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Troup, Lucy J., Simon Erridge, Beata Ciesluk, and Mikael H. Sodergren. "Perceived Stigma of Patients Undergoing Treatment with Cannabis-Based Medicinal Products." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 19, 2022): 7499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127499.
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Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) are prescribed with increasing frequency. This study aimed to investigate the perceived stigma attached to patients prescribed CBMPs in the UK to establish its prevalence. A qualitative survey was developed by an expert multidisciplinary group and data were collected via Qualtrics. In total, 2319 patients on CBMP therapy were invited to take part in this study. 450 (19.4%) participants completed the questionnaire. In total, 81.3% (n = 366), 76.9% (n = 346), and 61.3% (n = 276) of participants reported feeling very comfortable or comfortable telling friends, family, and medical professionals, respectively, about their treatment. Participants thought that friends (n = 372; 82.7%) and family (n = 339; 75.3%) were very approving or somewhat approving of their CBMP prescription. However, participants thought that only 37.8% (n = 170) of healthcare professionals and 32.9% (n = 148) of society in general were very approving or somewhat approving of their CBMP prescription. 57.1% (n = 257), 55.3% (n = 249), and 40.2% (n = 181) of participants were afraid of what the police or criminal justice system, other government agencies, and healthcare professionals might think about their treatment. This study highlights those patients treated with CBMPs experience a high prevalence of perceived stigma from many corners of society. Future work should be undertaken to explore strategies to reduce perceived stigma at an individual and community level to avoid discrimination of patients, likely increasing appropriate access.
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Zafar, RR, AK Schlag, and DJ Nutt. "Ending the pain of children with severe epilepsy? An audit of the impact of medical cannabis in 10 patients." Drug Science, Policy and Law 6 (January 2020): 205032452097448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050324520974487.
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Background Scientific and anecdotal evidence suggest that whole plant cannabis extracts are effective in reducing seizure frequency in individuals with a range of epileptic etiologies. We report a case series of 10 individuals using CBMPs in the UK to treat their conditions. Methods In this retrospective study, we report on patients (aged 2-48) with severe, intractable, childhood onset epilepsies using combined cannabinoid therapy. Carers of patients provided details through the charity ‘End our Pain’ and these data were subsequently analysed. Our primary objective was to assess changes in monthly seizure frequency pre and post initiation of CBMPs. We also report on previous and current AED, CBD:THC daily dose, quality of life and financial costs associated with CBMP private prescription. Change in monthly seizure frequency were assessed using a Wilcoxon Signed-ranks test. Results Of the 10 patients enrolled in the study there was an 97% mean reduction in monthly seizure frequency post initiation of CBMPs which was statistically significant (Z = 0, p < 0·01). We showed a reduction in AED use following initiation of CBMPs from a mean of 8 (±5·98) to 1 (±1·05). All patients were using either Bedrolite or Bedica (Bedrocan International) as their CBMP. Individual daily doses of THC ranged from 6·6mg – 26·5mg and for CBD, 200 mg – 550 mg. Average monthly cost of CBMP was £1816·20. Interpretation Our findings suggest a combination of CBD and THC based products are effective in reducing seizure frequency in a range of epileptic conditions. We highlight the inefficacy of the healthcare system in supporting these patients who bare great personal and financial burdens. We encourage specialist physicians and relevant bodies to permit greater ease of access of these medications to those patients where efficacy has been shown.
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Kidd, Jess A., Monica Boudreau, Robert C. Bailey, Michael R. van den Heuvel, Mark R. Servos, and Simon C. Courtenay. "Evaluating the Sampling Design of a Long-Term Community-Based Estuary Monitoring Program." Fishes 6, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030027.
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Community-based monitoring programs (CBMPs) are a cost-effective option to collect the long-term data required to effectively monitor estuaries. Data quality concerns have caused some CBMP datasets, which could fill knowledge gaps for aquatic ecosystems, to go unused. The Community Aquatic Monitoring Program (CAMP) is a CBMP that has collected littoral nekton assemblage data from estuaries in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence since 2003. Concerns with the CAMP sampling design (station placement and numbers) have prevented decision-makers from using the data to inform estuary health assessments. This study tested if CAMP’s sampling design that accommodates volunteer participation provides similar information as a scientific sampling approach. Six CAMP stations and six stations selected using a stratified random design were sampled at ten estuaries. A permutational-MANOVA revealed nekton assemblages were generally not significantly different between the two sampling designs. The current six CAMP stations are sufficient to detect the larger differences in species abundances that may indicate differences in estuary condition. The predicted increase in precision (2%) with twelve stations is not substantive enough to warrant an increased sampling effort. CAMP’s scientific utility is not limited by station selection bias or numbers. Furthermore, well-designed CBMPs can produce comparable data to scientific studies.
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Erridge, Simon, Mikael H. Sodergren, and Mark W. Weatherall. "Medical cannabis in multiple sclerosis." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 18, Sup3 (July 1, 2022): S28—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2022.18.sup3.s28.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects over 100 000 individuals in the UK. The symptoms of MS are heterogenous and correspond to the location of demyelination. However, common symptoms include sensory, motor, cognitive and affective disturbances. While the cornerstone of medical therapy is disease modifying agents, there is an ongoing need to develop symptomatic treatments. Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs), which were partially legalised in the UK in November 2018, have been touted as a potential management option for the associated sequelae of MS. Nabiximols, an oromucosal spray containing cannabidiol and (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, has been extensively evaluated for the treatment of MS-related spasticity. However, unlicensed CBMP formulations are a novel therapeutic class of medications, of which the clinical effects are less well known. Yet, there are promising indications for the use of CBMP in the symptomatic treatment of MS. This article reviews the literature on efficacy and safety of medical cannabis for people with MS.
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Jiang, Xia-sen, Hong-qing Xie, Chun-guang Li, Meng-meng You, Yu-fei Zheng, George Q. Li, Xiang Chen, Cui-ping Zhang, and Fu-liang Hu. "Chinese Propolis Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Inducing Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (July 22, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2743058.
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Special Chinese propolis sourced from the Changbai Mountains (CBMP) in Northeast China is rich in specific flavonoids and phenolic acids and its bioactivity has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative effect of CBMP on cancer cells and its molecular mechanisms. Different cancer cell lines were treated with the ethanol extracts of CBMP for 24 hours before the cell viability and mechanism measurements. The results showed CBMP had weak activities against human pancreatic cancer cell PANC1, human lung cancer cell A549, human colon cancer cell HCT116, human liver cancer cell HepG2, human bladder cancer cell T24, and human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231, but it significantly inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, caused cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in S phase, with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The results indicate that Chinese propolis sourced from the Changbai Mountains selectively inhibits the proliferation of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells by inducing both death receptor-induced apoptosis and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in S phase. These activities and mechanisms help understand the anticancer action of propolis and its active compounds.
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Scherer, Jürgen, and Rainer Seitz. "Sicherheit von Zelltherapeutika/Cell-based medicinal products (CBMP)." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 58, no. 11-12 (September 21, 2015): 1199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-015-2254-y.
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Monroe, David G., Donald F. Jin, and Michel M. Sanders. "Estrogen Opposes the Apoptotic Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 on Tissue Remodeling." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 4626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.13.4626-4634.2000.
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ABSTRACT Interactions between estrogen and growth factor signaling pathways at the level of gene expression play important roles in the function of reproductive tissues. For example, estrogen regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) in the uterus during the proliferative phase of the mammalian reproductive cycle. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), a member of the TGFβ superfamily, is also involved in the development and function of reproductive tissues. However, relatively few studies have addressed the expression of BMP-7 in reproductive tissues, and the role of BMP-7 remains unclear. As part of an ongoing effort to understand how estrogen represses gene expression and to study its interactions with other signaling pathways, chick BMP-7 (cBMP-7) was cloned. cBMP-7 mRNA levels are repressed threefold within 8 h following estrogen treatment in the chick oviduct, an extremely estrogen-responsive reproductive tissue. This regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Estrogen has a protective role in many tissues, and withdrawal from estrogen often leads to tissue regression; however, the mechanisms mediating regression of the oviduct remain unknown. Terminal transferase-mediated end-labeling and DNA laddering assays demonstrated that regression of the oviduct during estrogen withdrawal involves apoptosis, which is a novel observation. cBMP-7 mRNA levels during estrogen withdrawal increase concurrently with the apoptotic index of the oviduct. Furthermore, addition of purified BMP-7 induces apoptosis in primary oviduct cells. This report demonstrates that the function of BMP-7 in the oviduct involves the induction of apoptosis and that estrogen plays an important role in opposing this function.
