Journal articles on the topic 'CCA Crustose Coralline Algae'
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1
Miller, I. R., M. Logan, K. A. Johns, M. J. Jonker, K. Osborne, and H. P. A. Sweatman. "Determining background levels and defining outbreaks of crustose coralline algae disease on the Great Barrier Reef." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 11 (2013): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12330.
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Crustose coralline algae (CCA) play a vital role in coral-reef ecosystems and, like other marine organisms, they are vulnerable to disease. Between 2006 and 2011, incidence of two types of CCA disease was systematically recorded over a large portion of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The two CCA diseases that were recorded, coralline lethal orange disease and coralline white-band syndrome, were ubiquitous on the GBR, but generally at low levels comparable to those found on reefs in other parts of the Indo-Pacific. The present broad-scale study of the distribution and abundance of CCA disease on the GBR provides information on background levels of these diseases and allows regional thresholds for outbreaks to be defined. This will allow managers and researchers to focus attention on areas of high incidence of CCA disease to increase our understanding of causes and the environmental impacts of CCA disease at a time when coral reefs are under growing anthropogenic threats.
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Reyes-Nivia, C., G. Diaz-Pulido, and S. Dove. "Relative roles of endolithic algae and carbonate chemistry variability in the skeletal dissolution of crustose coralline algae." Biogeosciences 11, no. 17 (September 1, 2014): 4615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4615-2014.
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Abstract. The susceptibility of crustose coralline algae (CCA) skeletons to dissolution is predicted to increase as oceans warm and acidify. Skeletal dissolution is caused by bioerosion from endolithic microorganisms and by chemical processes associated with undersaturation of carbonate minerals in seawater. Yet, the relative contribution of algal microborers and seawater carbonate chemistry to the dissolution of organisms that cement reefs under projected pCO2 and temperature (pCO2-T) scenarios have not been quantified. We exposed CCA skeletons (Porolithon onkodes) to four pCO2-T treatments (pre-industrial, present-day, SRES-B1 "reduced" pCO2, and SRES-A1FI "business-as-usual" pCO2 emission scenarios) under natural light cycles vs. constant dark conditions for 8 weeks. Dissolution rates of skeletons without photo-endoliths were dramatically higher (200%) than those colonized by endolithic algae across all pCO2-T scenarios. This suggests that daytime photosynthesis by microborers counteract dissolution by reduced saturation states resulting in lower net erosion rates over day–night cycles. Regardless of the presence or absence of phototrophic microborers, skeletal dissolution increased significantly under the spring A1FI "business-as-usual" scenario, confirming the CCA sensitivity to future oceans. Projected ocean acidity and temperature may significantly disturb the stability of reef frameworks cemented by CCA, but surficial substrates harbouring photosynthetic microborers will be less impacted than those without algal endoliths.
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Britton, Damon, Craig N. Mundy, Fanny Noisette, Christina M. McGraw, and Catriona L. Hurd. "Crustose coralline algae display sensitivity to near future global ocean change scenarios." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 10 (November 11, 2021): 3748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab220.
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Abstract Most research investigating how ocean warming and acidification will impact marine species has focused on visually dominant species, such as kelps and corals, while ignoring visually cryptic species such as crustose coralline algae (CCA). CCA are important keystone species that provide settlement cues for invertebrate larvae and can be highly sensitive to global ocean change. However, few studies have assessed how CCA respond to low emission scenarios or conditions. In a laboratory experiment, we examined the responses of temperate CCA assemblages to combined warming and acidification projected under low, medium, and high emissions. Net calcification and net photosynthesis significantly declined in all emissions scenarios, while significant reductions in relative growth rates and increases in percentage bleaching were observed in the highest emission scenario. The negative responses of CCA to both low and medium emissions suggest that they may be adversely impacted by combined warming and acidification by 2030 if current emissions are sustained. This will have far reaching consequences for commercially important invertebrates that rely on them to induce settlement of larvae. These findings highlight the need to take rapid action to preserve these critical keystone species and the valuable services they provide.
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Reyes-Nivia, C., G. Diaz-Pulido, and S. Dove. "Relative roles of endolithic algae and carbonate chemistry variability in the skeletal dissolution of crustose coralline algae." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 24, 2014): 2993–3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2993-2014.
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Abstract. The susceptibility of crustose coralline algae (CCA) skeletons to dissolution is predicted to increase as oceans warm and acidify. Skeletal dissolution is caused by bioerosion from endolithic microorganisms and by chemical processes associated with undersaturation of carbonate minerals in seawater. Yet, the relative contribution of algal microborers and seawater carbonate chemistry to the dissolution of organisms that cement reefs under projected CO2 and temperature (CO2-T) scenarios have not been quantified. We exposed CCA skeletons (Porolithon onkodes) to four CO2-T treatments (pre-industrial, present-day, SRES-B1 reduced CO2 emission scenario, SRES-A1FI business-as-usual CO2 emission scenario) under natural light cycles vs. constant dark conditions for 8 weeks. Dissolution rates of skeletons without photo-endoliths were dramatically higher (200%) than those colonized by endolithic algae across all CO2-T scenarios. This suggests that daytime photosynthesis by microborers counteract dissolution by reduced saturation states resulting in lower net erosion rates over day-night cycles. Regardless of the presence or absence of phototrophic microborers, skeletal dissolution increased significantly under the spring A1FI "business-as-usual" scenario, confirming the CCA sensitivity to future oceans. Projected ocean acidity and temperature may significantly disturb the stability of reef frameworks cemented by CCA, but surficial substrates harboring photosynthetic microborers will be less impacted than those without algal endoliths.
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van der Heijden, L. H., and N. A. Kamenos. "Reviews and syntheses: Calculating the global contribution of coralline algae to total carbon burial." Biogeosciences 12, no. 21 (November 10, 2015): 6429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6429-2015.
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Abstract. The ongoing increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is changing the global marine environment and is causing warming and acidification of the oceans. Reduction of CO2 to a sustainable level is required to avoid further marine change. Many studies investigate the potential of marine carbon sinks (e.g. seagrass) to mitigate anthropogenic emissions, however, information on storage by coralline algae and the beds they create is scant. Calcifying photosynthetic organisms, including coralline algae, can act as a CO2 sink via photosynthesis and CaCO3 dissolution and act as a CO2 source during respiration and CaCO3 production on short-term timescales. Long-term carbon storage potential might come from the accumulation of coralline algae deposits over geological timescales. Here, the carbon storage potential of coralline algae is assessed using meta-analysis of their global organic and inorganic carbon production and the processes involved in this metabolism. Net organic and inorganic production were estimated at 330 g C m−2 yr−1 and 900 g CaCO3 m−2 yr−1 respectively giving global organic/inorganic C production of 0.7/1.8 × 109 t C yr−1. Calcium carbonate production by free-living/crustose coralline algae (CCA) corresponded to a sediment accretion of 70/450 mm kyr−1. Using this potential carbon storage for coralline algae, the global production of free-living algae/CCA was 0.4/1.2 × 109 t C yr−1 suggesting a total potential carbon sink of 1.6 × 109 tonnes per year. Coralline algae therefore have production rates similar to mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses representing an as yet unquantified but significant carbon store, however, further empirical investigations are needed to determine the dynamics and stability of that store.
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van der Heijden, L. H., and N. A. Kamenos. "Calculating the global contribution of coralline algae to carbon burial." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 10 (May 26, 2015): 7845–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-7845-2015.
