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Walsh, Kenneth B., and Andrea E. Holmes. "Pharmacology of Minor Cannabinoids at the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor: Isomer- and Ligand-Dependent Antagonism by Tetrahydrocannabivarin." Receptors 1, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/receptors1010002.
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(1) Background: In addition to the major phytocannabinoids, trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) synthesizes over 120 additional cannabinoids that are known as minor cannabinoids. These minor cannabinoids have been proposed to act as agonists and antagonists at numerous targets including cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and others. The goal of the present study was to determine the agonist effects of the minor cannabinoids: cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabitriol (CBT) and cannabidivarin (CBDV) at the CB1 receptor. In addition, the CB1 receptor antagonist effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) were compared with its isomer Δ8-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ8-THCV). (2) Methods: CB1 receptor activity was monitored by measuring cannabinoid activation of G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels in AtT20 pituitary cells using a membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dye assay. (3) Results: When compared to the CB1 receptor full agonist WIN 55,212-2 and the partial agonist Δ9-THC, none of the minor cannabinoids caused a significant activation of Gi/GIRK channel signaling. However, Δ9-THCV and Δ8-THCV antagonized the effect of WIN 55,212-2 with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 434 nM and 757 nM, respectively. Δ9-THCV antagonism of the CB1 receptor was “ligand-dependent”; Δ9-THCV was more potent in inhibiting WIN 55,212-2 and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) than Δ9-THC. (4) Conclusions: While none of the minor cannabinoids caused Gi/GIRK channel activation, Δ9-THCV antagonized the CB1 receptor in an isomer- and ligand-dependent manner.
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HARYANTI, DENNY SEPTA, and EDDY HERMAWAN. "BRAND IDENTIFICATION, SATISFACTION, BRAND TRUST, DAN COMMITMENT TERHADAP CUSTOMER LOYALTY PADA KONSUMEN MOTOR SPORT." Media Bisnis 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34208/mb.v13i1.957.
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The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the influence of customer brand identification (CBI), customer satisfaction (SAT), customer brand trust (CBT), and customer commitment (CM) to customer loyalty (CL) on Yamaha Vixion motor sport consumers in DKI Jakarta. The form of research conducted in this study are causal and descriptive. Sampling using pusposive sampling technique with the number of respondents as many as 281 respondents. The data analysis method used in this study is SEM (Structural Equation Model) with AMOS tools. The result of this study indicates that CBI, SAT, CBT, and CM had effect to CL. CBT had effect to CLmediating through SAT, CBT, and CM. Then, SAT had effect to CM mediating through CBT. CBI had effect to CBT mediating through SAT, and CBI had effect to CM mediating through SAT.
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Merrett, Charles, and Simon Easton. "The Cognitive Behavioural Approach: CBT’s Big Brother." Counselling Psychology Review 23, no. 1 (February 2008): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2008.23.1.21.
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is increasingly promoted as the treatment of choice in the UK. The Layard Report (2006) recommended a massive expansion in the provision of CBT. We discuss what we believe to be a fundamental contradiction in the thinking behind the Layard Report. After briefly reviewing the evidence for CBT, we suggest it suffers from a similar philosophical contradiction in the way it is practised. In particular, we argue that CBT is often associated with a pathological, disempowering model of psychological distress. Whilst recognising the current pressure to be seen to be practising CBT, we argue that a broader Cognitive Behavioural Approach (CBA), based on fundamental cognitive principles avoids the contradictions inherent in the provision of rigid, manualised CBT. CBA is proposed as a basis for understanding psychological experience and distress, and identifies the cognitions that are fundamental as causes of ‘mental health problems’ regardless of traditional diagnostic categories. The implications of CBA for prevention and therapy are discussed.
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Li, Peijia, Dongqiang Hou, Hongxia Zhao, Hairui Wang, Kai Peng, and Junming Cao. "Dietary Clostridium butyricum Improves Growth Performance and Resistance to Ammonia Stress in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (June 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6965174.
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The effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, tight junction proteins, and immune-related gene mRNA levels in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were investigated. The fish were fed with diets containing 0 (control, CB0), 4.8 × 10 6 (CB1), 4.5 × 10 7 (CB2), 5.1 × 10 8 (CB3), and 3.6 × 10 9 (CB4) CFU/kg Clostridium butyricum for 56 days followed by a 72 h ammonia challenge. The results showed that significantly higher final weight, specific growth rate, body length, and intestinal weight were observed in fish fed with CB diets ( P < 0.05 ). The fish fed with CB1, CB2, and CB3 diets had significantly higher intestinal length, propionic acid concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activity and significantly lower feed conversion ratio than those in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Significantly higher concentrations of butyric acid and valeric acid and significantly lower malondialdehyde content were observed in CB4 than in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Intestosomatic index, villus length, villus width, intestinal protease, Na+/K+-ATPase, and creatine kinase activities were significantly increased in CB2 or CB3 than in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Fish in CB2 or CB3 had significantly lower content of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 and relative expression of interleukin 1 (Il-1), interleukin 8 (Il-8), and nuclear transcription factor-κB (Nf-κb) compared to that in CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Dietary CB significantly decreased the relative expression of myosin light chain kinase (Mlck) (P <0.05). Significantly higher relative expressions of claudin-1, zonula occludens protein-1, and occludin were observed in CB2, CB3, and CB4 compared to CB0 ( P < 0.05 ). Fish in CB0 had higher CMR than that in CB2, CB3, and CB4 under ammonia nitrogen stress for 48 and 72 h ( P < 0.05 ). Dietary Clostridium butyricum improved growth performance and resistance to ammonia stress in yellow catfish by increasing intestinal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) productions, upregulating genes encoding tight junction proteins, downregulating transcription of proinflammatory factors Il-1 and Il-8, and inhibiting the Mlck/Nf-κb signaling pathway.
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Shatkin, Jess P., Anna Ivanenko, Jess P. Shatkin, Argelinda Baroni, and Anna Ivanenko. "CBT FOR INSOMNIA (CBT-I)." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 61, no. 10 (October 2022): S339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.780.
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Shatkin, Jess P., Anna Ivanenko, and Argelinda Baroni. "CBT FOR INSOMNIA (CBT-I)." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 60, no. 10 (October 2021): S319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.776.
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Shatkin, Jess P., Anna Ivanenko, and Reut Gruber. "CBT FOR INSOMNIA (CBT-I)." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 58, no. 10 (October 2019): S384—S385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.331.
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Li, Xin, Weichang Zhang, Chang Shu, Quanming Li, Lei Zhang, and Jieting Zhu. "Diagnosis and outcomes of surgical treatment of carotid bifurcation tumors." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 12 (December 2020): 030006052097649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520976495.
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Objective To retrospectively review our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of carotid bifurcation tumors (CBFT). Methods This was a retrospective study of 60 patients with CBFT who underwent surgical and conservative treatment. The patients’ clinicopathological features, imaging examination findings, treatment strategy, and prognosis were analyzed. The surgical grade, blood loss, tumor size, operative time, and postoperative complications were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation. Results Resection was performed in 52 patients with 53 tumors. The mean tumor volume, operative time, estimated blood loss, and follow-up time was 47.62 ± 65.28 cm3, 176.1 ± 86.55 minutes, 231.3 ± 354.0 mL, and 44.42 ± 29.30 months, respectively. Pathological examination showed that the number of carotid body tumors (CBT; paraganglioma), neurilemmoma, mesenchymal tissue tumor, and angioleiomyoma was 42, 8, 1, and 1, respectively. Of the CBT group, the rate of Shamblin Type I, II, and III was 11.9%, 59.5%, and 28.6%, and three cases were malignant CBT with lymph node metastasis. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that complication grade was significantly related to surgical difficulty grade and operative time. Conclusion CBT is the most frequent lesion in CBFT, and CBT may be treated safely by surgical management. The severity of surgical complications is significantly correlated with surgical difficulty.
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Granero, R., F. Fernández-Aranda, G. Mestre-Bach, T. Steward, M. Baño, Z. Agüera, N. Mallorquí-Bagué, et al. "Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying behavior: Predictors of treatment outcome." European Psychiatry 39 (January 2017): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.004.
