tekniken. De största hindren till att implementera bio-CCS som åtgärd anses vara ekonomiska och politiska aspekter, men att det även finns andra faktorer som har en betydande roll för att bio-CCS ska kunna ha ett inflytande till att Sverige ska uppnå klimatneutralitet till 2045.
This study aims to investigate the approach of relevant actors to achieving climate neutrality within Sweden with bio-CCS as a measure. A qualitative content analysis of referrals from the climate policy inquiry report Vägen till en klimatpositiv framtid carried out with a multi-level perspective theory to study the position of these actors. The actors' views are identified and analyzed and compared to previous research. The results show that there are divided opinions among actors regarding bio-CCS and what is needed to promote the technology. The main obstacles to implementing bio-CCS as a measure are considered to be economic and political aspects, other factors also have a significant role in influencing Sweden to achieve climate neutrality by 2045.

Sverige har som ambition att uppnå nettonollutsläpp av fossilt CO2 till år 2045. För att lyckas med detta ska landet minska sina utsläpp med 85%, samtidigt som så kallade kompletterande åtgärder kommer vidtas för att kompensera för resterande 15%. Denna studie utreder Sveriges arbete med negativa utsläpp som kompletterande åtgärd med fokus på teknikerna bio-energy for carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS på svenska), Direct air capture for carbon capture and storage (DACCS) och biokol. Även carbon capture and storage (CCS), som kan bidra till att göra anläggningar CO2-neutrala, har studerats. Under arbetets gång har en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med forskare, politiker, bransch- och företagsrepresentanter samt myndigheter genomförts.  För CCS och Bio-CCS, som innefattar avskiljning av CO2 från punktutsläpp, finns fyra olika avskiljningsstrategier som kallas post-, pre-, och oxyfuel combustion samt chemical looping. I fallet med DACCS tillämpas antingen absorption eller adsorption för att avskilja koldioxiden från atmosfären. Biokol produceras genom förbränning av biomassa i en pyrolysanläggning och kan sedan användas som jordförbättringsmedel och kolsänka. Det finns idag en inhemsk biokolsproduktion på kommersiell skala vilket gör att biokol skiljer sig från de övriga tre teknikerna som inte kommit lika långt i sin utveckling. Däremot finns det ett flertal pilotprojekt inom CCS och Bio-CCS i Sverige.  Sveriges väletablerade bioekonomi gör att det finns goda förutsättningar för biokol och Bio- CCS att bidra till negativa utsläpp ur ett 2045-perspektiv. DACCS anses däremot inte aktuellt som kompletterande åtgärd till år 2045. Efter intervjuer framgår att det råder en god samstämmighet mellan olika aktörer kring vilka faktorer som behöver behandlas för att implementera teknikerna. Gemensamt för alla tekniker är att det krävs ekonomiska incitament för att möjliggöra storskalig implementering. För CCS-teknikerna krävs även regulatoriska förändringar för att underlätta transporten av CO2.
Sweden's ambition is to achieve net zero emissions of fossil CO2 by the year 2045. To reach this target, Sweden aims to reduce its emissions by 85%, while so-called supplementary measures will be taken to compensate for the remaining 15%. This study investigates Sweden's work with negative emissions as a complementary measure with a focus on the technologies bio-energy for carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS in Swedish), Direct air capture for carbon capture and storage (DACCS) and biochar. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), which can help make industrial plants CO2-neutral, has also been studied. During the project, a literature study and interviews with researchers, politicians, industry and company representatives as well as authorities were carried out, which formed the basis of the report.  For CCS and Bio-CCS, which include separation of CO2 from point source emissions, there are four different separation strategies called post-, pre-, and oxyfuel combustion as well as chemical looping. Among these, post combustion is highlighted as the most developed. In the case of DACCS, either absorption or adsorption is applied to separate CO2 from the atmosphere. CCS, Bio-CCS and DACCS all have in common that the captured CO2 must be stored in deep geological formations once it has been separated. Biochar is produced by heating biomass in a pyrolysis plant and can be used as a soil improver and carbon sink. Today Sweden has a domestic biochar production on a commercial scale, which means that biochar differs from the other three technologies that have yet to reach that stage of development. However, there are several pilot projects within Bio-CCS and CCS in Sweden.  Sweden's well-established bioeconomy means that the conditions are good for biochar and Bio-CCS to contribute to negative emissions in relation to the 2045 target. DACCS, on the other hand, is not considered relevant as a supplementary measure to the year 2045 due to its technical immaturity and high cost. From interviews with researchers, authorities, companies, industry organizations and politicians, it is clear that there is a consensus between the different actors on which factors need to be addressed in order to enable large-scale implementation of the technologies. Common to all technologies is that financial incentives are required to enable large-scale implementation. The CCS technologies also require regulatory changes to facilitate the transport of CO2.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia
A captura e armazenamento de dióxido de carbono (CO2) conhecida pela sua sigla em inglês CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) pode assumir um papel importante na diminuição das emissões de CO2 para a atmosfera, uma vez que permite capturar, transportar e armazenar em o CO2 emitido por fontes industriais. Cada uma destas fases do CCS é bastante intensiva em termos energéticos causando um aumento no custo da eletricidade produzida e uma diminuição da sua eficiência. Esta dissertação de mestrado oferece um panorama global do estado de desenvolvimento desta tecnologia tanto no que concerne à produção de energia como no ramo da indústria detalhando os métodos de captura, transporte, armazenamento e custos associados.

CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are the largest sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the better options to mitigate these emissions and thereby limit global warming even while continuing the use of fossil fuels for power generation. As CCS increases the energy consumption of the power plant itself, there will be an increased use of fuel and therefore also increased environmental impacts connected to this. To calculate these impacts it is important to include the entire supply chain and life cycle of the power plant.This thesis involves a tiered hybrid life cycle assessment of natural gas- and coal power plants with chilled ammonia process (CAP) and sorption enhanced water-gas shift (SEWGS) capture technologies. These novel capture technologies are two of the least studied when it comes to environmental assessments. The results from this assessment are compared to two of the more studied capture technologies, post-combustion capture by monoethanolamine (MEA) and oxyfuel combustion capture.Both the CAP capture alternative and the SEWGS alternative have been shown to decrease the global warming potential (GWP) in a natural gas plant by 70%. For the coal-fired power plants, the CAP technology managed a decrease in GWP of 77% while the SEWGS technology showed a decrease of 77.5%. This decrease comes at a cost of other impact categories where for example the freshwater ecotoxicity potential (FETP) has an increase of 87-88% for both the CAP and SEWGS capture technologies in NGCC plants. This impact category has an increase of 25 and 22% for the CAP and SEWGS technologies in the coal-fired power plants.Compared to post-combustion capture by MEA and oxyfuel combustion capture, the results were clear on MEA being the least preferable option in an environmental perspective for both coal- and natural gas-fired power plants. Oxyfuel combustion capture, on the other hand, was shown to be the most preferable option.

The specification and verification of communicating systems has captured increasing interest in the last decades. CCS, a Calculus of Communicating Systems [Milner 89a], was especially designed to help this enterprise; it is widely used in both industry and academia. Most efforts to automate the use of CCS for verification have centered around the explicit construction of a bisimulation [Park 81]. This approach, however, presents severe limitations to deal with systems that contain infinite states (e.g. systems with evolving structure [Milner 89a] or that comprise a finite but arbitrary number of components (e.g. systems with inductive structure [Milner 89a]). There is an alternative approach to verification, based on equational reasoning, which does not exhibit such limitations. This formulation, however, introduces significant proof search control issues, and, hence, has remained far less explored. This thesis investigates the use of explicit proof plans [Bundy 88] for problems of automatic verification in the context of CCS. We have conducted the verification task using equational reasoning, and centred on infinite state systems, and parameterised systems. A parameterised system, e.g. a system with inductive structure, circumscribes a family of CCS systems, which have fixed struture and finitely many states. To reason about theses systems, we have adopted Robin Milner's approach [Milner 89a], which advocates the use of induction to exploit the structure and/or the behavior of a system during its verification. To automate this reasoning, wehave used proof plans for induction [Bundy 88]- built within CLAM [Bundy et al 90b], and extended it with special CCS proof plans. We have implemented a verification planner by adding these special proof plans to CLAM. The system handles the search control problems prompted by CCS verification satisfactorily, though it is not complete. Moreover, the system is capable of dealing with the verification of finite state systems, infinite state systems, and parameterised systems, hence, providing a uniform method to analyse CCS systems, regardless of their state space. Our results are encouraging: the verification planner has been successfully tested on a number of examples drawn from the litereature. We have planned proofs of conjectures that are outside the domain of existing verification methods. Furthernore; the verification planning is fully automated. Because of this, even though the verification plan has still got plenty of room for improvement, we can state that proof planning can handle the equational verication of CCS systems, and, therefore, advocate its use within this interesting field.

CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, innebär infångning och lagring av koldioxid från stora punktutsläpp. Detta gör cementindustrin aktuell för implementering av CCS. Stora delar av branschens koldioxidutsläpp går inte att eliminera på annat sätt. Kostnaden för monoetanolamin-baserad post-combustion capture med efterföljande transport och lagring av koldioxiden vid cementfabriken Cementa AB i Degerhamn undersöktes. Studiens kostnadsberäkningar är baserade på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för koldioxidinfångning vid den norska cementfabriken Norcem Brevik, och på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för transport av koldioxid till en lagringsplats i Östersjön. Cementa Degerhamns koldioxidutsläpp kan reduceras med 5,4 miljoner ton under en 25-årsperiod till en kostnad av 2,2 miljarder SEK. Slutresultatet, som uttrycks i måttet Cost of CO2 avoided, ger en kostnad på 890 SEK/ton CO2. En känslighetsanalys visar att av de undersökta parametrarna är storleken på koldioxidutsläppen och kostnaden för användning och underhåll viktigast för storleken på Cost of CO2 avoided. Vidare studier behövs för en mer exakt beräkning av kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa Degerhamn.
CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, involves the capture and storage of carbon dioxide from large point sources. This makes the cement industry suitable for the implementation of CCS. Large parts of the industry's carbon dioxide emissions cannot be eliminated by other means. The cost of monoethanolamine-based post-combustion capture and subsequent transport and storage of the carbon dioxide at the cement factory Cementa AB in Degerhamn was studied. This study's cost estimates are based on published data on the cost of carbon capture at the Norwegian cement plant Norcem Brevik, and on published data on the cost of transport of carbon dioxide to a storage site in the Baltic Sea. Cementa Degerhamn’s carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 5.4 million tons over a 25 year period to a cost of 2.2 billion SEK. The result, expressed in Cost of CO2 avoided, gives a cost of 890 SEK/ton CO2. A sensitivity analysis shows that of the examined parameters, the size of the carbon dioxide emissions and the cost of use and maintenance are the most important for the size of Cost of CO2 avoided. Further studies are required for a more accurate calculation of the cost of CCS at Cementa Degerhamn.