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Abstract. The ongoing increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is changing the global marine environment and is causing warming and acidification of the oceans. Reduction of CO2 to a sustainable level is required to avoid further marine change. Many studies investigate the potential of marine carbon sinks (e.g. seagrass) to mitigate anthropogenic emissions, however, information on storage by coralline algae and the beds they create is scant. Calcifying photosynthetic organisms, including coralline algae, can act as a CO2 sink via photosynthesis and CaCO3 dissolution and act as a CO2 source during respiration and CaCO3 production on short-term time scales. Long-term carbon storage potential might come from the accumulation of coralline algae deposits over geological time scales. Here, the carbon storage potential of coralline algae is assessed using meta-analysis of their global organic and inorganic carbon production and the processes involved in this metabolism. Organic and inorganic production were estimated at 330 g C m−2 yr−1 and 880 g CaCO3 m−2 yr−1 respectively giving global organic/inorganic C production of 0.7/1.8 × 109 t C yr−1. Calcium carbonate production by free-living/crustose coralline algae (CCA) corresponded to a sediment accretion of 70/450 mm kyr−1. Using this potential carbon storage by coralline algae, the global production of free-living algae/CCA was 0.4/1.2 × 109 t C yr−1 suggesting a total potential carbon sink of 1.6 × 109 t C yr−1. Coralline algae therefore have production rates similar to mangroves, saltmarshes and seagrasses representing an as yet unquantified but significant carbon store, however, further empirical investigations are needed to determine the dynamics and stability of that store.
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Elías Ilosvay, Xochitl E., Johanna Segovia, Sebastian Ferse, Walter Ernesto Elias, and Christian Wild. "Rapid relative increase of crustose coralline algae following herbivore exclusion in a reef of El Salvador." PeerJ 9 (February 11, 2021): e10696. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10696.
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The Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is one of the most isolated and least studied regions in the world. This particularly applies to the coast of El Salvador, where the only reef between Guatemala and Nicaragua, called Los Cóbanos reef, is located. There is very little published information about the reef’s biodiversity, and to our knowledge, no research on its ecology and responses to anthropogenic impacts, such as overfishing, has been conducted. The present study, therefore, described the benthic community of Los Cóbanos reef, El Salvador, using the Line-Point-Intercept-Transect method and investigated changes in the benthic community following the exclusion of piscine macroherbivores over a period of seven weeks. Results showed high benthic algae cover (up to 98%), dominated by turf and green algae, and low coral cover (0–4%). Porites lobata was the only hermatypic coral species found during the surveys. Surprisingly, crustose coralline algae (CCA) showed a remarkable total cover increase by 58%, while turf algae cover decreased by 82%, in experimental plots after seven weeks of piscine macroherbivore exclusion. These findings apparently contradict the results of most previous similar studies. While it was not possible to ascertain the exact mechanisms leading to these drastic community changes, the most likely explanation is grazing on turf by small grazing macroherbivores that had access to the cages during the experiment and clearing of CCA initially covered by epiphytes and sediments. A higher CCA cover would promote the succesful settlement by corals and prevent further erosion of the reef framework. Therefore it is crucial to better understand algal dynamics, herbivory, and implications of overfishing at Los Cóbanos to avoid further reef deterioration. This could be achieved through video surveys of the fish community, night-time observations of the macroinvertebrate community, exclusion experiments that also keep out herbivorous macroinvertebrates, and/or experimental assessments of turf algae/CCA interactions.
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Pollock, F. Joseph, Sefano M. Katz, Jeroen A. J. M. van de Water, Sarah W. Davies, Margaux Hein, Gergely Torda, Mikhail V. Matz, et al. "Coral larvae for restoration and research: a large-scale method for rearing Acropora millepora larvae, inducing settlement, and establishing symbiosis." PeerJ 5 (September 6, 2017): e3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3732.
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Here we describe an efficient and effective technique for rearing sexually-derived coral propagules from spawning through larval settlement and symbiont uptake with minimal impact on natural coral populations. We sought to maximize larval survival while minimizing expense and daily husbandry maintenance by experimentally determining optimized conditions and protocols for gamete fertilization, larval cultivation, induction of larval settlement by crustose coralline algae, and inoculation of newly settled juveniles with their dinoflagellate symbiont Symbiodinium. Larval rearing densities at or below 0.2 larvae mL−1 were found to maximize larval survival and settlement success in culture tanks while minimizing maintenance effort. Induction of larval settlement via the addition of a ground mixture of diverse crustose coralline algae (CCA) is recommended, given the challenging nature of in situ CCA identification and our finding that non settlement-inducing CCA assemblages do not inhibit larval settlement if suitable assemblages are present. Although order of magnitude differences in infectivity were found between common Great Barrier Reef Symbiodinium clades C and D, no significant differences in Symbiodinium uptake were observed between laboratory-cultured and wild-harvested symbionts in each case. The technique presented here for Acropora millepora can be adapted for research and restoration efforts in a wide range of broadcast spawning coral species.
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Nash, Merinda C., Sophie Martin, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso. "Mineralogical response of the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga <i>Lithophyllum cabiochae</i> to near-future ocean acidification and warming." Biogeosciences 13, no. 21 (November 1, 2016): 5937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5937-2016.
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Abstract. Red calcareous coralline algae are thought to be among the organisms most vulnerable to ocean acidification due to the high solubility of their magnesium calcite skeleton. Although skeletal mineralogy is proposed to change as CO2 and temperature continue to rise, there is currently very little information available on the response of coralline algal carbonate mineralogy to near-future changes in pCO2 and temperature. Here we present results from a 1-year controlled laboratory experiment to test mineralogical responses to pCO2 and temperature in the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga (CCA) Lithophyllum cabiochae. Our results show that Mg incorporation is mainly constrained by temperature (+1 mol % MgCO3 for an increase of 3 °C), and there was no response to pCO2. This suggests that L. cabiochae thalli have the ability to buffer their calcifying medium against ocean acidification, thereby enabling them to continue to deposit magnesium calcite with a significant mol % MgCO3 under elevated pCO2. Analyses of CCA dissolution chips showed a decrease in Mg content after 1 year for all treatments, but this was affected neither by pCO2 nor by temperature. Our findings suggest that biological processes exert a strong control on calcification on magnesium calcite and that CCA may be more resilient under rising CO2 than previously thought. However, previously demonstrated increased skeletal dissolution with ocean acidification will still have major consequences for the stability and maintenance of Mediterranean coralligenous habitats.
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Gefen-Treves, Shany, Alexander Bartholomäus, Fabian Horn, Adam Boleslaw Zaborowski, Dan Tchernov, Dirk Wagner, Aharon Oren, and Aaron Kaplan. "The Microbiome Associated with the Reef Builder Neogoniolithon sp. in the Eastern Mediterranean." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071374.
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The development of coastal vermetid reefs and rocky shores depends on the activity of several reef builders, including red crustose coralline algae (CCA) such as Neogoniolithon sp. To initiate studies on the interaction between Neogoniolithon sp. and its associated bacteria, and their impact on the algae physiological performance, we characterized the bacterial community by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These were extracted from the algal tissue and adjacent waters along two sampling campaigns (during winter and spring), in three study regions along a reef in the east Mediterranean Israeli coast and from laboratory-grown algae. The analysis revealed that aquaria and field communities differ substantially, suggesting that future research on Neogoniolithon sp. interaction with its microbiome must rest on aquaria that closely simulate coastal conditions. Some prokaryote classes found associated with the alga tissue were hardly detected or absent from surrounding water. Further, bacterial populations differed between sampling campaigns. One example is the presence of anaerobic bacteria and archaea families in one of the campaigns, correlating with the weaker turbulence in the spring season, probably leading to the development of local anoxic conditions. A better understanding of reef-building activity of CCA and their associated bacteria is necessary for assessment of their resilience to climate change and may support coastal preservation efforts.
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Barott, Katie L., Beltran Rodriguez-Mueller, Merry Youle, Kristen L. Marhaver, Mark J. A. Vermeij, Jennifer E. Smith, and Forest L. Rohwer. "Microbial to reef scale interactions between the reef-building coral Montastraea annularis and benthic algae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 16, 2011): 1655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2155.