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Bi, Xue, Lu Leng, Cheonshik Kim, Xinwen Liu, Yajun Du, and Feng Liu. "Constrained Backtracking Matching Pursuit Algorithm for Image Reconstruction in Compressed Sensing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041435.
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Image reconstruction based on sparse constraints is an important research topic in compressed sensing. Sparsity adaptive matching pursuit (SAMP) is a greedy pursuit reconstruction algorithm, which reconstructs signals without prior information of the sparsity level and potentially presents better reconstruction performance than other greedy pursuit algorithms. However, SAMP still suffers from being sensitive to the step size selection at high sub-sampling ratios. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a constrained backtracking matching pursuit (CBMP) algorithm for image reconstruction. The composite strategy, including two kinds of constraints, effectively controls the increment of the estimated sparsity level at different stages and accurately estimates the true support set of images. Based on the relationship analysis between the signal and measurement, an energy criterion is also proposed as a constraint. At the same time, the four-to-one rule is improved as an extra constraint. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CBMP yields better performance and further stability than other greedy pursuit algorithms for image reconstruction.
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Marshall, Jennifer E., Daniel J. Bucher, and Stephen D. A. Smith. "Patterns of infaunal macromollusc assemblages in a subtropical marine park: implications for management." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 4 (2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17122.
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Characterisation of habitats and communities is necessary to allow managers knowledge of the ecological resources they are charged with conserving. However, the high cost of gathering such data often precludes their incorporation into conservation planning, and habitat surrogates are often relied upon to represent underlying biotic patterns. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, extensive surveys informed the development of a state-wide habitat classification scheme (HCS) for biodiversity management based on the distribution of habitat types by water depth. To test the suitability of the current HCS for soft sediments, we compared infaunal mollusc assemblages at two different depths, and at scales of kilometres to tens of kilometres, within five coastal regions of the Cape Byron Marine Park (CBMP). Mollusc assemblages differed significantly between depths and among the range of spatial scales examined, and patterns were significantly correlated with mean grain size and sorting. Species richness also differed between depths and among sampling locations, whereas abundance differed between depths and among sites nested within locations. Although the present study provides preliminary support for the relevance of the NSW HCS depth categories in the CBMP, it also suggests that future refinement should consider the inclusion of categories based on sediment characteristics.
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Oksanen, J., A. Marttinen, S. Paatsama, and T. S. Lindholm. "Extraction and Characterization of Native Canine Bone Morphogenetic Protein (cBMP) Qualified with Osteoinductive." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 39, no. 2 (June 1998): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03547789.
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Zhang, Zhelun, Luyao Tang, Mengmeng Bao, Zhigang Liu, Wengong Yu, and Feng Han. "Functional Characterization of Carbohydrate-Binding Modules in a New Alginate Lyase, TsAly7B, from Thalassomonas sp. LD5." Marine Drugs 18, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18010025.
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Alginate lyases degrade alginate into oligosaccharides, of which the biological activities have vital roles in various fields. Some alginate lyases contain one or more carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), which assist the function of the catalytic modules. However, the precise function of CBMs in alginate lyases has yet to be fully elucidated. We have identified a new multi-domain alginate lyase, TsAly7B, in the marine bacterium Thalassomonas sp. LD5. This novel lyase contains an N-terminal CBM9, an internal CBM32, and a C-terminal polysaccharide lyase family 7 (PL7) catalytic module. To investigate the specific function of each of these CBMs, we expressed and characterized the full-length TsAly7B and three truncated mutants: TM1 (CBM32-PL7), TM2 (CBM9-PL7), and TM3 (PL7 catalytic module). CBM9 and CBM32 could enhance the degradation of alginate. Notably, the specific activity of TM2 was 7.6-fold higher than that of TM3. CBM32 enhanced the resistance of the catalytic module to high temperatures. In addition, a combination of CBM9 and CBM32 showed enhanced thermostability when incubated at 80 °C for 1 h. This is the first report that finds CBM9 can significantly improve the ability of enzyme degradation. Our findings provide new insight into the interrelationships of tandem CBMs and alginate lyases and other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, which may inspire CBM fusion strategies.
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Taylor, Jason J., James P. Lawler, Mora Aronsson, Tom Barry, Anne D. Bjorkman, Tom Christensen, Stephen J. Coulson, et al. "Arctic terrestrial biodiversity status and trends: A synopsis of science supporting the CBMP State of Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report." Ambio 49, no. 3 (January 18, 2020): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01303-w.
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Cicortas Gunnarsson, Lavinia, Cedric Montanier, Richard B. Tunnicliffe, Mike P. Williamson, Harry J. Gilbert, Eva Nordberg Karlsson, and Mats Ohlin. "Novel xylan-binding properties of an engineered family 4 carbohydrate-binding module." Biochemical Journal 406, no. 2 (August 13, 2007): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070128.
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Molecular engineering of ligand-binding proteins is commonly used for identification of variants that display novel specificities. Using this approach to introduce novel specificities into CBMs (carbohydrate-binding modules) has not been extensively explored. Here, we report the engineering of a CBM, CBM4-2 from the Rhodothermus marinus xylanase Xyn10A, and the identification of the X-2 variant. As compared with the wild-type protein, this engineered module displays higher specificity for the polysaccharide xylan, and a lower preference for binding xylo-oligomers rather than binding the natural decorated polysaccharide. The mode of binding of X-2 differs from other xylan-specific CBMs in that it only has one aromatic residue in the binding site that can make hydrophobic interactions with the sugar rings of the ligand. The evolution of CBM4-2 has thus generated a xylan-binding module with different binding properties to those displayed by CBMs available in Nature.
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Lee, S., D. Yang, Y. Park, D. Shin, H. Huh, S. Lee, S. Cho, S. Lim, K. Cho, and C. Kim. "Real-Time Body Surface Motion Tracking Using the Couch Based Computer Controlled Motion Phantom (CBMP) and Ultrasonic Sensor: A Feasibility Study." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 69, no. 3 (November 2007): S742—S743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.2298.
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Ricotta, Francesco, Salvatore Battaglia, Federico Bolognesi, Francesco Ceccariglia, Claudio Marchetti, and Achille Tarsitano. "Use of CAD–CAM Bridging Mandibular Prosthesis in Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: The Experience of Our School." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113516.
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Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a disease that affects the jaw. It is mainly related to radiation or bisphosphonates therapy, and the symptoms and signs consist of pain, bone exposure, inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue swelling, and secondary infection or drainage. In the case of advanced disease of the mandibular area, the treatment of choice is mandibular resection and reconstruction. In the present study, we report a case series of patients affected by ONJ and treated with a customised bridging mandibular prosthesis-only technique. From 2016 to 2018, we treated five consecutive patients affected by ONJ: three patients were affected by biphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the mandible (BRONJ) and two were affected by osteoradionecrosis of the mandible (ORNJ). Three patients needed a soft tissue free flap to permit optimal wound closure, intra- and/or extraorally. All reconstructive procedures were carried out successfully, with no major or minor microvascular complication. The average postoperative follow-up was 24.8 (range 10–41) months. Considering that microvascular bone transfer is a high-risk procedure in BRONJ patients, we can conclude that the positioning of a customised bridging mandibular prosthesis (CBMP), whether or not associated with a microvascular soft tissue transfer, is a safe technique in terms of surgical outcome and feasibility.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan S., Shimaa A. Amer, Dina M. M. Al-Sadek, Alshimaa A. Khalil, Eman M. Zaki, and Doaa A. El-Araby. "Optimizing the Growth, Health, Reproductive Performance, and Gonadal Histology of Broodstock Fantail Goldfish (Carassius auratus, L.) by Dietary Cacao Bean Meal." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101808.