I assess the potential of seismic and time-domain controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) methods to monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) migration through the application of a monitorability workflow. The monitorability workflow describes a numerical modelling approach to model variations in the synthetic time-lapse response due to CO2 migration. The workflow consists of fluid-flow modelling, rock-physics modelling and synthetic seismic or CSEM forward modelling. I model CO2 injected into a simple, homogeneous reservoir model before applying the workflow to a heterogeneous model of the Bunter Sandstone reservoir, a potential CO2 storage reservoir in the UK sector of the North Sea. The aim of this thesis is to model the ability of seismic and time-domain CSEM methods to detect CO2 plume growth, migration and evolution within a reservoir, as well as the ability to image a migrating front of CO2. The ability to image CO2 plume growth and migration within a reservoir has not been demonstrated in the field of CSEM monitoring. To address this, I conduct a feasibility study, simulating the time-lapse CSEM time-domain response of CO2 injected into a saline reservoir following the multi-transient electromagnetic (MTEM) method. The MTEM method measures the full bandwidth response. First, I model the response to a simple homogeneous 3D CO2 body, gradually increasing the width and depth of the CO2. This is an analogue to vertical and lateral CO2 migration in a reservoir. I then assess the ability of CSEM to detect CO2 plume growth and evolution within the heterogeneous Bunter Sandstone reservoir model. I demonstrate the potential to detect stored and migrating CO2 and present the synthetic results as time-lapse common-offset time sections. The CO2 plume is imaged clearly and in the right coordinates. The ability to image seismically a migrating front of CO2 remains challenging due to uncertainties regarding the pore-scale saturation distribution of fluids within the reservoir and, in turn, the most appropriate rock-physics model to simulate this: uniform or patchy saturation. I account for this by modelling both saturation models, to calculate the possible range of expected seismic velocities prior to generating and interpreting the seismic response. I demonstrate the ability of seismic methods to image CO2 plume growth and evolution in the Bunter Sandstone saline reservoir model and highlight clear differences between the two rock-physics models. I then modify the Bunter Sandstone reservoir to depict a depleted gas field by including 20% residual gas saturation. I assess the importance and implication of patchy saturation and present results which suggest that seismic techniques may be able to detect CO2 injected into depleted hydrocarbon fields.

Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-118).
The objective of this report is to determine whether opportunities to use liquefied carbon dioxide carriers as part of a carbon capture and storage system will exist over the next twenty years. Factors that encourage or discourage the use of vessels are discussed. This study concludes that liquefied carbon dioxide carriers can potentially be used in both the near and long term under different sets of circumstances.
by Mary-Irene Alexandrakis and Bret S. Smart.
S.M.in Transportation

CSR strategy is not only about unilateral spending of funds on charitable purposes. An effective CSR strategy leads to fulfillment of economic goals of the company. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the current state of CSR in company CCS, s. r. o. and suggest possible improvements, or more precisely, develop an effective and coherent CSR strategy. As a tool for creating strategy are in this thesis primarily used in-depth interviews with employees of HR and marketing teams and models of organization Byznys pro společnost. On the basis of this instruments was created a specific CSR strategy for the company CCS.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Stockholm Exergi is a Stockholm based company with combined heat and power (CHP) plants in various places around the city and are currently investigating the possibilities to implement CCS on their CHP plant Högdalenverket. The captured CO2 is required to be transferred from the facility to a harbour for further transport to its injection site. This report investigates the optimal means of transportation from the facility to harbour. The methods considered are pipeline and trucks.From the frame of reference, it is concluded that the shortest distance possible is preferable, so the harbour alternative is set to be Värtan. For pipelines the cheapest alternative of the state of form, for the specific case, is gas. For trucks the best alternative is liquid since a larger amount can fit in each load. For the cost estimation the method from (Piessenset al., 2008) is used to calculate the price estimate of pipelines, and (Marufuzzaman, 2015) is used for the trucks. Parameters such as the diameter of the pipe, pressure drop and power requirement are of high importance for the pipeline. For truck road regulations, CO2’s density and operation time is essential. The results from the implementation shows the pipelines to be the more beneficial option in regards to price, stability and robustness. The NPV for the pipeline is calculated, with the lifetime of theproject as 25 years, to be 75 million €, which is the cheaper alternative compared to the truck, which has a NPV of 95 million €. The optimal inlet pressure for the pipes is calculated to be 3.5MPa and the temperature to be 57.5°C due to an implemented heat exchange operation before the inlet. Future work and recommendations are to continue creating a more detailed design over the pipelines and to discard the truck transport alternative.
Infångning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) är en metod för att minska utsläppen av CO2 i atmosfären. Stockholm Exergi är ett energibolag i Stockholm med diverse kraftvärmeverk runtom i staden. En undersökning pågår där företaget forskar kring möjligheterna att implementera CCS på kraftvärmeverk Högdalenverket. Den uppfångade koldioxiden ska transporteras från anläggning till hamn, där den sedan ska vidare med skepp till sin injektionsplats. Denna rapport studerar vilken den optimala metoden för transport från anläggning till hamn är. Metoderna som berörs är rörledningar och lastbilar. Från bakgrundstudien var det möjligt att dra slutsatsen om att det kortaste möjliga avståndet är optimalt, så den valda hamnen är Värtahamnen. För rörledningarna är det billigaste alternativet på substansen gas för det behandlade fallet i rapporten. För lastbilsalternativet är den optimala formen vätska då det får plats mer volym per last. För uppskattningen av priserna används metoden från (Piessenset al., 2008) för rörledningarna och (Marufuzzaman, 2015) för lastbilarna. Parametrar såsom diametern på rören, tryckfall och effektkrav är viktiga för rörledningarna. För lastbilarna är vägkrav, CO2 s densitet och operationstid essentiella. Resultaten från implementationen visar att transport med rörledningar är det optimala alternativet i avseende av pris och stabilitet. Nuvärdet på investeringen av rörledningarna är beräknade till 75miljoner €, som är billigare jämfört med 95 miljoner € för lastbilsalternativet. Det optimala trycket för inloppet till rörledningarna är beräknat till 3.5 MPa och inloppstemperaturen till 57.5°C som resultat av en implementerad värmeväxlaroperation precis före starten på rörledningen. Framtida arbete och rekommendationer är att fortsätta utveckla en mer detaljerad design överrörledningen och att avfärda alternativet med transport av lastbilar.

De ökande växthusgasutsläppen till atmosfären leder till skadliga effekter för jordens klimat. Växthusgasutsläppen minskar i för långsam takt för att klimatpolitiska mål ska kunna nås, till exempel Parisavtalet från 2015. Koldioxidlagring eller CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) ses som en viktig teknik för att minska industriers utsläpp, speciellt inom energiproduktion men även inom cementindustri, för att minska utsläpp från tillverkningsprocessen. I den här studien undersöks möjligheterna för koldioxidlagring i ett område i sydöstra Östersjön. Syftet är att undersöka möjligheten att Gotland kan reducera en stor del av sina koldioxidutsläpp genom CCS-teknik. En source to sink-matchning utförs genom att matcha koldioxidutsläppen från utvalda industrier på Gotland med geologiska reservoarer i Östersjön, för att se om reservoarerna kan lagra koldioxiden. Resultaten visar att lagringskapaciteten i området är enorm teoretiskt sett, i praktiken är kapaciteten låg och det krävs en undersökning av ett större område än det som undersöktes i denna studie. Kostnaderna för CCS-teknik är mycket höga och det krävs statliga finansieringar inledningsvis för implementering. Kostnaden för koldioxidutsläpp bör vara högre än kostnaden för koldioxidlagring. Teknikutveckling, samhällsförändring och samarbete mellan länder är viktigt för att öka takten av CCS implementering.
Increasing greenhouse gas emissions will lead to harmful effects on the climate of the Earth. The emissions are decreasing too slowly in order to achieve policy objectives such as the Paris Agreement, 2015. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is considered important to reduce industrial emissions, especially in the energy generation sector, but also in the cement industry, to reduce emissions connected to the production processes. The possibilities for CCS in an area in the southeastern Baltic Sea are investigated. The objective is to investigate the possibility that Gotland can reduce a great deal of its carbon dioxide emissions through CCS-technology. A source-to-sink match is performed by matching emissions from selected industries in Gotland with geological reservoirs in the Baltic Sea, to see if the reservoirs can store carbon dioxide. The results show that the theoretical storage capacity in the area is huge, but in practice it´s low. This shows that a study of larger areas is required. The costs of CCS technology are very high, government funding is initially required. The cost of carbon dioxide emissions should be higher than the cost of carbon dioxide storage. Technology development, social change and cooperation between countries are needed to increase the pace of CCS implementation.

Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has raised the attention to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Stockholm Exergi is a company conducting research on CCS and bio-CCS, a form of CCS where biogenic CO2 is captured. This master thesis analyzed the possibilities to implement CCS and bio-CCS at Högdalenverket, one of Stockholm Exergi’s combined heat and power plant with waste incineration. The aim was to investigate advantages and disadvantages with different carbon capture technologies (CC technologies) considering technical, economical, and energy related aspects. Industrial and household waste are incinerated in four boilers at Högdalenverket. Two cases were analyzed, one case with all boilers connected to the CC technology and one case with the boiler with the highest degree of CO2 emission connected. The CC technologies taken into consideration were amine technology, Hot Potassium Carbonates (HPC), Compact Carbon Capture (3C), and Svante. Amine technology and HPC use chemical absorption in static columns. The Amine technology is the most investigated and used one. It uses temperature swing absorption with amines as absorbent. HPC uses pressure swing absorption with potassium carbonate as absorbent. The remaining two are new process intensified technologies. 3C uses rotating packed beds and absorbs CO2 chemically using, most commonly, amines. Svante also uses a rotating technique by chemically adsorbing CO2 with nanomaterial as the solid adsorbent. All CC technologies need steam to regenerate CO2. The steam was assumed to be extracted from the existing steam network at Högdalenverket with a pressure and temperature of 36 bar and 400 degrees. The method used in the study was mainly literature review with peer reviewed articles regarding CCS as base. It was of importance to analyze how the flue gases could affect the CC technologies since the waste has an inhomogeneous composition. The flue gas composition was compiled using external and internal measurements from 2019 and 2020. Furthermore, energy and power calculations were performed to investigate how the heat and electricity delivery would be affected if the different CC technologies were implemented. Moreover, economic calculations regarding the cost for heat and electricity were carried out. Two interviews were also conducted, one with a CCS consultant company and one with internal staff at Högdalenverket. According to the literature review, O2, SO2, and NO2 appeared to be the pollutants causing highest risk of solvent degradation in the flue gases. The high O2 content at Högdalenverket could cause oxidative degradation, especially in amine technology. The SO2 and NO2 content in the flue gases was mainly low and would therefore not significantly affect the technologies. Peeks with high content did however occur and amines, especially within the amine technology, could form toxic and cancerogenic nitrosamines with NO2 which should not be released to the atmosphere. The flue gas composition proved not to be the limiting factor for implementation of CC technology on all incinerators. However, it is costly and complex to handle the variations in flue gas flow which can occur when all boilers are used. The technologies showed high need of heat and electricity which would result in significant reductions in delivery from Högdalenverket. The need of heat and electricity would in turn lead to high operating costs. The Amine technology showed the greatest influence on the heat delivery due to the significant steam requirement to regenerate CO2. HPC showed extreme influence on the delivery of electricity due to the flue gas compression needed in pressure swing processes. Both technologies consist of high columns with significant degree of land use which would be difficult to implement within the limited area at Högdalenverket. As a result of these aspects, HPC and Amine technology are not considered to be suitable technologies to implement at Högdalenverket. However, the master thesis presented measures for energy saving that should be considered before excluding the technologies. One energy saving measure is to find the optimal heat recovery, for example by pinch-analysis. Moreover, composition, concentration, and flowrate of the absorbent can be analyzed. In addition, higher columns are associated with lower need of energy. Finally, modifications of the capture process can be investigated, and one example is to split the flow of the absorbent into two streams into the columns. 3C and Svante are compact technologies that require less land and have potential to fit at more locations at Högdalenverket. The compact design also leads to 50 percent less investments costs compared to the other two technologies. Moreover, these technologies are presented as more resistant against degradation of sorbents, and both requires less energy to regenerate CO2. These technologies are therefore more suitable for implementation at Högdalenverket. A drawback is that they are not yet commercially developed, they are only located at 6-7 at the TRL-scale. TRL stands for Technology Readiness Level and implies how developed the technology is. The scale ranges from one to nine where nine means that the technology is commercially developed. Today, there are no economic incentives for the biogenic part of the CO2 emissions. However, there are investigations ongoing to create a market and economic incentives for the bio-genic part, one of the suggestions is reversed auctions. It is important to investigate methods to reduce the technologies need of heat and electricity, e.g., by finding other ways to extract steam instead of using steam with high exergy. Reducing the need of energy is important in the view of cost reduction, but also to avoid potential transfer of emissions to fossil CO2 generating production. The losses of heat and electricity generation that occur when implementing a CC technology need to be replaced. This replacement could end up being production from fossil fuels if no other options are available. Another aspect that needs to be considered is the suitability of using amines to a greater extent since it could cause serious environmental and health issues.

In order to meet the IMO’s (International Maritime Organisation) target of 14% reduction of CO₂ emissions from marine activities by 2020, the application of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) on ships is considered as an effective way to mitigate the CO₂ emission while other low carbon shipping emission technologies are being developed. A comprehensive literature review of onshore CCS applications has indicated that current CCS technologies could not be implemented on-board directly due to the various limitations of ships, such as constraint space and system retrofit. In this thesis, a novel method of chemical CO₂ absorption and solidification for marine applications is analysed and presented. Technical feasibility and cost assessment of this method are carried out by comparison with the conventional method (liquefaction) for a case study ship. The thesis will also present results obtained from laboratory-scale experiments. Theoretical study and lab-scale experiments have shown that the proposed CO₂ absorption and solidification method is a promising, cost-effective and practicable method for CO₂ emissions reduction on ships. Carbon capture and storage is an excellent solution for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from applications on shore. A novel method to absorb and solidify CO₂ from the exhaust gases on the ship is proposed and verified. CO₂ gas flow rate, the geometry of the absorption tanks and the concentration of the absorption solution are key factors that affect the reaction efficiency. The experimental results illustrate the impacts of these factors on CO₂ absorption efficiency. Meanwhile, the effects of these key factors on CO₂ absorption rates will also be presented in the CFD simulations of this thesis. Pressure distributions, the concentration of the solution and the velocity of both the gas and the solution during the different processes will be derived from the numerical simulations. The results of the simulations provide fundamental details for the design of a prototype demonstration system on-board a ship. In addition to the key factors discussed above, the effect of atmospheric temperature will be observed and analysed. With a comparison of experimental data and CFD simulation results, it will be demonstrated that the CFD simulations of the effects of CO₂ gas flow rate, the geometry of the absorption container and the concentration of the absorption solution on absorption rate have a good agreement with the experimental results. Optimised values of these factors are obtained from the comparisons and analyses. The numerical simulations will [sic] carried out to test the impact of phase temperature on absorption rate also indicate the optimal temperature for carrying out the absorption process. As the simulation results match with the experimental results, the simulation model developed is considered to be applicable for a case study ship practical system simulation. Geometry, fluid flow rate, temperature and some other parameters are adjusted to fit a practical system. At this stage, the practical system is designed and the most appropriate absorption process is selected. The designated system is modelled and simulated based on the simulation processes from the lab-scale experiments. The orthogonal design method is applied to optimise the system. Key parameters are varied within a reasonable range so that a large number of trials are initially needed to find the optimal one. With the orthogonal design method, the number of trials is reduced so that computing intensity is reduced and finally the optimised absorption system is derived. The volume required for the precipitation tanks, CaO and CaCO₃ storage tanks and the centrifuge separation are derived and the installation and positioning of these tanks, as well as the positioning of the whole system, will be presented. It is concluded that CCS for marine activities could enable ships to comply with various regional and international CO₂ emissions regulation whilst also maintaining the efficiency of waterborne transportation. The whole design process for the case study ship is presented here and could be applied as a guideline process for new design, analysis and installation.

Questa tesi descrive e approfondisce l'algebra di processo Multi-CCS, le fornisce una semantica basata sulle reti di Petri non limitate - a correzione e miglioramento della precedente - e una dimostrazione dettagliata della sua correttezza, ovvero della bisimilitudine tra la marcatura ottenuta dalla uova semantica e da un generico processo Multi-CCS e lo stesso processo nella semantica di default definita sugli LTS

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Adsorption processes involving carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration have been objects of different studies. A typical problem is the separation of CO2 from fuel gases emitted in power plants in order to mitigate the global warming effects. Recently, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology is being applied to this separation. However, design and analysis of adsorption processes are a difficult task due to the large number of parameters involved. This work studies the dynamics of this separation in activated carbons C141 and WV 1050 through commercial software Aspen Adsorption (AspenTechÂ). First, we evaluated the ability of the software reproducing experimental fixed bed data in C141 reported on literature, considering the mixture 10% of helium (carrier gas), 15% dioxide carbon and 75% nitrogen, molar basis. The results showed satisfactory resemblance to the literature. From a scale-up of the analyzed system, it was sized a PSA apparatus at 298 K operating with two columns and four steps: adsorption, depressurization, purge and repressurization (Skarstrom cycle). High-pressure step was at 3.0 bar and regeneration at 1.1 bar. Fuel gas mixture simulated was composed only of CO2 and N2; the molar fraction of the first component at the feed stream was 15%. The product stream in C141 showed purity and recovery of carbon dioxide from approximately 23% and 60% on a molar basis, respectively. The productivity was 0.72 t CO2 kg-1 year-1. Through the study of design variables such as column diameter and length, feed and purge flow rate, feed composition and step times, the product purity exceeded 30 % and the recovery bordered 75%, with maximum productivity of 1.02 t CO2 kg-1 year-1 for some process settings. The process yields in WV 1050 were 26.5 % purity, 47 % recovery and 0.53 t CO2 kg-1 year-1.
Processos de adsorÃÃo envolvendo a captura e o sequestro de diÃxido de carbono (CO2) vÃm sendo objetos de diferentes estudos. Um dos problemas tÃpicos analisados à a separaÃÃo do CO2 a partir dos gases de queima emitidos em plantas energÃticas com o intuito de mitigar os efeitos do aquecimento global. Recentemente, a tecnologia Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) està sendo aplicada para este tipo de separaÃÃo. Entretanto, o projeto e a anÃlise de processos de adsorÃÃo sÃo uma tarefa difÃcil devido à grande quantidade de parÃmetros envolvidos. Este trabalho estuda a dinÃmica dessa separaÃÃo nos carbonos ativados C141 e WV 1050 atravÃs do software comercial Aspen Adsorption da AspenTechÂ. Inicialmente, foi avaliada a capacidade do software no que diz respeito à reproduÃÃo de dados experimentais de leito fixo reportados na literatura, que consideram a mistura como sendo, em base molar, 10 % de hÃlio (gÃs de inerte), 15 % de diÃxido de carbono e 75 % de nitrogÃnio. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram semelhanÃa satisfatÃria aos da literatura para o sÃlido C141. A partir de um scale-up desse sistema analisado, foi dimensionada uma PSA a 298 K de duas colunas e quatro passos: adsorÃÃo, despressurizaÃÃo, purga e repressurizaÃÃo (ciclo Skarstrom). A etapa de maior pressÃo ocorre a 3,0 bar e a regeneraÃÃo a 1,1 bar. Considerou-se que o gÃs de queima à composto apenas por CO2 e N2, sendo a fraÃÃo molar de alimentaÃÃo do componente de interesse de 15%. Para C141, a corrente de produto apresentou pureza e recuperaÃÃo de diÃxido de carbono de aproximadamente 23 % e 60 % em base molar, respectivamente, com produtividade de 0,72 t CO2 kg-1 ano-1. AtravÃs do estudo de variÃveis de projeto como diÃmetro e comprimento da coluna, vazÃo de alimentaÃÃo e de purga, composiÃÃo de alimentaÃÃo e tempos das etapas do ciclo, a pureza do produto ultrapassou os 30 %, a recuperaÃÃo se aproximou de 75 % e a produtividade mÃxima foi de 1,02 t CO2 kg-1 ano-1 para algumas configuraÃÃes do processo. Os rendimentos para o adsorvente WV 1050 foram: pureza de 26,5 %, recuperaÃÃo de 47 % e produtividade de 0,53 t CO2 kg-1 ano-1.