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Competition between reef-building corals and benthic algae is of key importance for reef dynamics. These interactions occur on many spatial scales, ranging from chemical to regional. Using microprobes, 16S rDNA pyrosequencing and underwater surveys, we examined the interactions between the reef-building coral Montastraea annularis and four types of benthic algae. The macroalgae Dictyota bartayresiana and Halimeda opuntia , as well as a mixed consortium of turf algae, caused hypoxia on the adjacent coral tissue. Turf algae were also associated with major shifts in the bacterial communities at the interaction zones, including more pathogens and virulence genes. In contrast to turf algae, interactions with crustose coralline algae (CCA) and M. annularis did not appear to be antagonistic at any scale. These zones were not hypoxic, the microbes were not pathogen-like and the abundance of coral–CCA interactions was positively correlated with per cent coral cover. We propose a model in which fleshy algae (i.e. some species of turf and fleshy macroalgae) alter benthic competition dynamics by stimulating bacterial respiration and promoting invasion of virulent bacteria on corals. This gives fleshy algae a competitive advantage over corals when human activities, such as overfishing and eutrophication, remove controls on algal abundance. Together, these results demonstrate the intricate connections and mechanisms that structure coral reefs.
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Dutra, Elizabeth, Marguerite Koch, Katherine Peach, and Carrie Manfrino. "Tropical crustose coralline algal individual and community responses to elevated pCO2 under high and low irradiance." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 3 (December 7, 2015): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv213.
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Abstract Crustose coralline algae (CCA) cement reefs and create important habitat and settling sites for reef organisms. The susceptibility of CCA to increasing ocean pCO2 and declining pH or ocean acidification (OA) is a growing concern. Although CCA are autotrophs, there has been little focus on the interaction of elevated pCO2 and irradiance. We examined elevated pCO2 effects on individual CCA and macroalgal benthic communities at high and low irradiance (205–13 µmol photons m−2 s−1) in an aquaria experiment (35 d, June–August 2014) on Little Cayman Island, Caribbean. A dominant Cayman reef wall CCA (Peyssonnelia sp.) in its adult lobed form and individual CCA recruits were used as experimental units. Changes in CCA, fleshy macroalgae (branching and turfs), and microalgae (including microbial biofilm) per cent cover and frequency were examined on macroalgal communities that settled onto plates from the reef. Reef diel cycles of pCO2 and pH were simulated using seawater inflow from a back reef. Although CO2 enrichment to year 2100 levels resulted in 1087 µatm pCO2 in the elevated pCO2 treatment, CaCO3 saturation states remained high (Ωcal ≥ 2.7). Under these conditions, elevated pCO2 had no effect on Peyssonnelia sp. calcification rates or survival regardless of irradiance. Individual CCA surface area on the bottom of settling plates was lower under elevated pCO2, but per cent cover or frequency within the community was unchanged. In contrast, there was a strong and consistent community assemblage response to irradiance. Microalgae increased at high irradiance and CCA increased under low irradiance with no significant pCO2 interaction. Based on this short-term experiment, tropical macroalgal communities are unlikely to shift at pCO2 levels predicted for year 2100 under high or low irradiance. Rather, irradiance and other factors that promote microalgae are likely to be strong drivers of tropical benthic algal community structure under climate change.
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Aeby, Greta, Aline Tribollet, Gregory Lasne, and Thierry Work. "Assessing threats from coral and crustose coralline algae disease on the reefs of New Caledonia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 4 (2016): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14151.
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The present study reports the results of the first quantitative survey of lesions on coral and crustose coralline algae (CCA) on reefs in the lagoon of New Caledonia. Surveys on inshore and offshore reefs were conducted at 13 sites in 2010, with 12 sites resurveyed in 2013. Thirty coral diseases affecting 15 coral genera were found, with low overall disease prevalence (<1%). This study extends the known distribution of growth anomalies to the coral genera Platygyra and Hydnophora, endolithic hypermycosis to Platygyra, Leptoria and Goniastrea and extends the geographic range of three CCA diseases. We found the first trematode infection in Porites outside of Hawaii. Disease prevalence differed among coral genera, with Porites having more lesions, and Acropora and Montipora fewer lesions, than expected on the basis of field abundance. Inshore reefs had a lower coral-colony density, species diversity and reduced CCA cover than did the offshore reefs. Disease prevalence was significantly higher on inshore reefs in 2013 than in 2010, but did not change on offshore reefs. The potential ecological impact of individual coral diseases was assessed using an integrative-scoring and relative-ranking scheme based on average frequency of occurrence, prevalence and estimated degree of virulence. The top-five ranked diseases were all tissue-loss diseases.
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Crespo, Thalita Mendes, Ricardo Da Gama Bahia, Gavin Willian Maneveldt, and Gilberto Menezes Amado Filho. "Floristic composition of crustose coralline algae from the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, a summit of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Phytotaxa 190, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.190.1.4.
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Crustose Coralline Algae (CCA) are important constituents of tropical coral reef environments throughout the world’s oceans, acting as structural reinforcement and recruitment cues. Despite their importance and their ubiquity, very little is known of the biodiversity of CCA in remote areas of the world’s oceans. On the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), located in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean, CCA occur abundantly in intertidal rock pools and the surrounding subtidal zones. This study represents the first attempt at detailing the CCA species composition for the archipelago along a depth interval between 0 to 70 m. Seven taxa of CCA were identified: Corallinaceae sp., Hydrolithon rupestre, Hydrolithon sp., Lithophyllum johansenii, Lithothamnion muelleri, Mesophyllum engelhartii, and Titanoderma pustulatum pustulatum. A decrease in CCA species richness and change in species composition was seen from shallow to deeper zones that can be explained by a significant reduction in temperature and photon irradiance observed bellow 30 m depth.
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McCoy, Sophie J., Stefano Allesina, and Catherine A. Pfister. "Ocean acidification affects competition for space: projections of community structure using cellular automata." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1826 (March 16, 2016): 20152561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2561.
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Historical ecological datasets from a coastal marine community of crustose coralline algae (CCA) enabled the documentation of ecological changes in this community over 30 years in the Northeast Pacific. Data on competitive interactions obtained from field surveys showed concordance between the 1980s and 2013, yet also revealed a reduction in how strongly species interact. Here, we extend these empirical findings with a cellular automaton model to forecast ecological dynamics. Our model suggests the emergence of a new dominant competitor in a global change scenario, with a reduced role of herbivory pressure, or trophic control, in regulating competition among CCA. Ocean acidification, due to its energetic demands, may now instead play this role in mediating competitive interactions and thereby promote species diversity within this guild.
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Seabra, M. I., T. Cruz, J. N. Fernandes, T. Silva, and S. J. Hawkins. "Recruitment of the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis and its relationship with crustose coralline algae: patterns of juvenile distribution and larval settlement." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 8 (November 4, 2019): 1787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000869.
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AbstractRecruitment of the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis was investigated in relation to the presence of living crustose coralline algae (CCA) in rocky-shore habitats. Juvenile limpets (≤10 mm maximum shell length) were counted in CCA-present and CCA-absent habitats, on three shores in SW Portugal during summer 2007 and winter 2009. Furthermore, the settling response of laboratory-reared larvae of P. ulyssiponensis to CCA-covered substratum, and bare-rock, was examined. Across the intertidal zone, we found a clear association between the distribution and abundance of juveniles and the presence of CCA. Although the presence of CCA was not an absolute requisite for juvenile occurrence, null juvenile densities were mostly recorded in CCA-absent areas. The highest juvenile densities (maximum of 64 individuals in 15 × 15 cm) were consistently found in CCA-dominated habitats, namely steep wave-exposed areas at low-shore and rock-pools. The hypothesis of CCA-enhanced settlement was not supported, as settlement intensities of laboratory-reared larvae were similar between chips of rock encrusted by CCA and chips of bare-rock. From the overall number of settlers onto CCA-encrusted rock chips, 51% were found in tiny pits lacking CCA. This was the first study of the settlement patterns of larvae of the genus Patella using naturally occurring rocky substrata. These results are preliminary and should be confirmed with choice-experiments and improved monitoring of the position of settlers. We suggest that CCA plays a role in the recruitment of P. ulyssiponensis, potentially promoting survivorship of early benthic stages, but possibly not enhancing settlement.
