Journal articles: 'CBRN CONTAMINANTS'

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Gautam, Sima, Navneet Sharma, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, and Mitra Basu. "Human Patient Simulator based CBRN Casualty Management Training." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.11073.

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<p>Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) emergency are becoming an impending threat. Effective preparedness needs to be raised for prompt response of CBRN incidents. During mass casualty incidents the strategy of the first responders must be beyond the triage, evacuation and medical first aid. Response process is advanced by the presence of CBRN contaminants and it becomes more complex when the rescue operations have to be performed immediately after the incident. Methodological approach is required to identify and decontaminate the CBRN victims. To manage CBRN emergencies, skill based training of appropriate degree is a key to the right level of preparedness. Intervention by first responders requires specialised inputs in knowledge, skills and aptitude. In India, CBRN defence training has traditionally been a military oriented domain, involving the quick reaction team, quick reaction medical team, rapid action medical team, etc. The training concept discussed in this study contemplates around standardised simulated CBRN casualty referred to as CBRN human patient simulator (HPS), which conceptualised in the division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi. HPS provides an opportunity to learn about the health impact of CBRN contaminants and practise medical management. Simulation as training and planning tools, offers repeatability, controllability, possibility for evaluation and provides a platform to learn from costly mistakes. Group training and demonstrations conducted on the HPS offers an additive benefit to enhance performance as a team and also help to reduce errors. This paper provides the information on the potentials of simulation based training of emergency response teams in the management of CBRN victims.</p><p> </p>

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Wagner, George W., Lawrence R. Procell, David C. Sorrick, Glenn E. Lawson, Claire M. Wells, Charles M. Reynolds, David B. Ringelberg, Karen L. Foley, Gregg J. Lumetta, and David L. Blanchard. "All-Weather Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Decontamination of CBRN Contaminants." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 7 (April 7, 2010): 3099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9019177.

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Monteith, Raymond G., and Laurie D. R. Pearce. "Self-care Decontamination within a Chemical Exposure Mass-casualty Incident." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 3 (April 27, 2015): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15004677.

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AbstractGrowing awareness and concern for the increasing frequency of incidents involving hazardous materials (HazMat) across a broad spectrum of contaminants from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) sources indicates a clear need to refine the capability to respond successfully to mass-casualty contamination incidents. Best results for decontamination from a chemical agent will be achieved if done within minutes following exposure, and delays in decontamination will increase the length of time a casualty is in contact with the contaminate. The findings presented in this report indicate that casualties involved in a HazMat/CBRN mass-casualty incident (MCI) in a typical community would not receive sufficient on-scene care because of operational delays that are integral to a standard HazMat/CBRN first response. This delay in response will mean that casualty care will shift away from the incident scene into already over-tasked health care facilities as casualties seek aid on their own. The self-care decontamination protocols recommended here present a viable option to ensure decontamination is completed in the field, at the incident scene, and that casualties are cared for more quickly and less traumatically than they would be otherwise. Introducing self-care decontamination procedures as a standard first response within the response community will improve the level of care significantly and provide essential, self-care decontamination to casualties. The process involves three distinct stages which should not be delayed; these are summarized by the acronym MADE: Move/Assist, Disrobe/Decontaminate, Evaluate/Evacuate.MonteithRG, PearceLDR. Self-care decontamination within a chemical exposure mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):1–9.

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Staack, Shawn D., Stephanie C. Griffin, Vivien S. T. Lee, Eric A. Lutz, and Jefferey L. Burgess. "Evaluation of CBRN Respirator Protection in Simulated Fire Overhaul Settings." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 65, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab004.

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Abstract Overhaul is the phase of firefighting after flames have been extinguished but when products of combustion are still being released. While positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) provide the highest level of respiratory protection during overhaul, use of air-purifying respirators (APRs) with suitable filters could potentially provide a lower weight, longer duration option for first responders. The objective of this study was to assess whether an APR with a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) canister could be recommended as substitution for SCBA during overhaul. A total of 15 simulated standard overhaul environments were created by burning household materials. Sampling was conducted using mannequin heads fitted with full facepiece respirators with either a CBRN canister or SCBA. In-mask and personal samples were collected for aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, inorganic acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter. An additional six simulated high-exposure overhaul environments were created in a flashover chamber by continuously adding household materials to a smoldering fire. The sampling train was the same for both the standard and high-exposure environments; however, the facepiece was sealed to the mannequin head in the high-exposure environments. In the standard overhaul environment, the CBRN canister effectively reduced the level of exposure for most contaminants, while in the high-exposure overhaul exposure setting in-mask acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were detected. In both exposure settings, the SCBA prevented almost all exposure, and therefore remains the recommended respiratory protection during overhaul.