Risk management has been used regularly in the mining industry over the last few decades. The majority of those instances have focused on health and safety issues. Health and safety has improved in the United States, Australia, and other major mining districts because of the successful use of risk management and mitigation practices. Risk management has been used to a lesser extent to reduce or avoid environmental issues as well. There are a number of factors that make utilization of risk management analysis more applicable to health and safety than to environmental issues. This thesis explores the use of risk management in the context of environmental issues associated with mining. Specifically, two case studies are developed in two self-contained manuscripts: the first focuses on sequestering CO2 while the second focuses on wild rice in Minnesota with regards to the sulfate standard. Through the lens of risk management, an attempt is made to align project goals and efforts with mitigation potential to reduce the likelihood or result of particular risks. The end result is a reduction in risks due to mitigation. The first manuscript shows how risks disappear over time because they have been categorized and addressed. The project goals are keep on track by eliminating or reducing these risks. The second manuscript can be used by stakeholders to review their potential risks and mitigate those risks if possible/necessary. In contrast to the first manuscript that contains risks that are known and measurable, the second manuscript examines different risks based on four potential outcomes.
Master of Science

The degradability of wollastonite, montmorillonite and talc in an aqueous solution of acetic acid at different temperatures is main object of this study. Mineral carbonation, i.e. the reaction of calcium and magnesium presented in these three silicates, is a novel and promising approach to carbon dioxide capture and long-term storage. The kinetic of wollastonite, montmorillonite and talc dissolution is studied due to assessment of their efficiency for CCS technologies. The dissolution kinetic is discovered with using measured time dependence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ leached ions concentration.

In order to combat climate change there is a need to achieve negative emissions. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a promising technology that offers the possibility to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the atmosphere. However, this also implies that the BECCS process needs to store more CO2 than it emits. The purpose of this study is to examine the liquefaction, intermediate storage, transportation and long term storage of CO2 and evaluate the climate impact of the energy use and the leakage of CO2. This thesis is based on data collected through an extensive literature study and several interviews that were performed with relevant actors and informants. A key finding in this thesis is that the energy use through the examined steps of BECCS is responsible for the bulk of the CO2 emissions. Liquefaction and the transportation plays an essential role as it has the highest energy usage. Unfortunately the energy use of injecting CO2 into the geological formation remains unknown because of lack of data. The leakages found throughout the process were often negligible or even zero. However the leakages from injecting CO2 through pipeline and the CO2 leakage from long term storage was found to be of some significance. The total BECCS related carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions, are summarised in three scenarios ranging from approximately 49-58 kg CO2e per stored tonne of CO2. In these scenario calculations, some assumptions have had to be made. In order to evaluate the true and total environmental impact of BECCS, further research will be needed.
Dagens samhälle står inför avsevärda miljömässiga utmaningar, inte minst då mängden växthusgaser (GHG) i atmosfären kommer behöva reduceras drastiskt för att undvika två graders uppvärmning. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) är en teknologi med potential att avlägsna koldioxid (CO2) inte bara från nya utsläpp, utan även i bästa fall från atmosfären. I det specifika fall som denna rapport tittar närmare på, förbränns biomassa för att skapa fjärrvärme, men istället för att CO2 släpps ut i luften så fångas den upp och komprimeras till flytande form. Därefter kan CO2 transporteras till en injektionsanläggning för att slutligen pumpas ner i en geologiskt lämplig berggrund. Denna process kan resultera i negativa utsläpp om mer CO2 lagras än vad processen skapar och släpper ut. Målet med detta kandidatexamensarbete är att undersöka energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 under förvätskningen, den kortsiktiga lagringen, transporten samt den långsiktiga lagringen av CO2. Kandidatexamensarbetet är framförallt baserat på data insamlad i form av en litteraturstudie. Denna data har även kompletterats med data från flertalet intervjuer med forskare och anställda på företag som arbetar med BECCS. Flera antaganden har varit nödvändiga då det i dagsläget finns en brist på information angående energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 i processens delsteg. Energianvändningen för injektionen av CO2 förblir okänd då det inte fanns någon relevant information att tillgå. Då läckaget visade sig vara försumbart eller noll i flera delsteg, utgör energianvändningen en signifikant andel av de totala utsläppen. De största utsläppen av CO2 inom ramen för BECCS processen orsakas därför av förvätskningsprocessen och transporten av CO2 då dessa delar är mest energikrävande. Resultatet av kandidatexamensarbetet kan sammanfattas i tre scenarion, ett lågt scenario, ett median scenario och ett högt scenario. Slutsatsen var att samtliga inkluderade steg av BECCS resulterar i ett utsläpp mellan 49-58 kg koldioxidekvivalenter (CO2e) per ton CO2 som lagras. För att kunna kvantifiera den totala klimatpåverkan av BECCS finns ett behov av ytterligare studier som tar hänsyn till alla delsteg under processen.

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-119).
Concerns over climate change and a reliance on CO₂-emitting fossil fuels for a majority of the world's energy supply have motivated the development of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). However, CCS is not yet commercially available, and key technical roadblocks remain. However, the external circumstances for developing the technology, such as weak climate policy and tight public finances, have changed dramatically over the past four years and current RD&D roadmaps are poorly adapted to the new realities. In order to rethink U.S. CCS policy, and to provide a realistic roadmap for technology development, this thesis provides an overview of the key technical roadblocks, an analysis of the impact of the new realities on CCS investments, and a novel method for finding the optimal way of allocating scarce public resources to CCS RD&D. The U.S. has responded to the changing political context in two notable ways. First, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has received increased attention due to the positive value that EOR storage puts on CO₂. Second, the EPA has proposed a 1000 lbs CO₂/MWh emission standard that would require new coal plants to install CCS. Using a stochastic generation expansion model, this thesis concludes that low natural gas prices make fuel switching rather than CCS investment the most likely compliance method. Moreover, should these standards be gradually tightened, CCS will likely be deployed on natural gas plants before coal plants. More generally, the model highlights the importance of considering uncertainty when analyzing CCS investments, and results differ notably depending on whether probability distributions over parameters are considered or not. With limited funds available for technology development there is a striking need to ensure that limited resources are allocated strategically. Whereas designing optimal technology RD&D portfolios has traditionally been dealt with qualitatively, this thesis develops a quantitative model for choosing optimal portfolios of demonstration projects. The strength of new model is how it incorporates the different uncertainties associated with CCS, allowing decision makers to observe how different underlying assumptions affect project choices. Based on my analyses, I make six recommendations for CCS technology development in times of uncertainty, many of which are major departures from current U.S. CCS policy. First, the U.S. should focus more on pilot-scale development of novel capture concepts promising to significantly reduce cost. Second, if gradually tightening emission standards is to be the primary mechanism to reduce power sector CO2 emissions, then the U.S. should also demonstrate CCS on natural gas plants. Third, granting a limited number of coal plants a higher CO₂ emission standard could help bring CCS plants online in challenging times. Fourth, relying almost exclusively on projects with EOR storage is unlikely to be a sound long-term policy. Because of the significant variability across geologic storage reservoirs, at least some demonstration projects must focus on CO₂ storage in saline formations. Finally, with tightening public finances it becomes increasingly important to coordinate demonstration efforts globally to avoid unproductive overlap.
by Jan Eide.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

This Thesis analyzes the contributions from woody biomass with CCS (BECCS) in mitigating GHG emissions. I used the IAM WITCH tool. In Chapters 2-3 I use biomass supply curves from GLOBIOM. In Chapters 4-5 I instead link WITCH to GTM. The policy scenarios consist of three carbon taxes. Results show that as the carbon tax increases the demand of BECCS will reach 66-90 EJ/yr in 2100. The introduction of international trade of biomass in WITCH makes it possible to increase the emissions abatement by 120-323 GtCO2 and reduce cumulative policy costs by 14% over the century. Linking WITCH to GTM, I show that bio-energy demand will have implications for land use. The demand will reach 8-15 billion m3/yr while the price of wood will increase 4-9 times relative to the BAU by 2100. This increase would shrink the demand for industrial wood from 80-90%. Forest area will expand by 70-95% relative to the BAU and increase the global stock of forest carbon by 685-1,279 GtCO2 by 2100.
Questa tesi analizza il contributo della biomassa da legno con CCS (BECCS) nel mitigare le emissioni di gas serra. Lo strumento utilizzato e' l'IAM WITCH. Nei capitoli 2-3 ho usato le curve di biomassa da GLOBIOM. Mentre nei capitoli 4-5 ho collegato WITCH a GTM. Gli scenari di policy sono tre carbon tax. I risultati mostrano che, al crescere della carbon tax aumenta la domanda di BECCS (66-90 EJ/anno nel 2100). Includendo il trade internazionale della biomassa e' possibile aumentare l'abbattimento delle emissioni di 120-323 GtCO2 e ridurre i costi cumulativi della policy del 14% entro il 2100. Collegando WITCH a GTM, si mostra che la domanda di bioenergia avra' grandi e etti sull'uso della terra. La domanda raggiungera' 8-15 mld m3/anno, mentre il prezzo del legno aumenter 4-9 volte rispetto alla BAU nel 2100. Tale incremento ridurra' la domanda di legno industriale dell80-90%. Le foreste si espanderanno del 70-95% rispetto al BAU e lo stock di CO2 accumulato aumentera' del 685-1279 GtCO2 entro il 2100.