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Kamenos, N. A., G. Perna, M. C. Gambi, F. Micheli, and K. J. Kroeker. "Coralline algae in a naturally acidified ecosystem persist by maintaining control of skeletal mineralogy and size." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1840 (October 12, 2016): 20161159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1159.
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To understand the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine calcifiers, the trade-offs among different sublethal responses within individual species and the emergent effects of these trade-offs must be determined in an ecosystem setting. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) provide a model to test the ecological consequences of such sublethal effects as they are important in ecosystem functioning, service provision, carbon cycling and use dissolved inorganic carbon to calcify and photosynthesize. Settlement tiles were placed in ambient pH, low pH and extremely low pH conditions for 14 months at a natural CO 2 vent. The size, magnesium (Mg) content and molecular-scale skeletal disorder of CCA patches were assessed at 3.5, 6.5 and 14 months from tile deployment. Despite reductions in their abundance in low pH, the largest CCA from ambient and low pH zones were of similar sizes and had similar Mg content and skeletal disorder. This suggests that the most resilient CCA in low pH did not trade-off skeletal structure to maintain growth. CCA that settled in the extremely low pH, however, were significantly smaller and exhibited altered skeletal mineralogy (high Mg calcite to gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate)), although at present it is unclear if these mineralogical changes offered any fitness benefits in extreme low pH. This field assessment of biological effects of OA provides endpoint information needed to generate an ecosystem relevant understanding of calcifying system persistence.
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Abdulmohsin A. Al-Sofyani, Abdulmohsin A. Al-Sofyani. "Antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of extracts of crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum sp. from the central Red Sea, Saudi Arabia." journal of king abdulaziz university marine science 26, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/mar.26-2.4.
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In this study, the antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of the crustose coralline alga (CCA) Lithophyllum sp. collected from the central Red sea was investigated. The dried CCA samples were extracted with hot water and methanol. Both extracts were tested against marine biofilm forming bacteria to assess the antibiofilm activity. Results showed that methanol extract of the CCA inhibited bacterial growth considerably. The water extract revealed higher antioxidant activity than the methanol extract. The FT-IR spectrum of the CCA showed the presence of functional groups like alkanes, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ethers and esters. In general, results of the present study indicated that CCA produces bioactive compounds, which can inhibit the attachment of unwanted marine bacteria on their surfaces.
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Rovellini, Alberto, Matthew R. Dunn, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Lisa Woods, Jamaluddin Jompa, Abdul Haris, and James J. Bell. "Interannual variability and decadal stability of benthic organisms on an Indonesian coral reef." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, no. 2 (March 2021): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315421000291.
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AbstractThe availability of colonizable substrate is an important driver of the temporal dynamics of sessile invertebrates on coral reefs. Increased dominance of algae and, in some cases, sponges has been documented on many coral reefs around the world, but how these organisms benefit from non-colonized substrate on the reef is unclear. In this study, we described the temporal dynamics of benthic organisms on an Indonesian coral reef across two time periods between 2006 and 2017 (2006–2008 and 2014–2017), and investigated the effects of colonizable substrate on benthic cover of coral reef organisms at subsequent sampling events. In contrast with other Indonesian reefs where corals have been declining, corals were dominant and stable over time at this location (mean ± SE percentage cover 42.7 ± 1.9%). Percentage cover of turf algae and sponges showed larger interannual variability than corals and crustose coralline algae (CCA) (P < 0.001), indicating that these groups are more dynamic over short temporal scales. Bare substrate was a good predictor of turf cover in the following year (mean effect 0.2, 95% CI: 0–0.4). Algal cover combined with bare space was a good predictor of CCA cover the following year generally, and of sponge cover the following year but only at one of the three sites. These results indicate that turf algae on some Indonesian reefs can rapidly occupy free space when this becomes available, and that other benthic groups are probably not limited by the availability of bare substrate, but may overgrow already fouled substrates.
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Williams, Gareth J., Nichole N. Price, Blake Ushijima, Greta S. Aeby, Sean Callahan, Simon K. Davy, Jamison M. Gove, et al. "Ocean warming and acidification have complex interactive effects on the dynamics of a marine fungal disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1778 (March 7, 2014): 20133069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3069.
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Diseases threaten the structure and function of marine ecosystems and are contributing to the global decline of coral reefs. We currently lack an understanding of how climate change stressors, such as ocean acidification (OA) and warming, may simultaneously affect coral reef disease dynamics, particularly diseases threatening key reef-building organisms, for example crustose coralline algae (CCA). Here, we use coralline fungal disease (CFD), a previously described CCA disease from the Pacific, to examine these simultaneous effects using both field observations and experimental manipulations. We identify the associated fungus as belonging to the subphylum Ustilaginomycetes and show linear lesion expansion rates on individual hosts can reach 6.5 mm per day. Further, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that ocean-warming events could increase the frequency of CFD outbreaks on coral reefs, but that OA-induced lowering of pH may ameliorate outbreaks by slowing lesion expansion rates on individual hosts. Lowered pH may still reduce overall host survivorship, however, by reducing calcification and facilitating fungal bio-erosion. Such complex, interactive effects between simultaneous extrinsic environmental stressors on disease dynamics are important to consider if we are to accurately predict the response of coral reef communities to future climate change.
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López Correa, Matthias, Sebastian Teichert, Federica Ragazzola, Salvador Cazorla Vázquez, Felix B. Engel, Katrin Hurle, Claudio Mazzoli, Piotr Kuklinski, Giancarlo Raiteri, and Chiara Lombardi. "Structural and Geochemical Assessment of the Coralline Alga Tethysphytum antarcticum from Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica." Minerals 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020215.
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Crustose coralline algae (CCA) occur from the tropics to the poles in photic benthic environments. Here, we report on some of the world’s southernmost and coldest CCA sites in Terra Nova, Ross Sea, Antarctica at 74°41′ S. The recently described red alga Tethysphytum antarticum is investigated for its skeletal architecture, its mineralogical and geochemical composition, as well as for its taxonomic classification. A phylogenetic analysis based on molecular genetics and the sequencing of the photosystem II protein D1 (psbA) gave a perfect match with T. antarcticum. Histological sections and micro-CT-scans provide new diagnostic details for the conceptacles (the reproductive organs of the alga). X-ray diffractometry and electron-microprobe measurements yielded a clear high-Mg calcite (~8 mol%) composition of the skeletal parts. Detailed back-scattered electron imaging of polished petrographic thin sections revealed a two-layered thallus (vegetative plant tissue), comprising an organic-rich irregularly calcified basal layer with rectangular cells, overlain by the main thallus. Elemental maps show relatively increased sulphur in the basal layer, clearly tied to organic cell walls. MgCO3 and SrCO3 were targeted with semiquantitative elemental mappings and in an ontogenetic quantitative spot transect. Compared with temperature (−1.95 °C to +1.08 °C), the MgCO3 (mol%) reflects this world’s coldest CCA site temperature with the lowest MgCO3 content of 7.9 ± 1.6 mol%. The along transect variability, however, shows with ~6 mol% a larger MgCO3 variability than expected for the 3 °C intra-annual temperature amplitude in Terra Nova Bay. This implies that in low amplitude settings the biomineralisation control on Mg/Ca ratios can outcompete its temperature sensitivity. Mark-recapture studies, next to the environmental logger station La Zecca are suggested, to perform a detailed growth rate and biomineralisation quantification.
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Nash, M. C., S. Uthicke, A. P. Negri, and N. E. Cantin. "Ocean acidification does not affect magnesium composition or dolomite formation in living crustose coralline algae, <i>Porolithon onkodes</i> in an experimental system." Biogeosciences 12, no. 17 (September 14, 2015): 5247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5247-2015.