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Matar, Hazem, Andreia Pinhal, Nevine Amer, Mark Barrett, Elliot Thomas, Philip Hughes, Joanne Larner, and Robert P. Chilcott. "Decontamination and Management of Contaminated Hair following a CBRN or HazMat Incident." Toxicological Sciences 171, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz145.

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Abstract This in vitro study evaluated the “triple protocol” of dry decontamination, the ladder pipe system (a method for gross decontamination), and technical decontamination for the decontamination of hair following chemical contamination. First, we assessed the efficacy of the 3 protocols, alone or in combination, on excised porcine skin and human hair contaminated with either methyl salicylate (MS), phorate (PHR), sodium fluoroacetate (SFA), or potassium cyanide (KCN). A second experiment investigated the residual hair contamination following decontamination with the triple protocol at different intervals postexposure. In a third experiment, hair decontaminated after exposure to MS or PHR was evaluated for off-gassing. Though skin decontamination was highly effective, a substantial proportion (20%–40%) of the lipophilic compounds (MS and PHR) remained within the hair. The more water-soluble contaminants (SFA and KCN) tended to form much smaller reservoirs within the hair. Interestingly, substantial off-gassing of MS, a medium volatility chemical, was detectable from triple-decontaminated hair up to 5 days postexposure. Overall, the decontamination strategies investigated were effective for the decontamination of skin, but less so for hair. These findings highlight the importance of contaminated hair serving as a source of potential secondary contamination by contact or inhalation. Therefore, consideration should be given to the removal of contaminated hair following exposure to toxic chemicals.

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Osmanlliu, MDCM, FRCPC, Esli, Ilana Bank, MDCM, FRCPC, FAAP, Elene Khalil, MDCM, FRCPC, FAAP, Peter Nugus, PhD, Margaret Ruddy, RN, BSc Nursing, MMgmt, and Meredith Young, PhD. "Decontamination effectiveness and the necessity of innovation in a large-scale disaster simulation." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0388.

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Background: Chemical, biological, radiologic, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) events threaten the health and integrity of human populations across the globe. Effective decontamination is a central component of CBRNE disaster response.Objective: This paper provides an objective determination of wet decontamination effectiveness through the use of a liquid-based contaminant proxy and describes the mobilization and adaptation of easily available materials for the needs of decontamination in pediatric victims.Methods: In this in-situ disaster simulation conducted at a pediatric hospital, decontamination effectiveness was determined through a liquid-based contaminant proxy, and standard burn charts to systematically estimate affected total body surface area (TBSA) in 39 adult simulated patients. Two independent raters evaluated TBSA covered by the contaminant before and after decontamination.Results: On average, simulated patients had 59 percent (95 percent CI [53, 65]) of their TBSA covered by the simulated contaminant prior to decontamination. Following a wet decontamination protocol, the average reduction in TBSA contamination was 81 percent (95 percent CI [74, 88]). There was high inter-rater reliability for TBSA assessment (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83, 95 percent CI [0.68, 0.92]. A modified infant bath was tested during the simulated decontamination of infant mannequins and thereafter integrated to the local protocol.Conclusion: Wet decontamination can remove more than 80 percent of the initial contaminant found on adult simulated patients. The use of a liquid-based visual tool as a contaminant proxy enables the inexpensive evaluation of decontamination performance in a simulated setting. This paper also describes an innovative, low-cost adaptation of a local decontamination protocol to better meet pediatric needs.

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Masi, S., P. Calisse, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, M. Epifani, M. Gervasi, G. Guarini, F. Melchiorri, G. Moreno, and P. Temi. "High Latitude Galactic Emission and the Search for Anisotropies in the CBR." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 139 (1990): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900241077.

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The study of the anisotropies of the submillimeter relict radiation (RR) can provide important arguments to select among different theoretical scenarios (Panek and Rudak 1988). However, interstellar dust (ISD) emission is present in this spectral region and its patchy distribution can heavily contaminate anisotropy measurements. For example, the most sensitive measurement of CBR anisotropies has been reported so far in a broad band around 1 mm (Melchiorri et al. 1981): the detection of anisotropy is statistically very significant, but its cosmological origin is questionable.

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Mapp, Latisha, and Gregory Beumel. "EPA WCIT and NEMI-CBR Provide Secure Access to Methods for Detecting Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Contaminants." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 8 (January 1, 2008): 7174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788808960.

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Kogut, Bogusław, Janusz Mika, and Roman Ratusznyj. "Rules of Cooperation Between the State Fire Service and Selected Institutions Under the Conditions of CBRN Threats, Including Biological Ones — Analysis of Polish Solutions." Internal Security 11, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5340.