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AbstractBackgroundCompulsive buying behavior (CBB) is receiving increasing consideration in both consumer and psychiatric-epidemiological research, yet empirical evidence on treatment interventions is scarce and mostly from small homogeneous clinical samples.ObjectivesTo estimate the short-term effectiveness of a standardized, individual cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (CBT) in a sample of n = 97 treatment-seeking patients diagnosed with CBB, and to identify the most relevant predictors of therapy outcome.MethodThe intervention consisted of 12 individual CBT weekly sessions, lasting approximately 45 minutes each. Data on patients’ personality traits, psychopathology, sociodemographic factors, and compulsive buying behavior were used in our analysis.ResultsThe risk (cumulative incidence) of poor adherence to the CBT program was 27.8%. The presence of relapses during the CBT program was 47.4% and the dropout rate was 46.4%. Significant predictors of poor therapy adherence were being male, high levels of depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, low anxiety levels, high persistence, high harm avoidance and low self-transcendence.ConclusionCognitive behavioral models show promise in treating CBB, however future interventions for CBB should be designed via a multidimensional approach in which patients’ sex, comorbid symptom levels and the personality-trait profiles play a central role.
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Pagano, Ester, Vittorino Montanaro, Antonio di Girolamo, Antonio Pistone, Vincenzo Altieri, Jordan K. Zjawiony, Angelo A. Izzo, and Raffaele Capasso. "Effect of Non-psychotropic Plant-derived Cannabinoids on Bladder Contractility: Focus on Cannabigerol." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 6 (June 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000653.
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There are anecdotal reports that some Cannabis preparations may be useful for bladder dysfunctions. Here, we investigated the effect of a number of non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids, namely cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidivarin (CBDV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabichromene (CBC) on mouse bladder contractility in vitro. CBG, THCV, CBD and CBDV, but not CBC, at concentration ranging from 10−8 M to 10−4 M, decreased (with similar potency), the contractions induced by acetylcholine without significantly modifying the contractions induced by electrical stimulation. The rank order of efficacy was CBG=THCV>CBD>CBDV. In depth studies on CBG showed that the effect of this phytocannabinoid on acetylcholine-induced contractions was not affected by CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists. Additionally, CBG also reduced acetylcholine-induced contractions in the human bladder.
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Hassan, Nuhad A., Aseel S. Khazaal Al-Jaboori, and Afya Sahib Diab Al-Radha. "Evaluation of Cortical Bone Thickness of Posterior Implant Sites Using CBCT in Iraqi Population." International Journal of Dentistry 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5723397.
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Background. Cortical bone thickness (CBT) is a critical factor for implant success and for determining the long-term dental implant treatment outcome. Objectives. The objective of this investigation was to examine posterior cortical bone thickness buccally and lingually in dentate and edentulous implant sites according to gender. Materials and Methods. CBT of 160 patients requiring a single posterior tooth implant was investigated by CBCT. The study included 80 males and 80 females. CBT was measured for implant edentulous sites at 3 levels including crestal bone (level 1), five mm from the crest (level 2), and ten mm from the crest (level 3). CBT was also measured for dentate sites at 3 levels including crestal bone (level 1), midroot bone (level 2), and apical portion (level 3). The differences of bone thickness between the levels of dentate sites were statistically analyzed using a Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Mann–Whitney test was used to determine the specific differences between group members. For the edentulous site, a one-way ANOVA was used. Results. CBT increased gradually from the crestal level to the apical level in all groups (buccal and lingual side, male and female). However, CBT at lingual side was statistically higher than that at buccal side in all groups. The mean value of CBT was significantly higher in males than females for both edentulous and dentate site. The dentate site shows a higher CBT in the apical level than the edentulous group in both male and female/buccal and lingual groups. Conclusion. CBT at the coronal levels is low and susceptible for resorption compared to the apical portion, especially for the female group. Moreover, CBT is thicker in males than females. It is essential to measure the CBT before making a treatment plan with dental implant prosthesis.
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Gruber, Reut. "36.3 CBT FOR INSOMNIA (CBT-I)." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 58, no. 10 (October 2019): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.366.
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de Souza, Maria Augusta Mansur, Giovanni A. Salum, Rafaela Behs Jarros, Luciano Isolan, Roberta Davis, Daniela Knijnik, Gisele Gus Manfro, and Elizeth Heldt. "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Youths with Anxiety Disorders in the Community: Effectiveness in Low and Middle Income Countries." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 41, no. 3 (February 26, 2013): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000015.
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Background: Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is established as a first line treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, there is little evidence about the effectiveness of CBT protocols in cases identified in the community in low and middle income countries (LaMICs). Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of group CBT protocol for youths with anxiety disorders identified in a community sample in LaMICs. Method: A total of 14 sessions of group CBT for youths and 2 concurrent sessions for parents based on Kendall's Coping Cat program were offered. Participants were selected from a cross-sectional community study; 45 subjects fulfilled inclusion criteria and 28 agreed to participate in the open clinical trial. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated with standard clinical, self- and parent-rated measures of anxiety, depression, externalizing symptoms and quality of life (QoL). Results: Twenty youths completed the protocol. All scales showed an improvement of anxiety and reduction in externalizing symptoms over time, with a moderate to large effect size (d = 0.59 to 2.06; p < .05), but not in depressive symptoms or QoL. Conclusions: Consistent with previous evidence, group CBT is effective in treating anxiety disorders in youths. Results encourage further randomized clinical trials using CBT protocols adapted and developed to be used in LaMICs.
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McLellan, Lauren F., Lexine A. Stapinski, and Lorna Peters. "Pre-treatment CBT-Mindedness Predicts CBT Outcome." Cognitive Therapy and Research 43, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9977-7.
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Zhang, Shizhen, Xiaoyu Wei, Lufei Wang, Zhouqiang Wu, Lu Liu, Xinyu Yan, Wenli Lai, and Hu Long. "Evaluation of Optimal Sites for the Insertion of Orthodontic Mini Implants at Mandibular Symphysis Region through Cone-Beam Computed Tomography." Diagnostics 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020285.
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This study aims to evaluate the overall bone thickness (OBT) and cortical bone thickness (CBT) of mandibular symphysis and to determine the optimal sites for the insertion of orthodontic mini implants. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 32 patients were included in this study. The sample was further categorized into three facial types: low-, average-, and high-angle. OBT and CBT were measured at the mandibular symphysis region. All measurements were performed at six different heights from the cementoenamel junction [CEJ] and at seven different angles to the occlusal plane. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical comparison and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results revealed that neither OBT nor CBT was influenced by age or sex, except for the observation that CBT was significantly greater in adults than in adolescents. OBT and CBT were significantly greater in low-angle cases than in average- and high-angle cases. Both OBT and CBT were significantly influenced by insertion locations, heights and angles, and their interactions. CBT and OBT were greatest at the location between two lower central incisors, and became greater with increases in insertion height and angle. Both recommended and optimal insertion sites were mapped. The mandibular symphysis region was suitable for the placement of orthodontic mini implants. The optimal insertion site was 6–10 mm apical to the CEJ between two lower central incisors, with an insertion angle being 0–60 degrees to the occlusal plane.
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Lin, Donger, Shangyou Wen, Zelin Ye, Yi Yang, Xuechun Yuan, Wenli Lai, Meng You, and Hu Long. "Evaluation of Optimal Insertion Sites and Angles for Orthodontic Mini-Implants at the Anterior Nasal Spine Region Based on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2024): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030837.
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Background: To infer the optimal angulation and height level of mini-implant insertion in the anterior nasal spine (ANS) region from alveolar bone depth (BD) and labial cortical bone thickness (CBT) through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), the influences of sex, age, and growth pattern on BD, CBT, and the starting point of the ANS were examined. Material and methods: BD and CBT were measured on CBCT median sagittal images at specific angles (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees) to simulate the angulation of insertion. The height level of the first axial image with obvious bone ridge was recorded as the start of ANS. Results: The average height of ANS start was 9.42 mm from the alveolar bone crest between the central incisors. The variations in height level and insertion angle combined, or either of them individually, significantly influenced BD and CBT, demonstrating overall decreasing trends (p < 0.001). BD was not influenced by sex, age, or growth pattern (p > 0.05). However, CBT was found to be correlated with sex and growth pattern, while the height level of ANS start was associated only with growth pattern, particularly in hypodivergent patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The recommended insertion height level is 14–16 mm from the alveolar bone crest and the recommended angulation is 30–45°. An innovative inequity in the relationship between a certain height level and the insertion angulation is proposed.
