Journal articles on the topic 'CB₂'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: CB₂.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'CB₂.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Lougen, Colleen. "CB Insights." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 22, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2017): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08963568.2017.1372018.
Full text
2
Moreno, Francisco, Guillermo Orrego, and Andrés Pineda. "CB-SMoT+: Una Extensión al Algoritmo CB-SMoT." Lámpsakos 1, no. 8 (December 15, 2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21501/21454086.673.
Full textAbstract:
Una trayectoria es un registro de la evolución de la posición de un objeto móvil. Por ejemplo, un vehículo que se mueve en el espacio durante un intervalo de tiempo. Una trayectoria se representa mediante una secuencia de observaciones que indican la posición y el tiempo en el que fue tomada cada observación. CB-SMoT es un algoritmo que identifica las partes de una trayectoria durante las cuales el objeto mantuvo una velocidad promedio por debajo de un límite dado. En este artículo se propone una extensión para dicho algoritmo que permite identificar las partes de una trayectoria durante las cuales el objeto mantuvo una velocidad promedio entre observaciones por debajo de un límite dado. Esto posibilita la identificación, por ejemplo, de violaciones a un límite de velocidad que no son advertidas por el algoritmo original. Para el estudio se usó el sistema de gestión de bases de datos PostgreSQL y los algoritmos se implementaron en su lenguaje de programación, llamado PL/pgSQL. Además, se hicieron experimentos con 100 trayectorias de vehículos con el propósito de mostrar la utilidad y la viabilidad de la propuesta
3
Woods, D. L., R. K. Gugel, and K. C. Falk. "CB 9940 and CB 9941 summer turnip rapes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-124.
Full textAbstract:
Two canola-quality summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) lines that are resistant to blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.] have been developed. Glucosinolates are marginally higher, while seed yields and oil contents are lower than the check cultivars. Key words: Rape, canola, Brassica rapa, germplasm description, blackleg resistance
4
Luxenburg, Joan, and Lloyd Klein. "CB Radio Prostitution." Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation 9, no. 1-2 (February 27, 1985): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j264v09n01_05.
Full text
5
Yan, Peng-Fei, and Li-Hong Xie. "Monotone cb-spaces." Topology and its Applications 156, no. 15 (September 2009): 2537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2009.07.011.
Full text
6
Workman, Paul, Richard A. S. White, and Kathleen Talbot. "CB 1954 revisited." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 16, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00255278.
Full text
7
Workman, Paul, Jane E. Morgan, Kathleen Talbot, Karen A. Wright, Jane Donaldson, and Peter R. Twentyman. "CB 1954 revisited." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 16, no. 1 (January 1986): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00255279.
Full text
8
Bakovets, V. V., E. A. Kovalenko, T. P. Chusova, L. N. Zelenina, and P. E. Plyusnin. "State of water in CB[6] and CB[8] cavitands." Russian Chemical Bulletin 62, no. 10 (October 2013): 2109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-013-0309-5.
Full text
9
Russell, W. A., and W. D. Guthrie. "Registration of BS17(CB)C4 and BS16(CB)C4 Maize Germplasm." Crop Science 31, no. 1 (January 1991): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100010071x.
Full text
10
Liu, Simin, Kimoon Kim, and Lyle Isaacs. "Mechanism of the Conversion of Inverted CB[6] to CB[6]." Journal of Organic Chemistry 72, no. 18 (August 2007): 6840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo071034t.
Full text
11
Mallis, Panagiotis, Efstathios Michalopoulos, Eirini Faidra Sarri, Elena Papadopoulou, Vasiliki Theodoropoulou, Michalis Katsimpoulas, and Catherine Stavropoulos-Giokas. "Evaluation of the Regenerative Potential of Platelet-Lysate and Platelet-Poor Plasma Derived from the Cord Blood Units in Corneal Wound Healing Applications: An In Vitro Comparative Study on Corneal Epithelial Cells." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 4415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44100303.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Cord blood platelet lysate (CB-PL) and cord blood platelet poor plasma (CB-PPP) have been applied with success in wound healing applications. Pathologies such as Sjogrens’s Syndrome (SS) and chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) can lead to severe ophthalmology issues. The application of CB-PL and CB-PPP may be strongly considered for damaged cornea healing. This study aimed to the evaluation of the beneficial properties of CB-PL and CB-PPP in corneal wound healing applications. Methods: Initially, the CB-PL and CB-PPP were produced from donated cord blood units (CBUs), followed by biochemical analysis. Corneal epithelial cells (CECs) were isolated from wistar rats and then cultured with medium containing 20% v/v either of CB-PL or CB-PPP. To define the impact of CB-PL and CB-PPP, biochemical, morphological analysis, scratch-wound assays, and immunoassays in CECs were performed. Results: CB-PL and CB-PPP were characterized by good biochemical parameters, regarding their quality characteristics and biomolecule content. CECs’ morphological features did not change after their cultivation with CB-PL or CB-PPP. A scratch wound assay and molecular analysis of CECs expanded with CB-PL indicated higher migratory capacity compared to those cultured with CB-PPP. Conclusion: CB-PL and CB-PPP exhibited good properties with respect to cell migration and proliferation, and could be considered an alternative source for eye drop production, to possibly be used in cornea wound healing applications.
12
fgbgfnb, fvbgfbhthj. "cb jKSD>CMlds." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2016.21.1021.
Full text
13
Ephron, Henry D. "S. I. S./CB." Cryptologia 14, no. 4 (October 1990): 304–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0161-119091864995.
Full text
14
Yang, Mo, Yanting Li, Tao Meng, Liping Zhang, Yong Niu, Yufei Dai, Weimin Gao, Michael S. Bloom, Guanghui Dong, and Yuxin Zheng. "Ultrafine CB-induced small airway obstruction in CB-exposed workers and mice." Science of The Total Environment 671 (June 2019): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.033.