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The potential effects of cacao bean meal, Theobroma cacao L., (CBM) on the growth, health status, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant, immune status, physiological parameters, female reproductive performance, and gonadal histological features of fantail goldfish (Carassius auratus, L.) were evaluated using a complete randomized block design with sex as a block. The trial lasted for 60 days. A total of 54 healthy fantail goldfish (36 broodstock females and 18 broodstock males) were randomly allocated into three treatments with supplementation of three levels of cocoa powder 0, 5, and 10 g kg−1 diet, CBM0, CBM5, and CBM10, respectively, with the sex ratio being four females:two males per replicate. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of males were increased in the CBM10 treatment (p < 0.05). The CBM10 diet improved relative feed costs (p < 0.05). Females fed on the CBM10 diet had an increase in the serum level of total protein (p = 0.001). Females fed on a diet supplemented with CBM5 showed a decrease in the serum level of triglyceride compared to females fed on CBM0 and CBM10 diets (p = 0.03). CBM10 diet increased the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of fish compared to CBM0 and CBM5 diets (p = 0.004). Serum levels of testosterone and estradiol were significantly increased in males fed on the CBM10 diet. The female reproductive performance was improved by CBM supplementation (p < 0.05). Ovarian histology exhibited increased granulation and follicle numbers after dietary CBM supplementation compared to the control treatment. Therefore, cacao bean meal can be used as a feed supplement in the diets of fantail goldfish for improving the growth, health status, and female reproductive performance, economic efficiency, and gonadal histological structure.
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Chanyalew, Moges Asressie, Mezgebu Yitayal, Asmamaw Atnafu, Shegaw Anagaw Mengiste, and Binyam Tilahun. "The Effectiveness of the Capacity Building and Mentorship Program in Improving Evidence-Based Decision-making in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia: Difference-in-Differences Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 10, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e30518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30518.
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Background Weak health information systems (HISs) hobble countries’ abilities to effectively manage and distribute their resources to match the burden of disease. The Capacity Building and Mentorship Program (CBMP) was implemented in select districts of the Amhara region of Ethiopia to improve HIS performance; however, evidence about the effectiveness of the intervention was meager. Objective This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of routine health information use for evidence-based decision-making among health facility and department heads in the Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods The study was conducted in 10 districts of the Amhara region: five were in the intervention group and five were in the comparison group. We employed a quasi-experimental study design in the form of a pretest-posttest comparison group. Data were collected from June to July 2020 from the heads of departments and facilities in 36 intervention and 43 comparison facilities. The sample size was calculated using the double population formula, and we recruited 172 participants from each group. We applied a difference-in-differences analysis approach to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Heterogeneity of program effect among subgroups was assessed using a triple differences method (ie, difference-in-difference-in-differences [DIDID] method). Thus, the β coefficients, 95% CIs, and P values were calculated for each parameter, and we determined that the program was effective if the interaction term was significant at P<.05. Results Data were collected using the endpoint survey from 155 out of 172 (90.1%) participants in the intervention group and 166 out of 172 (96.5%) participants in the comparison group. The average level of information use for the comparison group was 37.3% (95% CI 31.1%-43.6%) at baseline and 43.7% (95% CI 37.9%-49.5%) at study endpoint. The average level of information use for the intervention group was 52.2% (95% CI 46.2%-58.3%) at baseline and 75.8% (95% CI 71.6%-80.0%) at study endpoint. The study indicated that the net program change over time was 17% (95% CI 5%-28%; P=.003). The subgroup analysis also indicated that location showed significant program effect heterogeneity, with a DIDID estimate equal to 0.16 (95% CI 0.026-0.29; P=.02). However, sex, age, educational level, salary, and experience did not show significant heterogeneity in program effect, with DIDID estimates of 0.046 (95% CI –0.089 to 0.182), –0.002 (95% CI –0.015 to 0.009), –0.055 (95% CI –0.190 to 0.079), –1.63 (95% CI –5.22 to 1.95), and –0.006 (95% CI –0.017 to 0.005), respectively. Conclusions The CBMP was effective at enhancing the capacity of study participants in using the routine HIS for decision-making. We noted that urban facilities had benefited more than their counterparts. The intervention has been shown to produce positive outcomes and should be scaled up to be used in other districts. Moreover, the mentorship modalities for rural facilities should be redesigned to maximize the benefits. Trial Registration Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR202001559723931; https://tinyurl.com/3j7e5ka5
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Townshend, Kishani, Nerina J. Caltabiano, Rosalind Powrie, and Helen O’Grady. "A Preliminary Study Investigating the Effectiveness of the Caring for Body and Mind in Pregnancy (CBMP) in Reducing Perinatal Depression, Anxiety and Stress." Journal of Child and Family Studies 27, no. 5 (February 1, 2018): 1556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0978-z.
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HACHEM, Maher ABOU, Eva NORDBERG KARLSSON, Eva BARTONEK-ROXÅ, Srinivasrao RAGHOTHAMA, Peter J. SIMPSON, Harry J. GILBERT, Michael P. WILLIAMSON, and Olle HOLST. "Carbohydrate-binding modules from a thermostable Rhodothermus marinus xylanase: cloning, expression and binding studies." Biochemical Journal 345, no. 1 (December 17, 1999): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3450053.
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The two N-terminally repeated carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM4-1 and CBM4-2) encoded by xyn10A from Rhodothermus marinus were produced in Escherichiacoli and purified by affinity chromatography. Binding assays to insoluble polysaccharides showed binding to insoluble xylan and to phosphoric-acid-swollen cellulose but not to Avicel or crystalline cellulose. Binding to insoluble substrates was significantly enhanced by the presence of Na+ and Ca2+ ions. The binding affinities for soluble polysaccharides were tested by affinity electrophoresis; strong binding occurred with different xylans and β-glucan. CBM4-2 displayed a somewhat higher binding affinity than CBM4-1 for both soluble and insoluble substrates but both had similar specificities. Binding to short oligosaccharides was measured by NMR; both modules bound with similar affinities. The binding of the modules was shown to be dominated by enthalpic forces. The binding modules did not contribute with any significant synergistic effects on xylan hydrolysis when incubated with a Xyn10A catalytic module. This is the first report of family 4 CBMs with affinity for both insoluble xylan and amorphous cellulose.
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Battaglia, Salvatore, Francesco Ricotta, Salvatore Crimi, Rosalia Mineo, Fabio Michelon, Achille Tarsitano, Claudio Marchetti, and Alberto Bianchi. "Mandibular Reconstruction with Bridging Customized Plate after Ablative Surgery for ONJ: A Multi-Centric Case Series." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 11069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112211069.
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Purpose: Computer-aided methods for mandibular reconstruction have improved both functional and morphological results in patients who underwent segmental mandibular resection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the overlaying of virtual planning in terms of measures of the Computer Assisted Design/Computer Assisted Manufacturing CAD/CAM plate for mandibular reconstruction in patients who are ineligible for the insertion of reconstructing the titanium plate supported by fibular free flap, due to their poor health status, or in the presence of specific contraindications to autologous bone flap harvest. Materials and methods: The retrospective study performed analyzed the results of nine patients. The patients were treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of Policlinico S. Orsola of Bologna, Italy, and Policlinico San Marco, Catania, Italy, from April 2016 to June 2021. Superimposition between planning and post operative Computed Tomography CT scan was performed to assess the accuracy. Results: All reconstructive procedures were carried out successfully. No microsurgery-related complications occurred. In two cases, we had plate misplacement, and in one case, plate exposure that led to plate removal. The average accuracy of the series assessed after CT superimposition, as previously described, was 0.95 mm. Conclusions: Considering that microvascular bone transfer is a high-risk procedure in BRONJ patients, we can conclude that the positioning of a customized bridging mandibular prosthesis (CBMP), whether or not it is associated with a microvascular soft tissue transfer, is a safe technique in terms of surgical outcome and feasibility.
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Marathe, Shweta N., Deepali S. Yakkundi, and Hemraj Patil. "Assessing usefulness of ‘participatory audit and planning process on improving functioning of patient welfare committees in select public health institutes from Maharashtra." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 5 (April 24, 2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181693.
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Background: Social audit is being increasingly recognized and used as a tool for ensuring accountability and transparency in various social sectors. Building upon social audit concept, retaining its core with appropriate modifications in the context of patients’ welfare committee (PWC) funds in public health institutions the ‘participatory audit and planning (PAP) process’ was developed and conducted in nine health institutes from Maharashtra by civil society organisations. The aim of the PAP was to improve the overall functioning of PWC. At state level, it has been decided to implement the process in 140 health institutions implementing CBMP of Health in Maharashtra. With such recognition of the process at state level, it was felt necessary to study the usefulness of the PAP process on functioning of PWCs.Methods: Hence a descriptive study was conducted for assessing changes after introducing the PAP process on functioning of PWC in six out of nine health institutions, with the objectives to understand the change in pattern of expenditure of PWC funds for three consecutive years (2013-2016) in the context of conduction of PAP process and to understand opinions and experiences of various stakeholders of the PWC regarding usefulness of PAP process for improving functioning of PWC.Results: This study signifies the usefulness of PAP process in the view of various stakeholders, especially on improving participatory planning of funds, bringing transparency in expenditure, record keeping and hence ensuring effective utilisation of PWC funds in the view of patients need.Conclusions: Scaling up of PAP process shall be considered by the state officials to improve accountability regarding use of PWC funds and ensure it’s pro-people expenditure.