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Abstract. There are concerns that Mg-calcite crustose coralline algae (CCA), which are key reef builders on coral reefs, will be most susceptible to increased rates of dissolution under higher pCO2 and ocean acidification. Due to the higher solubility of Mg-calcite, it has been hypothesised that magnesium concentrations in CCA Mg-calcite will decrease as the ocean acidifies, and that this decrease will make their skeletons more chemically stable. In addition to Mg-calcite, CCA Porolithon onkodes, the predominant encrusting species on tropical reefs, can have dolomite (Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3) infilling cell spaces which increases their stability. However, nothing is known about how bio-mineralised dolomite formation responds to higher pCO2. Using P. onkodes grown for 3 and 6 months in tank experiments, we aimed to determine (1) if mol % MgCO3 in new crust and new settlement was affected by increasing CO2 levels (365, 444, 676 and 904 μatm), (2) whether bio-mineralised dolomite formed within these time frames, and (3) if so, whether this was effected by CO2. Our results show that there was no significant effect of CO2 on mol % MgCO3 in any sample set, indicating an absence of a plastic response under a wide range of experimental conditions. Dolomite within the CCA cells formed within 3 months and dolomite abundance did not vary significantly with CO2 treatment. While evidence mounts that climate change will impact many sensitive coral and CCA species, the results from this study indicate that reef-building P. onkodes will continue to form stabilising dolomite infill under near-future acidification conditions, thereby retaining its higher resistance to dissolution.
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Nash, M. C., S. Uthicke, A. P. Negri, and N. E. Cantin. "Ocean acidification does not affect magnesium composition or dolomite formation in living crustose coralline algae, <i>Porolithon onkodes</i> in an experimental system." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 1373–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-1373-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. There are concerns that Mg-calcite crustose coralline algae (CCA), which are key reef builders on coral reefs, will be most susceptible to increased rates of dissolution under higher pCO2 and ocean acidification. Due to the higher solubility of Mg-calcite, it has been hypothesized that magnesium concentrations in CCA Mg-calcite will decrease as the ocean acidifies, and that this decrease will make their skeletons more chemically stable. In addition to Mg-calcite, CCA Porolithon onkodes the predominant encrusting species on tropical reefs, can have dolomite (Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3) infilling cell spaces which increases their stability. However, nothing is known about how bio-mineralised dolomite formation responds to higher pCO2. Using P. onkodes grown for 3 and 6 months in tank experiments, we aimed to determine (1) if mol % MgCO3 in new crust and new settlement affected by increasing pCO2 levels (365, 444, 676 and 904 ppm), (2) whether bio-mineralised dolomite formed within these time frames, and (3) if so, whether this was effected by pCO2. Our results show there was no significant effect of pCO2 on mol % MgCO3 in any sample set, indicating an absence of a plastic response under a wide range of experimental conditions. Dolomite within the CCA cells formed within 3 months and dolomite abundance did not vary significantly with pCO2 treatment. While evidence mounts that climate change will impact many sensitive coral and CCA species, the results from this study indicate that reef-building P. onkodes will continue to form stabilising dolomite infill under near-future acidification conditions, thereby retaining its higher resistance to dissolution.
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Bahia, Ricardo Da Gama, Gilberto Menezes Amado Filho, Jonas Azevedo, and Gavin Willian Maneveldt. "Porolithon improcerum (Porolithoideae, Corallinaceae) and Mesophyllum macroblastum (Melobesioideae, Hapalidiaceae): new records of crustose coralline red algae for the Southwest Atlantic Ocean." Phytotaxa 190, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.190.1.5.
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Here we describe in detail two crustose coralline red algal (CCA) species newly reported for the southern Atlantic: Porolithon improcerum and Mesophyllum macroblastum. Porolithon improcerum was recorded on the remote oceanic island of Martim Vaz (ca. 1,200 km off the Brazilian Coast) and M. macroblastum on the Cagarras Archipelago (ca. 5 km off the coast of Rio de Janeiro city). Within the genus Porolithon, P. improcerum is characterized by thin vegetative thallus composed mostly of two cell layers and thalli forming several applanate branches overgrowing one another. Within the genus Mesophyllum, M. macroblastum is characterized by bearing volcano-like multiporate tetrasporangial conceptacles with a raised rim and sunken central pore plate in addition to pore canals of conceptacles being lined by cells that are similar in size and shape to other roof cells. While, P. improcerum has previously been reported for the northern Atlantic Ocean, this study represents the first report of M. macroblastum for the Atlantic Ocean.
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TOMA, MARGHERITA, MARZIA BO, RICCARDO CATTANEO-VIETTI, SIMONEPIETRO CANESE, MARTINA CANESSA, RITA CANNAS, FRINE CARDONE, et al. "Basin-scale occurrence and distribution of mesophotic and upper bathyal red coral forests along the Italian coasts." Mediterranean Marine Science 23, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 484–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.28052.
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The analysis of 879 ROV dives carried out along the Italian coasts on hard substrata at mesophotic and upper bathyal depths (40-775 m) allowed us to evaluate the current basin-scale presence, relative abundance, bathymetric limits, and habitat preferences of one of the most charismatic Mediterranean habitat-former anthozoan species, Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758). The species is widespread, and its occurrence ranged from 13% of the explored sites in Ionian Calabria to a hotspot of approximately 80% in Sardinia. Population relative densities were generally low (< 10 colonies m-2), except along the Sardinian coasts and in some areas along the Apulian coast. Almost no red coral colonies were observed between 60 m and 590 m in the nine explored offshore seamounts in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas. A distinctive coastal distribution discontinuity was found in the Ionian Sea. The optimum bathymetric distribution was between 75 m and 125 m, and no colonies were found below 247 m. Red coral colonies showed a preference for biogenic habitats dominated by crustose coralline algae (CCA) and vertical substrata. The species was absent on iron wrecks. Corallium rubrum disappeared from 14% of the historical fishing banks, while it was confirmed in 86% of them, some of which have been deeply harvested in the past. In particular, the still flourishing Sardinian populations could be supported by the high reproductive potential and favourable hydrodynamic conditions in the area.
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Kamya, Pamela Z., Maria Byrne, Benjamin Mos, Lauren Hall, and Symon A. Dworjanyn. "Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1856 (June 7, 2017): 20170778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0778.
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The indirect effects of changing climate in modulating trophic interactions can be as important as the direct effects of climate stressors on consumers. The success of the herbivorous juvenile stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, may be affected by the impacts of ocean conditions on its crustose coralline algal (CCA) food. To partition the direct effects of near future ocean acidification on juvenile COTS and indirect effects through changes in their CCA food, COTS were grown in three pH T levels (7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and fed CCA grown at similar pH levels. Consumption of CCA by COTS was bolstered when the COTS were grown in low pH and when they were fed CCA grown in low pH regardless of the pH in which the COTS were reared. COTS fed CCA grown at pH 7.6 grew fastest, but the pH/ p CO 2 that the COTS were reared in had no direct effect on growth. Ocean acidification conditions decreased the C : N ratio and carbonate levels in the CCA. Bolstered growth in COTS may be driven by enhanced palatability, increased nutritive state and reduced defences of their CCA food. These results indicate that near future acidification will increase the success of early juvenile COTS and boost recruitment into the coral-eating life stage.
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Petersen, Lars-Erik, Mareen Moeller, Dennis Versluis, Samuel Nietzer, Matthias Y. Kellermann, and Peter J. Schupp. "Mono- and multispecies biofilms from a crustose coralline alga induce settlement in the scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpurea." Coral Reefs 40, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02062-5.