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The article presents conclusions from the analysis of solutions applied in Poland in the field of implementation of joint projects of the State Fire Service and selected institutions responsible for ensuring the internal security of the state in the field of counteracting CBRN threats, including biological ones. The analysis refers to the binding legal system and the organizational solutions resulting from it. The considered legal order included the provisions of universally binding law and local law. It was assumed that the use of weapons of mass destruction in a terrorist attack might be executed through the contamination of air, water or soil, as well as by disease carriers: infected insects, rodents or people. One of the real methods of performing bioterrorists attacks is to contaminate the air by spraying, for example, biological aerosol. That is since aerosol production equipment is easily accessible, and most biological agents can be easily transported by air. The objects of such an attack will be primarily places with efficient air conditioning systems, public buildings and metro stations, and all places where people gather including railway stations, airports, shopping centers, sports and cultural facilities, government and public buildings, areas of military concentration, and places of public mass events. The considerations presented in this article refer to issues on a macro and micro scale, which allowed for distinguishing the rules of cooperation and its effectiveness. While endeavoring to objectify the conclusions from the analysis, the article was elaborated by a team of Polish, Czech, and Ukrainian experts.

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Pöritz, Marlén, Christian L. Schiffmann, Gerd Hause, Ulrike Heinemann, Jana Seifert, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen, Ivonne Nijenhuis, and Ute Lechner. "Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain DCMB5 Respires a Broad Spectrum of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 2 (November 7, 2014): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02597-14.

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ABSTRACTPolyhalogenated aromatic compounds are harmful environmental contaminants and tend to persist in anoxic soils and sediments.Dehalococcoides mccartyistrain DCMB5, a strain originating from dioxin-polluted river sediment, was examined for its capacity to dehalogenate diverse chloroaromatic compounds. Strain DCMB5 used hexachlorobenzenes, pentachlorobenzenes, all three tetrachlorobenzenes, and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene as well as 1,2,3,4-tetra- and 1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as electron acceptors for organohalide respiration. In addition, 1,2,3-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,3-, 1,2-, and 1,4-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were dechlorinated, the latter to the nonchlorinated congener with a remarkably short lag phase of 1 to 4 days following transfer. Strain DCMB5 also dechlorinated pentachlorophenol and almost all tetra- and trichlorophenols. Tetrachloroethene was dechlorinated to trichloroethene and served as an electron acceptor for growth. To relate selected dechlorination activities to the expression of specific reductive dehalogenase genes, the proteomes of 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene-, pentachlorobenzene-, and tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating cultures were analyzed. Dcmb_86, an ortholog of the chlorobenzene reductive dehalogenase CbrA, was the most abundant reductive dehalogenase during growth with each electron acceptor, suggesting its pivotal role in organohalide respiration of strain DCMB5. Dcmb_1041 was specifically induced, however, by both chlorobenzenes, whereas 3 putative reductive dehalogenases, Dcmb_1434, Dcmb_1339, and Dcmb_1383, were detected only in tetrachloroethene-grown cells. The proteomes also harbored a type IV pilus protein and the components for its assembly, disassembly, and secretion. In addition, transmission electron microscopy of DCMB5 revealed an irregular mode of cell division as well as the presence of pili, indicating that pilus formation is a feature ofD. mccartyiduring organohalide respiration.

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Gossard, Alban, Fabien Frances, Camille Aloin, Clara Penavayre, Nicolas Fabrègue, and Célia Lepeytre. "Effect of Surfactant Concentration on the Long-Term Properties of a Colloidal Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Decontamination Gel." Fluids 6, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6110410.

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Chemically, biologically, or radiologically contaminated surfaces can be treated using colloidal “vacuumable” gels containing alumina particles as a thickening agent, decontaminating solutions to inhibit/eliminate biological and chemical contaminants, and Pluronic PE 6200 as a surfactant to adjust the gel’s physicochemical properties. These gels have been shown to remain efficient even after prolonged storage. In the present study, the properties of gels with different surfactant concentrations were monitored over several months using rheological analyses, contact angle measurements, and ion chromatography. Results show that the surfactant reacts with the hypochlorite ions in the decontaminating solution. This leads to sedimentation, which modifies the rheological properties of the gel. Increasing the surfactant concentration ensures the physicochemical properties of the gel are preserved for longer, but because the surfactant reacts with the hypochlorite ions, the concentration of the latter decreases drastically and thus so do the decontamination properties of the gel. There is therefore a trade-off between the efficiency of the gel against chemical and biological contamination at a given time and how long its physicochemical properties are preserved, with the optimal balance depending on its intended use.

