Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CBA'

Validazione del CBA-Young Form (CBA-Y) Project of research "CBA young form: validation of a wide spectrum questionnaire for screening of the protective and risk factors linked with psychological disease of young people" Introduction CBA group build up a psychological tool thought to the screening of young people: CBA young form. The questionnaire born to cover an Italian lack concerned the psychological tools for people aged within 14 and 25 years old (Sanavio, et al., 1992; Michelin & Sica, 1996). The aim of CBA young form is evaluating the typical trouble of adolescence in Italy. The main goal of the questionnaire is the evaluation of three things: psychological wellness, the probability whom the subject could have some kinds of dangerous behaviors and the subject's skills against negative events in life. The diagnosis of the state of well-being and psychological adjustment of the subject is a priority goal for any instrument of medical, also referring to an age evolving as that of adolescence or youth, it becomes essential to collect elements that can help the specialist to provide for "risky behavior" on the part of the subject. Alcohol, drugs, AIDS, car accidents, vandalism, etc.. seriously put at risk the lives of many young people and invariably mark the future adulthood. Finally, it is necessary to be able to estimate the presence of so-called "coping strategies" coping strategies can be conceptualized as psychological resources that help the person to develop and address the mutavoli situations she encounters in the course of their lives (Goldfried and Davison , 1976; Petter, 1999). In fact, insufficient acquisition of these strategies results in difficulties and problems in interpersonal behavior and social life of the individual. On the other hand, realistic expectations of self-efficacy, the ability to restructure erroneous beliefs, a sense of self-confidence, problem solving skills, etc.., Can be considered as real factors "protective" of the psychological health of the person and more generally an indicator of well-being and psychosocial adjustment. Description of the CBA-Y The CBA-Y in its final form consists of 500 items by filling in the form checklist. Who fills in the questionnaire flows individual item and mark in the box corresponding to those judges can adapt to your situation. This mode of response is generally considered to be less invasive because it allows the omission of the item rather than forcing the individual to give an answer. Compilation time is around 30 minutes. Protocol CBA-Y are obtained across a range of information about individual items marked dall'esaminato. In addition there is the structuring of responses within two control scales (Autoapertura, Emotional State), two scales of well-being (well-being, psychosocial adjustment) and 7 scales of discomfort (Use of Drugs and Unusual Experiences, psychopathological risk, Love the risk and search of excitement, anxiety and emotional instability, Characteristics and antisocial behavior, irritability, aggressiveness and hostility Events psychophysiological). It also calculates the number of items that were used to describe as additional information for the psychologist. At the same time it was realized the short form of the same questionnaire, the Youth Welfare CBA (CBA-BG). The short form differs from the baseline questionnaire for the reduction in the number of items that have been brought to 200. The stairs that are calculated has been eliminated on the emotional state portandone the total number to 10. Objectives The overall objective of the research is to validate the CBA Young form. The validation process is divided into different times with different priorities. 1. Investigate the main psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire. We intend to evaluate the factor structure of the questionnaire, the distribution of scores in the scales and their reliability, possible gender differences in the responses and any differences related to age groups. 2. Convergent and discriminant validity: comparison of the instrument with other psychological screening questionnaires in charge of the youth population. 3. Criterion validity: to observe the pattern of response to the questionnaire populations characterized by the presence of specific symptoms in the field of psychology. 4. Measure the predictive power of the questionnaire to the onset of psychopathological symptoms in young people. Participants A large representative sample of the normal population (about 2000 participants). Subsamples pathological to test the response of the questionnaire when administered to individuals critical. A sample external to that used for the collection of normative data to test the external validity of the questionnaire. Materials and methods - Informed Consent Form - Folder registry (socio demographic information, medical history and related to pharmacological treatment in progress) - Medical Record (information on the diagnosis and course of the disease) - Young form CBA (CBA-Y) - CBA youth welfare (CBA-BG) - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory version adolescents (Butcher & Williams, 1996). The number of participants will take part in the compilation of one or more questionnaires. Partecipanti Un vasto campione rappresentativo della popolazione normale (circa 2000 partecipanti). Sottocampioni patologici per verificare la risposta del questionario se somministrato a individui critici. Un campione esterno a quello utilizzato per la raccolta dei dati normativi per testare la validità esterna del questionario. Materiali e metodo - Modulo di consenso informato - Cartella anagrafica (informazioni socio anagrafiche, anamnestiche e relative al trattamento farmacologico in corso) - Cartella clinica (informazioni relative alla diagnosi e al decorso della malattia) - CBA young form (CBA-Y) - CBA benessere giovanile (CBA-BG) - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory versione adolescenti (Butcher & Williams, 1996). I diversi partecipanti dovranno partecipare alla compilazione di uno o più questionari. Study 1: analysis of the differences between the response mode "checklist" and how to respond "true or false". Goal. The objectives of this work are twofold: to assess whether the checklist mode with respect to the true / false influence scores and highlight any differences between paper and electronic administration. Method. 100 people completed the questionnaire in response mode checklist and true / false in order counterbalanced. 50 people have made the two compilations in the electronic version and 50 in the paper version. To evaluate the differences between the two modes of response was used the McNemar test on the 16 sections of the questionnaire and the analysis of variance on the scores obtained in 15 steps. To evaluate the differences between paper and electronic administration has been used analysis of variance on the scores obtained in 15 steps. Results. The McNemar test showed that the number of items marked "true" is greater than the number of items selected in the checklist in all sections of the questionnaire included the "status anxiety." The ANOVA showed that the mean scores in the scales of the questionnaire are higher in answer mode "true / false" with respect to the checklist. There were no differences between the paper and the electronic administration. Study 2: Validation of the CBA-Y. Goal. Validate the questionnaire CBA-Y on the Italian population. Method. For the validation of CBA-Y were recruited 1732 children, 842 males (48.6%) and 890 females (51.4%) aged between 14 and 25 years. It 'a community group, recruited on a voluntary basis in schools, workplaces and other settings supposedly' normal '; 92% resides in Northern Italy. Everyone was instructed about how to complete the questionnaire and freely accepted to take part in the compilation informed consent. During compilation that could be both individual and group psychologist has always been available for any questions related to the task. The collected data were then analyzed to derive threshold values belonging to each scale of the questionnaire divided by gender and age groups. The reliability of the scales was investigated by Cronbach's alpha index (Cohen, 1988). The convergent validity (Campbell & Fiske, 1959) of the questionnaire was analyzed by correlating the questionnaire with the MMPI version adolescents. Results. The questionnaire has revealed a good degree of reliability and internal validity. The relationship with the MMPI is detected consistent with what is present in the literature. Study 3: Application of the CBA-Y to a clinical population. Goal. Investigate whether the CBA-Y discriminate between normal and pathological population. Method. Looking took part in 34 patients with a clinical diagnosis on axis I and II. The average age of the entire sample was 20.5 years (range 14-26; Ds 3.66). Within the sample children in treatment were divided into five subgroups based on the principal diagnosis: anxiety, mood, personality, and substance use disorders of adolescence. The delivery took place at the services of Pediatrics, or at home on the experimenter sending the psychotherapist. To investigate the differences between the normative sample and the clinical sample was used the test t-student. Results. Analysis of data shows a good discriminating power of the CBA-Y to distinguish the normal population from the clinic. Study 4: Differences between normative data and a sample of French students. Goal. This study aims to investigate how a population different from the Italian answer to the CBA-BG to investigate aspects of external validity. Method. The Italian version of the questionnaire (the original version) was translated into French and then reported in the original language (back Traslation) in agreement with the suggestion made in the article by Brislin 1970. The questionnaire was administered in French in the Faculty of Psychology of Nanterre (Paris Ouest) during breaks between classes. Each student completed the questionnaire individually and has previously been instructed to ask any questions the examiner. Surveyed 109 students (50 males, 45.9%) French aged between 18 and 24 years. The average age of the children was 21.98 years (SD = 2.44) compared to women was 20.81 years (sd = 1.51). The age between the two genders differed significantly (F (1,107) = 8.35, p <0.01). All respondents were students of the psychology faculty of Nanterre. There is no statistically significant difference between the number of boys and girls (χ2 (1) = 0,743, p = 0,389). Analysis: to confirm the factor structure within the French sample were used for structural equation modeling in their simplest form, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Because of the scarcity of the sample each scale of the CBA-BG was evaluated individually in order to reduce the complexity of the model. To investigate whether there were differences between the responses of the French champion than a sub-sample extracted from matched normative data was used univariate analysis of variance using factors such as gender and group (French and Italian). The results of the analysis are considered the interaction between the factors and the main effect of group. The first explicit the presence of differences between gender differences in the two groups while the second investigates the possible difference between the groups. The main effect of gender is irrelevant for the purposes of this research. Results. The analysis on the French champion has confirmed the validity of the questionnaire for seven of the ten scales analyzed. The only partial adherence of the model to the original data can be attributed to the nature of the scales of CBA-BG. They were not obtained through statistical procedures but are designed in theory to investigate the different areas in preparation of the instrument were considered useful for clinical practice. The two samples tested were equivalent in all important aspects. In addition to pairing by gender, age, education and professional status they did not differ even for the conditions of administration. A variable difficult to control in the analysis that often do not pay particular attention during data collection. The analysis of the scores obtained in the two samples did not reveal substantial differences between the scales of the questionnaire. Only the scale of well-being and the number of items used to describe show a score significantly lower than that in the sample French Italian. We can conclude by saying that the results of this study to generalize the data obtained in the first phase of validation of the questionnaire are broadly satisfactory.
Progetto di ricerca “CBA forma Giovanile: validazione di una questionario ad ampio spettro per lo screening dei fattori protettivi e predisponenti al disagio psicologico nella popolazione giovanile”. Quadro di riferimento Nello sviluppo delle ricerche del gruppo CBA è stato ideato uno strumento di indagine clinica per la popolazione giovanile: il CBA forma giovani. Il questionario nasce per colmare una lacuna che esiste in Italia per quanto riguarda gli strumenti di assessment e ricerca che siano adatti per persone tra i 14 e 25 anni (Sanavio, et al., 1992; Michelin & Sica, 1996). Il CBA forma Giovani ha lo scopo di valutare le problematiche proprie della tarda adolescenza e della giovinezza nel contesto italiano. Nella costruzione del questionario si sono ritenuti prioritari tre obiettivi: valutare il benessere psicologico e l’adattamento psicosociale del soggetto, valutare la probabilità che si verifichino condotte che potrebbero ledere il soggetto stesso o altre persone e valutare le risorse del soggetto per far fronte ad eventi avversi nella propria vita. La diagnosi dello stato di benessere e adattamento psicologico del soggetto è uno scopo prioritario per qualsiasi strumento di carattere clinico; inoltre, riferendosi ad una fascia d’età in piena evoluzione come quella della adolescenza o della giovinezza, diventa fondamentale poter raccogliere degli elementi che possano aiutare lo specialista a prevedere dei “comportamenti a rischio” da parte del soggetto. Alcool, droga, AIDS, incidenti stradali, teppismo, ecc. mettono seriamente a repentaglio la vita di moltissimi giovani o segnano invariabilmente la futura età adulta. Infine è necessario poter fare una stima della presenza delle cosiddette “strategie di coping”; le strategie di coping possono essere concettualizzate come delle risorse psicologiche che aiutano la persona ad elaborare ed affrontare le mutavoli situazioni che incontra nel corso della propria vita (Goldfried e Davison, 1976; Petter, 1999). Infatti, l’insufficiente acquisizione di tali strategie si traduce in difficoltà e problemi nel comportamento interpersonale e nella vita sociale dell’individuo. Per contro, aspettative realistiche di auto efficacia, la capacità di ristrutturare convinzioni erronee, un senso di fiducia nelle proprie capacità, abilità di problem solving, ecc., possono essere considerati dei veri e propri fattori “protettivi” della salute psicologica della persona e più in generale un indicatore di benessere e adattamento psicosociale. Descrizione del CBA-Y Il CBA-Y nella sua forma definitiva è composto da 500 item da compilare in forma checklist. Chi compila il questionario scorre i singoli item e segna la casella corrispondente a quelli che giudica possano adattarsi alla sua situazione. Questa modalità di risposta è giudicata in generale come meno invasiva perché consente l'omissione dell'item anziché forzare l'individuo a dare una risposta. Il tempo di compilazione si aggira attorno ai 30 minuti. Dal protocollo CBA-Y si ricavano tutta una serie di informazioni inerenti i singoli item marcati dall'esaminato. Inoltre è prevista la strutturazione delle riposte all'interno di 2 scale di controllo (Autoapertura, Stato Emotivo), 2 scale di benessere (Benessere, Adattamento psicosociale) e 7 scale di disagio (Uso di Droghe ed Esperienze Inusuali, Rischio Psicopatologico, Amore per il rischio e ricerca di sensazioni forti, Ansia e Instabilità Emotiva, Caratteristiche e comportamenti antisociali, irritabilità Aggressività Ostilità e Manifestazioni Psicofisiologiche). Viene inoltre calcolato il numero di item che sono stati usati per descriversi come ulteriore informazione per lo psicologo. Parallelamente è stata realizzata la forma breve dello stesso questionario, il CBA Benessere Giovanile (CBA-BG). La forma breve si differenzia dal questionario di base per la riduzione nel numero degli item che sono stati portati a 200. Dalle scale che vengono calcolate è stata eliminata quella relativa allo stato emotivo portandone il numero totale a 10. Obiettivi L’obiettivo globale della ricerca è validare il CBA forma Giovani. Il processo di validazione si articola in diversi momenti con differenti priorità. 1. Indagare le principali caratteristiche psicometriche del questionario. Si intende valutare la struttura fattoriale del questionario, la distribuzione dei punteggi nelle scale e la loro attendibilità, eventuali differenze di genere nelle risposte e eventuali differenze legate alle classi di età. 2. Validità convergente e discriminante: confronto dello strumento con altri questionari preposti allo screening psicologico della popolazione giovanile. 3. Validità di criterio: osservare i pattern di risposta al questionario di popolazioni caratterizzate dalla presenza di sintomatologie specifiche in ambito psicologico. 4. Misurare il potere predittivo del questionario verso l’insorgenza di sintomi psicopatologici nella popolazione giovanile. Partecipanti Un vasto campione rappresentativo della popolazione normale (circa 2000 partecipanti). Sottocampioni patologici per verificare la risposta del questionario se somministrato a individui critici. Un campione esterno a quello utilizzato per la raccolta dei dati normativi per testare la validità esterna del questionario. Materiali e metodo - Modulo di consenso informato - Cartella anagrafica (informazioni socio anagrafiche, anamnestiche e relative al trattamento farmacologico in corso) - Cartella clinica (informazioni relative alla diagnosi e al decorso della malattia) - CBA young form (CBA-Y) - CBA benessere giovanile (CBA-BG) - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory versione adolescenti (Butcher & Williams, 1996). I diversi partecipanti dovranno partecipare alla compilazione di uno o più questionari. Studio 1: analisi delle differenze tra la modalità di risposta "cheklist" e la modalità di risposta "vero o falso". Obiettivo. Gli obiettivi del presente lavoro sono due: valutare se la modalità checklist rispetto al vero/falso influenza i punteggi ed evidenziare eventuali differenze tra somministrazione cartacea ed elettronica. Metodo. 100 persone hanno compilato il questionario in modalità di risposta checklist e vero/falso in ordine controbilanciato. 50 persone hanno effettuato le due compilazioni in versione elettronica e 50 in versione cartacea. Per valutare le differenze tra le due modalità di risposta è stato utilizzato il test di McNemar sulle 16 sezioni del questionario e l’analisi della varianza sui punteggi ottenuti nelle 15 scale. Per valutare le differenze tra somministrazione cartacea ed elettronica è stata utilizzata l’analisi della varianza sui punteggi ottenuti nelle 15 scale. Risultati. Dal test di McNemar è emerso che il numero di item siglati “veri” è maggiore del numero di item selezionati nella checklist in tutte le sezioni del questionario esclusa la sezione “ansia di stato”. L’ANOVA ha evidenziato che i punteggi medi nelle scale del questionario sono più alti nella modalità di risposta “vero/falso” rispetto alla checklist. Non si sono riscontrate differenze tra la somministrazione cartacea e quella elettronica. Studio 2: validazione del CBA-Y. Obiettivo. Validare il questionario CBA-Y sulla popolazione italiana. Metodo. Per la validazione del CBA-Y sono stati reclutati 1732 ragazzi, 842 maschi (48,6%) e 890 femmine (51,4%) di età compresa tra 14 e 25 anni. E’ un gruppo di comunità, reclutato su base volontaria in scuole, luoghi di lavoro e altri contesti presumibilmente ‘normali’; il 92% risiede nel Nord-Italia. Ogni individuo è stato istruito circa la modalità di compilazione del questionario e ha accettato liberamente di prendere parte alla compilazione previo consenso informato. Durante la compilazione che poteva essere sia individuale sia di gruppo uno psicologo è sempre rimasto disponibile per gli eventuali chiarimenti inerenti il compito. I dati raccolti sono stati poi analizzati per ricavare i valori di soglia appartenenti a ciascuna scala del questionario suddivisi per genere e fasce d'età. L'affidabilità delle scale è stata indagata attraverso l'indice alfa di Cronbach (Cohen, 1988). La validità convergente (Campbell & Fiske, 1959) del questionario è stata analizzata mettendo in relazione il questionario con l'MMPI versione adolescenti. Risultati. Il questionario ha rivelato un buon grado di affidabilità e di validità interna. La relazione con l'MMPI si rileva coerente con quanto presente in letteratura. Studio 3: Applicazione del CBA-Y ad una popolazione clinica. Obiettivo. Indagare se il CBA-Y discrimina tra la popolazione normale e patologica. Metodo. Alla ricerca hanno preso parte 34 pazienti con diagnosi clinica in asse I e II. L'età media dell'intero campione è di 20,5 anni (range 14-26; Ds 3,66). All'interno del campione i ragazzi in trattamento sono stati divisi in 5 sottogruppi in base alla diagnosi principale: ansia, umore, personalità, disturbi dell'adolescenza e uso di sostanze. La somministrazione è avvenuta presso i servizi di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, o a domicilio dello sperimentatore su invio dello psicoterapeuta. Per indagare le differenze tra il campione normativo e il campione clinico è stato utilizzato il test t-student. Risultati. Dall'analisi dei dati emerge una buona capacità discriminante del CBA-Y nel distinguere la popolazione normale da quella clinica. Studio 4: Differenze tra i dati normativi e un campione di studenti francesi. Obiettivo. Questo studio vuole indagare come una popolazione diversa da quella italiana risponda al CBA-BG per indagarne gli aspetti di validità esterna. Metodo. La versione italiana del questionario (versione originale) è stata tradotta in francese e successivamente riportata nella lingua originaria (back traslation) in accordo con quanto suggerito nell'articolo di Brislin del 1970. Il questionario in lingua francese è stato somministrato all'interno della facoltà di psicologia di Nanterre (Paris Ouest) durante le pause tra le lezioni. Ogni studente ha compilato il questionario individualmente ed è stato preventivamente istruito a chiedere eventuali chiarimenti all'esaminatore. Hanno partecipato all'indagine 109 studenti (50 maschi; 45,9%) francesi di età compresa tra i 18 e i 24 anni. L'età media dei ragazzi era di 21,98 anni (ds=2,44) e quella delle ragazze era di 20,81 anni (sd=1,51). L'età tra i due generi si differenziava significativamente (F(1,107)=8,35; p<0,01). Tutti gli intervistati erano studenti universitari della facoltà di psicologia di Nanterre. Non vi è differenza statisticamente significativa tra il numero di ragazzi e di ragazze (χ2(1)=0.743; p=0.389). Analisi: per confermare la struttura fattoriale all'interno del campione francese sono stati utilizzati dei modelli di equazioni strutturali nella loro forma più semplice, l'analisi fattoriale confermativa (CFA). A causa delle scarsità del campione ogni scala del CBA-BG è stata valutata singolarmente in modo da ridurre la complessità del modello. Per indagare se vi fossero differenze tra le risposte del campione francese rispetto a quelle di un sottocampione appaiato estratto dai dati normativi è stata utilizzata l'analisi della varianza univariata utilizzando come fattori il genere e il gruppo (francesi e italiani). I risultati dell'analisi presi in esame sono l'interazione tra i fattori e l'effetto principale del gruppo. La prima esplicita la presenza di differenze tra le differenze di genere nei due gruppi mentre il secondo indaga l'eventuale differenza tra i gruppi. L'effetto principale del genere è irrilevante ai fini della presente ricerca. Risultati. L'analisi sul campione francese ha confermato la bontà del questionario per sette delle dieci scale analizzate. La soltanto parziale aderenza del modello ai dati originali è da attribuire alla natura stessa delle scale del CBA-BG. Esse non sono state ricavate tramite procedimenti statistici ma sono state pensate a livello teorico per indagare le differenti aree che in fase di stesura dello strumento erano state considerate utili per la pratica clinica. I due campioni presi in esame erano equivalenti sotto tutti gli aspetti salienti. Oltre che l'appaiamento per genere, età, scolarizzazione e condizione professionale essi non differivano nemmeno per le condizioni di somministrazione. Una variabile difficile da controllare in sede di analisi a cui spesso non si presta particolare attenzione durante la raccolta dei dati. L'analisi dei punteggi ottenuti nei due campioni non ha fatto emergere differenze sostanziali tra le scale del questionario. Solo la scala di benessere e il numero di item utilizzati per descriversi mostrano un punteggio significativamente minore nel campione francese rispetto a quello italiano. Possiamo concludere dicendo che i risultati di questo studio teso a generalizzare i dati ottenuti nella prima fase di validazione del questionario sono globalmente soddisfacenti.