Full text
15
Parsons, Lauren N., Nghia Vo, David C. Moe, and Jason A. Jarzembowski. "Adequacy and Accuracy of Core Biopsy in Children: A Radiologic/Pathologic Correlation Study." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 22, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1093526618809862.
Full textAbstract:
Core biopsy (CB) is increasingly popular for assessing solid lesions in children. To date, pediatric literature is limited regarding factors contributing to diagnostically inadequate or inaccurate CB. Therefore, we retrospectively examined radiologic/pathologic factors associated with adequacy/accuracy of CB in pediatric patients. A search of the surgical pathology database for CB between January 2007 and December 2014 yielded 134 CB from 99 patients. Age, sex, anatomic site of lesion, CB diagnosis, and final diagnosis were acquired from the electronic medical record. Image guidance modality, lesion size, and CB sampling device were obtained from radiology records. CB hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed for fragmentation, percentage of fibrosis, and percentage of necrosis. Overall, CB length was measured using cellSens software and a DP71 camera. Groups were compared using 2-sided homoscedastic Student’s t tests; 87.3% (117/134) CB were diagnostic; final diagnosis was available for 105 cases, with a concordance rate of 80.0% (84/105). Image guidance modality, lesion site (extremity vs nonextremity), and CB needle gauge did not significantly differ between diagnostic versus nondiagnostic CB or concordant versus discordant CB. Diagnostic CB had less necrosis and fibrosis than did nondiagnostic CBs (6.8% vs 29.7%, P = .0002 and 10.3% vs 29.1%, P = .0006). Nondiagnostic and discordant CB were more likely to be from bony lesions than soft tissue ( P = .01 and P = .0248). CB is valuable for diagnosing solid lesions in children, with good overall diagnostic rates regardless of lesion size, location, or imaging modality used for biopsy. Nondiagnostic and discordant CB were more often obtained from bony lesions; sampling via open biopsy may be more useful in that setting. Nondiagnostic and discordant CB have more necrosis and fibrosis, suggesting that on-site evaluation of CB tissue viability—for example, by touch imprint or fine needle aspiration—may be useful in further enhancing CB utility.
16
Albano, Maria S., Patricia Taylor, Robert F. Pass, Andromachi Scaradavou, Rodica Ciubotariu, Carmelita Carrier, Ludy Dobrila, Pablo Rubinstein, and Cladd E. Stevens. "Umbilical cord blood transplantation and cytomegalovirus: posttransplantation infection and donor screening." Blood 108, no. 13 (December 15, 2006): 4275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-04-020313.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study assessed the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after transplantation of cord blood (CB) from unrelated donors and evaluated strategies for screening CB donors. Posttransplantation CMV infection, reported in 23% of 1221 CB recipients, was associated with patient pretransplantation CMV serology (P < .001), but not with CMV serology in CB donors or their mothers. A total of 26 988 infant CB donors were evaluated by viral culture of saliva. Subgroups were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction in CB (CB-PCR) in 2 case-control studies. In the first study, 33 of 47 saliva culture–positive CB donors were confirmed by CB-PCR. All mothers of the 33 infants with confirmed CMV infection were CMV–total antibody positive, but only 1 of 3 had CMV-IgM antibody. The second study evaluated infants born to mothers with CMV-IgM antibody. Of these, 5 of 170 saliva culture–negative infants were positive by CB-PCR. The incidence of congenital CMV infection in CB donors was low (0.12%). Maternal serology had poor predictive value for CMV infection in their infant CB donors and bore no detected relationship to CMV infection in CB recipients. Saliva culture for CMV had both false-positive and -negative results. CB-PCR was a useful alternative for detecting CMV in CB donors.
17
Weiling, Xiao, Xiao Peng, Luo Heng, Zhou Wei, and Li Yang. "Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Si3N4/BN(CB) Composite Ceramic." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0015.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSi3N4/nano-carbon black (CB) composite ceramics with boron nitride (BN) as interphase were fabricated by gelcasting. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the structures of BN interphase and BN coated CB were formed and were uniform distributed in the Si3N4 ceramic. The permittivity (ε′ε″) of BN-coated CB was obviously lower than that of the pure CB, and the impedance of the BN-coated CB particles was close to the Z0 (Z0 = 1, Z0 is impedance under vacuum) compared with that of the CB particles; therefore, electromagnetic wave can enter into the BN-coated CB particles and be dissipated due to the high conductivity of CB particles. When incorporating the BN(CB) into Si3N4 substrate, the electromagnetic wave can pass through Si3N4/nano-CB composite ceramics easily and be absorbed by CB, so the tgδ of the composite ceramic increased as the mass content of BN(CB) increased. The tgδ of the composite ceramic was about 0.43 when the content of BN(CB) increased to 15 wt%.
18
Le, H. H., M. Tiwari, S. Ilisch, and H.-J. Radusch. "Online Method for Characterization of the Homogeneity of Rubber Compounds Filled with Non-Conductive Carbon Black." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547955.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the present work, the effect of carbon black (CB) type on the electrical conductance of CB filled rubber compounds measured online in the internal mixer and the corresponding CB dispersion were investigated. The CB dispersion is strongly affected by the specific surface area and structure of CB which can be directly monitored by use of the online electrical conductance method. The effect of CB mixture ratio of a high conductive CB and a non-conductive one on the online electrical conductance was investigated for CB filled rubber compounds. By addition of a small amount of a high-conductive CB type into a non-conductive CB filled rubber compound, a characteristic online conductance - time characteristic is observed that is a result of the formation of a joint network of the two CB types. It could be shown, that such a characteristic is suitable to monitor the dispersion process of the non-conductive CB in the rubber compound.