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de la Vega, Lia Rodriguez. "International Migration in South Asia: Notes on the “Illegal Migration” from Bangladesh to India." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 15, no. 2 (July 2015): 419–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1501500212.
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India is known for its huge diaspora of over 20 million people outside of the country, (MEA: 2002), whose growing importance has stimulated the development of a specific governmental structure to relate with it. At the same time India is known for receiving several migrants from different South Asian countries, such as Bangladesh, that is associated with “illegal immigration” and human trafficking. In turn, illegal immigration has been a burning issue in the North East of India associated with serious socio-political implications. Though India and Bangladesh depict different positions on the subject, they have put into practice a joint Coordinated Border Management Plan (CBMP), ned in July 2011, besides managing a ‘Task Force of Bangladesh and India for Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Integration of Trafficked victims/survivors’. The subject has precipitated questions on security in terms of, both, the states as well as the human beings involved/affected. Considering the above mentioned, this paper aims at analyzing the characteristic of illegal migration from Bangladesh to India by means of the analysis of documents and the review of literature on the subject. Taking up the dynamics of the contemporary positions of both the countires this research offers a critical analysis of the politically sensitive issue. Having signed an agreement on the enclaves issue and the renewal of the bilateral commerce, the two contiguous neihbours also highlight the need to monitor the border in a more effective way, and disable the policy of ‘vote bank’ amidst their other concerns. It seems worthy of attention therefore, that India and Bangladesh work for a more comprehensive approach to the question of security. It would be interesting to see if such an approach between them could also include on board, the issues connected with the development and empowerment of subjects and regions, both as a strategy and as a response to the subject.
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HOGG, Deborah, Gavin PELL, Paul DUPREE, Florence GOUBET, Susana M. MARTÍN-ORÚE, Sylvie ARMAND, and Harry J. GILBERT. "The modular architecture of Cellvibrio japonicus mannanases in glycoside hydrolase families 5 and 26 points to differences in their role in mannan degradation." Biochemical Journal 371, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 1027–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021860.
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β-1,4-Mannanases (mannanases), which hydrolyse mannans and glucomannans, are located in glycoside hydrolase families (GHs) 5 and 26. To investigate whether there are fundamental differences in the molecular architecture and biochemical properties of GH5 and GH26 mannanases, four genes encoding these enzymes were isolated from Cellvibrio japonicus and the encoded glycoside hydrolases were characterized. The four genes, man5A, man5B, man5C and man26B, encode the mannanases Man5A, Man5B, Man5C and Man26B, respectively. Man26B consists of an N-terminal signal peptide linked via an extended serine-rich region to a GH26 catalytic domain. Man5A, Man5B and Man5C contain GH5 catalytic domains and non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) belonging to families 2a, 5 and 10; Man5C in addition contains a module defined as X4 of unknown function. The family 10 and 2a CBMs bound to crystalline cellulose and ivory nut crystalline mannan, displaying very similar properties to the corresponding family 10 and 2a CBMs from Cellvibrio cellulases and xylanases. CBM5 bound weakly to these crystalline polysaccharides. The catalytic domains of Man5A, Man5B and Man26B hydrolysed galactomannan and glucomannan, but displayed no activity against crystalline mannan or cellulosic substrates. Although Man5C was less active against glucomannan and galactomannan than the other mannanases, it did attack crystalline ivory nut mannan. All the enzymes exhibited classic endo-activity producing a mixture of oligosaccharides during the initial phase of the reaction, although their mode of action against manno-oligosaccharides and glucomannan indicated differences in the topology of the respective substrate-binding sites. This report points to a different role for GH5 and GH26 mannanases from C. japonicus. We propose that as the GH5 enzymes contain CBMs that bind crystalline polysaccharides, these enzymes are likely to target mannans that are integral to the plant cell wall, while GH26 mannanases, which lack CBMs and rapidly release mannose from polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, target the storage polysaccharide galactomannan and manno-oligosaccharides.
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Barbosa, Mariana, Hélvio Simões, and Duarte Miguel F. Prazeres. "Functionalization of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels with Bi-Functional Fusion Proteins Containing Carbohydrate-Binding Modules." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123175.
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Materials with novel and enhanced functionalities can be obtained by modifying cellulose with a range of biomolecules. This functionalization can deliver tailored cellulose-based materials with enhanced physical and chemical properties and control of biological interactions that match specific applications. One of the foundations for the success of such biomaterials is to efficiently control the capacity to combine relevant biomolecules into cellulose materials in such a way that the desired functionality is attained. In this context, our main goal was to develop bi-functional biomolecular constructs for the precise modification of cellulose hydrogels with bioactive molecules of interest. The main idea was to use biomolecular engineering techniques to generate and purify different recombinant fusions of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) with significant biological entities. Specifically, CBM-based fusions were designed to enable the bridging of proteins or oligonucleotides with cellulose hydrogels. The work focused on constructs that combine a family 3 CBM derived from the cellulosomal-scaffolding protein A from Clostridium thermocellum (CBM3) with the following: (i) an N-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) domain (GFP-CBM3); (ii) a double Z domain that recognizes IgG antibodies; and (iii) a C-terminal cysteine (CBM3C). The ability of the CBM fusions to bind and/or anchor their counterparts onto the surface of cellulose hydrogels was evaluated with pull-down assays. Capture of GFP-CBM3 by cellulose was first demonstrated qualitatively by fluorescence microscopy. The binding of the fusion proteins, the capture of antibodies (by ZZ-CBM3), and the grafting of an oligonucleotide (to CBM3C) were successfully demonstrated. The bioactive cellulose platform described here enables the precise anchoring of different biomolecules onto cellulose hydrogels and could contribute significatively to the development of advanced medical diagnostic sensors or specialized biomaterials, among others.
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Biswas, Binoy Krishna, Md Manzur Ul Karim Khan, Md Shahidul Islam, and Nahida Islam. "Basal Cell Carcinoma at the Tip of the Nose – A Case Report." Community Based Medical Journal 10, no. 2 (March 20, 2022): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v10i2.59178.
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Skin cancers contribute very less to the total number of carcinomas. Particularly when on the face or exposed parts affect cosmetically more than functionally. Basal Cell Carcinoma over face is a locally destructive malignancy of the skin which rarely metastasizes. Basal cell carcinomas are the most common type of cancer in Europe, Australia, and the USA. A case of basal cell carcinoma is reported here in an adult female living in a rural area, who came for cosmetic purpose in the Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh and was transferred to the Department of Otolaryngology & Neck-Head Surgery of the same institution for better management. She was treated with best of the modalities available, i.e., wide local excision with local Nasolabial flap reconstruction with follow up.
CBMJ 2021 January: vol. 10 no. 02 P: 115-117
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Mekasha, Sophanit, Tina Rise Tuveng, Fatemeh Askarian, Swati Choudhary, Claudia Schmidt-Dannert, Axel Niebisch, Jan Modregger, Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, and Vincent G. H. Eijsink. "A trimodular bacterial enzyme combining hydrolytic activity with oxidative glycosidic bond cleavage efficiently degrades chitin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 27 (May 12, 2020): 9134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.013040.
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Findings from recent studies have indicated that enzymes containing more than one catalytic domain may be particularly powerful in the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose. Some known multicatalytic enzymes contain several glycoside hydrolase domains and one or more carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). Here, using bioinformatics and biochemical analyses, we identified an enzyme, Jd1381 from the actinobacterium Jonesia denitrificans, that uniquely combines two different polysaccharide-degrading activities. We found that Jd1381 contains an N-terminal family AA10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), a family 5 chitin-binding domain (CBM5), and a family 18 chitinase (Chi18) domain. The full-length enzyme, which seems to be the only chitinase produced by J. denitrificans, degraded both α- and β-chitin. Both the chitinase and the LPMO activities of Jd1381 were similar to those of other individual chitinases and LPMOs, and the overall efficiency of chitin degradation by full-length Jd1381 depended on its chitinase and LPMO activities. Of note, the chitin-degrading activity of Jd1381 was comparable with or exceeded the activities of combinations of well-known chitinases and an LPMO from Serratia marcescens. Importantly, comparison of the chitinolytic efficiency of Jd1381 with the efficiencies of combinations of truncated variants—JdLPMO10 and JdCBM5-Chi18 or JdLPMO10-CBM5 and JdChi18—indicated that optimal Jd1381 activity requires close spatial proximity of the LPMO10 and the Chi18 domains. The demonstration of intramolecular synergy between LPMOs and hydrolytic enzymes reported here opens new avenues toward the development of efficient catalysts for biomass conversion.