The urgency of climate change is pressing on the development of different technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions among which carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most abundant. A great source of CO2 is the burning of fossil fuels. The installation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology could reduce the amount of CO2 released from larger combustion processes by up to 90%. Fossil fuels stand for a great part of the total consumption of energy in the society today. To replace it so rapidly that strict climate change objectives will be reached with only increased energy efficiency and renewable energy would be difficult and would not be the most cost-efficient strategy. To be able to stabilize the atmospheric CO2 level within this decade and in a cost-efficient manner, the development of CCS technologies is clearly needed as a complementary strategy.

Attention worldwide has been placed towards reducing the global carbon footprint. To this end the scientific community has been involved in improving many of the available methods of carbon capture and storage (CCS). CCS involves scrubbing flue gases of greenhouse gases and safely storing them deep underground. MOFs, a family of functionally tunable three dimensional nanoporous frameworks, have been shown to adsorb gases with great selectivity and capacity. Investigating these frameworks using computational simulations, although faster than in-lab synthetic methods, involves a tedious and meticulous input preparation process which is subject to human error. This thesis presents Dave's Occupancy Automation Package (DOAP),a software which provides a means to automatically determine the gas uptake of many three dimensional frameworks. By providing atomic coordinates for a unit simulation cell, the software acts to performs the necessary calculations to construct and execute a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation, determining the gas uptake in a metal organic framework. Additionally an analysis of different convergence assessment tests for describing the end point of the GCMC simulation is presented.

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Objective: To translate and to adapt the Childhood Concerns Survey (CCS), an Australian scale that evaluates anxiety disorders among preschoolers based on their parent s answers, with the intention of using it in the Brazilian children. Method: Two bilingual professionals translated two Portuguese versions of the scale, which were retro-translated by other tree bilingual professionals. The differences were harmonized and pre-tested in a pilot study. The final Portuguese version was applied by 420 parents of boys and girls between 2,5 to 6 years old from Pelotas. The CCS s psychometrical properties were tested. The Contend Validity was verified by the Theoretical Items Analysis and the Items Analysis by the Classic Tests Theory. For the extern criterion validity the ANOVA was utilized, considering age and sex. The Construct Validation study was made by the Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach s alpha coefficient was used as reliability. Results: The Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated the presence of 4 factors reflecting Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Fear of physical injury and Social Phobia and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The ANOVA method revealed relevant differences p<0,05 between gender and age, demonstrating that girls had higher scores than boys. Conclusion: It was found necessary to reformulate the written composition of some items. The final version of the proposed scale to evaluate 4 anxiety disorders has 26 items and presents acceptable psychometric characteristics
Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar o "Childhood Concerns Survey" (CCS), escala australiana que avalia transtornos de ansiedade em pré-escolares com base nas respostas dos pais, com a intenção de utilizá-la em crianças brasileiras. Método: Dois profissionais bilíngües traduziram duas versões da escala para o português, as quais foram retro-traduzidas por outros três profissionais bilíngües. As diferenças foram harmonizadas e pré-testadas em um estudo piloto. A versão final em português foi aplicada em 420 pais de crianças de ambos os sexos entre 2,5 a 6 anos da cidade de Pelotas-RS. Foram testadas as propriedades psicométricas do CCS. A validade de conteúdo por meio da análise teórica dos Itens e a capacidade discriminativa dos itens segundo a análise da correlação item/ total. Para a validade de critério externa utilizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) fatorial, considerando idade e sexo. A validade de construto foi realizada por meio da análise fatorial exploratória e utilizou-se como o coeficiente de fidedignidade o alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: A análise fatorial exploratória indicou a presença de 4 fatores refletindo transtorno obsessivo compulsivo, medo de lesão física, fobia social e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. O método da ANOVA revelou diferenças significativas p<0,05 entre os sexos e idades, demonstrando que as meninas tiveram escores maiores que os meninos. Conclusão: Identificou-se a necessidade de reformular a redação de alguns itens. A versão final da escala proposta para avaliar 4 transtornos de ansiedade consta de 26 itens e apresenta características psicométricas aceitáveis

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Programa de Apoio à Educação Especial (PROESP)
A presente pesquisa de doutorado está vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCT/Unesp), campus de Presidente Prudente/SP, na linha de pesquisa Práticas e Processos Formativos em Educação, áreas: Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e Formação de Professores. O objetivo geral é investigar o processo de elaboração, execução e avaliação do Eixo Articulador Educação Inclusiva e Especial proposto na formação inicial e em serviço de professores do curso de Pedagogia semipresencial da Unesp/Univesp com base em uma abordagem Construcionista, Contextualizada e Significativa (CCS). Os aportes teóricos, metodológicos e práticos que subsidiaram a organização da pesquisa tem correlação direta à Educação Inclusiva e Especial e à problemática da formação de professores para o uso de TDIC, segundo a abordagem CCS, que permeou toda a proposta de formação, bem como a espiral de aprendizagem baseada em Valente (2002). As bases teóricas para a fundamentação, desenvolvimento e análise da pesquisa foram subsidiadas pelas produções de autores como: Sacristán, Zabala, Mantoan, Moraes, Morin, Gatti, García, Tardif, Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Papert, Valente, Almeida e Schlünzen. Vinculada ao Programa de Apoio à Educação Especial (Proesp) da Capes, a proposta foi delineada no sentido de oferecer aos professores-cursistas elementos para a análise sobre as políticas e práticas de inclusão escolar e para a construção de novas práticas pedagógicas usando recursos tecnológicos na elaboração de Planos de Ensino Inclusivos (PEI)...
This doctoral study was conducted in the Graduate Program in Education at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Paulista State University, named after Julio de Mesquita Filho (FCT/Unesp), located on Presidente Prudente campus in São Paulo. The line of research encompasses the study of practices and formative processes in education in the areas of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Teacher Education. The general goal of this research is to investigate the process of design, implementation, and assessment of the Articulating Axis Inclusive and Special Education, based on the Constructionist, Contextualized and Signified (CCS) approach. It was offered in the blended course in Pedagogy at Unesp/Univesp, as part of the teachers' initial training and in-service training. The theoretical, methodological, and practical foundations of this research underlie both inclusive and special education and the issue of training teachers for the use of ICT, guided by CSS approach, which permeated not only the whole training process, but also the spiral-shaped learning curve, based on Valente (2002). The theoretical foundation for the research rationale, development, and analysis is built on such authors as Sacristán, Zabala, Mantoan, Moraes, Morin, Gatti, García, Tardif, Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Papert, Valente, Almeida, and Schlünzen. Linked to the Support Program in Special Education at Capes, the study equips the student teachers with essentials for performing the analysis of school inclusion policies and practices and for building new pedagogical practices using technological resources when elaborating the Inclusive Lesson Plans...

Orientador: Elisa Tomoe Moriya Schlünzen
Coorientador: Klaus Schlunzen Júnior
Banca: José Armando Valente
Banca: Simão Pedro Pinto Marinho
Banca: Maria de Fátima Salum Moreira
Banca:Édson do Carmo Inforsato
Resumo: A presente pesquisa de doutorado está vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCT/Unesp), campus de Presidente Prudente/SP, na linha de pesquisa "Práticas e Processos Formativos em Educação", áreas: Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e Formação de Professores. O objetivo geral é investigar o processo de elaboração, execução e avaliação do Eixo Articulador "Educação Inclusiva e Especial" proposto na formação inicial e em serviço de professores do curso de Pedagogia semipresencial da Unesp/Univesp com base em uma abordagem Construcionista, Contextualizada e Significativa (CCS). Os aportes teóricos, metodológicos e práticos que subsidiaram a organização da pesquisa tem correlação direta à Educação Inclusiva e Especial e à problemática da formação de professores para o uso de TDIC, segundo a abordagem CCS, que permeou toda a proposta de formação, bem como a espiral de aprendizagem baseada em Valente (2002). As bases teóricas para a fundamentação, desenvolvimento e análise da pesquisa foram subsidiadas pelas produções de autores como: Sacristán, Zabala, Mantoan, Moraes, Morin, Gatti, García, Tardif, Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Papert, Valente, Almeida e Schlünzen. Vinculada ao Programa de Apoio à Educação Especial (Proesp) da Capes, a proposta foi delineada no sentido de oferecer aos professores-cursistas elementos para a análise sobre as políticas e práticas de inclusão escolar e para a construção de novas práticas pedagógicas usando recursos tecnológicos na elaboração de Planos de Ensino Inclusivos (PEI)...
Abstract: This doctoral study was conducted in the Graduate Program in Education at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Paulista State University, named after Julio de Mesquita Filho (FCT/Unesp), located on Presidente Prudente campus in São Paulo. The line of research encompasses the study of practices and formative processes in education in the areas of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Teacher Education. The general goal of this research is to investigate the process of design, implementation, and assessment of the Articulating Axis "Inclusive and Special Education," based on the Constructionist, Contextualized and Signified (CCS) approach. It was offered in the blended course in Pedagogy at Unesp/Univesp, as part of the teachers' initial training and in-service training. The theoretical, methodological, and practical foundations of this research underlie both inclusive and special education and the issue of training teachers for the use of ICT, guided by CSS approach, which permeated not only the whole training process, but also the spiral-shaped learning curve, based on Valente (2002). The theoretical foundation for the research rationale, development, and analysis is built on such authors as Sacristán, Zabala, Mantoan, Moraes, Morin, Gatti, García, Tardif, Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Papert, Valente, Almeida, and Schlünzen. Linked to the Support Program in Special Education at Capes, the study equips the student teachers with essentials for performing the analysis of school inclusion policies and practices and for building new pedagogical practices using technological resources when elaborating the Inclusive Lesson Plans...
Doutor