19
Arnett, Clint M., Juan V. Parales, and John D. Haddock. "Influence of Chlorine Substituents on Rates of Oxidation of Chlorinated Biphenyls by the Biphenyl Dioxygenase ofBurkholderia sp. Strain LB400." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 2928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2928-2933.2000.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Biphenyl dioxygenase from Burkholderia(Pseudomonas) sp. strain LB400 catalyzes the first reaction of a pathway for the degradation of biphenyl and a broad range of chlorinated biphenyls (CBs). The effect of chlorine substituents on catalysis was determined by measuring the specific activity of the enzyme with biphenyl and 18 congeners. The catalytic oxygenase component was purified and incubated with individual CBs in the presence of electron transport proteins and cofactors that were required for enzyme activity. The rate of depletion of biphenyl from the assay mixture and the rate of formation ofcis-biphenyl 2,3-dihydrodiol, the oxidation product, were almost equal, indicating that the assay accurately measured enzyme-specific activity. Four classes of CBs were defined based on their oxidation rates. Class I contained 3-CB and 2,5-CB, which gave rates that were approximately twice that of biphenyl. Class II contained 2,5,3′,4′-CB, 2,3,2′,5′-CB, 2,3,4,5-CB, 2,3,2′,3′-CB, 2,4,5,2′,5′-CB, 2,5,3′-CB, 2,5,4′-CB, 2-CB, and 3,4,5-CB, which gave rates that ranged from 97 to 35% of the biphenyl rate. Class III contained only 2,3,4,2′,5′-CB, which gave a rate that was 4% of the biphenyl rate. Class IV contained 2,4,4′-CB, 2,4,2′,4′-CB, 3,4,5,2′-CB, 3,4,5,3′-CB, 3,5,3′,5′-CB, and 3,4,5,2′,5′-CB, which showed no detectable depletion. Rates were not significantly correlated with the aqueous solubilities of the CBs or the number of chlorine substituents on the rings. Oxidation products were detected for all class I, II, and III congeners and were identified as chlorinatedcis-dihydrodiols for classes I and II. The specificity of biphenyl dioxygenase for the CBs examined in this study was determined by the relative positions of the chlorine substituents on the aromatic rings rather than the number of chlorine substituents on the rings.
20
Dwinell, M. R., P. L. Janssen, J. Pizarro, and G. E. Bisgard. "Effects of carotid body hypocapnia during ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.118.
Full textAbstract:
Dwinell, M. R., P. L. Janssen, J. Pizarro, and G. E. Bisgard. Effects of carotid body hypocapnia during ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 118–124, 1997.—Hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity is increased during ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) in awake goats, resulting in a time-dependent increase in expired ventilation (V˙e). The objectives of this study were to determine whether the increased carotid body (CB) hypoxic sensitivity is dependent on the level of CB CO2 and whether the CB CO2 gain is changed during VAH. Studies were carried out in adult goats with CB blood gases controlled by an extracorporeal circuit while systemic (central nervous system) blood gases were regulated independently by the level of inhaled gases. Acute V˙e responses to CB hypoxia (CB [Formula: see text] 40 Torr) and CB hypercapnia (CB [Formula: see text] 50 and 60 Torr) were measured while systemic normoxia and isocapnia were maintained. CB[Formula: see text] was then lowered to 40 Torr for 4 h while the systemic blood gases were kept normoxic and normocapnic. During the 4-h CB hypoxia, V˙e increased in a time-dependent manner. Thirty minutes after return to normoxia, the ventilatory response to CB hypoxia was significantly increased compared with the initial response. The slope of the CB CO2 response was also elevated after VAH. An additional group of goats ( n = 7) was studied with a similar protocol, except that CB [Formula: see text]was lowered throughout the 4-h hypoxic exposure to prevent reflex hyperventilation. CB [Formula: see text] was progressively lowered throughout the 4-h CB hypoxic period to maintainV˙e at the control level. After the 4-h CB hypoxic exposure, the ventilatory response to hypoxia was also significantly elevated. However, the slope of the CB CO2 response was not elevated after the 4-h hypoxic exposure. These results suggest that CB sensitivity to both O2 and CO2 is increased after 4 h of CB hypoxia with systemic isocapnia. The increase in CB hypoxic sensitivity is not dependent on the level of CB CO2 maintained during the 4-h hypoxic period.
21
Sungkhapreecha, Piriyaporn, Vibuntita Chankitisakul, Monchai Duangjinda, and Wuttigrai Boonkum. "Combining Abilities, Heterosis, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics in a Diallel Cross from Black-Bone Chickens and Thai Native Chickens." Animals 12, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12131602.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the combining abilities and heterosis for the growth performance and carcass characteristics in crosses between Hmong black-bone (HB), Chinese black-bone (CB), and Thai native (TN) chickens using a mating system diallel crossing. Nine crossbred chickens including HB × HB, CB × CB, TN × TN, HB × TN, TN × HB, CB × HB, HB × CB, TN × CB, and CB × TN, were tested. The total data were 699 recorded at the beginning of the experiment to 595 recorded in weeks 14 of age. Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SUR) were recorded. Heterosis and combining ability regarding general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal combining ability (RCA) were estimated. The study found that CB had the greatest BW and ADG at all weeks (p < 0.05) except for hatch, while those of HB were the lowest. The highest GCA was found in CB; meanwhile, GCA was significantly negative in HB of all ages. Crossing between TN × CB had the greatest BW from 8 weeks of age, which was related to positive SCA and RCA values. However, the RCA value of TN × CB was lower than the SCA value of CB × TN. The yield percentages of the carcass in CB (87.00%) were higher than those in TN (85.05%) and HB (82.91%) (p < 0.05). The highest breast and thigh meat lightness (L*) values were obtained in TN (p < 0.05), while those of CB and HB were not different (p > 0.05). In the crossbreed, the yield percentage of the carcass was highest in TN × CB (89.65%) and CB × TN (88.55%) (p > 0.05) and was lowest in TN × HB (71.91%) (p < 0.05). The meat and skin color of the breast and thigh parts in the crossbreed had the lowest lightness in HB × CB (27.91 to 38.23) (p < 0.05), while those of TN × CB and CB × TN were insignificant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, crossing between the TN sires and CB dams has the preferable potential to develop crossbred Thai native chickens for commercial use based on their high growth performance.