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Gijare, Vaibhav V., and Hemant P. Kasturiwale. "Assessment System or Method for Developing Attitude Competency and Mindset of learners." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 36, S1 (December 1, 2022): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v36is1/22186.
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The process of identifying, collecting and interpreting information about students' learning is known as Assessment. To evaluate, measure, and document the students’ learning various methods and tools of Assessment can be used. It basically improves learning and also directs the ongoing teaching and learning process. Assessment system can help to develop attitude competency and mindset of the students. This paper discusses on the design and assessment system or method for developing attitude competency and mindset of learners discusses attitude competency, various competencies, competency based system of assessment (CBA), Competency-based assessment tools (CBT), and outcome of competency-based assessment (CBA). Key Words: Assessment, CBA, CBT, competency, mindset.
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Jalal, Baland, Sherine W. Samir, and Devon E. Hinton. "Adaptation of CBT for Traumatized Egyptians: Examples from Culturally Adapted CBT (CA-CBT)." Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 24, no. 1 (February 2017): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.001.
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Yao, Wen, Zimin Sun, Huilan Liu, Xingbing Wang dortor, Zuyi Wsng, and Xiao Yuan. "Second Transplant with HLA Haplo-Identical Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Graft Failure after Double Units Cord Blood Transplantation." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 5058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.5058.5058.
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Abstract Graft failure (GF) can be a fatal complication following cord blood transplantation (CBT). Up to date, there has not been an ideal treatment for it. Recently, second transplant has been used as a potential therapy for treatment of GF. However, it is unclear which is the best source for donor cells that result successful engraftment and low rate of complications related to transplantation. In this study, we evaluated the outcomes and safety of second transplant with HLA haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cells for graft failure after double units cord blood transplantation in three patients. These patients suffered from myelodysplasia (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), severe aplastic anemia (SAA) respectively (median age, 16 years; range, 10–20 years). After myeloablative conditioning, all of them received double umbilical cord blood (UCB) units with at least one 5/6 HLA-matched unit (median infused dose, 6.85×107 nucleated cell [NC]/kg; range, 6.28–7.17×107 NC/kg). The characteristics of these patients and double cord blood transplantation data are detailed in the following Table. The former two patients developed early GF on 30 days after CBT. In the third patient, neutrophil and platelet recovery was observed on +14d and +31d respectively, and sustained hamatopoiesis was derived from a single donor with higher nucleated and CD34+ cells until 4 months after CBT when late GF happened, After reduced-intensity or myeloablative conditioning, all of them subsequently received HLA haplo-identical three-loci mismatched HSCT donated by their mothers (median infused dose, 8.40×108 nucleated cell [NC]/kg; range, 8.02–9.82×107 NC/kg). The time interval from GF to the second transplantation of these patients ranged from 7 to 10 days. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were ad- ministered for the prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Detailed data of the second transplantation were also shown below. Engraftment was achieved on all three patients between the twelfth day and the fourteenth day after the transplantation with a full donor chimaerism. Acute GVHD of grades I–II and slight chronic GVHD occurred in these patients. All three patients survive up till now, and one patient has survived for 15 months after the second transplantation. This is the first report in china using HLA haplo-identical HSCT to rescue the GF after double CBT in China. The results are encouraging though the number of the patients is too small. Patients’characteristics and transplantation data Patients No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Age(years)/sex 20/F 10/M 16/F Body weight 43.5kg 32kg 40kg Diagnosis MDS ALL(CR1) SAA Conditioning Ara-c/CY/TBI BU/CY CY/ATG Nucleated cells (CB1/CB2) (4.02/2.83)×107/kg (3.92/2.36)×107/kg (2.44/4.73)×107/kg CD34+ cells (CB1/CB2) (0.61/0.28)×105/kg (2.55/0.85)×105/kg (0.53/1.42)×105/kg CD3+ cells (CB1/CB2) (2.26/2.34)×106/kg (0.37/0.16)×106/kg (0.53/0.35)×106/kg HLA-mismatched (CB1; CB2) 2/6; 1/6. 1/6; 0/6 0/6; 1/6 GF 30d 30d 4m Second transplant 37d 38d 4m Conditioning Flu/ATG TBI2GY/ATG Flu/CY/ATG GVHD prhphylaxis CsA+MMF CsA+MMF CsA+MMF Nucleated cells 8.02×108/kg 8.40×108/kg 9.82×108/kg CD34+ cells 4.31×106/kg 3.50×106/kg 7.86×106/kg ANC>0.5×109/L 12d 13d 14d PLT>2×109/L 18d 17d 18d Follow up 15M+ 3M+ 12M+
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Raskin, Jonathan D. "Scapegoating CBT?" Journal of Constructivist Psychology 33, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2019.1659890.
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Yesenosky, Janice. "Practical CBT." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 5, no. 2 (January 1991): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.5.2.149.
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Kahaer, Alafate, Zhihao Zhou, Julaiti Maitirouzi, Shuiquan Wang, Wenjie Shi, Nueraihemaiti Abuduwaili, Xieraili Maimaiti, Dongshan Liu, Weibin Sheng, and Paerhati Rexiti. "Biomechanical Investigation of the Posterior Pedicle Screw Fixation System at Level L4-L5 Lumbar Segment with Traditional and Cortical Trajectories: A Finite Element Study." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (March 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4826507.
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There is no detailed biomechanical research about the hybrid CBT-TT (CBT screws at cranial level and TT screws at caudal level) and TT-CBT (TT screws at cranial level and CBT screws at caudal level) techniques with finite element (FE) method. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and provide specific biomechanical data of the hybrid lumbar posterior fixation system and compare with traditional pedicle screw and cortical screw trajectories without fusion, in FE method. Specimens were from the anatomy laboratory of Xinjiang Medical University. Four FE models of the L4-L5 lumbar spine segment were generated. For each of these, four implanted models with the following instruments were created: bilateral traditional trajectory screw fixation (TT-TT), bilateral cortical bone trajectory screw fixation (CBT-CBT), hybrid CBT-TT fixation, and hybrid TT-CBT fixation. A 400 N compressive load with 7.5 Nm moments was applied so as to simulate flexion, extension, left lateral bending, right lateral bending, left rotation, and right rotation, respectively. The range of motion (ROM) of the L4-L5 segment and the posterior fixation, the von Mises stress of the intervertebral disc, and the posterior fixation in four implanted models were compared. CBT-TT displayed a lower ROM of the fixation segment (3.82 ± 0.633°) compared to TT-TT (4.78 ± 0.306°) and CBT-CBT (4.23 ± 0.396°). In addition, CBT-TT showed a lower ROM of the posterior fixation (0.595 ± 0.108°) compared to TT-TT (0.795 ± 0.103°) and CBT-CBT (0.758 ± 0.052°). The intervertebral disc stress of CBT-TT (4.435 ± 0.604 MPa) was lower than TT-TT (7.592 ± 0.387 MPa) and CBT-CBT (6.605 ± 0.600 MPa). CBT-TT (20.228 ± 3.044 MPa) and TT-CBT (12.548 ± 2.914 MPa) displayed a lower peak von Mises stress of the posterior fixation compared to TT-TT (25.480 ± 3.737 MPa). The hybrid CBT-TT and TT-CBT techniques offered superior fixation strength compared to the CBT-CBT and TT-TT techniques.
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Muslim, M. "PEMBELAJARAN E-LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PAI DI SD NEGERI 1 PANDEGLANG." Jurnal Anak Bangsa 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46306/jas.v2i1.29.