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Taylor, Pamela J., David Farrington, John Gunn, and Mary McMurran. "Change for CBMH." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 16, no. 1 (2006): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.31.
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Liu, H. Y., J. L. Sears, M. Bandla, A. M. Harness, and B. Kulemeka. "First Report of Calibrachoa mottle virus Infecting Petunia." Plant Disease 87, no. 12 (December 2003): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1538a.
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Calibrachoa mottle virus (CbMV), a tentative carmovirus, was first isolated and reported by Liu et al. (1) from infected Calibrachoa plants. During the spring of 2003, petunia samples from Florida and California sent to testing services at Agdia, Inc (Elkhart IN) tested positive for CbMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lateral flow immunoassay (ImmunoStrips). These samples also tested positive by carmovirus group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and by immunocapture PCR (2). RNA extracted from these samples with the RNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) hybridized with a digoxigenin labeled probe derived from purified CbMV viral RNA. All plant samples that tested positive for CbMV were symptomless except one symptomatic sample that also tested positive for Tobacco mosaic virus. From samples that tested positive for CbMV only, mechanical inoculations were made to Chenopodium quinoa at a USDA-ARS greenhouse in Salinas, CA. Representative single, local lesions were used to inoculate additional C. quinoa plants. The resulting local lesions from these inoculations were freeze-dried and further used as virus inoculum (CbMV petunia). Similar inoculum was made with CbMV isolated from Calibrachoa plants (CbMV calibrachoa). Virus-free Petunia hybrida cultivars Surfinia ‘Baby Pink’ and Surfinia ‘Violet’ (Jackson and Perkins Inc., Somis, CA) were mechanically inoculated with CbMV petunia and CbMV calibrachoa. Four weeks postinoculation, all plants were tested using ELISA for the presence of CbMV. In greenhouse conditions, 14.3% of ‘Baby Pink’ plants were positive for CbMV petunia, whereas none were positive for CbMV calibrachoa. ‘Violet’ plants were 64.3 and 33.3% positive for CbMV petunia and CbMV calibrachoa, respectively. None of the positive plants expressed virus-like symptoms. Virus particles resembling those of CbMV were observed from infected petunia plants with transmission electron microscopy in leaf-dip preparations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CbMV infecting petunia. Commercial reproduction of petunia plants and maintenance of genetic mother stock are usually by vegetative propagation. CbMV can be transmitted mechanically and is readily propagated along with its host. To produce healthy petunia plants, virus-free mother stock should be used, which requires regular screening of mother stock for CbMV. Reference: (1) H.-Y. Liu et al. Plant Dis. 87:167, 2003. (2) A. M. Harness et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 92:S34, 2002.
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Varier, E. V. Deepasree, Gayathri Sobha, Angel Babychan, Najiya Najeem Jasmin, Naveena Manu, P. Gopika, Aysha Naurin Firosh, et al. "Impact of New Competency-Based Medical Curriculum on the Educational Environment of Medical Students in a Medical College in Central Kerala." HAP Journal of Public Health and Clinical Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/jpm.221127600.
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Background: Competency-based medical education (CBME) for graduate medical students was introduced by National Medical Commission from the 2019 batch. This paper seeks to estimate the impact of CBME on the educational environment of medical students and to compare the university examination outcomes after the introduction of CBME with the antecedent non-CBME batch. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among all the students (197) of the CBME and preceding non-CBME batch of a medical college in central Kerala. The educational environment was collected in the online platform with a standard questionnaire, Dundee Ready Education Environmental Measure (DREEM questionnaire) in 5 domains: perception of learning, perception of teachers, student’s academic self-perception (ASP), perceptions of atmosphere, and social self-perception (SSP). Results: The overall DREEM score was found to be significantly higher at 122.7 in the CBME batch compared to 112.8 in the non-CBME batch (P < .002). The individual mean domain scores of “perceptions of learning” was the highest at 30.39 ± 5.17 followed by “student’s perception of atmosphere” with a mean score of 29.53. Perception of learning, ASP, perception of atmosphere, and SSP were statistically significantly higher in CBME (2019) batch. The proportion of failures was significantly higher in the non-CBME batch, and among those with distinction, 3 out of 4 students were from CBME batch. The DREEM score was also significantly correlated with the university marks score. Conclusion: It appears that the CBME batch is performing better than the previous non-CBME batch and also has a better educational environment, though larger studies are necessary to further examine this phenomenon.
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Meng, Xianwang, Vishnuka D. Arulsundaram, Ahmed F. Yousef, Paul Webb, John D. Baxter, Joe S. Mymryk, and Paul G. Walfish. "Corepressor/Coactivator Paradox: Potential Constitutive Coactivation by Corepressor Splice Variants." Nuclear Receptor Signaling 4, no. 1 (January 2006): nrs.04022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1621/nrs.04022.
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The functional consequences of the interaction of transcriptional coregulators with the human thyroid hormone receptor (TR) in mammalian cells are complex. We have used the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lack endogenous nuclear receptors (NRs) and NR coregulators, as a model to decipher mechanisms regulating transcriptional activation by TR. In effect, this system allows the reconstitution of TR mediated transcription complexes by the expression of specific combinations of mammalian proteins in yeast. In this yeast system, human adenovirus 5 early region 1A (E1A), a natural N-CoR splice variant (N-CoRI) or an artificial N-CoR truncation (N-CoRC) coactivate unliganded TRs and these effects are inhibited by thyroid hormone (TH). E1A contains a short peptide sequence that resembles known corepressor-NR interaction motifs (CoRNR box motif, CBM), and this motif is required for TR binding and coactivation. N-CoRI and N-CoRC contain three CBMs, but only the C-terminal CBM1 is critical for coactivation. These observations in a yeast model system suggest that E1A and N-CoRI are naturally occurring TR coactivators that bind in the typical corepressor mode. These findings also raise the possibility that alternative splicing events which form corepressor proteins containing only C-terminal CBM motifs could represent a novel mechanism in mammalian cells for regulating constitutive transcriptional activation by TRs.
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Guo, Chenxi, and Ping Lv. "Network position of independent director in cross-border mergers and acquisitions." International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-01-2017-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of network position of independent directors on the decision-making process of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs). Design/methodology/approach With 912 CBMAs constructed by 431 Chinese-listed corporations from 2006 to 2015, the authors provide graph-theoretical methods to quantify directors’ networks and build logistics models of CBMA success and generalized linear model for transaction value. Findings The authors find that independent directors in central positions of board networks of CBMA significantly strengthen the possibility of success of CBMA and react more positively to large CBMA. The results reveal that state-owned enterprises reduce the importance of independent directors in central positions in assisting successful CBMA, but strengthen the importance in promoting large CBMA. Specifically, majority shareholders counteract the importance of independent directors in central positions in assisting successful CBMA, but improve the importance in promoting large CBMA. Originality/value The findings suggest that independent directors in central positions, which are embedded in sets of board relationships and interactions, lead to efficient external corporate governance as a mechanism to facilitate a Chinese-listed firm’s CBMA decision making.
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Zheljazkov, Valtcho D., Tess Astatkie, Urszula Norton, and Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova. "Gypsum and Coal-bed Methane Water Modify Growth Media Properties, Nutrient Uptake, and Essential Oil Profile of Lemongrass and Palmarosa." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060282.
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Coal-bed methane (CBM), an important energy source, coproduces a vast amount of saline-sodic wastewater, CBM water (CBMW), with environmental and economic disposal issues. This research evaluated under a greenhouse production system the influence of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and CBMW on yields, essential oil (EO) content and composition in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and palmarosa (C. martinii), and on growth medium pH and available nutrients. CBMW treatments had higher pH than tap water treatment. Gypsum reduced pH in all CBMW treatments but did not affect pH in tap water treatment. While CBMW may increase the available Cu and Fe in growth medium, the application of gypsum may negate this effect. CBMW significantly increased growth medium Na. Gypsum increased growth medium S, and CBMW increased S in the high gypsum treatments. Palmarosa height, fresh weight, geranyl acetate, and isoneral in lemongrass EO were reduced, while geraniol in palmarosa EO increased with CBMW relative to tap water. In distillation waste plant tissue, CBMW increased Na in lemongrass and palmarosa by almost eight times; increased total P, S, and Mn in palmarosa; and reduced total N, S, Ca, and Mg in lemongrass and Ca in palmarosa, relative to tap water. This study demonstrated that CBMW may be used for greenhouse production of high-value crops, but it may affect the yields and oil content of some crops and growth medium characteristics.