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AbstractMicroorganisms have been reported to induce settlement in various marine invertebrate larvae but their specificity of inductive capacities for the settlement of coral larvae remains poorly understood. In this study, we isolated 56 microbial strains from the crustose coralline alga (CCA) Hydrolithon reinboldii using five different media either with or without additional antibiotics and/or spiked CCA extract. We tested the isolates for their potential to induce settlement behavior in larvae of the brooding scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpurea. From these 56 CCA-associated microbial strains, we identified six bacterial classes and 18 families. The culturable bacterial community associated with H. reinboldii was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria while the Illumina MiSeq analysis showed that the culture-independent bacterial community was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteria. Furthermore, we found no correlation between inductive settlement capacities and phylogenetic relationships. Instead, settlement behavior of L. purpurea larvae was induced by specific isolated species. Strains #1792 (Pseudovibrio denitrificans), #1678 (Acinetobacter pittii), #1633 (Pseudoalteromonas phenolica), #1772 (Marine bacterium LMG1), #1721 (Microbulbifer variabilis), and #1783 (Pseudoalteromonas rubra) induced settlement behavior in coral larvae at mostly high and significant levels (≥ 40%) but the remaining isolates strongly varied in their activity. Multispecies biofilms consisting of four strains (#1792, #1678, #1633, and #1721) were observed to synergistically increase settlement behavior levels (> 90%); however, the addition of #1772 to the multispecies biofilms negatively affected coral larvae and resulted in a total loss of inducing activity. The findings provide new insights into the role of bacteria in the settlement process of scleractinian corals and may help to identify the true nature of bacteria-derived morphogenic cues.
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Céspedes-Rodríguez, EC, and E. Londoño-Cruz. "Gross calcium carbonate production in Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs (Gorgona Island, Colombia)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 665 (April 29, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13643.
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The production and accumulation of carbonate reef framework is the positive component of reef development. The main organisms participating in this process are corals and crustose coralline algae (CCA) because their combined calcareous skeletons construct and help to consolidate reef frameworks. We assessed the contribution (i.e. gross production) of corals and CCA to the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) budget of the 2 largest and most developed reefs of Gorgona Island (Pacific coast of Colombia). On each zone (back reef [BR], reef flat [RP], reef front [RF], and reef slope [RS]) of these reefs, we measured substrate rugosity, coral (Pocillopora spp.) and CCA cover, colony density for corals, skeletal density for CCA, and growth rates for the estimation of CaCO3 production rates. Pocillopora spp. corals contributed 93.1% of the total carbonate production, while CCA supplied the remaining 6.9%. CaCO3 production was higher at Playa Blanca reef, although CaCO3 production in the RF of La Azufrada (12.31 kg m-2 yr-1) was higher in comparison to the RF at Playa Blanca (8.45 kg m-2 yr-1). Otherwise, CaCO3 production was higher in all other reef zones (BR, RP, RS) of Playa Blanca, although only significantly higher in the BR (2.25 kg m-2 yr-1 at Playa Blanca against 0.29 kg m-2 yr-1 at La Azufrada). The RF contributed the most CaCO3, mainly due to its high live coral cover and rapid coral growth. Although the contribution of CCA is low, they are key for reef stability. CaCO3 production rates reported here (2.86 and 3.80 kg m-2 yr-1 in La Azufrada and Playa Blanca, respectively) are within the limits reported for Eastern Tropical Pacific reefs, and raise hope for the continued existence of coral reefs in an era of increasing threats to this ecosystem.
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Winkler, Natalia S., John M. Pandolfi, and Eugenia M. Sampayo. "Symbiodinium identity alters the temperature-dependent settlement behaviour of Acropora millepora coral larvae before the onset of symbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1801 (February 22, 2015): 20142260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2260.
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The global distribution of marine species, many of which disperse during the larval stages, is influenced by ocean temperature regimes. Here, we test how temperature and the coral symbionts ( Symbiodinium ) affect survival, symbiont uptake, settlement success and habitat choice of Acropora millepora larvae. Experiments were conducted at Heron Island (Australia), where larvae were exposed to 22.5, 24.5, 26.5 and 28.5°C. Within each temperature treatment, larvae were offered symbionts with distinct characteristics: (i) homologous Symbiodinium type C3, (ii) regionally homologous thermo-tolerant type D1, and (iii) heterologous thermo-tolerant type C15, as well as controls of (iv) un-filtered and (v) filtered seawater. Results show that lower instead of higher temperatures adversely affected recruitment by reducing larval survival and settlement. Low temperatures also reduced recruit habitat choice and initial symbiont densities, both of which impact on post-settlement survival. At lower temperatures, larvae increasingly settle away from preferred vertical surfaces and not on crustose coralline algae (CCA). Surprisingly, substrate preference to CCA was modified by the presence of specific symbiont genotypes that were present ex-hospite (outside the coral larvae). When different symbionts were mixed, the outcomes were non-additive, indicating that symbiont interactions modify the response. We propose that the observed influence of ex-hospite symbionts on settlement behaviour may have evolved through ecological facilitation and the study highlights the importance of biological processes during coral settlement.
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Behrendt, Lars, Jeppe L. Nielsen, Søren J. Sørensen, Anthony W. D. Larkum, Jakob R. Winther, and Michael Kühl. "Rapid TaqMan-Based Quantification of Chlorophylld-Containing Cyanobacteria in the Genus Acaryochloris." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 10 (March 14, 2014): 3244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00334-14.
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ABSTRACTReports of the chlorophyll (Chl)d-containing cyanobacteriumAcaryochlorishave accumulated since its initial discovery in 1996. The majority of this evidence is based on amplification of the gene coding for the 16S rRNA, and due to the wide geographical distribution of these sequences, a global distribution ofAcaryochlorisspecies was suggested. Here, we present a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective TaqMan-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay that was developed for the specific detection ofAcaryochlorisspecies in complex environmental samples. The TaqMan probe showed detection limits of ∼10 16S rRNA gene copy numbers based on standard curves consisting of plasmid inserts. DNA from fiveAcaryochlorisstrains, i.e., MBIC11017, CCMEE5410, HICR111A, CRS, and Awaji-1, exhibited amplification efficiencies of >94% when tested in the TaqMan assay. When used on complex natural communities, the TaqMan assay detected the presence ofAcaryochlorisspecies in four out of eight samples of crustose coralline algae (CCA), collected from temperate and tropical regions. In three out of these TaqMan-positive samples, the presence of Chldwas confirmed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and corresponding cell estimates ofAcaryochlorisspecies amounted to 7.6 × 101to 3.0 × 103per mg of CCA. These numbers indicate a substantial contribution of Chld-containing cyanobacteria to primary productivity in endolithic niches. The new TaqMan assay allows quick and easy screening of environmental samples for the presence ofAcaryochlorisspecies and is an important tool to further resolve the global distribution and significance of this unique oxyphototroph.
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Birkeland, C., A. Green, A. Lawrence, G. Coward, M. Vaeoso, and D. Fenner. "Different resiliencies in coral communities over ecological and geological time scales in American Samoa." Marine Ecology Progress Series 673 (September 2, 2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13792.
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In 1917, Alfred Mayor surveyed a 270 m transect on a reef flat on American Samoa. Eleven surveys were conducted on the transect from 1917 to 2019. The coral community on the reef crest was resilient over the century, occasionally being seriously damaged but always recovering rapidly. In contrast, the originally most dense coral community on the reef flat has been steadily deteriorating throughout the century. Resilience of coral communities in regions of high wave energy on the reef crests was associated with the important binding function of the crustose coralline alga (CCA) Porolithon onkodes. Successful coral recruits were found on CCA 94% of the time, yet living coral cover correlated negatively with CCA cover as they became alternative winners in competition. Mayor drilled a core from the transect on the surface to the basalt base of the reef 48 m below. Communities on Aua reef were dominated by scleractinians through the Holocene, while cores on another transect 2 km away showed the reef was occupied by alcyonaceans of the genus Sinularia, which built the massive reef with spiculite to the basalt base 37 m below. Despite periods of sea levels rising 9 to 15 times the rate of reef accretion, the reefs never drowned. The consistency of scleractinians on Aua reef and Sinularia on Utulei Reef 2 km away during the Holocene was because the shape of the bay allowed more water motion on Aua reef. After 10700 yr of reef building by octocorals, coastal construction terminated this spiculite-reef development.
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Holz, Vitória, Ricardo Bahia, Cláudia Karez, Fernanda Vieira, Fernando Moraes, Nicholas Vale, Daniela Sudatti, et al. "Structure of Rhodolith Beds and Surrounding Habitats at the Doce River Shelf (Brazil)." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020075.