This thesis explores the international political dynamics of developing low carbon technology. Specifically, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology as a climate mitigation strategy in a developing country context is examined. CCS is a technological solution that allows for the continued use of fossil fuels without the large amounts of associated CO2 emissions. This entails capturing the CO2 emitted from large point sources, such as a coal-fired power station, and transporting the captured emissions to be injected and stored permanently into geological media. Consequently, CCS is a bridging technology that could provide more time for transitioning to a low-carbon economy. A case study of India is used, which is an emerging industrialising economy, and is also the third-largest coal producer in the world. India faces a dilemma: poverty alleviation and infrastructure development to support its billion plus population requires vast amounts of energy, which is predominantly based on fossil fuels. Therefore, it was envisioned that CCS would be a sustainable option, which could enable industrialisation at the rate required, whilst preventing the exacerbation of the negative effects of climate change. However, during the period of study (2007-2010), CCS was not embraced by India, despite there being a growing impetus to develop, demonstrate and transfer the technology. India was reluctant to consider CCS as part of a mitigation strategy, and this thesis focuses on the reasons why. An interdisciplinary approach is used, coupling perspectives from science, technology and innovation studies (STS) with concepts from International Relations (IR) scholarship. This sociotechnical conceptual framework is applied to gain a more holistic picture of the failed attempt to transfer CCS technology to India. Key technical challenges and blockages are identified within India’s existing energy system, which have restricted CCS technology implementation. In addition, the political challenges associated with the rejection of CCS by the Indian Government are explored. Empirical evidence is on the basis of elite interviews, an expert stakeholder survey and relevant documents. Another case study on the Cambay basin is used to further demonstrate the influence of political factors on CCS implementation, even in an area considered to have suitable technical conditions. The outcomes of this study have implications for policy addressing global challenges, especially by means of international cooperation and technological change.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology that is developed with the aim of decreasing the emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to mitigate global climate change. However, citizens strongly oppose the technology in areas where carbon storages are supposed to be constructed. With the help of framing theory, this work analyzes four German anti-CCS citizens’ initiatives. Qualitatively studying publicly available material from their websites, their diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames on the issue are reconstructed. Guided by a first research question about what frames on CCS are constructed by the citizens’ initiatives, the frames are then compared to each other, showing that political opportunity structures as well as local factors regarding particularly the prevalent type of energy production are taken up to some extent. Systematically retracing the arguments, this study aims on investigating into the connections between local and global issues and interests around CCS. This entails potential for generalization regarding the decision-making process in the area of conflict when society, environment, technology, economic and political actors are involved. Afterwards, a second research question is taken up – the frames’ relation to sustainability. They are discussed in the wider context of sustainable development because of the close connection between the climate change and the sustainability discourse. Moreover, proponents as well as opponents use parts of the sustainability concept for their arguments. This highlights the difficulties of a sustainable decision-making process in which a variety of interests are interwoven and partly contradicting each other. It is concluded that both, comprehensive information and transparent communication, between all actors are the first steps towards a more sustainable decision-making process but that structurally as well as technically more than this is required, especially regarding the acceptance of the outcome. Research on sustainability as an increasingly influential paradigm can pave the way in this regard.

CO2 handling operations are gaining importance in the worldwide discussion mainly because of the large strategies that are currently being developed to govern the Global Warming. In this sense, the CO2 is considered one of the most important GHG (Greenhouse Gas) since it is also actually emitted in large quantities from anthropogenic sources. These emissions arise mainly from combustion of fossil fuels and biomass in power generation, gasification, industrial processes, natural gas processing, petroleum refining, building and transport sectors. The deployment of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technique is currently under analysis as a mean of limiting these emissions and so the atmospheric concentration of the CO2. The CCS chain is subdivided into three main systems: the system of capture and compression, the transport system and the storage system. This technology therefore involves the handling of the CO2 to store it in a reservoir, instead of allowing its release to the atmosphere, where it contributes to the Climate Change. Therefore, an essential element of the CCS chain is the transportation of large amounts of captured CO2 to the storage site. This is usually achieved by means of large infrastructures mainly consisting of pressurized pipelines that may typically be several hundred kilometers long. Given the significant amounts of CO2 involved and because of this substance at high concentrations is an asphyxiant, the safety of CO2 pipelines is of primarily importance to the public acceptance of CCS as viable means for tackling the impact of the Global Warming. This works moves therefore from the fact that central to QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment) procedure of pressurized pipeline carrying CO2 is the accurate prediction of the flow parameters concerning an accidental release induced by a rupture. From this point of view, there is naturally the possibility of pipeline rupture that may be driven by many factors like human errors, component failures, corrosion, earthquakes and many others external interferences. In what concerning the CO2 releases modeling, it should be underlined the lack of a comprehensive model able to manage all phenomena that are expected to take place during a rapid depressurization. In the case of CO2 pipeline, the model must be capable of handling multiphase flows also at sonic conditions as well as the peculiar thermodynamic behavior that may invoke the occurrence of the solid phase. The main target is to have a comprehensive, reliable and easy applicable (from a QRA perspective) model to be used in assessing hazard profiles related to a CO2 pipeline rapid depressurization. In this sense, available models lack the whole dynamics and the formation and sublimation of solid CO2 expect for sophisticated and detailed CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) simulation that are substantially inappropriate to face the emergencies and the investigation of general scenarios. The model availability is also still limited by the lack of experimental data that are used to drive the model formulation and its validation. The few accessible experimental series give contradictory results in what concerning the peculiar CO2 behavior under transient pressure fields and in correspondence of choked flow conditions thus requiring further investigations. Moving from these considerations, the present study has the aim of covering the existing gaps in what concerning the availability of a descriptive model. The study is introduced by a detailed theoretical investigation of specific phenomena the CO2 undergoes when subjected to a rapid depressurization. Examples of these may include the occurrence of multiple choked flow states depending on the established thermodynamic equilibrium (liquid-vapor, solid-vapor) and the investigation of specific thermodynamic pathways that are linked to the solid phase appearance. A section pertaining to the experimental campaign follows. In this sense the data availability is enhanced by the collection of self-made data series especially linked to moderate pressures (up to 65-70 barg). The experimental arrangement allows for the investigation of different charging states, matching the operative CO2 conditions. Collected data are then used to support the model development in the assessment of specific discharge and thermodynamic parameters that are needed to close the mathematical structure. The proposed model, that is the main target of this investigation, is illustrated and discussed in a specific section with details on the adopted assumptions, the mathematical structure and the numerical approach. The structure covers all main mechanisms related to the rapid CO2 depressurization including phase change mechanisms (boiling, solidification and sublimation), heat transfer and friction effects as well as a reliable thermodynamic description of the expansion pathway to atmospheric conditions. Results are first checked against the collected laboratory scale experimental data especially in what concerning the prediction of the main depressurization variables requested by the QRA procedure (stagnation and orifice pressure and temperature profiles, mass flow rate evolution, total discharge time). A model extension oriented to large scale geometries and different orifice sizes and operative conditions is then proposed. Main discharge parameters are analyzed and their sensitivity to variations in the domain and orifice sizes is assessed with specific light on the relative amounts of dense phase produced and the total discharge time. The mathematical model is then supplemented of some features concerning non-equilibrium phenomena that do not allow for a mere thermodynamic description. Among these the behavior in the spinodal region, the structural entropy increase in the passage across the triple point and the irreversibilities in the phase change mechanisms are investigated. The target is to firstly check if the additional complication is reasonable from the QRA perspective to then move to variations in the release parameters that emerge because of this extended approach. A final section is dedicated to the model application to some real existing CCS and EOR (Ehnanced Oil Recovery) projects worldwide making available the main discharge parameters and profiles for different pipeline lengths and orifice sizes. A specific investigation on the solid CO2 is performed in addition to the collection of useful comprehensive parameters to be used in QRA studies.
Il presente lavoro muove dalla necessità di colmare alcune lacune esistenti riguardanti l’Analisi Quantitativa di Rischio (AQR) applicata ad infrastrutture di movimentazione di CO2. La recente diffusione di complessi sistemi per la cattura e lo stoccaggio della CO2 e per lo spurgo di pozzi petroliferi esausti ha posto il problema di garantire adeguati standard di sicurezza in fase di trasporto mediante pipelines, dato il carattere asfissiante della sostanza movimentata. Per quanto riguarda l’AQR preliminare e di esercizio applicata al caso della CO2, essa risente della carenza di modelli ad-hoc e di dati sperimentali di supporto utili allo sviluppo di idonei strumenti di calcolo descrittivi dei fenomeni di rapida depressurizzazione. La CO2, infatti, è caratterizzata da un peculiare comportamento termodinamico che in fase di depressurizzazione può portare alla comparsa di fase liquida e solida, rendendo di fatto inadatti e imprecisi i modelli tradizionali attualmente disponibili. Volendo pertanto trattare tali carenze, il lavoro di ricerca ha previsto la raccolta di dati sperimentali relativi a rapide depressurizzazioni di CO2 nonché la formulazione di un modello comprensivo a scopi di AQR. L’apparecchiatura sperimentale predisposta ha pertanto consentito di indagare i fenomeni transitori meccanici e termici che seguono ad un rilascio pressurizzato così come fare luce sui meccanismi competitivi di scambio termico che determinano la trasformazione risultante di espansione. I dati relativi a cariche liquide hanno altresì evidenziato le peculiarità derivanti dai meccanismi di cambio di fase sulla determinazione dei profili di pressione e di temperatura all’interno del serbatoio e all’orifizio. Allo scopo di supportare lo sviluppo del modello, sia il coefficiente di scarico che i dettagli sulla trasformazione di espansione sono stati derivati, dipendentemente dalle condizioni di carico del serbatoio. Il modello proposto si articola in un complesso sistema di equazioni di bilancio unite a specifiche correlazioni utili a descrivere i meccanismi di scambio termico e di transizione di fase che, nel caso della CO2, possono coinvolgere l’ebollizione, la solidificazione e la sublimazione. Specifiche equazioni di stato per la CO2 contribuiscono ad una robusta descrizione del fenomeno. È stata dedicata particolare attenzione all’indagine preliminare della fluidodinamica dei moti soggetti a rilevanti gradienti termici nonché al peculiare comportamento della CO2 in regime di choked flow. La corrispondenza quantitativa e qualitativa con i dati sperimentali raccolti è buona. Inoltre, il modello ha permesso di ricavare dettagli sul grado di reversibilità dei percorsi di espansione e sui principali parametri richiesti in fase di AQR quali i profili di pressione e di temperatura, l’evoluzione della portata massiva rilasciata dal sistema e il tempo totale di scarico. L’estensione del modello a domini su scala reale ha previsto l’indagine dell’incidenza delle condizioni operative, della dimensione della pipeline così come di quella del foro di scarico sull’evoluzione del fenomeno di depressurizzazione. I risultati hanno consentito di fare luce sulle condizioni che determinano la comparsa di fase solida in fase di rilascio, spesso trascurata dai modelli tradizionali. Diverse simulazioni hanno evidenziato come sia le condizioni operative che la dimensione dell’orifizio rappresentino i parametri chiave nel governare i processi di cambiamento di fase e le modalità di espansione. Inoltre, l’analisi ha consentito di stabilire sotto quali condizioni sia possibile semplificare l’intera modellazione adottando l’ipotesi di isotermia e di scambio termico trascurabile mostrando come pipeline molto lunghe soggette a piccoli fori soddisfino a tali requisiti. Infine, il perfezionamento del modello mediante l’introduzione di concetti legati sia a fenomeni di non-equilibrio che di processi irreversibili che accompagnano le transizioni di fase, ha mostrato come per pressioni moderate e piccole pipelines ciò sia del tutto superfluo. Negli altri casi, invece, l’adozione di questo approccio supplementare mostra importanti deviazioni nella stima sia della dinamica termica che del tempo totale di scarico.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology could help reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. So far, CCS has failed to attract government support in the UK due to high costs of implementation. The broad deployment of CO2-EOR could aid the development of CCS by providing additional revenue streams for investors. The success of the CO2- EOR in the United States has raised the question of whether this success could be replicated in the UKCS. This thesis answers these questions by introducing two distinct models, which analyse the similarities and differences between the two oil provinces from the subsurface and economic perspectives. The first model integrates into the economic framework the behaviour of oil and CO2 in a reservoir. The model is applied to an oil field in the North Sea. It analyses whether the screening criteria developed based on the onshore US experience to screen for oil field candidates for the CO2 would be suitable for the oil fields in the UKCS. The second model is a theoretical CO2-EOR with storage model, which analyses how the inclusion of permanent storage changes the economics of CO2-EOR. The CO2-EOR with storage model allows for an endogenous switching point between the CO2-EOR and the permanent CO2 storage phase depending on the various economic factors, such as oil prices, sequestration subsidies and fees, CO2 price, and oil and gas tax rates. The CO2-EOR with storage model shows different behaviour compared to the case without permanent storage. On the policy level, the main difference between the two countries revealed that the UK strongly focuses on cutting CO2 emissions while the U.S. on boosting domestic oil production. Therefore, the third study in this thesis investigates the net carbon footprint of the CO2-EOR activity in the North Sea.