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Learning is a human need that must be met under any circumstances, including during the Covid-19 pandemic which required distance learning (PJJ). For this reason, the majority of schools organize online learning using e-learning, and SD Negeri 1 Muruy is no exception. e-learning which is electronic-based learning both online and offline has obstacles.This study aims to 1) Assess the design of e-learning learning plans in PAI Subjects at SD Negeri 1 Muruy Pandeglang Banten; 2) Assessing the implementation of e-learning learning in PAI subjects at SD Negeri 1 Muruy Pandeglang Banten Public Middle School; 3) Reviewing the implementation of e-learning learning evaluation in PAI subjects at SD Negeri 1 Muruy Pandeglang Banten Public Middle School; 4) Analyzing the results of the implementation of learning PAI subjects at SD Negeri 1 Muruy Pandeglang Banten. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The results of the study show that the design of e-learning learning plans for PAI Subjects at SD Negeri 1 Muruy Pandeglang Banten is to prepare CBT/CBE applications, prepare student and teacher accounts to access CBT/CBE, arrange full online learning schedules or shift systems, compile RPP blended, holding training related to e-learning and installing CBT/CBE replacement applications. The implementation of e-learning learning in PAI subjects was mostly carried out online which initially used the CBT Al Fattah application, then changed to using WAG which included links to other applications, such as Zoom, Google Meet, Plif Book, Youtube, PPt and Podcast for audio. . Implementation of e-learning learning evaluations using the CBT Application or Google Form, E-mail, or Youtube, both Daily Assessments, Formative Tests and Summative Tests. Based on the documentation study of PTS report cards, it shows that the cognitive value of students in PAI Subjects increases when face-to-face learning, on the contrary when PJJ, there are more scores below the KKM. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of e-learning learning in PAI Subjects
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Nagamura-Inoue, Tokiko, Hideki Kodo, Tsuneo A. Takahashi, Hideo Mugishima, Arinobu Tojo, and Shigetaka Asano. "Four Cases of Donor Cell-Derived Acute Myeloid Leukemia Following Unrelated Cord Blood Transplantation for Adult Patients; Tokyo Cord Blood Bank Experiences." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3131.3131.
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Abstract Donor cell leukemia (DCL) is considered as a rare complication following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), whereas the actual frequency of DCL has not yet been specified. Cord blood (CB) is now recognized as an alternative source for stem cell transplantation (SCT), with more than 6000 cord blood transplants (CBTs) performed worldwide, and a few cases of DCL following CBT have also been reported. Here we report four cases of DCL developed after unrelated CBTs using 490 shipped units from Tokyo cord blood bank (TCBB). Development of DCL was informed to TCBB by attending physicians of the recipients in CBT centers as soon as definite diagnosis was made. The feed-back from CBT centers on four DCL cases is summarized in Table 1. All the donors were well at the follow-up questionnaire 6–12 months after birth, but further information of their health conditions has not yet been obtained. Table 1. Four cases of DCL following CBT Case 1 2 3 4 Recipient 32F 32F 56F 30M Disease AML in REL1 AML-M0 in REL1 ATL Hodgkin’s disease SCT 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd Regimen Myeloablative Myeloablative Non-myeloablative Non-myeloablative TBI 12Gy 12Gy (−) 2Gy G-CSF (+) (+) (+) (+) GVHD prophylaxis CsA+sMTX CsA+sMTX FK506+PSL CsA+sMTX aGVHD II II 0 III cGVHD (−) (−) (−) limited DCL AML AML-M2 AML AML-M5 Latent period 15 Mm after CBT 11 Mm after CBT 7 Mm after CBT 16 Mm after CBT Diagnosis FISH STR FISH STR The etiology of DCL is unclear and a common mechanism is unlikely according to the reported literature. There exist several possibilities including occult leukemia or preleukemic state in the donor, defect in immune surveillance, therapy-related stromal abnormalities, excess of cytokine stimulation, and DNA replication and/or repair errors associated with post-transplant expansion of stem/progenitor cells. The possibility of occult leukemia in the donor raises serious problems regarding to the ethical responsibilities of the CBB to the donor.
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Dr, Iing, I. Putu Gede Adiatmika, Nyoman Adiputra, and Ketut Tirtayasa. "Redesign of Computer-Based Test (CBT) With Total Ergonomic Approach to Reduces an Academic Stress and Improve The CBT Participants Score." Journal of A Sustainable Global South 5, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsgs.2021.v05.i02.p02.
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Computer-based Test (CBT) is a form of assessment method using a set of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). CBT has been applied by many educational institutions to evaluate their student’s competencies, one of those institutions is medical school. The standard of the CBT examination in medical school is arranged according to the Indonesia Medical Licensing Examination which listed that the examination must be contained of 200 MCQs in 200 minutes without a break session. This standard causes academic stress on the CBT participants and able to affect the CBT score. Aims: demonstrated the total ergonomic approach CBT redesign in reducing academic stress and improving participant’s CBT score compare with the Indonesia Medical Licensing Examination CBT design. Method: this was an experimental study employed a two-period cross-over design. The study variable was the academic stress measured by the salivary cortisol level and participant’s CBT score. Result: the salivary cortisol level in the middle of CBT was decrease significantly (p<0.05) as much as 9.88 (38.98%) from the initial salivary cortisol level of 25.34 ng/mL on the Indonesia Medical Licensing Examination CBT design becoming 15.46 ng/mL on the total ergonomic approach CBT redesign. The CBT score also increase significantly as much as 5.23 points (p<0.05) or increasing 16.20% from the 32.28 points on the Indonesia Medical Licensing Examination CBT design which become 37.51 points on the total ergonomic approach CBT redesign. Conclusion: the total ergonomic approach CBT redesign was able to reduce 38.98% of the academic stress and improving 16.20% participant’s CBT score compare with the Indonesia Medical Licensing Examination CBT design.
Index Terms— ergonomic, Computer-based Test (CBT), academic stress
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Bryant, Richard A., Lucy Kenny, Natasha Rawson, Catherine Cahill, Amy Joscelyne, Benjamin Garber, Julia Tockar, Katie Dawson, and Angela Nickerson. "Efficacy of exposure-based cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in emergency service personnel: a randomised clinical trial." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 09 (August 28, 2018): 1565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002234.
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AbstractBackgroundAlthough emergency service personnel experience markedly elevated the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are no rigorously conducted trials for PTSD in this population. This study assessed the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for PTSD in emergency service personnel, and examined if brief exposure (CBT-B) to trauma memories is no less efficacious as prolonged exposure (CBT-L).MethodOne hundred emergency service personnel with PTSD were randomised to either immediate CBT-L, CBT-B or wait-list (WL). Following post-treatment assessment, WL participants were randomised to an active treatment. Participants randomised to CBT-L or CBT-B were assessed at baseline, post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. Both CBT conditions involved 12 weekly individual sessions comprising education, CBT skills building, imaginal exposure, in vivo exposure, cognitive restructuring and relapse prevention. Imaginal exposure occurred for 40 min per session in CBT-L and for 10 min in CBT-B.ResultsAt post-treatment, participants in WL had smaller reductions in PTSD severity (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale), depression, maladaptive appraisals about oneself and the world, and smaller improvements on psychological and social quality of life than CBT-L and CBT-B. There were no differences between CBT-L and CBT-B at follow-up on primary or secondary outcome measures but both CBT-L and CBT-B had large baseline to follow-up effect sizes for reduction of PTSD symptoms.ConclusionsThis study highlights that CBT, which can include either long or brief imaginal exposure, is efficacious in reducing PTSD in emergency service personnel.
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van Loenen, Inge, Willemijn Scholten, Anna Muntingh, Johannes Smit, and Neeltje Batelaan. "The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure–Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Meta-analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): e26736. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26736.