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Li, C., SX Li, ME Jenkins, SL Venance, CJ Watling, and A. Florendo-Cumbermack. "P.053 Insights from the first eighteen months of CBME implementation across Canadian neurology residency training programs." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 49, s1 (June 2022): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2022.154.
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Background: Canadian neurology residency programs recently transitioned to Competence Based Medical Education (CBME), designed to provide residents with stage-appropriate learning to develop and demonstrate competence. The successful implementation of CBME requires iterative evaluation as the adoption process may differ from the intended design due to systemic or program-specific factors. This study aims to (1) examine the variability in CBME implementation across Canadian neurology residency programs; (2) determine the barriers toward uptake of CBME; and (3) identify the benefits and pitfalls of CBME in neurology residency programs. Methods: A separate national survey was developed for residents and staff neurologists who participated in CBME for at least six months. Surveys were distributed through email, and responses were anonymized. Quantitative data were analyzed by response frequency and mean, where applicable. Free-form responses were analyzed qualitatively. Results: Staff neurologists felt prepared for CBME, but were divided on its fairness and impact on education quality. Residents experienced frequent but not necessarily timely or high-quality feedback. Barriers to implementation included increased paperwork, dissatisfaction with online platforms used to facilitate CBME, and bidirectional burden of initiating evaluations. Conclusions: Staff and residents have expressed unique perspectives on the first iteration of CBME. There remain opportunities for improvement in subsequent iterations.
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Chiang, Yun-Jung, and Jong-Young Jeffrey Yen. "Functional Characterization of CBAP in Controlling Bim-independent Hematopoietic Homeostasis (97.14)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 97.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.97.14.
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Abstract The lifespan of hematopoietic cells is involved in controlling inflammation and autoimmune response. CBAP (Common Beta chain Associating Protein) is a newly annotated membrane bound protein and is identified to associate with Box II domain, highly conserved among cytokine receptor superfamily, of common beta chain (βc) of GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor. In GM-CSF withdrawal-induced cell death assay, CBAP is demonstrated to trigger apoptotic signal, which is involved in Bax/Bak activation, and could be blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2 protein. In order to characterize the biological role of CBAP in vivo, we created the CBAP-deficient mice in either wild-type (wt) or Bim-deficient genetic background. We find that CBAP deficient mice are viable and fertile. The targeted allele could be transmitted according Mendel's Law inside the family, suggesting there is no apparent reproductive defect. In addition, we find the alterations of haematopoietic homeostasis. CBAP-deficiency increased the numbers of T cells, B cells and dendritic cells in the peripheral lymphatic organs in both the wt- and Bim-/- background, suggesting CBAP plays a non-redundant role in regulating hematopoietic homeostasis. CBAP-deficient primary bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) are more resistant to GM-CSF withdrawal-induced cell death, suggesting the contribution of CBAP in the regulation of apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest the potential role of CBAP in controlling death of hematopoietic cells as well as playing a redundant role of Bim-regulated cell death.
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Lohmeyer, Franziska, Matthew Commers, Emanuele Leoncini, Maria Specchia, Stefania Boccia, Walter Ricciardi, and Antonio de Belvis. "Community-based Mental Healthcare: A Case Study in a Cross-border Region of Germany and the Netherlands." Das Gesundheitswesen 81, no. 03 (October 1, 2018): e58-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0664-0579.
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Abstract Background Community-based mental healthcare (CBMH) aims at supplying psychiatric patients with rehabilitative care outside the hospital. The aim of this study was to compare the organization of CBMH in a cross-border region of Germany and the Netherlands. Method Semi-structured interviews gave insight into characteristics of CBMH approaches applied in the German region of Aachen (IHP) and the Dutch Province of Limburg (FACT). We applied a Delphi technique to select a performance indicator (PI) set for CBMH, which served as a conceptual model to allow comparison. Results Both approaches are flexible, patient-centred and include the evaluation of quality. Both provide financial and administrative support for the access. Conclusion CBMH approaches appear to be equally valid from several perspectives even if they revealed, at the same time, important differences related to scope, integration with non-CBMH care resources and geographic coverage. Secondarily, the study provides a contribution to the development of a PI set to compare and evaluate CBMH approaches.
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Williamson, J. R., P. L. Hoffmann, W. M. Kohrt, R. J. Spina, A. R. Coggan, and O. Holloszy. "Endurance exercise training decreases capillary basement membrane width in older nondiabetic and diabetic adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.747.
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The objectives of these studies were to 1) evaluate the relationships among age, glucose intolerance, and skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane (CBM) width (CBMW) and 2) determine the effects of exercise training on CBMW by comparing values of young (28 +/- 4 yr) and older (63 +/- 7 yr) athletes with those of age-matched sedentary control subjects and by measuring CBMW in older men and women before and after a 9-mo endurance-exercise training program. CBMW was measured in tissue samples obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle. CBMW in sedentary 64 +/- 3-yr-old subjects was 25% thicker than in sedentary 24 +/- 3-yr-old subjects. CBMW was similar in young and older athletes and was thinner than the CBMW of age-matched sedentary control subjects. There were no differences in CBMW among older sedentary individuals with normal or impaired glucose tolerance or mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nine months of endurance exercise training reduced CBMW in older men and women by 30-40%, to widths that were not different from those of the young subjects; this response was independent of glucose tolerance status. These findings suggest that habitual exercise prevents the thickening of the skeletal muscle CBM that is characteristic of advancing age. Moreover, the thickening of the CBM appears to be readily reversed as a result of exercise training, even in older individuals.
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Bressoud, David M. "A Vision for CBMS." Notices of the American Mathematical Society 64, no. 06 (June 1, 2017): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/noti1535.
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Barua, Ripon, Md Abdul Wohab Khan, Md Mohibur Rahman, Nasim E. Tasnim, Md Abu Sayeed Talukder, and Kazi Ashraful Alam. "Teacher’s view on current practices of ‘community based medical education’ related activities in undergraduate medical education of Bangladesh, 2021." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education 13, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjme.v13i2.60942.
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‘Community-based medical education’ (CBME) consists of learning activities in the community settings where students, teachers and community members are actively engaged in the learning process of medical education relevant to community health needs. This cross sectional study was aimed to explore the current practices of CBME related activities in undergraduate medical education of Bangladesh. Data were collected from 108 teachers of eight medical colleges of Bangladesh from January to December of 2021 using a pretested self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 16. In this study, 61.1% were female teachers. Most of the teachers (69.4%) were agreed that CBME related activities motivate students to serve at community settings. About 74% teachers revealed that CBME develop student’s positive attitude towards community people. Maximum (51.9%) teachers were satisfied for infrastructure of residential field site training (RFST) sites. The accommodation, transport and security of RFST sites were satisfied to 38%, 45.4% and 47.2% teachers respectively. About 31.6% teachers mentioned that poor set up of service place for CBME activities and 23.7% teachers revealed that less participation of community people as important constraints for CBME related activities. Conduction of CBME related activities as per curriculum objectives and motivation of local health authority were most important suggestions to overcome the constraints of CBME related activities mentioned by 12.6% and 11.3% teachers respectively. This study recommended to motivate the stakeholders, increase duration for RFST, and ensure necessary infrastructures, adequate transport, security, resource and supervision for effective CBME related activities. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.13(2) July 2022: 26-34
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Yoda, Kazutoyo, Atsushi Toyoda, Yoshihiro Mukoyama, Yutaka Nakamura, and Hajime Minato. "Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of a Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 Gene Encoding an Endoglucanase (Cel5A) with Novel Carbohydrate-Binding Modules, and Properties of Cel5A." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 5787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.5787-5793.2005.