CCS legislation is currently comprised of an overlapping network of international agreements and regional policies which form a strong basis for environmental protection for potential leakage of CO2 from underground storage sites. However, these legislative instruments form an uncoordinated legal basis for CCS with overly stringent liability provisions posing a significant barrier to stakeholder investment, technology development and future roll-out of commercial scale CCS projects. A number of insurance companies have recently developed different types of insurance mechanisms for covering CO2 storage facilities. Whilst these types of insurance policies are beneficial in encouraging the CCS industry in general, there are also drawbacks. Mostly, they only cover the CO2 capture facility during the operational phase of power plants or they solely cover the facility for 10 to 30 years after injection has been completed and storage sites have been sealed off. Furthermore, there is no standard regime for a comprehensive insurance mechanism for commercial scale CO2 storage facilities due to lack of enough information in regards to the long-term liability of potential CO2 leakage, type of risks involved in the technology of geological storage of CO2 and the likelihood of occurrence of these perceived. This research has identified the main risks associated with CO2 storage under geological formations and has developed a novel mechanism that enables the insurance industry to assess the risks of CO2 storage more effectively and therefore adjust their premium rates more in favour of CCS projects. In addition, this will also be beneficial for regulators in enabling them to regulate more effectively in order to incentivise stakeholder participation and investment in the CCS technology. The said mechanism has been developed using a range of systems engineering optimization techniques in order to assess the significance and criticality of the risks of CO2 leakage through the caprock and their likelihood of occurrence.

Industries have faced challenges trying to lower carbon emissions and reach climate goals solely with energy efficiency and renewable energy sources but there are still some emissions that will not be mitigated by this. The purpose of this work has been to evaluate bio-energy with carbon capture and storage with co-combustion in a current study as a way to breach the gap and achieve net zero emissions on AstraZenecas production site Snäckviken. A carbon audit based on GHG Protocol has been performed to evaluate the total emissions at the site. Energy calculations were performed based on the possibilities of co-combustion with waste solvent and biofuel to produce process steam. With the flue gas characteristics for the combustion, calculations for a post combustion carbon capture plant using MEA solvent was made. An economic evaluation has been performed based on a reference plant and carbon captured for the current study. The results showed that the carbon capture lowered the emissions for the production site from 1 020 tons CO2 per year to - 2 400 tons CO2 at a cost of 1 360 SEK/tons CO2. The CO2 avoidance cost was high compared to other studies due to lower capacity. However, great savings could be m ade from handling the waste solvent on site instead of paying for the destruction of the waste. Therefore, a carbon capture plant could still be feasible for the current study.

Production in Canada’s oil sands has been increasing, with a projected rate of 4.5 million barrels per day by 2025. Two production techniques are currently used, mining and in-situ, with the latter projected to constitute ~57% of all production by that time. Although in-situ extraction methods such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) are less invasive than mining, they result in more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per barrel and require large amounts of water that must be treated and recycled with a make-up water requirement of about 10%. CanmetENERGY is developing a steam generation technology called the High Pressure Oxy-fired Direct Contact Steam Generator (HiPrOx/DCSG, or DCSG for short) that will reduce these water requirements and sequester GHGs. This study evaluates the technical feasibility of this technology using process simulations, bench-scale testing, and pilot-scale testing. At first, a method in which to integrate the DCSG into the SAGD process was presented and process modeling of expected system performance was undertaken. The process simulations indicated that DCSG decreased the energy intensity of SAGD by up to 7.6% compared to the base SAGD case without carbon capture and storage (CCS), and up to 12.0% compared to the base SAGD case with CCS. Bench-scale testing was then performed using a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (PTGA) in order to investigate the effects of increased pressure and high moisture environments on a Canadian lignite coal char’s reactivity. It was found that under reaction kinetic-controlled conditions at atmospheric pressure, the increased addition of steam led to a reduction in burning time. The findings may have resulted from the lower heat capacity and higher thermal conductivity of steam compared to CO2. At increased pressures, CO2 inhibited burnout due to its higher heat capacity, lower thermal conductivity, and its effect on C(O) concentrations on the particle surface. When steam was added, the inhibiting effects of CO2 were counteracted, resulting in burnout rates similar to pressurized O2/N2 environments. These preliminary results suggested that the technology was feasible at a bench-scale level. Conflicting literature between bench-scale and pilot-scale studies indicated that pilot-scale testing would be advantageous as a next step. At the pilot-scale, testing was performed using n-butanol, graphite slurry, and n-butanol/graphite slurry mixtures covering lower and upper ends in fuel reactivity. It was found that stable combustion was attainable, with high conversion efficiencies in all cases. With the n-butanol, it was possible to achieve low excess oxygen requirements, which minimizes corrosion issues and reduce energy requirements associated with oxygen generation. With graphite slurry, it was found that it was possible to sustain combustion in these high moisture environments and that high conversion was achieved as indicated by the undetectable levels of carbonaceous materials observed in downstream equipment. Overall, these studies indicate that DCSG is technically feasible from the perspectives of energy and combustion efficiencies as well as from a steam generation point of view. Future work includes the investigation of possible corrosion associated with the product gas, the effect of CO2 on bitumen production, the nature of the mineral melt formed by the deposition of the dissolved and suspended solids from the water in the combustor, and possible scaling issues in the steam generator and piping associated with mineral deposits from the dissolved and suspended solids in the produced water is recommended.