22
Ingalls, C. P., W. S. Barnes, and S. B. Smith. "Interaction between clenbuterol and run training: effects on exercise performance and MLC isoform content." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.795.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the separate and combined effects of clenbuterol (CB) administration and interval training on running performance and myosin light-chain (MLC) isoform expression in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1) control (Con), 2) exercise (Ex), 3) drug (CB), or 4) exercise + drug (Ex + CB). CB and Ex + CB mice were given CB (1.6 mg/kg) orally 4 days/wk. Ex and Ex + CB mice were trained 4 days/wk on a motorized treadmill (3 sets of 3 min, 36-40 m/min, 10-17% grade, 30-s recovery). After 8 wk of treatment, exercise conditioning increased total work performed 58% in the Ex group during a run-to-exhaustion treadmill test, whereas CB decreased total work by 25% in the CB group; in combination with exercise training, CB treatment eliminated the Ex-induced increase in work. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that run training, CB treatment, or a combination did not (P = 0.01) promote changes in fast and slow MLC isoforms in the soleus, gastrocnemius, or tibialis anterior muscles. Although not different from each other after 8 wk, CB and Ex + CB treatments produced significantly greater values than Con and Ex for the following variables: muscle mass (17-46%), total protein (22-50%), and myofibrillar protein (19-53%). It was concluded that CB decreases exercise performance and that the combination of Ex and CB have antagonistic effects on running performance; the two treatments do not interact to diminish the anabolic effects of CB on skeletal muscle and do not alter MLC isoform profiles.
23
Aranizadeh, A., S. M. Shahrtash, and A. Gholami. "Prioritizing CBs Maintenance and Identifying Mandatory Maintenance at Higher Priorities." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (August 18, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5008166.
Full textAbstract:
Preventive maintenance (PM) based on condition monitoring of circuit breakers (CBs) provides proper and timely maintenance of CBs and reduces their failure rate as well as network costs. Condition monitoring of CB considers functional age (not natural age) of CB. This functional age depends on CB erosion. In this paper, CB condition assessment is obtained by monitoring the coil current and its duty cycles. Then, the maintenance priority between CBs of a power network is achieved using self-evaluation decision-making algorithm (SEDMA). This algorithm works in such a way that both the performance of CB is tracked by itself over time as well as compared to other CBs. First, this means the condition of the CB is measured by itself, and if the condition of the CB deteriorates over time, the CB will be given priority for repair. Second, the CB is compared offline with other CBs, and owing to the CB failures compared to other CBs, the priority of CB repair will be finalized. Then, using sensitivity analysis, it is determined whether the CB with the highest priority needs to be repaired or not, and the failure level of each CB will be specified. The case study in this paper concerns about two similar CBs. Also, the effect of improving the condition of the CB will be determined by performing maintenance operations. Eventually, it will be clear which CB has a higher priority for maintenance and whether this higher priority justifies the need for maintenance or not.
24
Rubinstein, Pablo, Mary Eapen, Cladd Stevens, Joanne Kurtzberg, Andromachi Scaradavou, John Klein, Mary Horowitz, and John Wagner. "Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) in Children with Acute Leukemia: Risks and Benefits of Umbilical Cord Blood (CB) vs. Bone Marrow (BM)." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.302.302.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Though CB is an accepted alternative to BM for HSCT, the selection of CB over BM remains controversial. Therefore, we compared the results of 492 unrelated donor BM and 508 CB transplants performed in children <16 years of age between 1995–2003. Median follow up was 45 and 59 months for CB and BM recipients, respectively. Compared to BM recipients, CB recipients were younger, less likely to be Caucasoid, more likely to have advanced disease, less likely to receive irradiation and more likely to receive cyclosporine for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Whereas, 7% of CB recipients were matched at HLA A, B (low resolution) and DRB1, 40%, 1-locus and 53%, 2 loci mismatched, respecively, 75% of BM recipients were matched and 25% mismatched at 1-locus. Neutrophil recovery at day 42 depended on graft type and cell dose: 97% with BM, 86% with matched CB, 79% with high cell dose (>0.3 x 108/kg) CB graft mismatched at 1 or 2 loci and 64% with low cell dose (≤ 0.3 x 108/kg) CB grafts. Rates of grades 2–4 acute GVHD were 70% with mismatched BM, 50% with matched BM, 40% with mismatched CB and 20% with matched CB. Corresponding rates of chronic GVHD were 35%, 33%, 17% and 27%. The relative efficacy of CB and BM transplantation depended on HLA disparity and CB cell dose as shown in the Table below. Children receiving matched CB had significanlty lower risks of treatment failure and overall mortality than those receiving matched BM; children receiving high cell dose CB mismatched at 1 locus had risks similar to those receiving matched BM. Children receiving low cell dose CB mismatched at 1 locus and CB mismatched at 2 loci (any cell dose) had higher risks of treatment failure and mortality than matched BM recipients during the first 3 months after transplantation; among children surviving the first 3 months, subsequent risks were similar to children receiving BM. The 3-year probability of leukemia-free survival was highest after matched CB transplants (60%); LFS probabilities were similar with matched BM and high cell dose CB mismatched at 1 locus (40% and 41%, respectively). Probabilities were lower after mismatched BM, low cell dose CB mismatched at 1 locus and CB mismatched at 2 loci (30%, 36% and 33%, respectively). These data support use of matched CB grafts or CB mismatched at 1 locus with a high cell dose for children needing HSCT, whether or not a matched BM donor is available; low cell dose or 2-loci mismatched CB grafts may provide a reasonable alternative when a matched BM donor is not available or for those whose disease requires immediate transplantation. Treatment failure Overall mortality N Relative Risk (95% CI) P-value Relative Risk (95% CI) P-value BM Matched 368 1.00 1.00 BM 1-Ag mismatched 123 1.26 (0.98–1.62) 0.07 1.22 (0.93–1.59) 0.15 CB matched 35 0.52 (0.30–0.92) 0.02 0.54 (0.30–0.97) 0.04 CB 1-Ag mismatched, high dose 157 0.95 (0.75–1.22) 0.71 0.96 (0.75–1.25) 0.78 CB 1-Ag mismatched, low dose 44 ≤ 3 months 1.85 (1.14–2.99) 0.01 2.35 (1.44–3.83) 0.001 >3 months 0.69 (0.35–1.35) 0.35 0.73 (0.37–1.42) 0.35 CB 2-Ag mismatched 266 ≤ 3 months 1.75 (1.36–2.60) <0.001 2.06 (1.57–2.71) <0.001 >3 months 0.87 (0.65–1.16) 0.66 0.94 (0.70–1.25) 0.66