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The world’s largest rhodolith beds have been reported from the Brazilian continental shelf. Highly biodiverse beds are located in Southeast Brazil, but ecological aspects of these beds remain unknown. Despite their ecological importance, rhodolith beds (RBs) have recently been subjected to a severe threat, when more than 35 million cubic meters of mining residues slid down a mountainside on 5 November 2015, after a collapse of a gigantic dam upstream (the Mariana disaster), causing a huge impact on the Doce River. Our aim is to assess rhodolith beds and adjacent coralline formations on the Doce River Shelf (DRS) after the dam collapse. This paper describes the distribution, abundance, vitality, size and shape, as well as unmapped bryozoan rich sediment formations in this area, serving as baseline knowledge for environmental monitoring. Four distinct biogenic sea bottom habitats (bryozoan bottoms, rhodolith beds, carbonate concretions, and reefs) were recognized at different depth ranges with distribution indicated to be mostly related to the local sedimentary regime. Mud sediments dominated the seafloor up to 35 m depth. On the mid shelf, bryozoan bottoms were recorded from 35 to 45 m depth. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) occurring as rhodoliths and carbonate concretions extend over 1953 km2 in the mid and outer shelf. Rhodolith beds predominate in these areas, totaling 1521 km2 of sea bottom and were more abundant at depths between 45 and 65 m, occupying an extensive area south of the Doce River mouth. Northward, rhodolith beds are less abundant or absent likely due to the long-term deposition of fine sediments in this region. Carbonate concretions and reefs covered by CCA occupy sparse areas on the outer shelf (65–105 m depth). Differences in rhodolith features recorded, including coverage, density and size, may be related to the Doce River sedimentation and related factors (e.g., hydrodynamics, depth, and light). However, since there are no previous detailed studies on RBs along the DRS, we could not assess the impact of sedimentation of dam wastes on RBs’ abundance and density. In any case, these are valuable results for the further monitoring of long-term effects. Considering that the growth of these rhodoliths is relatively slow, and that they are affected by the sedimentation from the Doce River, the implementation of a management and conservation plan for this area is necessary in order to preserve this ecosystem.
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Pardo, Cristina, Ignacio Bárbara, Rodolfo Barreiro, and Viviana Peña. "Insights into species diversity of associated crustose coralline algae (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) with Atlantic European maerl beds using DNA barcoding." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 74, no. 2 (October 20, 2017): 059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2459.
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DNA barcoding in combination with morpho-anatomical analysis was applied to study the diversity of crustose coralline algae associated to two maerl beds from two protected Atlantic European areas from Brittany and Galicia —France and Spain, respectively—. Given the records of gametophytes of the maerl species Phymatolithon calcareum under crustose growth-forms, and that associated crustose coralline algae appear to be involved in the recruitment of new maerl plants, we compared the species composition between the associated crustose coralline algae to Breton and Galician maerl beds with the maerl species identified in these beds in previous DNA barcoding surveys. Our molecular results revealed higher species diversity in associated crustose coralline algae than in maerl-forming species. Nine taxa of crustose coralline algae were found in both study areas: four in Brittany and five in Galicia. Three species from Brittany were identified as Phymatolithon calcareum, Phymatolithon lamii, and Lithophyllum hibernicum. The remaining six ones were assigned to the genera Phymatolithon and Mesophyllum, along with Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum. Morpho-anatomical examination of diagnostic characters corroborated our molecular identification. Our results showed that the most representative genus of crustose coralline algae in Brittany was Phymatolithon, while in Galicia was Mesophyllum. In Brittany, Phymatolithon calcareum was found under both growth-forms, maerl and crustose coralline algae, the latter assigned to the gametophyte stage by the presence of uniporate conceptacles. The recruitment of new maerl plants involving associated crustose coralline algae with maerl beds may occur, but only we can affirm it for Phymatolithon calcareum in Brittany. By contrast, the different species composition between both growth-forms in the Galician maerl beds would indicate that the fragmentation of own free-living maerl species appears to be the most common propagation mechanism.
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Tâmega, Frederico Tapajós de Souza, and Marcia A. O. Figueiredo. "DISTRIBUITION OF CRUSTOSE CORALLINE ALGAE (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE ABROLHOS REEFS, BAHIA, BRAZIL." Rodriguésia 58, no. 4 (October 2007): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860200758413.
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ABSTRACT The crustose coralline algae have an important structural role in coral reef crests, as observed for some Atlantic reefs. In this work the distribution and abundance of crustose coralline algae and their relation to other benthic reef organisms were described for the Abrolhos Archipelago. The quantification of sessile organisms was made by SCUBA diving along replicated transect lines in different habitats and sites. Anovas were performed to test differences on algae abundance among sites and habitats. Coralline crusts did not show significant differences on abundance among sites (Anova, p>0,05), neither other benthic organisms (Anovas, p=0,634 invertebrates, p=0,767 filamentous algae, p=0,581 foliose algae, p=0,070 leathery algae and p=0,616 non calcareous crusts). Invertebrates and filamentous algae were the most abundant organisms on all sites and most habitats, contrasting with the low cover of coralline algae. In sheltered sites and on reef base it was observed a trend for an increase of fleshy foliose algae and leathery algae, contrasting with wave exposed sites. The distribution of coralline growth forms was characterized by a higher abundance of flat in relation to branched thalli. Branched coralline crusts are apparently more abundant within cryptic reef areas, not necessarily because of light limitation, but probably due to less herbivore pressure.
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Villas Bôas, Alexandre Bigio, Marcia A. de O. Figueiredo, and Roberto Campos Villaça. "Colonization and growth of crustose coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on the Rocas Atoll." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 53, no. 3-4 (December 2005): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592005000200005.
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Crustose coralline algae play a fundamental role in reef construction all over the world. The aims fo this study were to identify and estimate the abundance of the dominant crustose coralline algae in shallow reef habitats, measuring their colonization, growth rates and productivity. Crusts sampled from different habitats were collected on leeward and windward reefs. Discs made of epoxy putty were fixed on the reef surface to follow coralline colonization and discs containing the dominant coralline algae were fixed on different habitats to measure the crusts' marginal growth. The primary production experiments followed the clear and dark bottle method for dissolved oxygen reading. Porolithon pachydermum was confirmed as the dominant crustose coralline alga on the Rocas Atoll. The non-cryptic flat form of P. pachydermum showed a faster growth rate on the leeward than on the windward reef. This form also had a faster growth rate on the reef crest (0.05 mm.day-1) than on the reef flat (0.01 mm.day-1). The cryptic protuberant form showed a trend, though not significant, towards a faster growth rate on the reef crest and in tidal pools than on the reef flat. Colonization was, in general, very slow as compared to that presented by other reef studies. P. pachydermum was a productive crust both in non-cryptic and cryptic habitats.
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Schoenrock, Kathryn, Johanne Vad, Arley Muth, Danni Pearce, Brice Rea, J. Schofield, and Nicholas Kamenos. "Biodiversity of Kelp Forests and Coralline Algae Habitats in Southwestern Greenland." Diversity 10, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10040117.
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All marine communities in Greenland are experiencing rapid environmental change, and to understand the effects on those structured by seaweeds, baseline records are vital. The kelp and coralline algae habitats along Greenland’s coastlines are rarely studied, and we fill this knowledge gap for the area around Nuuk, west Greenland. Using subtidal swath surveys, photo-quadrats, and grab samples, we characterised the diversity of floral and faunal assemblages in kelp forests and coralline algae beds. The most abundant herbivore assemblages and the most diverse communities occur in the interstitial habitats of rhodolith beds. In kelp forests, species diversity is higher in epi-benthic (photo-quadrat) and mid-water (swath) surveys. These habitats are not mutually exclusive; Agarum clathratum is prominent in coralline algal habitats, while crustose coralline algae cover the bedrock under kelp holdfasts. Overall, the suite of surveys used capture the diverse communities within kelp forests and coralline algae in Greenland and their differing role in the life history of the inhabitants. Furthermore, coralline algae beds are an important carbonate store, with CaCO3 concentrations ranging from 28.06 to 103.73 g·m−3. Our research sets the baseline for continued investigations and monitoring of these important habitats and their supported fisheries.