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) has for a long time been used in transport planning, but it is often questioned. One main argument against CBA is that the results depend largely on assumptions regarding one or a few input factors, as for example the future fuel price or valuation of CO2 emissions. The three papers included in this thesis investigate some aspects of uncertainty in transport CBA calculations. The two first papers explore how changes in input data assumptions affect the CBA ranking of six rail and road investments in Stockholm. The first paper deals with the effect of different land-use assumptions while the second deals with the influence of economic growth, driving cost and public transport fare. The third paper investigates how alternative formulations of the public transport mode choice and route choice affect travel flows, ticket revenues and consumer surplus. These are important factors previously known to affect CBA results. The findings of the first two papers suggest that CBA results are robust concerning different land-use scenarios and single input factors. No change in rank between a road and a rail object is observed in the performed model calculations, and only one change between two road objects. The fact that CBA results seem robust regarding input assumptions supports the use CBA as a tool for selecting transport investments. The results in the third paper indicate that if there is detailed interest in, for example, number of boardings and ticket income from a certain transit line, or the total benefit of a price change, a more detailed formulation of the public transport mode choice and route choice will provide more reliable results. On the other hand, this formulation requires substantially more data on the transit line and price structure than the conventional formulation used in Swedish transport planning, especially in areas with many different pricing systems.