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Background In recent years, virtual reality exposure–based cognitive behavioral therapy (VRE-CBT) has shown good treatment results in (subclinical) anxiety disorders and seems to be a good alternative to exposure in vivo in regular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, previous meta-analyses on the efficacy of VRE-CBT on anxiety disorders have included studies on specific phobias and subthreshold anxiety; therefore, these results may not be generalizable to patients with more severe and disabling anxiety disorders. Objective The objective of our study is to determine the efficacy of VRE-CBT on more severe anxiety disorders, excluding specific phobias and subthreshold anxiety disorders. Meta-analyses will be conducted to examine the efficacy of VRE-CBT versus waitlist and regular CBT. Our secondary objectives are to examine whether the efficacy differs according to the type of anxiety disorder, type of recruitment, and type of VRE-CBT (virtual reality exposure either with or without regular CBT). Furthermore, attrition in VRE-CBT and CBT will be compared. Methods Studies published until August 20, 2020, were retrieved through systematic literature searches in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase. We calculated the effect sizes (Hedges g) for the difference between the conditions and their 95% CIs for posttest and follow-up measurements in a random effects model. A separate meta-analysis was performed to compare attrition between the VRE-CBT and CBT conditions. Results A total of 16 trials with 817 participants were included. We identified 10 comparisons between VRE-CBT and a waitlist condition and 13 comparisons between VRE-CBT and a CBT condition. With regard to risk of bias, information on random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and risk of bias for selective outcome reporting was often absent or unclear. The mean effect size of VRE-CBT compared with waitlist (nco=10) was medium and significant, favoring VRE-CBT (Hedges g=−0.490, 95% CI −0.82 to −0.16; P=.003). The mean effect size of VRE-CBT compared with CBT (nco=13) was small and nonsignificant, favoring CBT (Hedges g=0.083, 95% CI −0.13 to 0.30; P=.45). The dropout rates between VRE-CBT and CBT (nco=10) showed no significant difference (odds ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.49-1.27; P=.32). There were no indications of small study effects or publication bias. Conclusions The results of our study show that VRE-CBT is more effective than waitlist and as effective as CBT in the treatment of more severe anxiety disorders. Therefore, VRE-CBT may be considered a promising alternative to CBT for patients with more severe anxiety disorders. Higher-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to verify the robustness of these findings.
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Sarimin, Dorce Sisfiani, and Tinneke A. Tololiu. "Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in comparison to CBT- plus play therapy among children with post-traumatic stress disorder in Manado, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171270.
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Background: Disaster may bring such impacts as PTSD. Concerning flood that befell in Manado City, this study examined the effectiveness of CBT and CBT-plus intervention to overcome PTSD among school-age children that have been affected by flood disaster in this city.Methods: This quasi experiment pre-post-test study was done two a total of sixty children, divided into CBT group and CBT plus group. Play therapy was employed to for CBT plus group to see the difference of the PTSD score in comparison to the CBT only group’s PTSD score.Results: There were decreases in the score of PTSD among the children both in CBT only group and CBT plus group. Play therapy in CBT plus group could give higher reduction in PTDS score in comparison to children who received CBT only intervention.Conclusions: CBT plus intervention is proven effective in reducing PTDS score among children who are affected with PTDS.
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Tisnasari, Ida Ayu Made Ari Santi, Tuti Nuraini, and Yati Afiyanti. "Penerapan Cognitive Behaviour Therapy pada Pasien Kanker." Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) 4, no. 1 (April 11, 2022): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/joting.v4i1.3429.
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This study aims to analyze the use of CBT in the treatment of cancer patients. The method used is a systematic review of articles obtained from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springerlink and Sage Journal databases. The results showed that CBT helped overcome several problems experienced by cancer patients, such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, fear of cancer recurrence, pain, self-efficacy problems and sexual function of cancer patients. In conclusion, CBT can be applied in the treatment of cancer patients through several approaches, such as Mindfulness Therapy (MiCBT), Group CBT, Internet-based CBT (I-CBT), video-integrated CBT (VCBT-I) and commonly practiced professional CBT.
Keywords: Cancer Patients, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Wilkins, Luke, Jen Sweeney, Zoella Zaborski, Carl Nelson, Simon Tweddle, Eldre Beukes, and Peter Allen. "Elite Academy Soccer Players’ Perceptions Towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0026.
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The purpose of the present study was to address perceptions towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in soccer. Twenty-four male, elite academy soccer players (M age = 20.04) completed a custom-made questionnaire which included education on CBT. The results found that: i) initially, only 8% of players had heard of CBT whilst only 4% of players knew what CBT was, ii) players strongly agreed that CBT should be offered to all players, iii) not knowing how/where to seek help was identified as the main barrier to CBT, iv) players indicated a preference for one-to-one and face-to-face CBT, as opposed to small-group or online-CBT, and v) players perceived they would receive most support from family/friends, and least support from teammates, if they were to undertake CBT. These findings demonstrate that whilst initial awareness and knowledge of CBT is low, general perceptions towards CBT are positive once athletes are educated on the area.
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Kljenak, D. "Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy supervision - what works?" European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73023-1.
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IntroductionSubstantial empirical support for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) effectiveness in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders has been demonstrated. Adequate training in CBT results in improved therapist competence and patient outcomes. Essential part of the training in CBT is a clinical supervision. A review of theoretical perspectives on CBT supervision is provided. Commonly encountered obstacles in CBT supervision are illuminated with case examples.ObjectivesAt the end of the presentation participants will be able to describe a theoretical approach to CBT supervision, list common obstacles encountered in CBT supervision and describe strategies to effectively address these obstacles.AimsThe aim of the presentation is to encourage CBT psychotherapy supervisors to reflect on the supervisory methods they use and increase their ability to provide effective CBT supervision.MethodsThe literature on successful CBT supervision is reviewed. This case based presentation will illustrate strategies for addressing commonly encountered roadblocks in supervision.ResultsHaving a theoretical framework for CBT supervision enhances supervisors’ ability to provide successful supervision.ConclusionsReview of theoretical approaches to CBT supervision, the description of commonly encountered obstacles and strategies to manage them during the supervision creates platform for reflection on the supervisory methods used by the participants.
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Matofsky, Warren. "Jazzin’ up CBT: Integrating popular music in youth CBT." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 334 (October 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2020.1.334.61.
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This paper describes a brief evaluation of integrating popular music into a youth CBT group and the personal and professional enablers of this interest.’Coltrane said jazz was about hope & despair, life and death. I disagree, it’s much more serious than that.’Lenny Bruce, 1965
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Shatkin, Jess P. "14.2 Sleep Hygiene and CBT for Insomnia (CBT-I)." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 57, no. 10 (October 2018): S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.091.
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Xing, Jia, Xi Wu, Hongxia Liu, Jialin Wang, Siyuan Jiang, Aileen Lozada, and Yifan Wang. "Effects of Electroacupuncture Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Chronic Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (March 19, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5630130.
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Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of spirit-regulating electroacupuncture (EA), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and combined EA/CBT to treat insomnia. Methods. In this prospective clinical study, patients were randomly assigned to receive EA, CBT, or EA/CBT. Outcomes were assessed using PSQI, ISI, ESS, DBAS-16, HAM-A, and HAM-D at two- and four-week follow-up. Results. Overall, the PSQI and ISI scores decreased after treatment in all three groups. At two-week follow-up, the EA/CBT group obtained lower PSQI and ISI scores than the EA group. The daytime functional factor score in the EA group was lower than that of the CBT group after the second week of treatment, and the EA/CBT PSQI score was lower than that of the CBT group on the second week of follow-up. In comparison with baseline, the EA group had a decreased ESS score after the second and fourth weeks of treatment, while the ESS score increased in the CBT group after the fourth week of treatment. ESS scores were unchanged following treatment in the EA/CBT group. After the second and fourth weeks of treatment, the ESS scores from the CBT group were higher than the EA group. The DBAS-16 decreased in the CBT and EA/CTB groups, while the EA group had a higher DBAS-16 score. In all three groups, HAM-A and HAM-D scores decreased after treatment; the EA/CBT HAM-A and HAM-D scores were lower than the other two groups. Conclusion. 1. Spirit-regulating EA therapy is effective. In terms of improving sleep quality and mood, EA has the same effect as CBT and can improve daytime function earlier. 2. The curative effect of the EA/CBT group lasts longer than that of the EA group, and EA/CBT is better at improving daytime function compared to CBT alone and better at improving mood compared to CBT or EA alone.
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Bryant, R. A., J. Mastrodomenico, S. Hopwood, L. Kenny, C. Cahill, E. Kandris, and K. Taylor. "Augmenting cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder with emotion tolerance training: a randomized controlled trial." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 10 (February 14, 2013): 2153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000068.