Geologic carbon storage (GCS) is a crucial part of a proposed mitigation strategy to reduce the anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. During this process, CO2 is injected as super critical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) in confined deep subsurface storage units, such as saline aquifers and depleted oil reservoirs. The deposition of vast amounts of CO2 in subsurface geologic formations may ultimately lead to CO2 leakage into overlying freshwater aquifers. Introduction of CO2 into these subsurface environments will greatly increase the CO2 concentration and will create CO2 concentration gradients that drive changes in the microbial communities present. While it is expected that altered microbial communities will impact the biogeochemistry of the subsurface, there is no information available on how CO2 gradients will impact these communities. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to understand how CO2 exposure will impact subsurface microbial communities at temperature and pressure that are relevant to GCS and CO2 leakage scenarios. To meet this goal, unfiltered, aqueous samples from a deep saline aquifer, a depleted oil reservoir, and a fresh water aquifer were exposed to varied concentrations of CO2 at reservoir pressure and temperature. The microbial ecology of the samples was examined using molecular, DNA-based techniques. The results from these studies were also compared across the sites to determine any existing trends. Results reveal that increasing CO2 leads to decreased DNA concentrations regardless of the site, suggesting that microbial processes will be significantly hindered or absent nearest the CO2 injection/leakage plume where CO2 concentrations are highest. At CO2 exposures expected downgradient from the CO2 plume, selected microorganisms emerged as dominant in the CO2 exposed conditions. Results suggest that the altered microbial community was site specific and highly dependent on pH. The site-dependent results suggests no ability to predict the emerging dominant species for other CO2exposed environments. This body of work improves the understanding of how a subsurface microbial community may respond to conditions expected from geologic carbon storage and CO2 leakage. This is the first step for understanding how a CO2 altered microbial community may impact injectivity, permanence of stored CO2, and subsurface water quality. .

ANDRADE, Patrícia Lopes. Qualidade higiênico-sanitária e quimica do leite e avaliação de impactos ambientais e sociais, após a utilização do kit embrapa de ordenha manual® para caprinos leiteiros. 2012. 74 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2012.
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The northeastern region of Brazil has great potential for the production of goat milk, and the quality of the milk produced is important to ensure consumers a safe food supply from the nutritional and hygienic-sanitary standpoint. Goat milk has high nutritional value and has a wide acceptance, especially in poor communities, since it is an important protein source in the diet of these people. The free and daily distribution of the goat milk, through government programs, aims to reduce nutritional deficiencies with priority given to children, pregnant women and nursing mothers. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® for dairy goats in family farming, located in three regions of northeastern Brazil. This effect was evaluated in samples of goat milk on the composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC), and also the effect of SCC on the components, by correlation of the data. In parallel, we assessed the environmental and social impacts of the Kit through Sistema Ambitec-Agro. The Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® was developed with the purpose of safe milk production through a low-cost technology that is available to family farmers, who are responsible for much of the production of goat milk in Brazil. Its validation in properties of Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará brought positive results, as the average of TBC decreased 72% and the characteristics of milk composition were preserved. The evaluation of SCC effect on the milk components showed that there was a decrease in the percentage of lactose in milk as SCC increased. Among the samples analyzed, 64% had counts exceeding 1.000.000 CCS/mL. This highlights the need for the implementation of hygiene practices on the milking properties evaluated. The social and environmental impact was also positive, with average values of 1.07 and 0.9 in the ex post evaluation indexes for Environmental and Social Impact, respectively, showing the potential of this technology as part of a set of attitudes capable of improving the quality of goat milk produced in Brazil, as well as of providing gains to producers.
A região nordeste do Brasil tem grande potencial para a produção de leite de cabra, e a qualidade do leite produzido é importante para garantir a oferta de um alimento seguro do ponto de vista nutricional e higiênico sanitário aos consumidores. O leite de cabra tem alto valor nutricional e possui grande aceitação, especialmente em comunidades carentes, uma vez que constitui importante fonte proteica de alta qualidade na dieta dessas pessoas. A distribuição gratuita e diária do leite de cabra, por meio de programas governamentais, tem o objetivo de reduzir deficiências nutricionais com prioridade para as crianças, as gestantes e as nutrizes. O Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® foi desenvolvido com o propósito de contribuir para a produção segura do leite, através de uma tecnologia de baixo custo, ao alcance dos produtores familiares, os quais são responsáveis por grande parte da produção de leite de cabra no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® para caprinos leiteiros em propriedades de agricultura familiar, localizadas em três regiões do nordeste Brasileiro. Durante o período de maio de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011, foram colhidas amostras de leite de cabra provenientes de rebanhos dos Estados do Ceará, Paraíba e Rio Grande do Norte para determinação da composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CTB). Avaliou-se também os impactos ambientais e sociais do Kit através do Sistema Ambitec-Agro. Após a implantação do Kit nas propriedades estudadas, observou-se uma diminuição média de 72,1% da CTB e preservação das características de composição do leite. A avaliação do efeito da CCS sobre os componentes mostrou que houve um decréscimo da porcentagem de lactose do leite conforme aumentou a CCS. Dentre as amostras analisadas, 64% apresentavam contagens superiores a 1.000.000 CCS/mL, antes da adoção do Kit, o que evidenciou a necessidade da implantação das Boas Práticas de ordenha nas propriedades avaliadas. A avaliação de impacto social e ambiental foi positiva, apresentando valores médios de 1,07 e 0,9 na avaliação ex-post para os índices de impacto Ambiental e Social, respectivamente, mostrando o potencial desta tecnologia como parte de um conjunto de atitudes capazes de melhorar a qualidade do leite de cabra produzido no Brasil, assim como proporcionar ganhos aos produtores.

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96).
Post-combustion capture retrofits are expected to a near-term option for mitigating CO 2 emissions from existing coal-fired power plants. Much of the literature proposes using power from the existing coal plant and thermal integration of its supercritical steam cycle with the stripper reboiler to supply the energy needed for solvent regeneration and CO2 compression. This study finds that using an auxiliary natural gas turbine plant to meet the energetic demands of carbon capture and compression may make retrofits more attractive compared to using thermal integration in some circumstances. Natural gas auxiliary plants increase the power output of the base plant and reduce technological risk associated with CCS, but require favorable natural gas prices and regional electricity demand for excess electricity to make using an auxiliary plant more desirable. Three different auxiliary plant technologies were compared to integration for 90% capture from an existing, 500 MW supercritical coal plant. CO2 capture and compression is simulated using Aspen Plus and a monoethylamine (MEA) absorption process. Thermoflow software is used to simulate three gas plant technologies. The three technologies assessed are the gas turbine (GT) with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), gas turbine with HRSG and back pressure steam turbine, and natural gas boiler with back pressure steam turbine. The capital cost of the MEA unit is estimated using the Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator, and the capital cost of the external GT plants are estimated using the Thermoflow Plant Engineering and Cost Estimator. The gas turbine options are found to lead to electricity costs similar to integration, but their performance is highly sensitive to the price of natural gas and the economic impact of integration. Using a GT with a HRSG only has a lower capital cost but generates less excess electricity than the GT with HRSG and back pressure steam turbine. In order to generate enough steam for the reboiler, a significant amount of excess power was produced using both gas turbine configurations. This excess power could be attractive for coal plants located in regions with increasing electricity demand. An alternate capture plant scenario where a greater demand for power exists relative to steam is also considered. The economics of using auxiliary plant power improve slightly under this alternate energy profile scenario, but the most important factors affecting desirability of the auxiliary plant retrofit remain the cost of natural gas, the full cost of integration, and the potential for sale of excess electricity.
by Sarah Bashadi.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

Thesis (S.M. in Technology & Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-112).
Greenhouse gases are being emitted at an increasing rate, which may cause irreversible damage to the earth's climate. Considering the magnitude of CO₂ emissions from industrial facilities and power plants, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is expected to play an important role in mitigating climate change. The estimated contribution of CCS to a given emissions reduction target depends on assumptions made about various factors such as the availability of the technology, the availability of substitutes such as nuclear technology, and the stringency of emissions reduction targets. Given that the global energy economy has largely been operating in "business as usual" mode, the effective implementation of a carbon policy is likely to be delayed. In addition, other trends in the energy sector such as the availability of inexpensive gas-based generation and the uncertainty related to nuclear capacity expansion may also have an impact on the role of CCS. Part A of this thesis analyzes the importance of CCS as a mitigation technology under different future policy responses and incorporating these current trends. Using the Emissions Prediction & Policy Analysis (EPPA) model developed by the Joint Program on the Science & Policy of Global Change at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the study finds that the more stringent the emission caps, the more important the role of CCS becomes. In addition, the role of natural gas based generation is found to be transitional in its contribution to emissions reduction. Consequently, the availability of inexpensive gas-based generation does not eliminate the need for CCS towards the end of the century. Furthermore, advanced nuclear technology and CCS are found to be close substitutes for technologies that serve the needs of a low-carbon economy in the latter half of the century. The role of one technology, therefore, is in part determined by how technological development and cost reduction occurs in the other. Part B of this thesis focuses on challenges experienced in the current demonstration phase of CCS technology development. Most demonstration projects are typically supported by a combination of policy incentives such as grants, investment tax credits, production tax credits, loan guarantees, or additional sources of revenue. Regardless, many of these demonstration projects have been cancelled in the recent past primarily due to poor project economics. A financial model was developed and used to analyze the impact of each of these policy incentives on project economics. In addition, case studies have been conducted on two major demonstration projects: ZeroGen (Australia) and the Kemper Country (USA). The study finds that even with the combined impact of all incentives, first-of-a-kind CCS plants are not economical when compared to supercritical pulverized coal plants. CCS and similar low carbon technologies are also facing increasing economic pressure from cheaper natural gas-based electricity. These factors, in addition to endogenous risks associated with first-of-a-kind plants, are likely to deter potential developers. Therefore, CCS demonstration plants may require other policy mechanisms such as a rate-based pay that allow costs to be passed on to consumers. Policymakers may need to consider the distributional impacts of such a mechanism because costs are borne by consumers within a particular jurisdiction whereas the benefits of commercializing CCS accrue to a larger group of consumers. Regardless, incurring costs in the short-term may be inevitable to ensure the availability of CCS as a competitive, longer-term low carbon technology option.
by Sadia P. Raveendran.
S.M.in Technology & Policy