QC 20150414

Hydropower is a fundamental pillar in the Swedish energy system and accounts for a large part of the Swedish electricity production. The regulation power is also essential for balancing the grid load.  Fortum is one of the leading energy companies within hydropower and Klarälven is a river with high importance, where Fortum owns and operates nine powerplants. These power plants constitute a barrier for the wild salmonids in Klarälven, which need to migrate upstream to reach their spawning area. Since the 1930s, the spawning salmonids have been trapped and transported upstream by lorry. After the spawning period, the smolts and kelts, i.e. the juvenile and spawned salmonids, have to migrate downstream. Due to the lack of fishways, they are forced to pass the eight remaining power plants. This, together with predation, entails a high mortality rate. Two independently performed studies indicates on survival rates of 16 % and 30 %. To stabilize the wild salmonid population, the downstream survival must increase, and a proposed solution is to implement a downstream trap-and-transport solution. This trap implementation could be a step towards the environmental adaptation of hydropower and a part of the action plan proposed in June 2016, during the Agreement on Swedish energy policy. To find the most cost-beneficial environmental measure, a socio-economic assessment method can be used. A Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a commonly used socio-economic method, which evaluates the benefits and costs during the entire project lifetime. Energiforsk has, within the project FRAM-KLIV, developed a CBA tool that aims to simplify the socio-economic evaluation. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether the CBA tool can be used in future permit processes to prioritize between different project proposals to find the most beneficial environmental improvements. In order to evaluate the tool, it was to be applied on the trap-and-transport project in Edsforsen to evaluate the possibility of a socio-economic profitability. Also, the concepts and theory behind CBA was to be analysed and the suitability of translating environmental consequences into monetary values was to be evaluated. In the analysis of Edsforsen, 13 scenarios were developed. The first scenario served as a basis for the other scenarios, which were created as a sensitivity analysis. The result of the CBA showed a large socio-economic benefit and the most important parameter was identified as people’s willingness to pay for an increase of the wild salmonid stock in Klarälven. In the CBA, this parameter had a high uncertainty, as it was based on a survey performed for another project in another part of Sweden. It was found that in order for the socio-economic result to be positive, all households in Sweden must be willing to pay at least 35 SEK. As a complement to the CBA result, an evaluation regarding the marginal cost per fish was performed and an interval of 50-580 SEK per smolt was obtained. However, the calculations were based on several uncertainties and the interval should therefore be interpreted as a guideline rather than a precise result. It was concluded that in situations when a socio-economic analysis is required, and when it is possible to express consequences in monetary values, the method of CBA is appropriate. It is also a suitable methodology for evaluations of large projects, as it provides a comprehensible overview of the costs and the benefits. Despite the criticism directed towards CBA regarding uncertainties and its anthropogenic perspective, it could be concluded that using CBA as a socio-economic assessment method provides a perspicuous and quantitative result. Thus, the usage of CBA in prioritization processes of different environmental measures can be highly useful. Energiforsk’s CBA tool provides a framework with guidelines that can be highly useful and accelerate the analysis process. However, the performance of the tool version used in this thesis was not fully satisfactory due to a few malfunctions. The tool is still under development and it is likely that these errors will be adjusted in future versions. If the malfunctions in the tool would be adjusted, it could become useful for authorities, companies and other actors that wants to evaluate hydropower related environmental measures or when prioritizing between different project proposals to find the most beneficial environmental improvements in future permit processes.
Vattenkraften är en grundläggande pelare i det svenska energisystemet och står för en stor andel av den svenska elproduktionen på årsbasis. Vattenkraften har även hög betydelse för det svenska nätets balanseringsförmåga. Fortum är ett av de ledande energibolagen inom vattenkraft i Sverige och en viktig älv för dess kraftproduktion är Klarälven. Denna älv är dessutom fundamental för Klarälvslaxen och Klarälvsöringen och dess nödvändiga lekvandring. Under naturliga förhållanden ska den lekmogna laxen vandra uppströms Klarälven, men denna vandring försvåras av vattenkraftverken. Sedan 1930-talet har laxen transporterats uppströms Klarälven med lastbil för att nå sina lekområden, men när smolten och kelten ska vandra nedåt för att nå Vänern på nytt måste den passera de resterande åtta vattenkraftverken, vilket tillsammans med predation resulterar i en hög dödlighet. Två oberoende studier indikerar en överlevnad på 16 % respektive 30 %. För att stabilisera det vilda laxbeståndet föreslås en uppfångsanordning med nedströmstransport, där fisken fångas upp i en fälla och transporteras nedströms med lastbil. I juni 2016 beslutades det genom Energiöverenskommelsen att vattenkraften ska miljöanpassas och ett genomförande av en sådan fälla skulle möjligen kunna vara en sådan miljöanpassning. För att finna de mest lönsamma miljöanpassningarna inom vattenkraften bör samhällsekonomiska lönsamhetsbedömningar genomföras. En kostnadsnyttoanalys (CBA) är sådan bedömningsmetod där kostnader och nyttor genererade under projektets livstid ställs mot varandra. Genom projektet FRAM-KLIV har Energiforsk varit med och tagit fram ett CBA-verktyg som ska underlätta genomförandet av en sådan beräkningsanalys. CBA-verktyget användes som ram i det här examensarbetet där en kostnadsnyttoanalys gällande laxens förbättrade nedströmspassage genomfördes och utvärderades. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka huruvida detta CBA-verktyg skulle kunna användas i framtida prioriteringar under tillståndsprocesser för att hitta de mest lönsamma miljöanpassningarna. Dessutom skulle bakomliggande koncept och teori analyseras. Tillika skulle en utvärdering gällande lämpligheten i att värdera miljövärden i monetära termer utföras. I arbetet utformades totalt tretton scenarier, varav det första ansågs som grundscenariot och utgjorde basen för de övriga tolv, vilka skapades för att identifiera de mest kritiska parametrarna genom en känslighetsanalys. Kostnadsnyttoanalysens erhållna resultat tydde på en stor samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet och den mest kritiska parametern identifierades som människors betalningsvilja för en ökad vildlaxpopulation i Klarälven. Osäkerheten kring denna parameter var stor då den baserats på en annan projektundersökning i en annan del av landet. För att erhålla ett positivt samhällsekonomiskt resultat visade denna undersökning att det måste finnas en betalningsvilja på minst 35 kr per hushåll i Sverige. Som ett komplement till resultatet utfördes en beräkning gällande hur mycket varje smolt skulle behöva vara värd för att den samhällsekonomiska nyttan ska vara lika stor som kostnaden.  Beräkningen gav ett intervall mellan 50 och 580 kr, men då använd data innehöll stora osäkerheter bör resultatet ses mer som en riktlinje och inte ett exakt resultat. En slutsats som kunde dras var att det anses lämpligt att uttrycka miljövärden i monetära värden när en samhällsekonomisk analys är nödvändig. CBA som metod anses också vara lämplig och användbar när större projekt ska analyseras eftersom den ger en bred bild över fördelningen mellan kostnader och nyttor. Metoden förser dessutom användaren med ett lättolkat och överskådligt resultat och därav skulle CBA som metod vara lämplig gällande prioritering av miljönyttor. Energiforsks CBA-verktyg kan underlätta processen i och med att det ger användaren en ram med riktlinjer för hur beräkningsprocessen ska gå till. Verktygsversionen som användes i detta examensarbete uppfyllde dock inte full tillfredsställelse vad gällde dess funktionalitet. Verktyget är visserligen fortfarande under utveckling och det är möjligt att dessa funktionsfel kommer att justeras i framtida versioner. Om dessa justeringar sker kan verktyget komma att bli fullt funktionsdugligt och vara användbart för myndigheter, företag och andra aktörer som vill utvärdera vattenkraftrelaterade miljöåtgärder eller som prioriteringsverktyg gällande miljöförbättringar inom framtida tillståndsprocesser.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att analysera och jämföra två olika CBA-verktyg där graden av komplexitet skiljer sig, för att identifiera eventuella skillnader med avseende på det samhällsekonomiska beräkningsbara resultatet som dessa två verktyg genererar. Fallstudie är den valda metoden för att undersöka examensarbetets syfte och författaren applicerar sedan en jämförande analys vars syfte är att jämföra det samhällsekonomiska beräkningsbara resultatet från två förbifartskalkyler på väg utförda med två olika CBA-verktyg inom Trafikverket där graden av komplexitet skiljer sig åt. Studien är avgränsad till två förbifartskalkyler på väg som sedan tidigare har genomgått samhällsekonomisk analys på uppdrag av Trafikverket. Det empiriska resultatet indikerar att val av CBA-verktyg som kan användas för liknande objektsanalyser verkar ha en betydelsefull inverkan på det samhällsekonomiska beräkningsbara resultatet. Trafikverket rekommenderas att se över rådande riktlinjer över val av CBA-verktyg och utföra jämförbara analyser av objekt där verktygsvalet inte är tydligt från början.

Examensarbetet går ut på att göra en kostnadsnyttoanalys för de olika transportmöjligheterna som finns för malmtransporterna från den nya gruva som ska öppna vid Kaunisvaara i Norrbottens län. Företaget Northland Resources planerar att påbörja brytning under 2012 för att under första halvan av 2013 börja transportera ut malm till Narvik och därefter skeppa ut det från hamnen. De första åren handlar det om brytning av ca 1-4 miljoner ton malm per år, men siktet är inställt på att redan 2017 vara uppe i full produktion av 4,7 miljoner ton malm per år. På grund av företagets brytning kommer ökningen av vägtransporter mellan främst Kaunisvaara och Svappavaara (där omlastning till järnväg sker) öka markant. För att bibehålla ett fungerande transportnät bör transportinfrastrukturen utökas på ett eller annat sätt, och ett bra sätt att utreda vilka/vilket alternativ som blir bäst för hela samhället är att göra en kostnadsnyttoanalys.   Examensarbetet är inriktat främst på att göra en analys över transportalternativen järnväg eller elväg, jämfört med referensalternativet baserat på vanlig väg med konventionella lastbilar. För att få ett säkrare resultat kommer även examensarbetet ha inslag av Monte-Carlo-simulering, detta för att kunna täcka osäkerheterna i analysen på ett bättre sätt. Inledningsvis görs en grundkalkyl, för att därefter återupprepa kalkylen, men istället för enskilda siffror för vissa osäkra effekter används istället sannolikhetsfördelningar som sedan slumpar fram siffror i ett relevant intervall. På så sätt kan man få många utfall som tillsammans bildar ett resultat som täcker in många olika fall.   Resultatet ur den ursprungliga kalkylen ger elväg som mest lönsamt alternativ baserat på nettonuvärdeskvot. Däremot är nettonuvärdet för järnvägsalternativet ca 1,7 miljarder högre än för elväg, vilket gör att järnvägen är mest lönsam enligt detta resultatsmått. Efter simulering höjs lönsamheten för elvägsalternativet och alternativet blir mest lönsamt oavsett resultatsmått. Rekommendationen är dock att på det stora hela betrakta järnvägsalternativet som det alternativ som bör genomföras, då osäkerheten är stor för olika parametrar i elvägsalternativet och lönsamhetsmåtten inkluderar inte omlastningseffekterna som uppkommer vid Svappavaara.
The purpose of this thesis is to do a Cost/Benefit analysis (CBA) treating the iron ore transports that follow the opening of the mine just outside the village Kaunisvaara in the northern part of Sweden. The mine and prospect company Northland Resources plan to start the mining in the fall of 2012 and the first iron ore transports are scheduled to the beginning of 2013. The mining company will use the port in Narvik, Norway, as their shipping point, which will radically increase the number of transports between Kaunisvaara and Narvik. In the opening years, Northland Resources plan to have an output of 1-4 million tonnes of iron ore per year until 2017. After that, the company has planned a full production rate of 4,7 million tonnes per year until at least 2037, since the company has secured production for a minimum of 25 years.   The transport route to the port in Narvik consists of both railway and country road. The first part, between the mine around Kaunisvaara to Svappavaara, consists only of country road, while the rest of the way from Svappavaara to Narvik will depend on railway traffic. The country roads are not dimensioned for the amount of truck traffic that is required to transport all of the iron ore (a truck every seventh minute), therefore a CBA is a good way to map out how different solutions will affect the welfare of society. This CBA will treat alternatives concerning railway and electric roads, matched against a traditional truck traffic solution. To gain a more reliable result, the sensitivity analysis will include Monte Carlo simulation, in order to cover the uncertainties in the calculation in a better way. In the simulation, some distinct figures are replaced by probability distributions. The basic calculation is recalculated 1500 times, based on the random figures generated in accordance with the particular probability distribution for every effect.   The basic calculation shows that the electric road alternative generate the most welfare relative to investment cost, while the railway alternative would have increased the welfare about 1,7 billion SEK more than the electric road alternative, purely in monetary effects. After simulation, the electric road alternative was found the most profitable for society. Although, since the transhipment costs from truck to railway at Svappavaara are not included in the calculation, the conclusion is that the railway alternative is the recommended alternative based on the results of this thesis.

Economic analysis is often employed for the purpose of efficient decision-making and allocation of societies’ resources and has been utilized in the Swedish national infrastructure planning since the 1960’s. The topic of this report is the utilisation of CBA in investigating the benefits and costs of transport investments in Sweden and its consequent role as a decision basis. It is the study of various actors’ perspectives on CBA itself, and not least its role within Swedish transport-planning. On the one hand the study concerns the actors interpretation of the current practice, on the other; their perspectives of how CBA ideally should be utilized. The purpose of the study is to be able to, by combining existing ideas, insights and competences in ways which can bridge the diverse perspectives, increase awareness concerning the utilisation and role of CBA in Swedish transport planning. The goal is not to argue against the use of CBA as a method or decision basis, nor to study the technicalities of the method, but rather, it is an attempt to make sense of CBA through the interpretation of various actors’ perspectives from commission to decision. Two main research questions are put forth to lead towards this purpose: First, how does the understanding of CBA vary among actors? And secondly, how can CBA be utilised to its full potential in transport planning?
Ekonomisk analys används ofta för att uppnå ett effektivt beslutsfattande och fördelning av samhällets resurser, i den svenska nationella infrastrukturplaneringen har de nyttjats sedan 1960-talet. Ämnet för denna rapport är användningen av CBA för att utreda nyttor och kostnader av transportinvesteringar i Sverige och dess åtföljande roll som beslutsunderlag. Det är en studie av olika aktörers perspektiv på samhällsekonomisk analys (CBA), och inte minst dess roll inom svenskt transportplanering. Å ena sidan gäller studien olika aktörers tolkning av nuvarande praxis, å andra sidan deras perspektiv på hur CBA helst bör användas. Syftet med studien är att, genom en kombination av befintliga idéer, insikter och kompetenser på ett sätt som kan överbrygga olika perspektiv, öka medvetenheten om användningen och betydelsen av CBA i svensk transportplanering. Målet är inte att argumentera mot användningen av CBA som metod eller beslutsunderlag, inte heller att studera de tekniska aspekterna av metoden, studien syftar snarare att försöka skapa förståelse för CBA genom tolkning av olika aktörers perspektiv från beställning till beslut. Två huvudsakliga forskningsfrågor lyfts fram för att leda mot detta syfte: För det första, hur varierar förståelsen av CBA mellan aktörerna? Och för det andra, hur kan CBA utnyttjas till sin fulla potential i transportplaneringen?

Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os eventos associados à constituição do Programa Brasileiro de Ecologia Molecular para o Uso Sustentável da Biodiversidade da Amazônia (PROBEM) e do Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia (CBA) e a crise que se abateu sobre esses projetos. A nossa hipótese principal é que as práticas científicas relacionadas à informação genética e à biotecnologia são também práticas de poder e envolvem relações de poder. Mais especificamente, queremos com este trabalho entender os conflitos entre interesses regionais, nacionais e internacionais no uso da biodiversidade pela biotecnologia, abordando a disposição das hierarquias dentro do campo científico, numa relação entre centros mundiais e o Brasil, e entre Brasil e Amazônia. Procuramos mostrar, através de um estudo etnográfico da ciência, combinado ao estudo de documentos e entrevistas, como a política nacional de biotecnologia no país não apenas envolve disputas pelo capital científico, conectadas a uma rede científico-tecnológica em escala mundial, mas está subordinada a uma hierarquização que é parte integrante da universalização de um pensamento e de uma prática científica que estão intimamente ligados à mundialização do capitalismo
Abstract: The goal of this research is to study the events surrounding the creation of the Brazilian Molecular Ecology Program for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Amazonia (PROBEM) and the Center for Biotechnology in the Amazon (CBA), and the crisis that fell upon those projects. Our main hypothesis is that scientific practices related to genetical information and to biotechnology are also power practices and involve power relations. More specifically, we want to understand how conflicts between regional, national and international interests biotechnogical uses of biodiversity are inflected by hierarchies within the scientific field, relating on the one hand world centers and Brazil, and Brazil and Amazonia on the other hand. By means of an ethnographic study of science, combined to documental research and interviews with scientists, we propose to show how Brazilian biotechnology policies involve disputes over scientific capital and is connected to a world-wide scientific-technological network; we also want to show how they are part of a world-scale hierarchyzation of science which is part and parcel of the universalization of a mode of thought intimately linked to the universalization of capitalism
Mestrado
Natureza, Tecnologia e Cultura
Mestre em Antropologia

Vi har genomfört en samhällsekonomisk lönsamhetskalkyl på ett infrastrukturprojekt i Norrköpings kommun som heter Framtidens resor i Norrköping. Projektet har initierats på grund av att kommunen förväntar sig en kraftig befolkningstillväxt samt ett ökat resande inom tätorten när höghastighetsjärnvägen Ostlänken tas i drift år 2035. Syftet med projektet är att förbättra infrastrukturen för de hållbara transportslagen. I kalkylen utvärderas två olika utredningsalternativ med inriktningar på olika trafikslag gentemot ett jämförelsealternativ. Kvantifieringen av effekter baseras på data från trafikprognosmodellen VISUM. Dessa effekter har sedan värderats med hjälp av olika kalkyl- och schablonvärden från Trafikverkets rekommendationer i ASEK (2016). Våra resultat visar att UA Litet trendbrott genererar ett nettonuvärde på -11,5 miljoner kronor medan UA Stort trendbrott visar ett nettonuvärde på 3 810 miljoner kronor och en nettonuvärdeskvot på 1,53. Utifrån ett samhällsekonomiskt lönsamhetsperspektiv rekommenderar vi att genomföra UA Stort trendbrott. Dock gör vi antagandet att även UA Litet trendbrott skulle visa ett positivt nettonuvärde om det vore möjligt att kvantifiera samtliga effekter.
In our master thesis we have, in collaboration with the municipality of Norrköping, done a cost-benefit analysis to analyse their project Framtidens resor i Norrköping. The aim of the project is to improve the mobility for the citizens and to make it easier to use public transports. The project was initiated because of the large expected increase in the population which in turn would put a lot of pressure on the public transport. By the year of 2035 the planned high-speed rail project, The East Link Project, is expected to be in use making it even more important that the municipality’s public transport is high-functioning. Two different scenarios, UA Litet trendbrott and UA Stort trendbrott, have been analysed and both have been compared to how the infrastructure is today. To quantify the effects of the project the software VISUM has been used. To our help we have used the ASEK Guidelines as well as the recommended principles and prices in the report. Our results indicate that UA Litet trendbrott will generate a net present value (NPV) of –11,5 million SEK. As for UA Stort trendbrott, our conclusion is that the scenario will generate a positive NPV, a conclusion which our sensitivity analysis validates. The NPV shows a benefit of more than 3 810 million SEK and the Ratio of NPV and public-sector support (NNK) shows a value of 1,53. We therefor recommend to follow through with the plans stated in UA Stort trendbrott.
Framtidens Resor i Norrköping

The present study was an investigation of the effects of a CBA model on mathematical achievement of middle school students. Nine subjects in the seventh and eighth grades were selected to participate in the study. A multiple baseline single subject design was used. Results indicated that a CBA model designed in the form of a pullout program can be very effective in identifying and remediating problems in mathematics for middle school students who are at-risk for failing mathematics. Implications of the current findings for the use of a CBA model were discussed. The use of a CBA model for students identified as at-risk for failing mathematics in middle school was supported.

The general purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate KrAmi – a correctional program for young offenders – regarding socioeconomic profitability. Evaluating socioeconomic results enables us to examine and reflect upon the possibilities of applying socioeconomic models to social work. The basic data, from a long-term follow up study of 140 persons in two KrAmi programs, one Knuff program and two probation programs (treatment as usual), also allow systematic comparisons with more traditional evaluation models

The data have been presented in one research report and three articles.

The research report examines both the effects in an effect study and the socioeconomic results in a CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a CEA (Cost-Effectiveness analysis). The overall aim of the socioeconomic study was to examine the socioeconomic profitability of the programmes. We found a halving of expenditure for the KrAmi and Knuff groups and a 25 percent reduction for the two probation programmes compared to the cost one year before rehabilitation started.

The 15-year investment analysis (CBA) showed that expenditures decreased and benefits increased by about 2.5 million SEK per individual for the two KrAmi programmes and one non-custodial program, by 0.5-1.0 million SEK for the Knuff program and the other non-custodial program. For the KrAmi programs investment in rehabilitation pays off in 1-1.5 years, for probation in 2.5-4 years and for Knuff in 4 years after the intervention. The benefit-cost ratios were 17.8 - 12.7 for the two KrAmi programs and 5.1 - 5.8 for the two non-custodial programs. For the Knuff program the benefit-cost ratio was 13.2. KrAmi rates are higher for rehabilitation rate (pension points), rehabilitation rate compared to investment costs and benefit-cost ratio, pay-off time is the shortest.

The results of both the effect study and socio-economic study, which were presented in the first article, suggest that social improvements for the clients corresponded with socio-economic profitability. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to difficulties in comparing short-term data on effects from ASI interviews collected in one period with long-term data concerning socio-economic costs per day per client in a different period. The second article elaborated on these design issues and also examined whether approaching an evaluation from different perspectives and employing different research methods can increase understanding. The conclusion drawn was that it was essential to have knowledge on the dissimilarities in design and measures between the two studies to come to the correct interpretations. These interpretations led to new questions to illuminate the results of the evaluations.

In the third article the focus was the long-term follow up period. In this study the Knuff program was excluded from the study and the two KrAmi programs formed the program group and the two probation group formed the control group. The follow-up period was two years during which the socioeconomic costs decreased stepwise for both groups, probation groups more so than program groups. The deteriorations were 70-80% compared to the period before treatment. However rehabilitation to labour market was more successful for program groups than for control groups thanks to the greater socio-economic profitability for program groups.

The introductory part of this dissertation focuses on methodological difficulties, and a multivariate regression analysis (MRA) is presented which shows that pre-existing differences in the composition of the program groups and control groups were not responsible for the differences on the socio-economic results. Moreover the introductory section includes a research presentation and the rationale for socioeconomic evaluation.

Effektivare transporter i stadskärnorna är något som citylogistik har som huvudsyfte då det är många godstransporter inne i städerna som bidrar till trängsel. Ett förslag för förbättrad citylogistik är att flera distribuerande företag skickar sitt gods till en omlastningscentral där godset sorteras och lastas om innan leverans in till city. Genom att flera företag använder sig av en omlastningscentral minskar behovet av fordon då fyllnadsgraden, som ofta är låg vid transport inne i city, ökar vid samlastning av varor och fordonsbehovet minskar. Syftet är att utföra en kostnads- och nyttoanalys, cost-benefit analysis, detta för att kunna undersöka vilka effekter det finns av att införa samdistribution av varor inne i city men även att föra en diskussion kring vad denna typ av distribution kan leda till för de medverkande företagen och dess logistikkedja. Det kommer även en diskussion kring hur kostnads- och nyttoanalys kan användas för att fungera i andra städer, då stor del av data till detta arbete kommer från tidigare rapporter om samdistribution i Linköping city. I en kostnads- och nyttoanalys vägs kostnaderna och nyttorna mot varandra för att på så sätt se vilken av dessa som väger tyngst. Om nyttorna väger tyngre än kostnaderna så kommer projektet som är tänkt att genomföras att gynna samhället och det är då av intresse för de flesta parter att genomföra förändringen eller projektet. Rapporten ger en tydlig bild av vilka de stora kostnaderna samt nyttorna är med att genomföra samdistribution i city och vad detta kan leda till längre bak i logistikkedjan för de distribuerande företagen.

Thesis (Master Diploma (Medical Technology) -- Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1992
The steady state in a tumour rapidly changes with its growth and the subsequent deteriorating blood and nutrient supply. This adaptation in the steady state of the tumour is shown in the increased lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity in the tumour during it's growth. These alterations in the tumour metabolism places an increased burden on the body to supply nutrient and to discard the waste products of the tumour. This is demonstrated at the macroscopic level by the decreasing body weight and food intake when the tumour burden increases, and also at the metabolic levels by the responses of certain glycolytic and Cori cycle enzymes. Furthermore three distinct stages were observed in the Corl cycle response to the influence of the tumour namely, a silent or preclinical stage, a hypermetabolic stage and a hypometabolic stage. Although the decreasing body weight cannot be directly linked to the process of gluconeogenesis, the onset of anorexia appeared to coincide with the end of the hypermetabolic stage and the beginning of the hypometabolic stage in gluconeogenesis. This clearly shows that the body's steady state is adversely affected by the presence of the tumour and that the conditions at the metabolic level seem to cause the anorexia. Furthermore, it is well known that the success of cancer therapies depends entirely on the effectiveness o{the modality to kill the tumour cell and on the ability . of the host to absorb the damage caused by the modality without being destroyed in the process itself. The second part of this study demonstrates the radioprotective effects of ATP at all levels. It is clear from this work that ATP had a bigger influence in protecting the normal tissue than it had on the tumour tissue. This was demonstrated by the response of acid phosphatase (AP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in the tumour and testis. Furthermore, it would seem that ATP has a multifactorial interaction with the cell, two possible mechanisms of protection are indicated by these results. The fIrst of these interactions is through the receptors of the cell to stimulate enhanced glycolysis, for higher energy production and thus repair. The second possibility is the interaction of ATP with the receptor of the cell to inhibit the production of free radicals and thus damage, as demonstrated by the response of G-6-PDH and AP.

Thesis (MTech (Medical Technology))--Cape Technikon, 1992.
The steady state in a tumour rapidly changes with its growth and the subsequent deteriorating blood and nutrient supply. This adaptation in the steady state of the tumour is shown in the increased lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity in the tumour during it's growth. These alterations in the tumour metabolism places an increased burden on the body to supply nutrient and to discard the waste products of the tumour. This is demonstrated at the macroscopic level by the decreasing body weight and food intake when the tumour burden increases, and also at the metabolic levels by the responses of certain glycolytic and Cori cycle enzymes. Furthermore three distinct stages were observed in the Cori cycle response to the influence of the tumour namely, a silent or preclinical stage, a hypermetabolic stage and a hypometabolic stage. Although the decreasing body weight cannot be directly linked to the process of gluconeogenesis, the onset of anorexia appeared to coincide with the end of the hypermetabolic stage and the beginning of the hypometabolic stage in gluconeogenesis. This clearly shows that the body's steady state is adversely affected by the presence of the tumour and that the conditions at the metabolic level seem to cause the anorexia. Furthermore, it is well known that the success of cancer therapies depends entirely on the effectiveness of the modality to kill the tumour cell and on the ability' of the host to absorb the damage caused by the modality without being destroyed in the process itself. The second part of this study demonstrates the radioprotective effects of ATP at all levels. It is clear from this work that ATP had a bigger influence in protecting the normal tissue than it had on the tumour tissue. This was demonstrated by the response of acid phosphatase (AP) and glucose-ó-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in the tumour and testis. Furthermore, it would seem that ATP has a multifactorial interaction with the cell, two possible mechanisms of protection are indicated by these results. The first of these interactions is through the receptors of the cell to stimulate enhanced glycolysis, for higher energy production and thus repair. The second possibility is the interaction of ATP with the receptor of the cell to inhibit the production of free radicals and thus damage, as demonstrated by the response of G-6-PDH and AP.