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BackgroundMany patients do not adhere to or benefit from cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This randomized controlled trial evaluates the extent to which preparing patients with emotion regulation skills prior to CBT enhances treatment outcome.MethodA total of 70 adult civilian patients with PTSD were randomized to 12 sessions of either supportive counselling followed by CBT (Support/CBT) or emotion regulation training followed by CBT (Skills/CBT).ResultsSkills/CBT resulted in fewer treatment drop-outs, less PTSD and anxiety, and fewer negative appraisals at 6 months follow-up than Support/CBT. Between-condition effect size was moderate for PTSD severity (0.43, 95% confidence interval −0.04 to 0.90). More Skills/CBT (31%) patients achieved high end-state functioning at follow-up than patients in Support/CBT (12%) [χ2(n = 70) = 3.67, p < 0.05].ConclusionsThis evidence suggests that response to CBT may be enhanced in PTSD patients by preparing them with emotion regulation skills. High attrition of participants during the study limits conclusions from this study.
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Koffel, Erin, Erin Amundson, and Jennifer P. Wisdom. "Exploring the Meaning of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia for Patients with Chronic Pain." Pain Medicine 21, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz144.
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AbstractObjectiveInsomnia is one of the most common, persistent, and distressing symptoms associated with chronic pain. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the firstline treatment for insomnia, but patient preferences and perspectives about CBT-I within the context of chronic pain are unknown. The current qualitative study sought to understand the experience of CBT-I among patients with chronic pain, including aspects of CBT-I that were found to be difficult (e.g., pain as a specific barrier to adherence/dropout), changes in sleep and pain functioning after CBT-I, and aspects of CBT-I that were appreciated.DesignQualitative semistructured interviews.MethodsWe conducted individual semistructured interviews with 17 veterans with chronic pain and insomnia who had recently participated in CBT-I, as well as their CBT-I therapists, and used thematic analysis to identify conceptual themes.ResultsResults revealed that patients and CBT-I therapists found changing sleep habits during CBT-I challenging due to anxiety and temporary increases in fatigue, but did not identify major pain-related barriers to adhering to CBT-I recommendations; patients experienced better sleep, mood, energy, and socialization after CBT-I despite minimal changes in pain intensity; and patients highly valued CBT-I as a personalized treatment for sleep and strongly recommended it for other patients with chronic pain.ConclusionsFindings of improved sleep and functional outcomes support efforts to incorporate CBT-I into chronic pain treatment, including educating patients and providers about the strong feasibility of improving sleep and quality of life despite ongoing pain.
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Kooistra, Lisa Catharine, Jenneke Elize Wiersma, Jeroen Ruwaard, Koen Neijenhuijs, Joran Lokkerbol, Patricia van Oppen, Filip Smit, and Heleen Riper. "Cost and Effectiveness of Blended Versus Standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Outpatients With Depression in Routine Specialized Mental Health Care: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 29, 2019): e14261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14261.
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Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment, but access is often restricted due to costs and limited availability of trained therapists. Blending online and face-to-face CBT for depression might improve cost-effectiveness and treatment availability. Objective This pilot study aimed to examine the costs and effectiveness of blended CBT compared with standard CBT for depressed patients in specialized mental health care to guide further research and development of blended CBT. Methods Patients were randomly allocated to blended CBT (n=53) or standard CBT (n=49). Blended CBT consisted of 10 weekly face-to-face sessions and 9 Web-based sessions. Standard CBT consisted of 15 to 20 weekly face-to-face sessions. At baseline and 10, 20, and 30 weeks after start of treatment, self-assessed depression severity, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and costs were measured. Clinicians, blinded to treatment allocation, assessed psychopathology at all time points. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Uncertainty intervals around cost and effect estimates were estimated with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations. Results Blended CBT treatment duration was mean 19.0 (SD 12.6) weeks versus mean 33.2 (SD 23.0) weeks in standard CBT (P<.001). No significant differences were found between groups for depressive episodes (risk difference [RD] 0.06, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.19), response to treatment (RD 0.03, 95% CI −0.10 to 0.15), and QALYs (mean difference 0.01, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.04). Mean societal costs for blended CBT were €1183 higher than standard CBT. This difference was not significant (95% CI −399 to 2765). Blended CBT had a probability of being cost-effective compared with standard CBT of 0.02 per extra QALY and 0.37 for an additional treatment response, at a ceiling ratio of €25,000. For health care providers, mean costs for blended CBT were €176 lower than standard CBT. This difference was not significant (95% CI −659 to 343). At €0 per additional unit of effect, the probability of blended CBT being cost-effective compared with standard CBT was 0.75. The probability increased to 0.88 at a ceiling ratio of €5000 for an added treatment response, and to 0.85 at €10,000 per QALY gained. For avoiding new depressive episodes, blended CBT was deemed not cost-effective compared with standard CBT because the increase in costs was associated with negative effects. Conclusions This pilot study shows that blended CBT might be a promising way to engage depressed patients in specialized mental health care. Compared with standard CBT, blended CBT was not considered cost-effective from a societal perspective but had an acceptable probability of being cost-effective from the health care provider perspective. Results should be carefully interpreted due to the small sample size. Further research in larger replication studies focused on optimizing the clinical effects of blended CBT and its budget impact is warranted. Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Register NTR4650; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/4408 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12888-014-0290-z
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Souza, M. A. M., R. B. Jarros, L. Isolan, G. G. Manfro, and E. Heldt. "Evaluation of response to cognitive-behavior therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: preliminary results." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72005-3.
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IntroductionAnxiety disorders are prevalent in childhood and can cause significant impairment in adulthood. Although cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) show evidence of response in children with anxiety disorders, some questions remain open.ObjectiveTo evaluate the response of an adapted protocol of group CBT for anxiety disorders in childhood.MethodThis is a non-controlled clinical trial of 14 sessions of 90 minutes for children 10 to 13 years. Patients were selected from public schools diagnosed with Anxiety Disorder in Childhood, according to KDSADS. The protocol used was based on manual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: Therapist Manual for Group Treatment of Flannery-Schroeder and Kendall (2006), the Coping Cat Workbook and on clinical experience of therapists. Improvement was evaluated by Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI).ResultsTo date 20 patients completed the 14 sessions of group CBT. There was a predominance of females (n = 15; 75%), mean age 11.6 ± 0.68 years. The most frequent diagnosis was Generalized Anxiety Disorder (n = 14; 70%) and 14 patients had at least one anxiety disorder and comorbidity (70%). Regarding the response to therapy, there was a significant decrease in symptoms (p < 0.001) assessed by the CGI (mean and standard deviation) before (4.15 ± 0.93) and after (2.95 ± 1.05) in the CBT group. Higher CGI at baseline was a predictor of poor response (4.67 ± 0.65 vs. 0.74 ± 3:38; p = 0.001).ConclusionPartial results of this study show that the protocol used for group CBT is effective in improving clinical patients with anxiety disorders in childhood.
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Wen, Chao Ran, Hu Liu, Zhen Wei Wang, Yue Qiang Fan, and Peng Xin Zhao. "Analysis on the Application of Virtual Reality Technology to the Development of CBT in Aviation Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 2917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2917.
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The author reviews the profile of CBT and the application of virtual reality in the development of CBT, analyzing the application of virtual reality technology to the development of CBT from three aspects: the development of CBT, comparisons among different development tools of CBT and the comparison of application among different apartment of aviation industry, laying the foundation of developing CBT of aircraft type of our own theoretically.
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Hinton, Devon E., Edwin I. Rivera, Stefan G. Hofmann, David H. Barlow, and Michael W. Otto. "Adapting CBT for traumatized refugees and ethnic minority patients: Examples from culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT)." Transcultural Psychiatry 49, no. 2 (April 2012): 340–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461512441595.
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In this article, we illustrate how cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be adapted for the treatment of PTSD among traumatized refugees and ethnic minority populations, providing examples from our treatment, culturally adapted CBT, or CA-CBT. CA-CBT has a unique approach to exposure (typical exposure is poorly tolerated in these groups), emphasizes the treatment of somatic sensations (a particularly salient part of the presentation of PTSD in these groups), and addresses comorbid anxiety disorders and anger. To accomplish these treatment goals, CA-CBT emphasizes emotion exposure and emotion regulation techniques such as meditation and aims to promote emotional and psychological flexibility. We describe 12 key aspects of adapting CA-CBT that make it a culturally sensitive treatment of traumatized refugee and ethnic minority populations. We discuss three models that guide our treatment and that can be used to design culturally sensitive treatments: (a) the panic attack–PTSD model to illustrate the many processes that generate PTSD in these populations, highlighting the role of arousal and somatic symptoms; (b) the arousal triad to demonstrate how somatic symptoms are produced and the importance of targeting comorbid anxiety conditions and psychopathological processes; and (c) the multisystem network (MSN) model of emotional state to reveal how some of our therapeutic techniques (e.g., body-focused techniques: bodily stretching paired with self-statements) bring about psychological flexibility and improvement.