25
See, Garrett, Benny E. Mote, and Matthew L. Spangler. "39 Impact of inclusion rates of crossbred phenotypes and genotypes in nucleus selection programs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate different inclusion rates of purebred (PB) and CB phenotypes and genotypes in genetic evaluations. Assuming PB and CB traits with moderate heritabilities (h2 = 0.4), a three-way swine crossbreeding scheme was simulated, and selection was practiced for 6 generations. The goal was to increase the CB phenotype. Phenotypes, genotypes and pedigrees for three purebred breeds (each consisting of 25 males and 175 females), F1 crosses (400 females) and terminal cross progeny (2500) were simulated using AlphaSimR. The genome consisted of 18 chromosomes with 1,800 QTL and 59.4k SNP markers. Selection was performed using EBV produced by the BLUPf90 suite of programs for each phenotyping/genotyping strategy. Strategies investigated were 1) increasing the proportion of CB with genotypes, phenotypes and sire pedigree information, 2) decreasing the proportion of PB phenotypes and genotypes, and 3) altering the genetic correlation between PB and CB traits (rpc). Each strategy was replicated 15 times. Results showed that including CB performance improved the CB phenotype regardless of rpc or phenotyping/genotyping strategy. Compared to using only PB information, including 10% of possible CB animals per generation with sire pedigrees and phenotypes increased the response in CB phenotype when rpc was 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 by 192, 64, 41, 25 and 21%, respectively. Including CB genotypes dramatically improved the previously mentioned increases in response. Minimal change was observed in the CB phenotype when PB phenotypes were included or removed, if CB phenotypes, genotypes and sire pedigrees were included. PB genotypes were more informative than phenotypes in enabling prediction for CB traits. In practice, the inclusion rates of CB and PB data depends upon the degree of connectedness between CB animals and PB selection candidates and the cost-benefit ratio of increased CB performance and genotyping/phenotyping costs.
26
Xie, Yong, Shi-Hao Zhang, Hai-Yun Jiang, Hui Zeng, Ruo-Mei Wu, Hong Chen, Ya-Fang Gao, Yi-Yang Huang, and Hai-Long Bai. "Properties of carbon black-PEDOT composite prepared via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization." e-Polymers 19, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0008.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA new conductive composite composed of nanoscale carbon black (CB) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was prepared by a simple in-situ polymerization. The morphology of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The structure and thermal stability were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of CB improved the agglomerated state of PEDOT. On the one hand, CB effectively hindered the agglomeration of PEDOT during the polymerization. Thus, the obtained CB-PEDOT composite dispersed well in solution, which can facilitate the reprocessing of CB-PEDOT. On the other hand, CB covered most of the surface of PEDOT, which enhanced the electrical conductivity of CB-PEDOT. Furthermore, the interfacial interaction between CB and PEDOT improved the thermal stability of CB-PEDOT. The findings of this research suggest that CB can replace polyelectrolyte poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) to achieve reprocessable materials for certain applications.
27
Xie, Huijuan, and Yubing Gong. "Effect of Channel Block on Multiple Coherence Resonance Induced by Time Delay in Adaptive Neuronal Networks with Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 17, no. 04 (September 14, 2018): 1850036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477518500360.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we study effect of channel block (CB) on multiple coherence resonance (MCR) in adaptive scale-free Hodgkin–Huxley neuronal networks with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). It is found that potassium CB suppresses MCR, but sodium CB can enhance MCR, and there is optimal sodium CB level by which MCR becomes most pronounced. In addition, STDP has a significant influence on the effect of CB on MCR. As adjusting rate [Formula: see text] of STDP increases, for potassium CB there is proper [Formula: see text] by which MCR is most pronounced; however, for sodium CB MCR is reduced. These findings could provide a new insight into effect of CB on information processing in neural systems.
28
Kato, Atsushi, Maiko Nishioka, Yoshihiro Sato, Etsuko Nagano, Riko Yamashita, Norihito Kimura, and Takehiko Taguchi. "STUDIES ON BOUND RUBBER OF CB BEFORE/AFTER VULCANIZATION OF ISOPRENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.86974.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The high abrasion furnace (HAF), fast extrusion furnace (FEF), and fine thermal (FT) loadings used in this study were adjusted to keep the carbon black (CB)–specific area of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide adsorption to 2490 m2g−1. Their polyisoprene (IR) compounds and vulcanizates were investigated. Regarding the dependence of the CB gel fraction (FCB gel) on the IR gel/CB weight ratio (WRIR/CB), the amount of CB in the CB gel increased with a larger CB aggregate size, whereas the amount of the IR gel decreased. With regard to the dependence of the activation energy (ΔE(T2)) of the spin–spin relaxation time (T2) on the CB aggregate size, an immobilized rubber layer around CB formed more easily in the order of FT < FEF < HAF. Moreover, it became clear from the relationship between WRIR/CB and ΔE(T2) that the amount of the IR gel in the CB gel increased with decreasing ΔE(T2). The unique ratio of the surface area to the volume of CB aggregates (SCB/VCB) was obtained from results of three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy observation. The dependence of the amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) adsorption and compressed DBP adsorption on SCB/VCB was approximately linear, which suggested that SCB/VCB was closely related to CB aggregates and CB agglomerates. The linear relationship seen between SCB/VCB and ΔE(T2) revealed that an immobilized rubber layer was present around CB. The dependence of (qCB/qIR)(WRIR/CB) on SCB/VCB was also investigated using the densities (ρIR and ρCB) of IR and CB. The slope (tirl) of their approximately linear relationship was about 3.9 nm, which almost agreed with the bound rubber thickness reported in the literature to date. It is also inferred that because the intercept (α), which reflects the change in the IR gel weight fraction, was about 0.04 (4%), the IR gel weight fraction changed very little between before and after vulcanization.