Syfte: Ingen kan hävda att de har missat den pågående klimatdebatten med ett fokus på den globala uppvärmningen. En ökad medvetenhet om miljömässig hållbarhet har bidragit till en integration av etisk beslutsfattning in i organisationer. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hypotesen att CSR leder till ett ökat fastighetsvärde. Vi ämnar även få en ökad förståelse för hur motivation påverkar etisk beslutsfattning och CSR. Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats inom ramen för en fallstudie. Empiriskt material har samlats in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med beslutsfattare inom den svenska fastighetsbranschen. En analys av aktuell forskning och litteratur samt en modell av Sekerka & Stimel (2012) har bidragit till den teoretiska referensramen. Slutsats & Resultat: Vi anser att miljömässig hållbarhet och det ekonomiska incitamentet går hand i hand och krävs idag för ekonomisk framgång. Då CSR tillämpas inom en organisation så har vi märkt att det inte är organisationstyperna som sedan påverkar om CSR ger ett ökat fastighetsvärde. Det är snarare organisationens mål med fastigheten. Svaret blir att långsiktiga intressenter anser att kostnaden för miljöinsatser leder till ett motsvarande eller en större värdeökning av fastigheterna. För att detta ska vara sant krävs dock en långsiktighet och långsiktiga mål med fastigheten. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett intressant synsätt skulle vara att modifiera och tillämpa Sekerka & Stimels (2012) modell vid jämförandet mellan olika branscher. Ett intressant ämne är hur miljömässig hållbarhet påverkar organisationers lönsamhet ur det ekonomiska perspektivet. Hur står svenska organisationers miljömässiga hållbarhetsarbete jämfört med utländska? Ett annat intressant område är hur miljömässig hållbarhet påverkas av externa bestämmelser så som lagstiftning och ökad myndighetskontroll. Under studiens gång har vi kommit fram till att Sekerka & Stimels (2012) modell har brister när den appliceras på den svenska fastighetsbranschen. Ett alternativ kan vara en utveckling och anpassning av Sekerka & Stimels (2012) modell för att lättare kunna appliceras mot en svensk bransch. Under de genomförda intervjuerna har flera organisationer talat om den sociala hållbarheten. Vi anser att det skulle vara intressant att genomföra en liknande studie inom CSR men med inriktning mot social hållbarhet Studiens bidrag: Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse hur etisk beslutsfattning påverkar motivation av CSR. Studien bidrar även till ett tydliggörande av hur etisk beslutsfattning och miljömässig hållbarhet tillämpas inom den svenska fastighetsbranschen. Studien ger även svar på den praktiska frågan om CSR kan ge ett ökat fastighetsvärde.
Purpose: No one can argue and say that they have missed the ongoing climate debate which, focuses on global warming. An increased awareness of environmental sustainability has contributed to the integration of ethical decision-making in organizations. The study's purpose is to examine the hypothesis that CSR leads to increased property value we will also try to get a better understanding on how motivation effects ethical decision-making and CSR. Method: The study has been completed with a qualitative approach in the framework of a case study. Empirical material was gathered by semi-structured interviews preformed with decision-makers in the Swedish property industry. An analysis of the current research and literature, as well as a model by Sekerka & Stimels (2012) has contributed to the theoretical framework. Conclusion & Results: We believe that environmental sustainability and an economic incentive goes hand-in-hand and are required for financial success today. When CSR is applied within an organization, we have noticed that there is not the organizational type which affects whether CSR brings an increase in property value. Rather it is the organization's goals with the property. The answer is that long-term stakeholders believe that the cost of environmental measures leading to an equivalent or greater increase in the value of the properties. For this to be true it requires a long-term approach and long-term goal with the property. Further research: An interesting approach would be to modify and apply Sekerka & Stimels (2012) model in the comparison between different industries. An interesting topic is how environmental sustainability will affect an organization’s profitability within an economic perspective. How are Swedish organization’s environmental sustainability efforts compared with overseas? Another interesting area is how environmental sustainability are affected by external conditions such as legislation and increased government control. During the study we have come to the conclusion that Sekerka & Stimels (2012) model has shortcomings when applied to the Swedish property industry. An alternative can be an advancement and adaptation of Sekerka & Stimels (2012) model in order for it to be applied on a Swedish industry. During the interviews, several organizations talked about social. We believe that it would be interesting to conduct a similar study in CSR, but with focus on social sustainability Contribution: The study contributes to a better understanding of how ethical decision-making affects the motivation towards CSR. The study also contribute to a clarification of how ethical decision-making and environmental sustainability are applied in the Swedish property industry. The study will also provide answers to the practical matter: could CSR contribute to an increased property value.

The thesis is focus on the public investment in village development. The theoretical part explains the concept of public investment, describes the sources of financing these investment and describes the methods which can be use for public investment evaluated. Then it discribe status and functioning of the municipality in the legal system, processes of budgeting and facility management. The practical part is already focused on the village Chyšky, which decided to invest to improve development. In the thesis are described two specific investment projects, determined their cash flows and evaluated using the eCBA program. The output of the thesis is to determine the project, which will be more advantageous for the municipality.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil
A leishmaniose é uma doença antropozoonose que afeta 88 países, o que denota a importância da realização de estudos que permitem o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de vacinação ou quimioterapias. Os agentes etiológicos dessa doença são espécies do gênero Leishmania, sendo que, no Brasil, a Leishmania (Leishimania) amazonensis está relacionada à forma tegumentar da leishmaniose e está expandindo sua área de distribuição geográfica. O modelo murino de infecção experimental tem sido largamente empregado nos estudos de leishmanioses, por permitir o controle das características do hospedeiro e a análise de aspectos específicos da doença. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar a atuação de fatores de interação parasito-hospedeiro nesse modelo de infecção utilizando linhagens de camundongos comdiferentes graus de susceptibilidade. Para tanto, efetuamos o seqüenciamento da extensão COOH-terminal de um tipo específico de cisteína proteinase (CP) do parasito, a CPB, e, em seguida, o mapeamento in silico de epitopos de MHC classe I nessa seqüência. Os epitopos preditos foram então sintetizados e utilizados em ensaios in vivo (vacinação) e in vitro (indução de blastogênese e de expressão de citocinas e efeitos sobre os linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+). Alguns desses epitopos preditos demonstraram efeitos antigênicos nos ensaios in vitro, porém sem efeitos perceptíveis nos ensaios in vivo. Os epitopos preditos P4 e P5 induziram a blastogênese em culturas de células de camundongos BALB/c (mais susceptíveis a Leishmania), enquanto P2, P8 e P9 o fizeram em células de células de camundongos CBA (menos suscetíveis). Os epitopos P5, P6 e P8 também promoveram alterações nas porcentagens dos linfócitos CD4+ ou CD8+ em culturas de células de camundongos BALB/c. Quanto à indução da expressão de citocinas, os epitopos P1 e P2 (em BALB/c) e P2 e P3 (em CBA) induziram à expressão de citosinas relacionadas à resposta imune tipo Th1; P6 (em BALB/c) e P8 (em CBA) à expressão de citosinas da resposta Th2; e P4 (em BALB/c) e P9 (em CBA) à expressão de citosinas dos dois tipos de resposta imune. Ensaios de Molecular Doking foram utilizados para auxiliar na compreensão dos fenômenos de interação nos complexos epitoppos/MHC, apontando para padrões de interação associados aos padrões de indução da expressão de citocinas. Adicionalmente, foram efetuados ensaios de PCR em tempo real para se analisar os padrões de expressão de genes de moléculas de MHC do hospedeiro e de CPs do parasito ao longo da infecção, que indicam distinções na expressão de genes de MHC classes I e II entre as linhagens murinas e na expressão de CPs pelo parasito, o que pode estar relacionado às diferentes formas de progressão da infecção nessas linhagens. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo complementam os dados da literatura sobre as interações parasito-hospedeiro na infecção experimental murina e apontam para novas estratégias de análise dessas interações em leishmaniose
Leishmaniasis is a disease that affects anthropozoonosis 88 countries, demonstrating the importance of studies that allow the development of new strategies for vaccination or chemotherapy. The etiologic agents of this disease are species of the genus Leishmania, and in Brazil, Leishmania (Leishimania) amazonensis is related to the cutaneous form of leishmaniasis and is expanding its geographical distribution. The murine model of experimental infection has been widely used in studies of leishmaniasis by allowing the control of the characteristics of the host and analysis of specific aspects of the disease. The present study aims to verify the performance factors of the host-parasite interaction in this infection model using mice strains comdiferentes degrees of susceptibility. Therefore, we performed by sequencing the COOH-terminal extension of a particular type of cysteine ​​proteinase (CP) of the parasite, CPB, and then, the in silico mapping of epitopes on MHC class I that sequence. The predicted epitopes were then synthesized and used in vivo assays (vaccination) and in vitro (induced blastogenesis and expression of cytokines and effects on T lymphocytes CD4 + and CD8 +). Some of these antigenic epitopes predicted effects demonstrated in vitro assays, but without noticeable effects in vivo assays .. The predicted epitopes P4 and P5 induced blastogenesis in cultured cells of BALB / c (most likely Leishmania), while P2, P8 and P9 cells did cell CBA mice (less likely). The epitopes P5, P6 and P8 also induced variations in the percentages of CD4 + or CD8 + cell cultures of BALB / c mice. The induction of expression of cytokines, the epitopes P1 and P2 (in BALB / c) and P3 and P2 (in CBA) to induce expression of cytokines related to Th1 type immune response, P6 (in BALB / c) and P8 (in CBA) to the expression of Th2 cytokines, and P4 (in BALB / c) and P9 (in CBA) to the expression of cytokines of both types of immune response. Molecular tests Doking were used to assist in understanding the complex interaction phenomena in epitoppos / MHC, pointing to patterns of interaction patterns associated with induction of cytokine expression. Additionally, PCR assays were performed in real time to examine the expression patterns of genes of the host MHC molecules and CPs along the parasite infection, indicating distinctions in the gene expression of MHC class I and II between the strains and expression of murine CPs the parasite, which can be related to different forms of progression of the infection in these strains. The results of this study complement the literature on host-parasite interactions in murine experimental infection and point to new strategies for analysis of these interactions in leishmaniasis

This master´s thesis deals with evaulating of non-profit organizations focusing on amateur football clubs. During the analytical part,a financial statement will ge given by a CBA analysis based on a practical example of designing a new building with changing rooms and technical infrastructure of the football club "TJ Sokol Slavonin". "Finally, proposals improving the return on investment, followed by a financial structure, how to finance the project in an optimal way, show that an integrated finance model was created.

The 1993 Collective Bargaining Agreement changed the way that the National Football League operated with its player contracts. With the introduction of the salary cap and free agency players were given more freedom in where they took their talents while keeping the competitive balance of the league intact. There have been revisions and changes since the 1993 landmark CBA, specifically the 2011 CBA created changes mostly in the way that rookie salary and contract regulations function. This paper looks at whether the policy changes affected the competitive balance of the National Football League. Looking at point differential, competitive fairness, and winning percentage we found that the newest CBA did not create any significant changes in the competitive fairness of the league.

Vid byggnation i storstadsmiljöer används ofta material som förvarats eller utvinns långt ifrån byggnadsplatsen. Materialet transporteras långa sträckor och transporten antas utgöra en stor kostnad, både ekonomiskt och miljömässigt. Överblivna jord- och bergmassor i samband med byggnation och rivning används oftast inte optimalt och återvinns sällan på bästa sätt. Genom en förbättrad hantering och återvinning av dessa jord- och bergmassor skulle involverade aktörer potentiellt kunna minska sina kostnader, samtidigt som samhället skulle kunna dra nytta av en mindre miljöpåverkan. De frågeställningar som valdes att undersöka är: Leder ett införande av mer lokala upplag för jord- och bergmassor vid byggnation i städer till en samhällsekonomisk besparing? Hur stor påverkan har miljömässiga kostnader på totalkostnaden och finns det sociala aspekter som bör beaktas? Vad finns det för möjligheter och svårigheter med att kombinera analysverktygen CBA och LCA för att värdera den samhällsekonomiska nyttan av ett lokalt upplag?  För att undersöka om ett temporärt upplag minskar kostnaderna och miljöpåverkan, har ett beräkningsverktyg utvecklats. Teorier om livscykelanalys (LCA) samt kostnad-nytta-analys (CBA) har studerats och varit grund för beräkningsverktyget. Verktyget har testats i en fallstudie i Göteborgs stad och blivit avgränsat till att endast hantera entreprenadberg. I fallstudien blev totalkostnaderna för det lokala upplaget jämfört med normalfallet relativt lika, medan de totala miljöutsläppen för det lokala upplaget blev högre. Detta beror framförallt på att en mobil kross användes i det lokala upplaget. Om istället en stationär kross kan användas i det lokala upplaget, skulle det resultatet blivit mer samhällsekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Avståndsdifferensen mellan normalfallet och fallet med ett lokalt upplag var relativt liten och detta var även en bidragande orsak till de marginella kostnadsskillnaderna. Resultatet blev att denna studie inte kan svara på om ett införande av mer lokala upplag alltid leder till en samhällsekonomisk förbättring. Beräkningsverktyget som utvecklats kan användas för att testa olika scenarion mot varandra och det kan därmed i ett tidigt stadie, ge en indikation på om implementeringen av ett lokalt upplag är samhällsekonomiskt fördelaktig. Indata till beräkningsverktyget kan enkelt ändras för att passa olika scenarion och förhållanden. Verktyget kan därför även utvecklas för mer precisa beräkningar. Beräkningsverktyget tar hänsyn till skillnader i anläggningskostnad, kostnad för krossning, transportkostnader samt miljöpåverkan. De miljömässiga och sociala kostnaderna som undersökts verkar ha liten påverkan på totalkostnaden. Undantag är dock bullerkostnaden från krossning som blir hög utan bullerskydd. Det är fördelaktigt att studera både LCA samt CBA för att få fler infallsvinklar vid bedömning och värdering av den gällande situationen jämfört med framtida förändringar.
When constructing in urban areas, it is common to use material that is stored or extracted far away from the construction site. The material is then transported long distances and the transportations lead to large costs, both economically and environmentally. Excavated soil and rock masses from construction and demolition is seldom used optimally and is rarely recycled in an optimal way. An improved handling and recycling of the masses could potentially reduce costs for involved actors, while society could benefit from less environmental impact. The research questions addressed in this report are: Does the introduction of more local storage for excavated soil and rock masses for construction in cities lead to socioeconomic savings? What impact has environmental costs on the total cost, and are there social aspects that should be considered? What are the opportunities and difficulties of combining LCA and CBA to evaluate the socioeconomic benefits of a local storage? A calculation tool was developed to investigate whether a temporary storage reduces the costs and environmental impacts. Theories about Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) has been studied and been the basis for the calculation tool. The calculation tool was then tested on a realistic scenario in the city of Gothenburg and was limited to only handle excavated rock. The result was that the study could not show that an introduction of a more local storage always leads to economic improvements. A mobile crusher was used in the local storage in the tested scenario. If a stationary crusher would be used instead, the outcome would be much more beneficial with a local storage. The developed calculation tool can be adapted for testing different scenario studies and can in an early stage, give an indication for if implementing a local storage is socioeconomic beneficial. The input data can easily be changed to suit different circumstances and to make accurate calculations for different scenarios. The calculation tool takes into account differences in the cost of construction of the storage, cost of crushing rock, transport costs and environmental impact. The environmental and social costs examined seem to have little impact on the total cost. It is advantageous to study both LCA and CBA to get more perspectives in the assessment and evaluation of the current situation compared to future changes.