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Hayashi, Yuta, Naoki Yoshinaga, Yosuke Sasaki, Hiroki Tanoue, Kensuke Yoshimura, Yuko Kadowaki, Yasuji Arimura, Toshihiko Yanagita, and Yasushi Ishida. "How was cognitive behavioural therapy for mood disorder implemented in Japan? A retrospective observational study using the nationwide claims database from FY2010 to FY2015." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e033365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033365.
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ObjectivesTo clarify the dissemination status of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in Japan under the national health insurance scheme.DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingNational Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan.ParticipantsPatients who received CBT under the national health insurance scheme from fiscal years (FY) 2010 to 2015.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe estimated the change rate and the standardised claim ratio (SCR) for the number of patients receiving CBT and analysed the association between the CBT status and several regional factors.ResultsWe found that (a) a total of 60 304 patients received CBT during the study period; (b) the number of patients receiving CBT was highest in the first year (−1.8% from FY2010 to FY2015); (c) the number of patients who received CBT per 100 000 population decreased (or remained at zero) in most prefectures (32 out of 47); (d) there was a maximum 424.7-fold difference between prefectures in the standardised claim ratio for CBT and (e) the number of registered CBT institutions was significantly associated with the number of patients who received CBT.ConclusionsThe provision of CBT did not increase in the first 6 years (FY2010–2015) after its coverage in Japan’s national health insurance scheme. Further studies including a questionnaire survey of registered CBT institutions are required to get more detailed information on the dissemination of CBT in Japan.
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French, Lydia R. M., Laura Thomas, John Campbell, Willem Kuyken, Glyn Lewis, Chris Williams, Nicola J. Wiles, and Katrina M. Turner. "Individuals’ Long Term Use of Cognitive Behavioural Skills to Manage their Depression: A Qualitative Study." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 1 (September 15, 2016): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000382.
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Background: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) aims to teach people skills to help them self-manage their depression. Trial evidence shows that CBT is an effective treatment for depression and individuals may experience benefits long-term. However, there is little research about individuals’ continued use of CBT skills once treatment has finished. Aims: To explore whether individuals who had attended at least 12 sessions of CBT continued to use and value the CBT skills they had learnt during therapy. Method: Semi-structured interviews were held with participants from the CoBalT trial who had received CBT, approximately 4 years earlier. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Results: 20 participants were interviewed. Analysis of the interviews suggested that individuals who viewed CBT as a learning process, at the time of treatment, recalled and used specific skills to manage their depression once treatment had finished. In contrast, individuals who viewed CBT only as an opportunity to talk about their problems did not appear to utilize any of the CBT skills they had been taught and reported struggling to manage their depression once treatment had ended. Conclusions: Our findings suggest individuals may value and use CBT skills if they engage with CBT as a learning opportunity at the time of treatment. Our findings underline the importance of the educational model in CBT and the need to emphasize this to individuals receiving treatment.
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You, Joyce H. S., Scotty W. C. Luk, Dilys Y. W. Chow, Xinchan Jiang, Arthur D. P. Mak, and Winnie W. S. Mak. "Cost-effectiveness of internet-supported cognitive behavioral therapy for university students with anxiety symptoms: A Markov-model analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): e0268061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268061.
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Background and aim High prevalence of anxiety symptoms has been reported globally in the university students. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the recognized treatment for anxiety and is traditionally conducted face-to-face (f-CBT). The efficacy of internet-based CBT (i-CBT) for anxiety has been extensively studied, yet evidence on its cost-effectiveness is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of guided low-intensity i-CBT for university students with mild anxiety symptoms from the societal perspective of Hong Kong. Methods A 5-year Markov model was designed to compare outcomes of guided i-CBT and f-CBT in a hypothetical cohort of university students with mild anxiety symptoms. Model inputs of cost and healthcare resources associated with anxiety were retrospectively collected from a cohort of university students with anxiety symptoms. Clinical and utility model inputs were retrieved from published literature. Model outcome measures were anxiety-related total cost (including direct medical and indirect costs) and quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of base-case results. Results In base-case analysis, i-CBT gained higher QALYs (2.9956 versus 2.9917) at lower total cost (US$6,101 versus US$6,246) than f-CBT. In one-way sensitivity analysis, the QALY gained by i-CBT was sensitive to the relative patient acceptance and adherence to CBT. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, i-CBT was cost-effective in 90.9% of the time at the willingness-to-pay threshold of 138,210 per QALY (3× GDP per capita in Hong Kong). The probability of i-CBT to be cost-effective was 99.9% at a willingness-to-pay threshold of zero. Conclusions Guided i-CBT appears to be cost-saving and effective for management of university students with mild symptoms of anxiety from the societal perspective of Hong Kong. The cost-effectiveness of i-CBT is highly subject to the individual acceptance and adherence of CBT delivered by the internet platform.
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Takagi, Shinsuke, Kazuya Ishiwata, Masanori Tsuji, Hisashi Yamamoto, Daisuke Kato, Yoshiko Matsuhashi, Eiji Kusumi, et al. "Bloodstream Infection after Reduced-Intensity Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation Versus Other Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4981.4981.
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Abstract Blood stream infection (BSI) is a major cause of transplant-related mortality (TRM) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and to overcome it, reduced-intensity preparative regimens were developed in recent years. However, little information has been reported on BSI after reduced-intensity cord blood transplantation (RI-CBT). To clarify the characteristics of BSI after RI-CBT, we compared the incidence of microbiologically documented BSI before day 100 between RI-CBT and reduced-intensity non-cord blood allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (RI-non-CBT) recipients in Toranomon hospital, Japan. RI-non-CBT group includes related bone marrow (rBM), related peripheral blood stem cell (rPBSC) and unrelated bone marrow (uBM) transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed the first events of BSI in 211 consecutive adult patients between Jan 2004 and July 2006. One hundred and fifteen patients received RI-CBT and 96 patients received RI-non-CBT (4 from rBM, 34 from rPBSC and 58 from uBM). The median ages of patients in both groups were 55 years. All of the preparative regimens were fludarabine-based and prophylaxis against GVHD was tacrolimus alone in most of the RI-CBT recipients and combination of calcinurin inhibitor and short-term methotrexate in most of the RI-non-CBT recipients. The median time to achieve neutrophil engraftment was delayed in RI-CBT group (day 20 vs. day15). The cumulative incidence of engraftment at day 60 was 73.0% in RI-CBT group versus 90.6% in RI-non-CBT group. The cumulative incidence of BSI was 39.3% at day 100 and RI-CBT group tended to have more BSI compared to RI-non-CBT group (46.1% vs. 31.3%, p=0.0122), particularly at the early points after transplantation. Median day of positive culture for bacteremia was earlier (day 9 vs. day 14) in RI-CBT group. In spite of reduced-intensity preparative regimen, RI-CBT in adults is associated with higher rates of BSI at early time points after transplantation.
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Cherkasova, Mariya V., Lisa R. French, Cassidy A. Syer, Lorne Cousins, Harry Galina, Yasaman Ahmadi-Kashani, and Lily Hechtman. "Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With and Without Medication for Adults With ADHD: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 6 (October 6, 2016): 889–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716671197.
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Objective: Recent trials have demonstrated efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in medicated adults with ADHD. Efficacy of CBT in unmedicated versus medicated adults remains mostly unknown. We evaluated the effects of group CBT alone versus combined with medication on ADHD symptoms and functional outcomes in adult patients. Method: Eighty-eight adults with ADHD received 12 manualized group CBT sessions, accompanied by individual coaching, either without ( n = 46) or with ( n = 42) medication. Treatment effects were evaluated following treatment and 3-month and 6-month follow-up using un-blinded self-report and observer ratings. Results: CBT + medication resulted in greater improvements than CBT alone in ADHD symptoms, organizational skills, and self-esteem. Group differences diminished over follow-up, as the CBT alone group continued improving, while the combined group maintained the gains. Conclusion: CBT + medication outperformed CBT alone for ADHD symptoms, organizational skills, and self-esteem, although its superiority tended to decrease over follow-up.