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Costa, Iara Oliveira, Paulo Antunes Horta, Ellie R. Bergstrom, and José Marcos De Castro Nunes. "Taxonomic study of crustose coralline algae off the northeastern Brazilian coast." Phytotaxa 190, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.190.1.10.
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This work presents a detailed morphoanatomical study of crustose coralline algae species from the northeastern Brazilian coast, in the north of Bahia state. Nine species have been recognized: Sporolithon episporum, Lithophyllum stictaeforme, Spongites yendoi, Spongites sp., Mesophyllum erubescens, Phymatolithon masonianum, Phymatolithon calcareum, Lithothamnion crispatum and Lithothamnion brasiliense. Phymatolithon masonianum and Phymatolithon calcareum constitute the first record of these species for the northern coast of Brazil. An identification key, as well as descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with related taxa, and geographical distributions for Brazil as well as global geographic distributions are presented. Additionally, some ecological implications are discussed focusing the need of more studies about this neglected group of coralline red algae.
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Brinkman, T. J., and A. M. Smith. "Effect of climate change on crustose coralline algae at a temperate vent site, White Island, New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 4 (2015): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14077.
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Natural CO2 vents allow study of the effects of climate change on marine organisms on a different scale from laboratory-based studies. This study outlines a preliminary investigation into the suitability of natural CO2 vents near White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand (37°31.19′S, 117°10.85′E) for climate change research by characterising water chemistry from two vent and three control locations on a seasonal basis, as well as examining their effects on skeletons of the local calcifying crustose coralline algae. pH measurements at vent sites, calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, showed reduced mean pH levels (7.49 and 7.85) relative to background levels of 8.06, whereas mean temperatures were between 0.0 and 0.4°C above control. Increases in sulfur and mercury at sites near White Island were probably a result of volcanic unrest. Crustose coralline algae did not show significant variability in skeletal Mg-calcite geochemistry, but qualitative comparisons of calcite skeletons under scanning electron microscopy saw greater deformation and dissolution in coralline algae calcite crystals from vent sites compared to controls. Although additional monitoring of pH fluctuations and hydrogen sulphides is still needed, the low pH and increased temperatures indicate potential for studying multistressor effects of projected climate changes in a natural environment.
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Villas Bôas, Alexandre Bigio, and Marcia A. de O. Figueiredo. "Are anti-fouling effects in coralline algae species specific?" Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 52, no. 1 (March 2004): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592004000100002.
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The crustose coralline algae are susceptible to be covered by other algae, which in turn can be affected by anti-fouling effects. In this study the hypothesis tested was that these algae can inhibit the growth of epiphytes in a species specific way. In the laboratory, propagules of Sargassum furcatum and Ulva fasciata were liberated and cultivated on pieces of coralline algae and slide covers (controls) and their survival and growth were compared. Spongites and Hydrolithon significantly inhibited the growth of U. fasciata but not Sargassum. In the field, pieces of three species of live and dead coralline algae and their copies in epoxy putty discs were fixed on the rock. After one month epiphytic algae were identified and their dry mass quantified. Lithophyllum did not affect the epiphyte growth. In contrast Spongites and an unidentified coralline significantly inhibited the growth of Enteromorpha spp., Ulva fasciata and Hincksia mitchelliae. Colpomenia sinuosa was absent on all living crusts, but present on controls. Results show that the epiphyte-host relation depends on the species that are interacting. The sloughing of superficial cells of coralline crusts points to the possible action of physical anti-fouling effect, though a chemical one is not rejected.
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Kuffner, Ilsa B., Andreas J. Andersson, Paul L. Jokiel, Ku‘ulei S. Rodgers, and Fred T. Mackenzie. "Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification." Nature Geoscience 1, no. 2 (December 23, 2007): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo100.
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Keats, D. W., D. H. Steele, and G. R. South. "The rôle of fleshy macroalgae in the ecology of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) in inshore waters off eastern Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-008.
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Juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) were more abundant in inshore areas with abundant fleshy macroalgae (Desmarestia spp.) than they were in green sea urchin dominated areas with only crustose coralline algae. Small juvenile cod (<125 mm) fed mainly on small zooplankton, while larger juveniles fed mainly on benthic organisms. The contribution of epiphytic animals obtained from the macroalgae was low. We suggest that the juvenile cod were associated with the algae mainly for cover, and to a lesser degree for food obtained from the algae.
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Mizuta, Hiroyuki, Sigeru Ichiki, and Hirotoshi Yamamoto. "Rapid and Simple Assay of the Viability of Crustose Coralline Algae." Fisheries science 63, no. 5 (1997): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.63.721.
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Aeby, Greta S., Amanda Shore-Maggio, Thor Jensen, and Christian R. Voolstra. "First record of crustose coralline algae diseases in the Red Sea." Bulletin of Marine Science 93, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2017.1016.
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Figueiredo, Marcia A. de O., Joanna M. Kain(Jones), and Trevor A. Norton. "Biotic interactions in the colonization of crustose coralline algae by epiphytes." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 199, no. 2 (August 1996): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(96)00018-4.
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Kitamura, Makoto, Tomoyuki Koyama, Yoshikatsu Nakano, and Daisuke Uemura. "Corallinafuran and Corallinaether, Novel Toxic Compounds from Crustose Coralline Red Algae." Chemistry Letters 34, no. 9 (September 2005): 1272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2005.1272.
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Weiss, Anna, and Rowan C. Martindale. "Crustose coralline algae increased framework and diversity on ancient coral reefs." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2017): e0181637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181637.
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Webster, Nicole S., Sven Uthicke, Emanuelle S. Botté, Florita Flores, and Andrew P. Negri. "Ocean acidification reduces induction of coral settlement by crustose coralline algae." Global Change Biology 19, no. 1 (September 25, 2012): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12008.
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Lewis, Thomas E., Christian D. Garland, and Thomas A. McMeekin. "The bacterial biota on crustose (nonarticulated) coralline algae from Tasmanian waters." Microbial Ecology 11, no. 3 (September 1985): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02010601.
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Chisholm, John R. M. "Calcification by crustose coralline algae on the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia." Limnology and Oceanography 45, no. 7 (November 2000): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.7.1476.
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Chan, P. T. W., J. Halfar, W. H. Adey, P. A. Lebednik, R. Steneck, C. J. D. Norley, and D. W. Holdsworth. "Recent density decline in wild-collected subarctic crustose coralline algae reveals climate change signature." Geology 48, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46804.1.
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Abstract Warming surface ocean temperatures combined with the continued diffusion of atmospheric CO2 into seawater have been shown to have detrimental impacts on calcareous marine organisms in tropical and temperate localities. However, greater oceanic CO2 uptake in higher latitudes may present a higher oceanic acidification risk to carbonate organisms residing in Arctic and subarctic habitats. This is especially true for crustose coralline algae that build their skeletons using high-Mg calcite, which is among the least stable and most soluble of the carbonate minerals. Here we present a century-long annually resolved growth, density, and calcification rate record from the crustose coralline alga Clathromorphum nereostratum, a dominant calcifier in Pacific Arctic and subarctic benthic communities. Specimens were collected from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska (USA), a region that has undergone a long-term decline of 0.08 ± 0.01 pH units since the late 19th century. Growth and calcification rates remain relatively stable throughout the record, but skeletal densities have declined substantially since A.D. 1983. Strong correlations to warming sea-surface temperatures indicate that temperature stress may play a significant role in influencing the ability of corallines to calcify. Decreasing algal skeletal density may offset the benefits of continued growth and calcification due to a weakening in structural integrity, which could have detrimental consequences for the diverse reef-like communities associated with algal structures in mid-to-high latitudes.