Syftet är att analysera ex post CBA utifrån exempel från Trafikverket. Metoden är att utgå från ekonomisk teori och identifiera relevanta steg för att upprätta ex ante och ex post CBA. Utifrån de steg som anses vara relevanta vid upprättande av ex post jämför studien för- och efterkalkyler för två åtgärder inom transportinfrastrukturen. Studien har avgränsats till att jämföra ex ante och ex post för en järnvägsåtgärd och en vägåtgärd. Resultatet visar att Trafikverkets metodik för att upprätta ex post fem år efter att en vägåtgärd är färdigbyggd lider av ett principiellt problem med avseende på tidsperioden, som orsakar systematiska skillnader mellan ex ante och ex post i beräknad samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet, vilket är missvisande när det används som jämförbart. Ingen meningsfull jämförelse utförs ex post fem år efter att en järnvägsåtgärd är slutförd, och den verbala beskrivningen av den förändrade samhällsekonomiska lönsamheten är missvisande utifrån att det är en ögonblicksbild, jämfört med ex ante som baseras på en längre period.
The aim of this study is to analyze ex post CBA based on examples from the Swedish Transport Administration. The method is to use economic theory and identify relevant steps for establishing CBA ex ante and ex post. The study is delimited to compare ex ante and ex post for one railway- and road project. The results show that the Swedish Transport Administration methodology ex post for road projects five years after completion suffers from a fundamental problem regarding the period of time, which causes systematic differences between ex ante and ex post in calculated socio-economic profitability, which is misleading when used as comparable. No meaningful comparison is made ex post for rail projects five years after completion. Only a verbal description of the socio-economic profitability is done which is misleading as it is a snapshot, compared to ex ante that is based on an extended period of time.

The work describes problems of creating CBA. The theoretical part of the work defines the CBA, its drawbacks and strengths. An important part of it is a different view of economic orientations to the CBA. The work also deals with the current institutional situation that determines the obligation of drawing up the CBA for the selected projects seeking public support. The aim of this work is to evaluate the production of any obligation of the CBA. For this purpose, will be used as well interviews with experts.

The demand for energy is forever growing. The technology of extracting power from uranium through nuclear facilities is rather old. Core melting, nuclear bombs, uranium extraction costs and the question what to do with the wastes has hindered countries from exploiting this resource. The technology of extraction, containment and refinement has however come a far way since the beginning. There is a need of revaluing this method of generating power. What better way of doing this than making a cost and benefit analysis upon Nuclear Power. If the costs of overweight the benefits, the governments should dismount the reactors in the involved country. If it’s the other way around; benefits surpassing costs, there should be a development within this sector. In this thesis we will analyze a cost-benefit-analysis of new nuclear power generation in the UK. We will explain how a CBA is constructed, give some examples of cost and benefits of nuclear power and with this knowledge we will then critically look at the 2006 CBA of new nuclear power in UK (Kennedy) which compares costs and benefits of nuclear new build with conventional gas-fired generation and low carbon technologies.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Um Governo deve ser comprometido com a melhoria contínua da prestação de serviços públicos e parte significativa deste comprometimento dá-se por garantir que os fundos públicos são gastos em atividades e projetos que proporcionam os maiores benefícios para a sociedade. A realização de uma Análise de Custo-Benefício (CBA) fornece ao decisor comparações quantitativas das alternativas de investimento, em conjunto com informações de apoio adicionais sobre todos os custos e benefícios que não puderam ser quantificados, auxiliando no processo decisório. Uma limitação da CBA é que, apesar da incerteza ser um aspecto inerente a ela, os fluxos de custos e benefícios futuros são estimados baseando-se somente em informações e premissas disponíveis no momento da decisão de investimento. Já existe extensa literatura demonstrando ser cada vez maior a importância de um gerenciamento empresarial flexível, com revisões constantes das estratégias e dos planos já concebidos. Logo, se percebe a necessidade de uma ferramenta como a Análise pela Teoria de Opções Reais (ROA) que permita a inclusão das incertezas e flexibilidades gerenciais na CBA. O principal objetivo dessa tese foi desenvolver um quadro teórico que permitisse a avaliação socioeconômica de projetos em ambiente de incerteza por meio da combinação da análise de custo-benefício e da análise pela teoria de opções reais. Adicionalmente, ela também tentou verificar se avaliação socioeconômica proposta produz resultados satisfatórios quando aplicada na prática. A abordagem integrada foi denominada de Análise de Custo-Benefício com Opções Reais (COBRA). De forma a verificar se esta nova abordagem agrega valor a um projeto, ela foi aplicada na avaliação de uma termelétrica a biomassa com unidade de produção de etanol em um cenário sem flexibilidade (Caso Base) e com flexibilidade (Caso Flexível). Por meio dessa aplicação, foi verificado que avaliação do projeto por meio da abordagem COBRA aumentou seu valor em 93 milhões de euros, tornando o resultado final positivo para a sociedade, permitindo a requisição de apoio financeiro governamental e viabilizando a realização do projeto. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, se aplicada corretamente, esta metodologia pode vir a ser uma alternativa viável para o problema de avaliação socioeconômica de projetos com flexibilidades em ambiente de incerteza.
A government must be committed to the continuous improvement of its public services and a significant part of this commitment involves ensuring that public funds are spent on activities and projects that provide the greatest benefits to society. Conducting a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) provides the decision maker with quantitative comparisons of investment alternatives, together with additional supporting information about all costs and benefits that could not be quantified, assisting in decision making. A limitation of CBA is that despite uncertainty being an inherent aspect to it, the future flows of costs and benefits are estimated based only on information and assumptions available at the time of the investment decision. Since there already is extensive literature demonstrating the increasing importance of flexible business management, with constant revisions of previously designed strategies and plans, one realizes the need for a tool like Real Options Analysis (ROA) that allows the inclusion of uncertainty and managerial flexibility in CBA. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a theoretical framework for the socioeconomic evaluation of projects under uncertainty through the combination of cost-benefit analysis and real options analysis. In addition, it also tried to verify if the proposed framework produces satisfactory results when applied in practice. The integrated approach was called COst-Benefit Real options Analysis (COBRA). In order to verify if this new approach adds value to a project, it was applied in the evaluation of a biomass powerplant with an ethanol production unit in a scenario without flexibility (Base Case) and with flexibility (Flexible Case). Through this application, it was found that the project evaluation through the COBRA approach increased its value by 93 million, turned the project into something beneficial for society, enabled government subsidies and made de project feasible. The results indicate that, if applied correctly, this approach may prove to be a viable alternative to the problem of socioeconomic evaluation of projects with flexibilities under uncertainty.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Sweden is a country with close to zero fossil-fuel dependency in their electricity generation. The Swedish government has established specific goals that the Swedish electricity system should consist solely of renewable energy, as well as achieve zero net emissions in electricity generation within 25 years. To reach these goals, Sweden have been investing avidly in wind power over the last 15 years, making them one of Europe’s leading investors in the technology. However, this has started public debate on the topic as humans-, as well as flora and fauna, are affected negatively by the turbines. This paper investigates public benefits and costs of further onshore wind power expansion in Sweden. The focus is to analyse if an increased onshore wind power expansion can cease imports of fossil-fuelled electricity, Sweden’s main source of fossil-fuel dependent electricity. Furthermore, the aim is to determine if a wind power expansion of magnitude to eliminate these imports of fossil-fuelled electricity is of public benefit or not. A regression model gives support for the conclusion that an increased wind power production diminishes imports of fossil-fuelled electricity. Moreover, the magnitude of wind power production necessary to completely eliminate these imports are combined with public benefits and costs for onshore wind power to evaluate the socioeconomic value of the expansion. This is evaluated using the present-value method and included in a cost-benefit analysis. The results suggest that an increased onshore wind power expansion is of public benefit if most added electricity from the expansion can replace electricity generated from greenhouse gas-intense facilities abroad, and thus mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, if less added electricity from the wind power expansion is used to replace production from greenhouse gas-intense facilities, public benefits decrease whilst subject to the same costs. Moreover, if production from the onshore wind power expansion solely mitigates the greenhouse gases from Sweden’s imports of fossil-fuelled electricity, public costs exceed the public benefits, and the total socioeconomic value of the investment is negative. The conclusion of this paper suggests that a further onshore wind power expansion is of public benefit if its production is guaranteed to mitigate substantial amounts of greenhouse gases through exported electricity.

In the developed world, the existing stock of houses will provide shelter to the majority of population in the upcoming years. Houses are physical objects that consume material and energy and need to be maintained, repaired and restructured from time to time. In order to fulfill the requirements of the Kyoto protocol and be comfortable for their inhabitants, the existing stock needs to be renovated. Strong disagreement between different parts of the scientific community and overlapping and contradictory concepts make the definition of sustainable renovation confusing. In this Thesis, therefore, an approach of renovation and operation for higher energy efficiency and lower climate impact has been the main focus. Based on a systems analysis approach, the aim of this work is to develop a manual to stimulate house owners to become role models in sustainable renovation and operation of family houses, the Thesis providing recommendations to reducing the energy consumption of their houses by evaluating cost and benefits of possible actions and choosing the most energy and cost effective approach of a series of alternatives. With the results of this analysis, a sustainable renovation and operation staircase is proposed. The work found that it is possible develop a staircase manual for sustainable renovation and operation of family houses that follows a logical step-by-step approach and could result in considerable life cycle reductions in both costs and climate impact. The work also suggests that it is possible for academic experts to develop material in a simpler form and language to reach the public in a more understandable form.

Syftet med den här studien är att se de samhällsekonomiska effekterna av att installera direktkopplade brandvarnare till personer med trygghetslarm och som är över 65 år. Studien avgränsades till de största kostnadstyperna kopplat till bostadsbrand vilket är egendomsskador och personskador och omkomna. Studien avgränsade de största kostnadstyperna kopplat till direktkopplade brandvarnare till utrustning/installation och falsklarm. Data har hämtats från Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap, Socialstyrelsen, Svensk Försäkring, Statistiska centralbyrån, Brandskyddsföreningen, Trafikverket och lokala data insamlat från räddningstjänster. Totalt uppgick nettonuvärde för en installerad brandvarnare till 6 694 kr. nettonuvärde för att installera direktkopplade brandvarnare hos alla personer med trygghetslarm över 65 år uppgick till cirka 1,4 miljarder kronor. nyttokostnadskvoten uppgick till 8,64. Studien visade att det är samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att installera direktkopplade brandvarnare till personer med trygghetslarm som är över 65 år.