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Murphy, Samuel T., Daniel R. Strunk, Brooklynn Bailey, Graham C. Bartels, Lisa N. Vittorio, Megan L. Whelen, and Robert J. Zhou. "Comparing skill enhanced and standard cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: a protocol for a randomized trial." International Journal of Clinical Trials 8, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20214107.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) features prominently among the first-line treatments for depression. The development of CBT skills is associated with both symptom reductions and reduced risk for relapse, suggesting that improvements in CBT skills might be important to the benefits of CBT. Nonetheless, standard CBT places modest emphasis on the development of these skills.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In this paper, we describe a randomized clinical trial testing the benefits of a variation of CBT that places greater emphasis on teaching patients CBT skills and makes patients' independent use of these skills a central therapeutic goal. Patients in this study (75 per condition) are being randomized to 12 weeks of standard or skill enhanced CBT for depression. The primary outcomes are change in symptoms and change in CBT skills. We will also evaluate the process of change in the treatments.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study has the potential to suggest an approach to enhancing CBT outcomes through greater focus on patients developing and independently using CBT skills. It will also provide an important context for understanding the role that CBT skills play in the therapeutic outcomes of CBT.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Trial registration:</strong> The trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Registration number: NCT04673513; registered on 17 December 2020.</p>
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Buvanendran, Asokumar, Amanda C. Sremac, Patricia A. Merriman, Craig J. Della Valle, John W. Burns, and Robert J. McCarthy. "Preoperative cognitive–behavioral therapy for reducing pain catastrophizing and improving pain outcomes after total knee replacement: a randomized clinical trial." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 46, no. 4 (January 15, 2021): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-102258.
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IntroductionCognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) can reduce preoperative pain catastrophizing and may improve postsurgical pain outcomes. We hypothesized that CBT would reduce pain catastrophizing more than no-CBT controls and result in improved pain outcomes.MethodsThe study was a randomized controlled trial of patients undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty between January 2013 and March 2020. In phase 1, the change in pain catastrophizing scores (PCS) among 4-week or 8-week telehealth, 4-week in person and no-CBT sessions was compared in 80 patients with a PCS >16. In phase 2, the proportion of subjects that achieved a 3-month decrease in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) pain subscale >4 following 4-week telehealth CBT with no-CBT controls were compared in 80 subjects.ResultsIn phase 1, 4-week telehealth CBT had the highest completion rate 17/20 (85%), demonstrated an adjusted median reduction in PCS of −9 (95% CI −1 to −14, p<0.01) compared with no-CBT and was non-inferior to 8-week telehealth CBT at a margin of 2 (p=0.02). In phase 2, 29 of 35 (83%) in the 4-week telehealth CBT and 26 of 33 (79%) subjects in the no-CBT demonstrated a decrease in the WOMAC pain subscale >4 at 3 months, difference 4% (95% CI −18% to 26%, p=0.48), despite a median decrease in the PCS for the 4-week CBT and no-CBT group of −6 (−10 to −2, p=0.02).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that CBT interventions delivered prior to surgery in person or via telehealth can reduced PCS scores; however, this reduction did not lead to improved 3-month pain outcomes.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 01772329, registration date 21 January 2013).
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Ahmadi, Reza, Roya Ahmadizadeh, Mohsen Hasani, and Omid Saed. "Transdiagnostic Versus Construct-Specific Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Emotional Disorders in Patients with High Anxiety Sensitivity: A Double-Blind Randomised Clinical Trial." Behaviour Change 38, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2021.6.
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AbstractAnxiety sensitivity (AS) is a common vulnerability in emotional disorders. Due to the pathological role of AS, individuals with high AS are faced with emotional problems. Thus, cognitive behavioural interventions try to reduce these problems by targeting AS. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy (T-CBT) and construct-specific CBT (CS-CBT) on AS, anxiety, depression, and positive and negative affect in these patients. To this end, 40 patients with high AS were randomly assigned to one of the three groups of T-CBT, CS-CBT, and wait list. Participants were assessed using the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule at baseline, post-treatment, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. The findings showed that T-CBT and CS-CBT have a significant effect on AS, anxiety, and negative affect; however, contrary to T-CBT, CS-CBT is not effective for reducing depression and positive affect. T-CBT had a more promising efficacy than CS-CBT in all treatment outcomes. The results show better and more stable efficacy of T-CBT among patients with high AS. It is essential to consider AS as a target for cognitive behavioural intervention for the spectrum of emotional disorders.
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Nurhafnissa, Isma Meitisya, Meiti Subardhini, and Krisna Dewi Setianingsih. "CBT- BELCLIST (BELIEF CLIENT LIST) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEPERCAYAAN DIRI ANAK ASUH DI YABNI KAB. SUMEDANG." Jurnal Kesejahteraan dan Pelayanan Sosial 3, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.52423/jkps.v3i2.26660.
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a counseling approach designed to solve the counsel's current problems by restructuring cognitive and deviant behavior. CBT-BELCLIST (Belief Client List) is a new technological model of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. CBT-BELCLIST is aimed at fostering girls who experience self-confidence problem at the Yayasan Bening Nurani, Sumedang Regency. CBT-BELCLIST is carried out in the second stage of CBT, namely in the stage of looking for negative emotions. CBT-BELCLIST contains two columns, namely irrational thinking and rational thinking, and will be filled by the subject and the subject's social environment. CBT-BELCLIST is intended to increase the confidence of foster children. This study was conducted to obtain an empirical description and analyze the self-confidence of foster children through the CBT-BELCLIST technique. This study uses an experimental research design with a Single Subject Design (SSD) approach with the ABA model. The target behavior observed in this study was managing oneself, starting a conversation with a friend, starting a conversation with a group of friends and giving verbal/non-verbal responses to friends. The result of this study is that with CBT-BELCLIST the subject is able to increase his self-confidence. Subjects begin to be able to manage themselves, start conversations with friends, start conversations with a group of friends and provide verbal/non-verbal responses to friends.Key Words: Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), CBT-BELCLIST (Belief Client List), Self-confidence Problem
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Schwartz, Christine, Jenny Lou Barican, Donna Yung, Yufei Zheng, and Charlotte Waddell. "Six decades of preventing and treating childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform policy and practice." Evidence Based Mental Health 22, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300096.
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QuestionAnxiety disorders are the most prevalent childhood mental disorders. They also start early and persist, causing high individual and collective costs. To inform policy and practice, we therefore asked: What is the best available research evidence on preventing and treating these disorders?MethodsWe sought randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating interventions addressing anxiety problems in young people. We identified RCTs by searching CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Thirty-three RCTs met inclusion criteria—evaluating 8 prevention programmes, 12 psychosocial treatments and 7 pharmacological treatments. We then conducted meta-analyses by intervention type.FindingsFor prevention, the cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) programme Coping and Promoting Strength stood out for reducing anxiety diagnoses. For psychosocial treatment, 9 CBT interventions also reduced diagnoses: Cool Kids; Cool Little Kids Plus Social Skills; Coping Cat; Coping Koala; One-Session Treatment; Parent Education Program; Skills for Academic and Social Success; Strongest Families and Timid to Tiger. Successful CBT interventions were used with children ranging from pre-schoolers to teens in homes, communities/schools and clinics. For pharmacological treatment, selective-serotonergic-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs) significantly improved symptoms. Fluoxetine stood out for also reducing post-test diagnoses, but caused adverse events. Meta-analyses indicated strongest effects for CBT (Log OR=0.95; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.21) and SSRI treatments (1.57; 1.09 to 2.06).ConclusionsCBT is effective for preventing and treating childhood anxiety—across a range of ages and formats. Fluoxetine is also an effective treatment but side effects must be managed. CBT prevention and treatment interventions should be made widely available, adding fluoxetine in severe cases.