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ABSTRACT A novel Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 gene encoding an endoglucanase (Cel5A) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and its enzymatic properties were characterized. The cel5A gene consists of a 3,444-bp open reading frame and encodes a 1,148-amino-acid protein with a molecular mass of 127,047 Da. Cel5A is a modular enzyme consisting of an N-terminal signal peptide, two glycosyl hydrolase family 5 catalytic modules, two novel carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), two linker sequences, and a C-terminal sequence with an unknown function. The amino acid sequences of the two catalytic modules and the two CBMs are 94% and 73% identical to each other, respectively. Two regions that consisted of one CBM and one catalytic module were tandemly connected via a linker sequence. The CBMs did not exhibit significant sequence similarity with any other CBMs. Analyses of the hydrolytic activity of the recombinant Cel5A (rCel5A) comprising the CBMs and the catalytic modules showed that the enzyme is an endoglucanase with activities with carboxymethyl cellulose, lichenan, acid-swollen cellulose, and oat spelt xylan. To investigate the functions of the CBMs and the catalytic modules, truncated derivatives of rCel5A were constructed and characterized. There were no differences in the hydrolytic activities with various polysaccharides or in the hydrolytic products obtained from cellooligosaccharides between the two catalytic modules. Both CBMs had the same substrate affinity with intact rCel5A. Removal of the CBMs from rCel5A reduced the catalytic activities with various polysaccharides remarkably. These observations show that CBMs play an important role in the catalytic function of the enzyme.
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Mingo, Maya A., Sherry Mee Bell, R. Steve McCallum, and D. Lakmal Walpitage. "Relative Efficacy of Teacher Rankings and Curriculum-Based Measures as Predictors of Performance on High-Stakes Tests." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 38, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282919831103.
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Data from 403 third graders were analyzed to determine relative and combined efficacy of group-administered Curriculum-Based Measures (CBMs) and Teacher Rankings of student reading and math performance taken early in the school year to predict end-of-year achievement scores. Teacher Rankings added to the power of CBMs to predict reading ( R2change = .18) and math ( R2change = .22). Combined CBMs and Teacher Rankings predicted at-risk status in reading (82%) and math (86%), based on logistic regression, and yielded strong area under the curve (AUC) statistics, defining risk status .88 (reading) and .82 (math). Surprisingly, Teacher Rankings yielded higher correlations with end-of-year scores than CBMs. Findings support using rankings as a simple, efficient strategy to add to the predictive power of CBMs readily available within a response to intervention (RTI) context and depicts a methodology school personnel can use to determine the relative/combined predictive power of CBMs and rankings. Of note, predictions based on Teacher Rankings vary across end-of-year performance levels.
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Narusuye, Kenji, and Tatsumi Nagahama. "Cerebral CBm1 Neuron Contributes to Synaptic Modulation Appearing During Rejection of Seaweed in Aplysia kurodai." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 2778–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00757.2001.
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The Japanese species Aplysia kurodai feeds well on Ulva but rejects Gelidium with distinctive rhythmic patterned movements of the jaws and radula. We have previously shown that the patterned jaw movements during the rejection of Gelidium might be caused by long-lasting suppression of the monosynaptic transmission from the multiaction MA neurons to the jaw-closing (JC) motor neurons in the buccal ganglia and that the modulation might be directly produced by some cerebral neurons. In the present paper, we have identified a pair of catecholaminergic neurons (CBm1) in bilateral cerebral M clusters. The CBm1, probably equivalent to CBI-1 in A. californica, simultaneously produced monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the MA and JC neurons. Firing of the CBm1 reduced the size of the inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the JC neuron, evoked by the MA spikes, for >100 s. Moreover, the application of dopamine mimicked the CBm1 modulatory effects and pretreatment with a D1 antagonist, SCH23390, blocked the modulatory effects induced by dopamine. It could also largely block the modulatory effects induced by the CBm1 firing. These results suggest that the CBm1 may directly modulate the synaptic transmission by releasing dopamine. Moreover, we explored the CBm1 spike activity induced by taste stimulation of the animal lips with seaweed extracts by the use of calcium imaging. The calcium-sensitive dye, Calcium Green-1, was iontophoretically loaded into a cell body of the CBm1 using a microelectrode. Application of either Ulva or Gelidium extract to the lips increased the fluorescence intensity, but the Gelidium extract always induced a larger change in fluorescence compared with the Ulva extract, although the solution used induced the maximum spike responses of the CBm1 for each of the seaweed extracts. When the firing frequency of the CBm1 activity after taste stimulation was estimated, the Gelidium extract induced a spike activity of ∼30 spikes/s while the Ulva extract induced an activity of ∼20 spikes/s, consistent with the effective firing frequency (>25 spikes/s) for the synaptic modulation. These results suggest that the CBm1 may be one of the cerebral neurons contributing to the modulation of the basic feeding circuits for rejection induced by the taste of seaweeds such as Gelidium.
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Sakka, Makiko, Yurika Higashi, Tetsuya Kimura, Khanok Ratanakhanokchai, and Kazuo Sakka. "Characterization of Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 Xyn10D, a Xylanase That Contains a Family 3 Carbohydrate-Binding Module." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 12 (April 15, 2011): 4260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00226-11.
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ABSTRACTPaenibacillus curdlanolyticusB-6 Xyn10D is a xylanase containing a family 3 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM3). Biochemical analyses using recombinant proteins derived from Xyn10D suggested that the CBM3 polypeptide has an affinity for cellulose and xylan and that CBM3 in Xyn10D is important for hydrolysis of insoluble arabinoxylan and natural biomass.
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Guan, Ming, Guangyu Chu, Jiale Jin, Can Liu, Linxiang Cheng, Yi Guo, Zexing Deng, and Yue Wang. "A Combined Cyanine/Carbomer Gel Enhanced Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activity and Wound Healing." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132173.
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As a non-invasive and non-specific therapeutic approach, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria with encouraging efficacy. Inspired by light, the photosensitizers can produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, thus, effectively destroy or kill bacteria. Cyanine (Cy), a traditional photosensitizer for PDT, has the advantages of low cytotoxicity and high ROS yield. Yet, the water solubility and photostability for Cy are poor, which substantially limit its antibacterial efficiency and clinical translation. Herein, we combined Cy with carbomer gel (CBMG) to form a photodynamic Cy-CBMG hydrogel. In this system, Cy was evenly dispersed in CBMG, and CBMG significantly improved the water solubility and photostability of Cy via electrostatic interactions. The developed Cy-CBMG gel had less photodegradation under laser irradiation and thus can effectively elevate ROS accumulation in bacteria. The Cy-CBMG compound presented remarkable ROS-induced killing efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (93.0%) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (88.7%) in vitro. Moreover, as a potential wound dressing material, the Cy-CBMG hydrogel exhibited excellent biocompatibility and effective antimicrobial ability to promote wound healing in vivo. Overall, this work proposed a practical strategy to synthesize a photosensitizer–excipient compound to enhance the photophysical property and antibacterial efficacy for PDT.
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Crespo, Laura, and Camino Kavanagh. "Confidence Building Measures and ICT." European Foreign Affairs Review 24, Issue 2 (May 1, 2019): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2019012.
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This article addresses the current emphasis on confidence building measures (CBMs) as a tool to mitigate the risk of conflict stemming from information communications technologies (ICT). It discusses the origins of CBMs and the reasons for their gradual uptake during and after the Cold War. As ICT too, became a source of contention in inter-state relations, CBMs came to be viewed as an important enabler of international stability, alongside norms of behaviour and existing international law. Focusing specifically on the work of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), this article discusses how CBMs are defined and applied to conflict involving ICT. Building on four core assumptions, the article assesses whether the current environment is conducive to realising the potential of CBMs in enhancing stability in cyberspace.
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A.S. (Ph.D), Okhakhume, and Okhakhume V.A. "The Knowledge and Practices of Women of Child Bearing Age towards Safe Motherhood in Ekiti State." Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion 1, no. 09 (December 31, 2018): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/jcmro.v1i09.113.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge about safe motherhood practices could help reduce pregnancy related health risks. This study examined knowledge of safe motherhood among women of childbearing age in Ekiti state of Nigeria.
The study employed, a cross sectional descriptive research to investigate the knowledge, and practice of women of child bearing age towards safe mother-hood in Ekiti State. The target populations were women of child bearing age in the Public Health Institutions in Ekiti state.
The results revealed that the knowledge of safe motherhood practices among Child Bearing Mothers (CBMs) were considered adequate (77.9%). Also, the result further indicated that immunization practices of CBMs was excellently adequate (97.6%) since it met the above acceptable standard by WHO. Additionally, the nutritional practices among CBMs were considered adequate (77.2%). Further, the competency of the health personnel according to CBMs was very adequate (80.8%) since it met the above acceptable standard by WHO. Moreover, availability and accessibility of facilities for safe motherhood according to CBMs was a little above average (55.4%). The result further showed that maternal educational level had significant effect on all the safe motherhood practices, Knowledge of SM [F(5,157)=6.026, p<.001]; Nutritional practices of SM [F(5,157)=8.848, p<.001]; Immunization practices of SM [F(5,157)=12.366, p<.001]; Personal hygiene practice [F(5,157)=2.934, p<.05]; Competency of the health personnel [F(5,157)=6.913, p<.001]; Factors that determine underutilization of SM [F(5,157)=2.436, p<.05]; Availability and accessibility for SM [F(5,157)=4.331, p<.001] & Family planning practice of SM [F(5,157)=11.039, p<.001].
Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that there were adequate knowledge of safe motherhood practices among CBMs in Ekiti State. Secondly, there were adequate nutritional practices among CBMs in Ekiti State. Thirdly, the immunization practices among CBMs in Ekiti State were excellently adequate. Finally, the personal hygiene practices among CBMs in Ekiti State were more than adequate. It was therefore recommended that health educators, institutions and other health professional should design better educational strategies to improve health education practices among CBMs in the area of study. Secondly, seminars and workshop should be organized for CBMs to improve their utilization of MCH services.
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Mercer, Nathaniel P., Alan Samsonov, John Dankert, and John G. Kennedy. "Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation with and without Micronized Allograft Cartilage Matrix Augmentation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00362.
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Category: Ankle; Basic Sciences/Biologics; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) using a cylindrical graft, in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) is typically indicated for patients with larger lesions. However, with lesions that are irregular in shape, the AOT graft may not completely replace the lesion. For these lesions, we utilize Extracellular Matrix Cartilage Allograft (EMCA) augmentation in AOT to act as a physiologic grout between the host and graft interface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of AOT with concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) and EMCA augmentation in the treatment of OLT. Methods: A retrospective analysis comparing patients treated with AOT/CBMA alone and AOT with CBMA/EMCA was performed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with the use of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was evaluated with the use of the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score. Cyst formation was also evaluated on postoperative MRI. Results: Twenty-six patients were included in the AOT + CBMA/EMCA group, with 10 males and 16 females. Thirty-four patients were included in the AOT/CBMA group, with 17 males and 17 females. The mean symptoms, pain, ADL, sports activities, and QOL scores in FAOS significantly improved in both groups (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between groups at final follow-up. There was no significant difference between the mean MOCART scores between groups (p=0.118). In the AOT/CBMA group, 2 patients (7.7%) complained of knee pain and 5 patients (19.2%) required additional surgery (2 hardware removals and 3 arthroscopic debridements of scar tissue in the ankle). In the AOT + CBMA/EMCA group, 3 patients (8.8%) complained of knee pain, and one patient (2.9%) required hardware removal. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that AOT combined with CBMA and EMCA was an effective surgical treatment for OLT, providing good clinical and radiological outcomes. However, the benefit of combining ECMA with CBMA in small chondral defects at the host graft interface may be marginal as the biologic effect is induced by the CBMA and the mechanical scaffold effect of ECMA may not be required in such small defects.
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Ohta, Ryuichi, Yoshinori Ryu, and Chiaki Sano. "The Uncertainty of COVID-19 Inducing Social Fear and Pressure on the Continuity of Rural, Community-Based Medical Education: A Thematic Analysis." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020223.
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Rural community-based medical education (CBME) enriches undergraduate and postgraduate students’ learning but has been impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We identified the challenges faced by stakeholders as well as the relevant solutions to provide recommendations for sustainable CBME in community hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 31 pages of field and reflection notes were collated through direct observation and used for analysis. Five physicians, eight nurses, one clerk, fourteen medical trainees, and three rural citizens were interviewed between 1 April and 30 September 2020. The interviews were recorded and their contents were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, an overwhelming sense of social fear and pressure within and outside communities, and motivation and determination to continue providing CBME. Rural CBME was impacted by not only the fear of infection but also social fear and pressure within and outside communities. Constant assessment of the risks associated with the pandemic and the implications for CMBE is essential to ensure the sustainability of CBME in rural settings, not only for medical educators and students but also stakeholders who administrate rural CBME.
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Sioen, Simon, Karlien Cloet, Anne Vral, and Ans Baeyens. "The Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay on Human Isolated Fresh and Cryopreserved Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells." Journal of Personalized Medicine 10, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030125.
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The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is a standardized method used for genotoxicity studies. Conventional whole blood cultures (WBC) are often used for this assay, although the assay can also be performed on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. However, the standardization of a protocol for the PBMC CBMN assay has not been investigated extensively. The aim of this study was to optimize a reliable CBMN assay protocol for fresh and cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS), and to compare micronuclei (MNi) results between WBC and PBMC cultures. The G0 CBMN assay was performed on whole blood, freshly isolated, and cryopreserved PBMCS from healthy human blood samples and five radiosensitive patient samples. Cells were exposed to 220 kV X-ray in vitro doses ranging from 0.5 to 2 Gy. The optimized PBMC CBMN assay showed adequate repeatability and small inter-individual variability. MNi values were significantly higher for WBC than for fresh PBMCS. Additionally, cryopreservation of PBMCS resulted in a significant increase of MNi values, while different cryopreservation times had no significant impact. In conclusion, our standardized CBMN assay on fresh and cryopreserved PBMCS can be used for genotoxicity studies, biological dosimetry, and radiosensitivity assessment.
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Chen, Hai Feng, Pei Song Tang, Feng Cao, and Min Hong Xu. "Preparation and Properties of Cement Bricks Based Paraffin for Thermal Energy Storage by Phase Change." Advanced Materials Research 279 (July 2011): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.279.97.
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Using paraffin as phase change material, expanded perlite (EP) as porous materials, the EP/paraffin was prepared by vacuum impregnation treatment and tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adding other building materials, cement bricks based paraffin (CBBP) for thermal energy storage were molded and tested by means of water absorption, compressive strength and actual working of thermal energy storage. The testing results showed that paraffin was absorbed into the holes and cracks of EP, and CBBP had not linear change of various properties versus amount of cement or paraffin. Its mechanical strength was full compliance with national standard GB 21144-2007-T. At last, by phase change material exothermic or endothermic, CBBP effectively regulated outdoor surface temperature in summer: in temperature rising stage, CBBP was 4.63 °C lower than general cement bricks (GCB, no paraffin); in the cooling stage, CBBP was 2.30 °C higher than GCB.
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MO, Yin-yuan, J. SESHU, Dong WANG, and Louis P. MALLAVIA. "Synthesis in Escherichia coli of two smaller enzymically active analogues of Coxiella burnetii macrophage infectivity potentiator (CbMip) protein utilizing a single open reading frame from the cbmip gene." Biochemical Journal 335, no. 1 (October 1, 1998): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3350067.
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FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) have been identified in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Macrophage infectivity potentiator (CbMip, 23.5 kDa) protein of the obligate intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii, was shown previously to belong to the family of FKBPs based on sequence homology and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. Further characterization of the cbmip gene has identified two additional proteins with molecular masses of 15.5 and 15.0 kDa that are synthesized, in addition to the 23.5 kDa CbMip, when expressed in Escherichia coli. Amino acid sequencing at the N-terminus combined with transcription and translation fusion expression revealed that the two proteins were synthesized from the same open reading frame of the cbmip gene, but starting at different internal translation start codons, probably by translational reinitiation. When the internal methionines serving as start sites were replaced with lysine by site-directed mutagenesis, the synthesis of 15.5 and 15.0 kDa proteins was abolished even though the synthesis of 23.5 kDa CbMip was intact. This confirmed that the 15.5 and 15.0 kDa proteins are indeed generated by translational reinitiation and are not degradation products of the 23.5 kDa protein. Like other FKBPs, both 15.5 and 15.0 kDa proteins exhibit PPIase activity. Because they share significant sequence homology with FKBPs and have a similar PPIase activity, 15.5 and 15.0 kDa proteins are designated as C. burnetiiFKBP (Cb-FKBP) analogues I and II, respectively. TnphoA mutagenesis demonstrated that whereas the large protein (CbMip) is secreted, Cb-FKBP analogues I and II are cytoplasmic, indicating that structural variations could allow for different subcellular compartmentalization of similar proteins. Western-blot analysis of lysates of purified C. burnetii using a CbMip-specific monoclonal antibody revealed the presence of a protein migrating at ≈ 15 kDa, indicating the presence of smaller Cb-FKBP analogue(s) in C. burnetii, although at much lower levels compared with 23.5 kDa CbMip. This unique gene organization seen with cbmip may provide the organism with a mechanism of efficient use of its limited genetic information to synthesize proteins that are structurally different yet functionally similar.