Orientador: Sergio Antonio da Silva Leite
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do ciclo Básico de Alfabetização-CBA, implantado na Rede Estadual de Ensino do Paraná,a partir de 1988. A avaliação foi realizada através da: a)análise dos índices de aprovação, retenção e evasão do período anterior e posterior ao CBA, da Rede Estadual (Total do Estado e do Município de Ponta Grossa) e de 5 escolas selecionadas para a pesquisa; b)análise de entrevistas com 26 professoras do CBA e c)avaliação do desempenho de 104 alunos da 21 etapa do CBA, em Língua Portuguesa. Focalizou-se, inicialmente, a política educacional paranaense do período 1983/1994, buscando contextualizar a formulação,implantação e desenvolvimento do Ciclo Básico. As principais conclusões demonstraram que: a)os índices de aprovação, retenção e evasão da 21 etapa do CBA, referentes ao total do Estado e Municipio de Ponta Grossa (Rede Estadual) mostraram-se insatisfatórios em "relação aos índices do período anterior ao CBA; b)as entrevistas com as professoras mostraram que as estratégias empregadas pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação, foram insuficientes para garantir aos professores informações básicas a respeito das propostas do Ciclo Básico; que a fragilidade dos cursos de capacitação e os insuficientes mecanismos de organização do trabalho pedagógico nas escolas inviabilizaram a compreensão adequada e a apropriação reflexiva da proposta do CBA pelos professores e ainda dificultaram uma mudança significativa na prática docente; c)o desempenho dos alunos da amostra foi satisfatório nos três aspectos analisados. Com relação à produção de texto, 75% dos alunos produziu um texto que corresponde a um padrão satisfatório, 81% dos alunos apresentaram desempenho satisfatório em leitura (reconhecimento e compreensão) e a maioria dos portadores de texto apresentados foram identificados pelos alunos. Conclui-se também que os principais entraves para a efetivação da proposta foram: a descontinuidade no processo de implementação, a contratação temporária e a rotatividade de professores, a ausência de mecanismos de supervisão e acompanhamento permanente, a insuficiente intervenção da coordenação pedagógica das escolas, o descompromisso do Governo Estadual que, além de não oferecer condições básicas que possibilitassem a consecução dos objetivos proclamados, não priorizou o ciclo. Básico implementando, inclusive, políticas antagônicas que dificultavam sua efetivação. Buscaram-se ainda possíveis explicações para a situação e resultados do ciclo Básico, a partir de três instâncias básicas: a atuação do Governo Estadual; a organização do trabalho pedagógico na escola; os professores e OS modos de apropriação da proposta e sua concretização no trabalho pedagógico
Mestrado
Psicologia Educacional
Mestre em Educação

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A Educa??o a Dist?ncia (EAD) tem-se confirmado como importante ferramenta de capacita??o a qualquer tempo e dist?ncia. Por?m, a maioria das Institui??es de Ensino tem encontrado dificuldades relacionadas ao grande n?mero de abandono dos cursos. Avan?os recentes em diversas ?reas da tecnologia possibilitaram o surgimento das Tecnologias da Informa??o e Comunica??o que se tornaram essenciais ? condu??o dos processos educacionais. Assim, imensos volumes de dados s?o gerados pela intera??o de usu?rios em Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem (AVA). Esses dados ?escondem? informa??es ricas. Contudo, manipular tamanha quantidade de dados n?o ? uma tarefa simples. Neste sentido, uma solu??o promissora para extra??o de informa??o ? a Minera??o de Dados, que pode ser entendida como a transforma??o de dados brutos em conhecimento. Essa pesquisa apresenta um estudo para compreender os motivos do baixo desempenho dos alunos em cursos t?cnicos da EAD aplicando, para isto, o algoritmo de Classifica??o Associativa (CBA) em Minera??o de Dados Educacionais (EDM). Com o objetivo de gerar os melhores resultados preditivos de Classifica??o Associativa obtidos pelo CBA, aplicou-se o algoritmo de Regras de Associa??o denominado Predictive Apriori,ainda n?o empregados em trabalhos correlatos. Os resultados experimentais apontam que o CBA aplicado a Bases de Dados Educacionais atinge melhores resultados que os algoritmos de classifica??o tradicionais (alcan?ando uma marca de 85% de acur?cia). Mostrou-se tamb?m que o uso das ferramentas f?rum, quiz e folder t?m uma grande influ?ncia no desempenho dos estudantes.
Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
Distance Education (EAD) has been confirmed as an important training tool at any time and distance. However, most educational institutions have encountered difficulties related to the large number of dropouts. Recent advances in several areas of technology have enabled the emergence of Information and Communication Technologies that have become essential to the conduct of educational processes. Thus, immense data volumes are generated by the interaction of users in Virtual Learning Environments (AVA). These data "hide" rich information. However, handling such a large amount of data is not a simple task. In this sense, a promising solution for information extraction is Data Mining, which can be understood as the transformation of raw data into knowledge. This research presents a study to understand the reasons of the low performance of students in technical courses of the EAD applying, to this, the Association Classification (CBA) algorithm in Educational Data Mining (EDM). In order to further improve the results obtained by the CBA, the Association Rules algorithm called Predictive Apriori, not yet employed in related works, was applied in order to generate the best predictive results of Associative Classification. The experimental results point out that the CBA applied to Educational Databases achieves better results than traditional classification algorithms (reaching a mark of 85% accuracy). It was also shown that the use of the forum, quiz and folder tools have a great influence on student performance.

Cross-border acquisitions (CBAs), as organisational entities which are formed and controlled by foreign firms, are one of the most effective methods of expansion available to international firms. Cross-border acquisition is a highly complex and multi-faceted business model which presents several challenges for management. Over the past several years, CBA has become a more frequent target for research in business, and has received significant attention from academia and practitioners alike. The aim of this research is to investigate the factors that impact interorganizational trust and as an outcome, the performance of CBAs in Iraq and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According Fadol and Sandhu, (2013), Abosag and Lee, (2012), there are few studies that focused on alliances in Middle Eastern countries and more studies on these areas are required. The empirical study is preceded by a review of the existing literature that led to the development of a conceptual framework for this research. The target population samples for this research were collected from four target firm’s employees in Iraq and the UAE, where those firms were identified as having acquired by firms from Western Europe and Asia. The research tool used to collect the necessary data was a survey questionnaire, and the data analysis was undertaken using SPSS and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings of this study identify that relationship history, inter-firm distance, and integration approach factors have a positive impact on the level of target firm members’ trust; while factors such as collaboration history, complementarity, and autonomy preservation were not found to have a positive and significantly related to the trust. Moreover, Country risk was found to have a negative and significant relationship with the trust. Religion was not found to be positive and significantly related to the trust. Furthermore, positive relationship between trust and performance and between commitment and performance were found. The results of this study offer a framework that identifies the key factors in the development of trust within CBAs and demonstrates that this trust and it’s antecedents have a significant impact on firm performance in Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and UAE. The findings of this study offer us implications for meaningful managerial practice in selecting cross-border competitors as target firms.

This thesis investigates the cableway project in the city of Vsetín. The theoretical part is describing the city, it’s demographic trends and also changes in the image of the city. The practical part is dealing with the abovementioned cableway project and is divided into several parts. The introduction is focused on a multi-criteria assessment of particular options of the cableway and fallowing a multi-criteria assessment of transport services in the housing development Sychrov. The multi-criteria assessment is carried out by some of variant calculations in order to specify the importance of criteria, weighting for criterion and calculation methods. This is followed by an assessment of the efficiency of transport links by the Cost Benefit Analysis – CBA method. This method is aimed to determine the most effective way of passenger traffic and to recommend an optimal option in consideration of not only incomes but also costs and contribution to beneficiaries, which are an important part of public projects.

O carcinoma bronquioloalveolar (CBA), definido originalmente como um subtipo de adenocarcinoma com origem em zonas pulmonares periféricas, citologicamente bem diferenciado, com crescimento ao longo dos septos alveolares íntegros e propagação canalicular, teve seu conceito restringido, a partir de 2004: “Carcinoma bronquioloalveolar puro” para os tumores com padrão de crescimento lepídico ao longo dos septos alveolares, sem evidências de invasão do estroma, vascular, linfática ou pleural, preservando a arquitetura pulmonar, e “Adenocarcinoma tipo misto com componente bronquioloalveolar”, no caso de haver alguma evidência de invasão. No presente trabalho foram estudados 72 pacientes com adenocarcinoma de pulmão, internados no período entre 1965 e 2006 em um Serviço especializado em doenças pulmonares, cuja análise do conjunto laudo anatomopatológico, manifestações clínicas e achados radiográficos levaram à conclusão diagnóstica de carcinoma bronquioloalveolar (CBA). O estudo dividiu-se em dois períodos: 1965- 2001com 51 casos, e 2002-2006 com 21 casos. A série completa, constituída de 72 pacientes com CBA, representou 4,0% dos casos de adenocarcinoma e cerca de 1,0 % de todos os casos de câncer de pulmão atendidos no Serviço em 42 anos. Dos 72 pacientes com o diagnóstico de CBA, a maioria (95,8%) era da raça branca, e 45 (62,5%) do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 68,6 anos para o sexo masculino e 64,7 anos para o feminino. Do total de pacientes, 65,0% eram tabagistas. Os sintomas clínicos mais freqüentes foram tosse, dispnéia, perda de peso e broncorréia. Hipocratismo digital esteve presente em 20,8% dos pacientes e febre em 13,9%. O padrão acinar-lobular foi observado ao radiograma de tórax em 61,1% dos casos, nódulo-massa em 29,2% e intersticial em 16,7%; as lesões pulmonares foram unilaterais em 72,2% dos casos, unilobares em 30,6%; adenopatias mediastinais foram observadas em 9,7% dos pacientes, e derrame pleural ocorreu em um caso (1,4%). Em 50,0% dos casos o material para diagnóstico foi obtido por toracotomia; em 18,1% por endoscopia (biópsia/lavado), em 13,9% por punção pulmonar transcutânea, e em 20,8% inicialmente por citologia de escarro. Em todos os casos, todavia, o diagnóstico de CBA acabou sendo corroborado por exame histopatológico – na maioria das vezes em material obtido por toracotomia e, em 2 casos, à necropsia. A conduta terapêutica adotada foi cirurgia de ressecção pulmonar em 39 (54,2%) pacientes (19 lobectomias, 3 segmentectomias, 14 reseccções parciais maiores, e 3 pneumonectomias); 18 pacientes (25,0%) receberam quimioterapia e 4 (5,6%) radioterapia, isoladamente ou associadas a procedimento cirúrgico (4,0%); e 15 pacientes (20,8%) tiveram somente tratamento paliativo.
The Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), at first defined as a sub type of adenocarcinoma originating in peripheral pulmonary zones, cytologically well differentiated, growing along the alveolar septa, and propagating via bronchial tree, had since 2004 its concept restricted: Pure bronchioloalveolar carcinoma for tumors growing along the alveolar septa without stroma, vessel, lymphatic or pleural invasion, preserving the pulmonary architecture, and Mixed type of adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar component when invasion is present. In this work there were studied 72 patients with adenocacrcinoma of the lung, who were admitted between 1965 and 2006 in a Service of Chest Diseases, whose the histopathologic, clinical manifestations and radiographic findings concluded by the diagnostic of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The study was divided in two parts: a 1965-2001 one with 51 cases, and another from 2001 to 2006 with 21 cases. The whole series of 72 patients represented 4.0 per cent of the adenocarcinoma and 1.0 per cent of the lung cancer cases verified in 42 years. Of 72 patients with BAC, 45 (62.5%) were male, most (95.8%) white. The mean age was 68.6 years for males and 64.7 years for females, and 65.5% were smokers. The most frequent clinical symptoms were cough, dyspnea, weight loss and bronchorrea. Digital clubbing was present in 20.8% of the patients and fever in 13.9% . At the X-ray, 61.1 % of the cases presented as an acinar-lobular pattern, in 29.2% as a nodule-mass and in 16.7% as an interstitial aspect. Unilateral lesions were observed in 72.2% of the cases, in one pulmonary lobe in 30.6%; in 9.7% there were mediastinal lymphadenopathies, and in one case (1.4%) a pleural effusion was identified. Diagnostic material was obtained in 50% of cases by toracotomy, in 18.1% by endoscopy, in 13.9% by punch lung biopsy, and in 20.8% by sputum cytology. In all cases, however, the BAC diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic criteria – mostly at thoracotomy ,and in two cases at necropsy. The therapeutic conduction in these 72 cases of BAC was pulmonary resection in 39 (54.2%) patients (lobectomy 19, segmentectomy 3, major partial resection 14, pneumonectomy 3); chemotherapy in 18 (25.0%) and radiotherapy in 4 (5.5%), alone or combined with a surgical procedure (4.0%); and 15 patients (20.8%) received only symptomatic medication.

The theoretical part of my thesis at first introduces the most common benign neoplasm in men over fifty, a non cancerous prostate gland enlargement called the benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). The main focus of this section will be on BPH's anatomy, etiology, symptomatology, complications, diagnosis and therapy. I will also describe four cost analyses used in health services: CMA, CEA, CUA and CBA. In the practical section of my thesis I will analyze the therapy effectiveness of transurethral resection of the prostate and photoselective vaporization of the prostate with the use of cost-effectiveness analysis.