29
Dallas, Mari, Colleen Delaney, and Irwin D. Bernstein. "Enhanced T Cell Reconstitution by Cord Blood Progenitors Expanded Ex-Vivo Using the Notch Ligand Delta1." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3497.3497.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that activation of Notch receptors by culture of CD34+CD38− cord blood (CB) hematopoietic progenitors with the Notch ligand Delta1ext-IgG, consisting of the extracellular domain of Delta1 fused to the Fc domain of human IgG, promoted early T cell differentiation and increased the number of progenitors capable of short-term lymphoid and myeloid reconstitution. Here we show accelerated thymic engraftment and T cell recovery after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in recipients of CB cells cultured with Delta1ext-IgG compared to recipients of control IgG-cultured or non-cultured CB cells. Furthermore, data suggest that addition of Delta1ext-IgG-cultured CB cells to a non-cultured CB graft facilitated engraftment of the non-cultured CB cells. CD34+CD38− CB cells cultured on immobilized Delta1 in serum free media with Il3, Il6, Flt3l, SCF and TPO for 16 days generated a107-fold increase in total number of cells as well as a 105-fold increase in the number of T-lymphoid biased (CD34+CD7+CD45RA+) cells. Sub-lethally irradiated (275cGy) NOD/SCIDγc−/− mice received 103 non-cultured CB cells or the progeny of 103 Delta1ext-IgG-cultured or IgG-cultured cells. At 6 and 8 wks after HCT, blood samples from recipients of Delta1ext-IgG-cultured cells contained 9- and 3-fold higher numbers of CD3+ cells compared to recipients of non-cultured CB cells (p<0.03 and p<0.04). At 4 wks after HCT, thymuses from recipients of Delta1ext-IgG-cultured cells showed a 9-fold increase in the number of donor CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells compared to recipients of non-cultured cells (p<0.05). These data suggest that Delta1ext-IgG-cultured CB cells have the potential for enhancing early T cell recovery after HCT compared to the noncultured CB cells. Next, we transplanted equal numbers of cells by injecting 106 Delta1ext-IgG-cultured or 106 IgG-cultured CB cells into sub-lethally irradiated NOD/SCIDγc−/− mice. Human engraftment was not observed in mice up to 20 wks after HCT in recipients of IgG-cultured CB cells. Recipients of Delta1ext-IgG-cultured CB cells had detectable CD3+ cells 4 wks after HCT. Despite injecting the equivalent number of cells, the IgG-cultured CB cells did not engraft while the Delta1ext-IgG-cultured cells were able to provide early T cell reconstitution. Lastly, we determined the effect of T cell reconstitution by augmenting a non-cultured CB graft with Delta1ext-IgG-cultured CB. The relative contribution of T cells by the two different CB cells was determined using two HLA disparate CB units. Sub-lethally irradiated NOD/SCIDγc−/− mice received 106 Delta1ext-IgG-cultured cells along with 103 non-cultured CB cells or 106 IgG-cultured CB cells along with 103 non-cultured CB cells or 103 non-cultured CB cells alone. At 6 and 8 wks after HCT, blood samples from the recipient of the non-cultured CB cells augmented with Delta1ext-IgG-cultured had 5-fold higher number of CD3+ cells compared to the other two control groups (p<0.04). Furthermore, CD3+ cells derived from the non-cultured CB cells was 2-fold higher in the mice that received the addition of Delta1ext-IgG-cultured cells compared to mice that received non-cultured cells alone (p<0.05), suggesting a facilitating effect of the Delta1ext-IgG-cultured cells. Augmentation of engraftment was not observed in mice that received IgG-cultured cells. In summary, although both non-cultured and Delta1ext-IgG-cultured CB cells were able to reconstitute the T cell lineage, the Delta1ext-IgG-cultured CB cells had the potential to enhance immune reconstitution early after HCT. We also found that the addition of Delta1ext-IgG-cutlured cells to non-cultured CB cells facilitated the lymphoid engraftment of non-cultured CB. This report describes a novel and clinically feasible exvivo culture system using Delta1 for the generation of CB cell progenitors as a means to accelerate initial T-cell recovery after HCT.