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Rothbacher, Dieter. "Real-time detection of Chemical Warfare Agents at clearance decontamination levels for surface contamination: a challenge for civilian authorities." European Physical Journal Plus 136, no. 5 (May 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01344-9.

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AbstractNATO doctrine considers clearance decontamination to be applicable after the termination of a CBRN incident and largely deems the conduct of clearance decontamination to be a civilian, not a military, capability (NATO Standard NATO STANREC 4784 CBRN Clearance Decontamination, Study Draft 1, November 2015). Clearance decontamination procedures are such that the process is verified as being achieved by determining the residual contamination levels on every part of various surfaces of equipment and infrastructure, and by demonstrating that such levels are below the ones that are pre-determined by the relevant civilian authorities, who are responsible for the safety of the civilian population (NATO Standard NATO STANREC 4784 CBRN Clearance Decontamination, Study Draft 1, November 2015). The current desirable surface contamination detection levels for some Chemical Warfare Agents are technically challenging and may be beyond the capabilities of current technologies of military and civilian authorities. Can those low levels be detected, in real time, with existing technologies? Proton Transfer Reaction–Time of Flight–Mass Spectrometry (PTR–ToF–MS) enables simultaneous real-time detection, monitoring, and quantification of volatile organic compounds. Trials and evaluations with this PTR–ToF–MS technology, using Chemical Warfare Agents as contaminants, will show that this technology is an invaluable asset in supporting civilian authorities when determining safe levels of surface contamination in real time, after the completion of decontamination operations.

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"An Investigation of Search Algorithms for Aerial Reconnaissance of an Area Target." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 10, no. 10-2 (December 25, 2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2022v10i2.pp159-165.

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As drone technology becomes increasingly accessible in commercial and defense sectors, it is important to establish efficient ways of employing the technology to leverage its inherent advantages. In the context of a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) attack, an unmanned aerial system (UAS) can provide an understanding of the area affected by contaminants in a faster and safer way than a manned reconnaissance mission. Commonly used deterministic paths provide comprehensive coverage but they can require a substantial amount of time to reach each sector within a search space. The recently proposed Lissajous search pattern provides easily tunable parameters that can be adjusted according to the search space and anticipated size of the target. This paper provides an evaluation of Lissajous patterns against canonical search patterns and investigates ways of maximizing their efficiency for various target sizes.

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Chilcott, Robert P., Joanne Larner, and Hazem Matar. "UK’s initial operational response and specialist operational response to CBRN and HazMat incidents: a primer on decontamination protocols for healthcare professionals." Emergency Medicine Journal, December 1, 2018, emermed-2018-207562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2018-207562.

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The UK is currently in the process of implementing a modified response to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear and hazardous material incidents that combines an initial operational response with a revision of the existing specialist operational response for ambulant casualties. The process is based on scientific evidence and focuses on the needs of casualties rather than the availability of specialist resources such as personal protective equipment, detection and monitoring instruments and bespoke showering (mass casualty decontamination) facilities. Two main features of the revised process are: (1) the introduction of an emergency disrobe and dry decontamination step prior to the arrival of specialist resources and (2) a revised protocol for mass casualty (wet) decontamination that has the potential to double the throughput of casualties and improve the removal of contaminants from the skin surface. Optimised methods for performing dry and wet decontamination are presented that may be of relevance to hospitals, as well as first responders at the scene of a chemical incident.

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Somashekara, Divyashree, and Lavanya Mulky. "Sequestration of Contaminants from Wastewater: A Review of Adsorption Processes." ChemBioEng Reviews, June 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cben.202200050.

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Agrahari, Sakshi, and Sushil Kumar. "Phytoremediation: A Shift Towards Sustainability for Dairy Wastewater Treatment." ChemBioEng Reviews, November 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cben.202300038.

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AbstractDairy processing industries have emerged as the most swiftly evolving sectors with excessive wastewater generation containing proteins, fat, oils, greases (FOGs), etc. As there is rising strain on energy usage and dependence on water resources, sustainable research focuses on reduction in wastewater generation and developing value‐added goods. An effective and widely explored sustainable technique for treating wastewater is phytoremediation, a plant‐based process. This review aims to analyze phytoremediation as a sustainable alternative for dairy wastewater treatment. It initially briefs about dairy wastewater characteristics and treatment alternatives and discusses constructed wetlands and hydroponic system in detail with mechanism insights and influenced process parameters. Interconnected technologies with phytoremediation and their impact on contaminant transformations, nutrient reuse, and detoxification of pollutants are encompassed. Also, resource recovery and biomass utilization, feedstock enrichment along with the future prospects of integrated hydroponic systems for achieving sustainability with efficient resource recovery are featured.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CBRN CONTAMINANTS'

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