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been introduced and practiced throughout Thailand. However, the conventional transplanting system is well-accepted among Thai farmers over the country. This paper quantifies and compares costs and benefits of SRI and the conventional system of rice cultivation in Thailand to find the best system for a farmer, the environment and a society. The scope of this paper includes a farmer’s profit, the environmental damages and a society’s net benefits categorized in clay soil and sandy loam conditions. The farmer’s profit consists of a production cost and income. The amount of fertilizer application, level of lethal dose and climate change cost are regarded as environmental damage components. The society has concerned over the farmer’s profit and the environmental cost in a decision. The study uses cost-benefit analysis to investigate mean and variation of profit and cost in monetary term. Monte Carlo simulation is utilized for quantifying risk in each scenario. The study finds that SRI saves the production input and increases yield gain significantly. The most impressive results are a reduction in water consumption and number of seeds. Also, the environmental damage caused by this system is lower due to less amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide applications as well as a low rate of methane gas emission. Sensitivity analysis shows that SRI has better performance under best and worst case scenarios for both types of soil (clay soil and sandy loam). However, the system contains the highest risk of the farmer’s profit. In conclusion, SRI is more beneficial and efficient than conventional system. Still, risk aspects should be considered in decision making. This study can be employed as a framework for government or any parties, who are interested or have willingness to conduct a field study of SRI and the conventional rice cropping system or for the further study about the integrated system (a combination between SRI and conventional system).

In this thesis we analyse the economic effects of a policy proposal in Sweden, which implies a removal of the sentence reduction for 18- to 20-year-old offenders. We use a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to systematically assess its effects. Our results indicate that the policy proposal is most likely beneficial to society, a conclusion which is strengthened by our sensitivity analysis. Our CBA builds upon Becker’s (1968) economic model of crime, and the extensive literature it has inspired which explores the effects of harsher punishment on crime. In order to assess how a harsher sentencing regime affects society, we use crime-punishment elasticities and costs of crime based on previous studies and own estimations. Our main contribution to the existing literature is twofold. First, we provide an economic dimension to a current political issue. Second, we employ a CBA to a research area in Sweden in which the method has been used sparingly. Knowing how an increase in punishment affects crime rates is of great importance for policy making. Hence, we encourage further analysis in this area, especially in Sweden.

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Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-19T18:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 karen_s_charret_ioc_bp_0055_2011.pdf: 28875915 bytes, checksum: 38bf86603dba71d83a48b9e25560c47f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Atualmente, não há vacina eficaz e o controle das leishmanioses depende principalmente da quimioterapia. Recentemente, novos compostos sintéticos os derivados carbohidrazidas pirazolocas apresentaram atividade em Leishmania amazonensis in vitro e quando testadas em modelo experimental murino de infecção de L. amazonensis mostraram eum efeito um efeito terapêutico significativo. Um estudo com compostos intermediários da síntesedas carbohidrazidas poderia ser interessante, pois estes possuem uma potencial atividade leishmanicida e ajudaria a cmpreender os mecanismos de ação dos compostos finais. Por outro lado, é necessário conhcer o comportamento do sistema imune frente a estes compostos na infecção por leishmaniose.Os compostos precursores naão foram ativos em formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis. No entanto, todos os compostos apresentaram atividade sobre formas de amastigotas e sem citotoxicidade em célula de mamíferos. Aqui, foi sugerida a contribuição farmacofórica do anel N-heteroaromático para a atividade leishmanicida e do grupamento hidrazina para o composto intermediário. Além disso, foi mostrado que todos os componentes podem induzir um aumento da produção de óxido nitrico em macrófagos estimulados ou não. Em camundongos CBA infectados com L amazonensis e tratados por via oral com os derivados carbohidrazidas, o estudo histopatológico rervelou que mudanças na derme foram correlacionadas com o tamanho macroscópico da lesão. Camundongos CBA infectados e tratados tinham lesões cutâneas menores, e as estruturas da epiderme e derme tinham níveis mais baixos de infiltrtado inflamatório, comparadas com as de camundongos controles infectados e não tratados. Também foi observado um infiltrado inflamatório misto contendo linfócitos e neutrófilos. Além disso, expressão de IL-4 RNAm foi menor no grupo tratado.. Um aumento dos níveis de anticorpos das subclasses específicas anti-Leishmania IgG2a e IgG3 foi observado nos grupos tratados com as pirozol carbohidrazidas exercem efeitos terapêuticos significativos, podendo agir diretamente sobre o parasito e/ou sobre as células dos sistemas imune do hospedeiro..
Currently, there is no effective vaccine and control of leishmanioses depends mainly on the chemotherapy. Recently, new synthetic carbohidrazidas derivatives pirazolocas compounds showed activity on Leishmania amazonensis when tested in vitro and in experimental murine model of infection of l. amazonensis showed a significant therapeutic effect effect. A study of intermediate compounds síntesedas carbohidrazidas could be interesting, as these have a potential activity leishmanicida and help cmpreender the mechanisms of action of compounds. On the other hand, it is necessary to know the behavior of the immune system against these compounds in leishmaniasis infection.The precursor compounds are active in ways does promastigotas of l. amazonensis. However, all compounds showed activity on amastigote forms and without cytotoxicity in mammalian cell. Here, it was suggested the contribution farmacofórica of the ring N-heteroaromatic compound for leishmanicida and activity of hydrazine to the intermediate grouping. In addition, it was shown that all components can induce an increase in nitric oxide production in macrophages stimulated or not. In CBA mice infected with l. amazonensis and treated orally with carbohidrazidas derivatives, the histopathologic study rervelou that changes in the DermIS were correlated with the macroscopic size of the lesion. CBA mice infected and treated tin

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-29T19:07:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivana Nunes Gomes De Araujo Estudo de mecanismo... 2004.pdf: 52151625 bytes, checksum: 4f6174379d294a0210664b0966341227 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-29T19:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivana Nunes Gomes De Araujo Estudo de mecanismo... 2004.pdf: 52151625 bytes, checksum: 4f6174379d294a0210664b0966341227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
Camundongos CBA são susceptíveis à Leishmania amazonensis e resistentes à L. major. Eventos da resposta imune inata parecem cruciais na determinação da resposta à infecção por Leishmania. Macrófagos desempenham papel importante no controle da infecção, pois in vitro controlam a infecção por L. major, entretanto são permissíveis à L. amazonensis. Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se investigar mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na determinação dos perfis de resposta de macrófagos de CBA infectados, in vitro, por L. amazonensis ou L. major. Observamos que IFN-y, apesar de induzir produção semelhante de NO, reduz a infecção causada por L. major, não alterando a infecção por L. amazonensis. Essa redução é dependente de TNF-a. Em estudos de biogênese do vacúolo parasitóforo, observou-se que há semelhança na cinética de fusão dos vacúolos contendo L. amazonensis ou L. major com lisossomas, evidenciando que a maior sobrevivência de L. amazonensis não está relacionada a um retardo na formação do fagolisossomo. O padrão de expressão de genes, que poderiam influenciar no desenvolvimento da resposta imune do hospedeiro à infecção por Leishmania, foi avaliado, utilizando-se a técnica de JMP^icroarray. A infecção por L. amazonensis ou L. major induz aherações no padrão de expressão de genes anteriormente relacionados à infecção por Leishmania, e outros que ainda não tinham sido associados. Genes relacionados á explosão respiratória, formação do vacúolo parasitóforo e receptores de superfície, envolvidos na ativação celular e fagocitose, estão induzidos ou suprimidos a depender da espécie de Leishmania e o tempo de infecção. Genes relacionados a receptores do tipo scavenger foram induzidos na infecção por L. major. Esse resultado está relacionado ao aumento na expressão in vitro do receptor scavenger MARCO em células infectadas por L. major, quando comparada à infecção por L. amazonensis. Estudos in vivo demonstraram que linfonodos de camundongos infectados por L. major apresentaram um aumento da expressão de MARCO em comparação à infecção por L. amazonensis. Observamos que L amazonensis induziu gene da catalase, enzima que inibe a explosão respiratória. Esse dado pode estar relacionado com a observação anterior, que na infecção in vitro de macrófagos com L. amazonensis há uma inibição da produção de H2O2, em comparação á célula controle. Esses dados sugerem que diferenças encontradas na infecção de macrófagos podem estar relacionadas com a determinação dos perfis de resistência ou susceptibilidade, reforçando a importância do macrófago para o estabelecimento da infecção.
CBA mice are susceptible to Leishmania amazonensis and resistant to L. major infection. Events of innate immune response are supposed to be determinants of Leishmania infection outcome. CBA macrophages control L. major and are permissive to L. amazonensis infection in vitro, indicating that macrophages participate in determination of host immune profile. In the present work, we intended to investigate the molecular mechanisms, which underlie these differences. We demonstrated that IFN-y was only able to reduce L. major infection although induced similar NO production by both L. amazonensis- and L. /wa/or-infected cells. This reduction is a TNF-a-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, the ability of L. amazonensis to survive inside CBA nacrophages was not related to a delay on L. amazonensis-mànceà phagosome fusion with lysosomes as both L. amazonensis- and L. mq/or-induced parasitophorous vacuoles present the same kinetic of fusion with lysosomes. DNAmicroarray was then performed in response to L. amazonensis or L. major infection which are the macrophages genes up or down-regulated. We showed that both parasites induced significant alterations on macrophage gene expression. Some of the expressed genes were previously related to Leishmania infection but some of them were not yet associated to Leishmania infection. Genes related to cell surface receptors, which participate both in cell activation and phagocytosis of microorganisms, as well as genes involved in respiratory burst response and in parasitophorous vacuole biogenesis had their expression modified dependending on the Leishmania species and time after infection. Interestingly, we observed that L. major induced higher expression of scavenger receptors. In addition, this result is related to a 20% higher expression of MARCO scavenger receptor in L. major-infected macrophages. We also demonstrated that L. amazonensis infected macrophages express genes of enzymes related to ROI scavenging such as catalase. These data is related to our previous observation that, in L. amazonensis-infected cells, there was similar H2O2 generation when compared to control non-infected cells. In summary, these data suggest that CBA macrophages are able to interact distinctly with L. amazonensis and L. major, supporting the idea that macrophage is a key cell in the determination of resistance and susceptibility in Leishmania infection.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-30T20:45:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Efeito da autofagia... 2009.pdf: 32365208 bytes, checksum: 34504be1e8f6483c263480600d8e1880 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-30T20:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Geraldo Bomfim Lima Efeito da autofagia... 2009.pdf: 32365208 bytes, checksum: 34504be1e8f6483c263480600d8e1880 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
A autofagia vem sendo alvo de estudos que demonstram sua participação em infecções por diversos patógenos intracelulares. A depender do patógeno, a autofagia pode facilitar a sobrevivência intracelular do patógeno ou pode funcionar como controle da infecção pela célula hospedeira. Pouco se sabe sobre a participação da autofagia na infecção por Leishmania. Foi demonstrado que o vacúolo parasitóforo induzido por L mexicana adquire nutrientes citosólicos por microautofagia. Além disso, recentemente foi demonstrado que a indução de autofagia promove aumento da carga parasitária de L. amazonensis em macrófagos infectados. Esses dados sugerem a participação do processo autofágico no estabelecimento da infecção por Leishmania, como um mecanismo que favorece a sobrevivência intracelular do parasito. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a influência da autofagia na infecção, in vitro, de macrófagos de camundongos CBA/J por L. amazonensis. Macrófagos foram induzidos à autofagia por duas formas, fisiológica ou farmacológica, após ou antes da infecção por L. amazonensis ou exposição a partículas de levedo ou zimosan. O percentual de infecção e de fagocitose foi estimado. Os resultados mostram que a indução de autofagia, após a infecção, não altera o percentual de macrófagos infectados, mas promove o aumento na carga parasitária de macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis. Além disso, a prévia indução de autofagia promove a inibição da capacidade fagocítica do macrófago murino. Estudos adicionais serão realizados no intuito de esclarecer os mecanismos pelos quais a indução de autofagia favorece a infecção por L. amazonensis e altera a capacidade fagocítica do macrófago murino
Recently, studies to delineate the participation of autophagy in intracellular pathogen infections have been performed. Dependent on pathogen infection, autophagy can facilitate microorganism intracellular survival or can control pathogen infection by host cell. Few works evaluated the role of autophagy in Leishmania infection. Recently, it was demonstrated that L mexicana-'mduced parasitophorous vacuoles acquire cytosolic nutrients by microautophagy. Additionally, it was also demonstrated that autophagy promotes enhancement of L. amazonensis burden on infected cells. Taken together, these data suggest the involvement of autophagic process on Leishmania infection, as a mechanism that favors parasite survival. The present work intent to determine the influence of autophagy in L. amazonensis infection of CBA/J macrophages in vitro. Autophagy was induced after and before L. amazonensis infection or particle addition to macrophage cultures. The percentage of infection and particle phagocytosis was estimated. The results show that autophagy induction after infection does not influence the percentage of L. a/rjazonens/s-infected cells, but enhances L. amazonensis burden on infected cells. In addition, previous autophagy induction inhibited macrophage phagocytic capacity. Further studies will be performed to understand the mechanisms involved in autophagy effect on L. amazonensis infection and on macrophage phagocytic capacity.