30
Li, Chunfu, Yuelin He, Jianyun Liao, Wenfeng Xu, Fuyu Pei, Yuqiong Ren, and Wanxia Tan. "Unrelated Cord Blood Following Haploidentical HSCT with Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide Improves Results of Alternative Donor Transplant in Thalassemia Major." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5531.5531.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is cure for thalassemia major (TM). However, a suitable donor (HLA matched sibling and unrelated donor) for HSCT is less than 50%. Alternative donors were recently used in TM HSCT. Some study have found that thalassemia-free survival (TFS) was approximately 70% in haploidentical HSCT (h-HSCT) or unrelated cord blood (UCB) transplant for TM patients. So, it is necessary to find out a better h-HSCT for TM patients. In our early practice in leukemic HSCT we found that outcomes were improved by adding UCB to post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT/Cy) h-HSCT. The latter associated with high mortality related transplant (32%). Henceforth, we used this termed haplocord transplant in TM. Aim: To develop a high TFS h-HSCT protocol for TM patients. Patients and methods First 10 patients with median age 8 (5-17) old years received NF-13-PT/Cy-TM protocol (fig. 1), in which, UCB was added on day 6 after PT/CY h-HSCT. Following 9 patients with age 9 (4-15) old years received NF-14-PT/Cy-TM protocol (fig. 2), in which three doses Thymoglobuline were added to NF-13-PT/Cy-TM protocol. Cyclophosphamide on day 3 and day 4 after transplant were both GVHD prophylaxis for h-HSCT and conditioning for UCB transplant. The HLA (at HLA-A, -B, -C and ¨CDRB1) for the pair of recipient and donor was 2-loci and more mismatched in h-HSCT and 2-loci and less mismatched in UCB. Results The results of haplocord transplants for all patients were showed in table 1. For first 10 patients, final cord blood engrafted in 4 patients; final haploidentical donor engrafted in 3 patients, 2 patients had a primary rejection. One had a secondary rejection and gave up therapy and died of infection. One patient died of grade IV acute GVHD. TFS is 6/10. For second group patients, final cord blood engrafted in 4 patients; final haploidentical donor engrafted in 3 patients, mixed donor engrafted in 2. No patient rejected his graft; All 9 patients live with transfusion independence. Summary Our data showed that UCB followed PT/Cy h-HSCT using NF-14-PT/Cy-TM protocol improved the results of alternative donor transplant in thalassemia major. Registered in Clinical Trials: NCT02126046, Table 1. Case Gender/Age(Y) TransplantTime Months After Transplantation Last engraftment(Month) Current Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 M/8 2012.09 Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix CB (15) Alive 2 M/5 2012.11 CB CB CB CB CB CB CB Alive 3 M/6 2013.01 / / / / / / / Reject 4 M/17 2013.03 PB PB PB PB PB PB PB Alive 5 M/11 2013.11 Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix (14) Dead 6 M/6 2013.12 Mix Mix Mix CB CB CB CB Alive 7 F/17 2014.03 Mix Mix Mix CB CB CB CB Alive 8 F/7 2014.05 PB PB PB PB PB PB PB Alive 9 F/14 2014.05 PB PB PB Dead / / PB (3) Dead 10 M/8 2014.05 / / / / / / / Reject 11 M/9 2014.08 Mix PB PB PB PB PB PB Alive 12 M/9 2014.08 Mix PB PB Mix Mix Mix PB (7) Alive 13 M/9 2014.10 Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix (9) Alive 14 M/4 2014.10 Mix Mix CB CB CB CB CB Alive 15 F/7 2014.11 PB PB PB PB PB PB PB Alive 16 M/8 2014.12 Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix CB CB Alive 17 M/15 2014.12 Mix Mix Mix CB CB CB CB Alive 18 M/14 2015.03 PB PB PB PB PB Alive 19 F/14 2015.06 Mix CB CB Alive PB: Haploidetical PBSC; CB: cord blood Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
31
Chunduri, Sandeep, Dolores Mahmud, Javaneh Abbasian, and Damiano Rondelli. "Impaired Alloantigen Presenting Activity of Cord Blood Nucleated Cells." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2203.2203.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Transplantation of HLA-mismatched cord blood (CB) nucleated cells has limited risk of severe acute graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection. This may depend on naïve T cells not yet exposed to many antigens and on immature antigen-presenting cells (APC) not delivering appropriate signals to allogeneic T cells. In order to test the APC activity of human circulating CB cells in-vitro, we initially used irradiated CB mononuclear cells (MNC) or immunomagnetically selected CD34+ cells, CD133+ cells, or CD14+ monocytes to stimulate the proliferative response of incompatible blood T cells in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). CB MNC failed to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, while CD34+ and CD133+ progenitors or CD14+ monocytes induced potent T cell alloresponses. Nevertheless, since allogeneic T cell response was not restored after depletion of CD3+ cells in the CB, nor the add-back of irradiated CB MNC to CD34+ or CD14+ stimulators inhibited allo-T cells, a direct suppressive effect of CB MNC was excluded. Allogeneic peripheral blood cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses were not induced after 7 days of stimulation with irradiated CB MNC, although after 4 weekly rechallenges with CB MNC, on average a 23% lysis of antigen-specific CB PHA-blasts was observed at the highest effector:target ratio (50:1). To test the tolerogenic potential of CB MNC, T cells initially exposed to CB MNC were rechallenged in secondary MLC with CB MNC, or CD34+ cells, or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) generated in liquid culture with GM-CSF and IL-4. Allogeneic T cells were still unresponsive upon rechallenge with CB MNC, but proliferated upon 3 days of restimulation with CD34+ cells or Mo-DC from the same CB. Surprisingly, the supernatant of these latter MLCs did inhibit completely a 3rd party MLC. Instead, the supernatant of blood T cells that had been activated by CB CD34+ cells or Mo-DC both in primary and secondary MLC did not. These results show an impaired allo-APC activity of CB MNC but not CB CD34+ cells, and suggest that T cells releasing immunosuppressive cytokines may be activated by CB MNC and then expanded by a second more potent stimulation with professional APC. This hypothesis could explain the sustained engraftment of HLA-mismatched CB stem cell transplants in humans. Based on these results, the in-vivo or ex-vivo downregulation of T cell alloreactivity induced by CB MNC will be tested in experimental models of stem cell, as well as solid organ transplantation.
32
Wang, Yue Qiong, Zheng Peng, Jie Ping Zhong, Kui Xu, Chang Jin Yang, Yong Yue Luo, and Pu Wang Li. "Damping Performance of CB Filled NR/ENR, NR/BR and NR/IIR Compounds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.70.
Full textAbstract:
Natural rubber (NR)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/carbon black (CB), natural rubber/butadiene rubber (BR)/carbon black and natural rubber/isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR)/carbon black compounds were prepared by mechanical mixing method. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties for the compounds were investigated respectively. The temperature range of tanδ>0.3 of NR/ENR40/CB compound was wider and shifted to high temperature than NR/CB compound. Comprehensive analysis indicated that NR/BR/CB and NR/IIR/CB compounds had no better damping performance than NR/CB compounds, while NR/ENR/CB compound had better damping performance.
33
Lahori, Altaf Hussain, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Erdona Demiraj, Rachida Idir, Thi Tuyet Xuan Bui, Dinh Duy Vu, Amanullah Channa, Naeem Akhtar Samoon, and Zengqiang Zhang. "Clays, Limestone and Biochar Affect the Bioavailability and Geochemical Fractions of Cadmium and Zinc from Zn-Smelter Polluted Soils." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 8606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208606.
Full textAbstract:
Ca-bentonite (CB) alone and in a mixture with limestone (L), tobacco biochar (TB) and zeolite (Z) on the fixation, geochemical fractions and absorption of Cd and Zn by Chinese cabbage in smelter heavily polluted (S-HP) and smelter low polluted (S-LP) soils were investigated. The results showed that the CB + TB and CB + L + TB treatments significantly immobilized Cd up to 22.0% and 29.7%, respectively, and reduced uptake by Chinese cabbage shoot to 36.0% with CB + Z + L and 61.3% with CB + L in S-HP and S-LP soils compared with the control. The CB + Z + L + TB treatment mobilized Cd up to 4.4% and increased absorption in the shoot by 9.9% in S-HP soil. The greatest immobilization of Zn was 53.2% and 58.2% with the CB + Z + L + TB treatment, which reduced Zn uptake in the plant shoot by 10.0% with CB + L and 58.0% with CB + Z + L + TB in S-HP and S-LP soils. The CB + Z + TB and CB + TB treatments mobilized Zn up to 35.4% and 4.9%, respectively, in both soils. Furthermore, the uptake of Zn in plant shoot was observed by 59.0% and 7.9% with application of CB + Z and CB + TB treatments, respectively, in S-HP and S-LP soils. Overall, our results suggest that Ca-bentonite alone and in mixtures with different amendments can be used to reduce the phyto-extraction of Cd and Zn in Zn-smelter polluted soils.
34
Shi, Rui, Chuan Guo Ma, and Ming Liu. "Selective Distribution of Carbon Black in Epoxy Resin/Thermoplastic Multiphase Composites." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.73.
Full textAbstract:
Selective dispersion of carbon black (CB) in three kinds of epoxy resin (EP)/ thermoplastic multiphase conductive polymer composites were investigated. The thermoplastics involved polystyrene (PS), polyethersulfone (PES) and polyetherimide (PEI). The results showed that the selective location of CB particles are mainly controlled by thermodynamics as indicated by consistency of wetting coefficient prediction and real microstructure. For CB/EP/PS, with co-continuous phase structure, CB particles are not selectively located in one polymer but located in both EP-rich phase and PS-rich phase. For CB/EP/PES, with not perfect inverted phase structure, CB particles are selectively located in PES-rich phase. For CB/EP/PEI, with perfect inverted phase structure, CB particles are selectively located in PEI-rich phase.
35
Mondal, Kamelia, Joyanti Ray, and Md Yasin Ali. "Effect of Nacl on Germination and Seedling Growth of Some Cotton Genotypes." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i2.48860.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity is an emerging problem among the abiotic stresses of plants in Bangladesh. One easy way to cope with the problem of salinity is to exploit the genetic potential of plants for their adaptability to adverse soil conditions. Salt tolerance improvement might be achieved through selection from already existing germplasm which can be done by quick method particularly in early growth stages of crops. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of salinity on germination and the seedling growth of five cotton genotypes. Two factors include genotypes (CB-9, CB-10, CB-12, CB-14 and CB-15) and salt solution of different concentrations (control -0 dS m-1, 4 dS m-1, 8 dS m-1, 12 dS m-1 and 16 dS m-1) were used. Relative to control treatment, germination energy and germination capacity at 16 dS m-1 was maximum in CB-12 (0.72 and 0.77 respectively) whereas germination percentage (0.99) was maximum in CB-9 and the relative value of all the above parameters was minimum in CB-15 (0.02, 0.13, 0.41 and 0.09, respectively). In case of seedling growth parameters, shoot length, seedling vigor index and dry weight at 16 dS m-1 were maximum in CB-9 (0.67, 0.64 and 0.77 respectively) relative to control whereas the relative value of all those parameters was minimum in CB-15 (0.5, 0.17, 0.31 and 0.59 respectively). Considering all germination and seedling growth parameters, CB-9 was supposed to be superior genotype followed by CB-12, CB-10 and CB-14 whereas genotype CB-15 was more susceptible than other genotypes against salinity stress.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 199-207, August 2020
36
Daristotle, L., M. J. Engwall, W. Z. Niu, and G. E. Bisgard. "Ventilatory effects and interactions with change in PaO2 in awake goats." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 1254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.4.1254.
Full textAbstract:
We utilized selective carotid body (CB) perfusion while changing inspired O2 fraction in arterial isocapnia to characterize the non-CB chemoreceptor ventilatory response to changes in arterial PO2 (PaO2) in awake goats and to define the effect of varying levels of CB PO2 on this response. Systemic hyperoxia (PaO2 greater than 400 Torr) significantly increased inspired ventilation (VI) and tidal volume (VT) in goats during CB normoxia, and systemic hypoxia (PaO2 = 29 Torr) significantly increased VI and respiratory frequency in these goats. CB hypoxia (CB PO2 = 34 Torr) in systemic normoxia significantly increased VI, VT, and VT/TI; the ventilatory effects of CB hypoxia were not significantly altered by varying systemic PaO2. We conclude that ventilation is stimulated by systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia in CB normoxia and that this ventilatory response to changes in systemic O2 affects the CB O2 response in an additive manner.
37
Ishikawa, Hironori, and Shiro Watanabe. "Cattle Bile Aggravates Diclofenac Sodium-Induced Small Intestinal Injury in Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/315858.
Full textAbstract:
Cattle bile (CB) has long been used in Japan as an ingredient of digestive medicines. Bile acids are major chemical constituents of CB, and CB ingestion is assumed to affect small intestinal injury induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Mice were fed a diet supplemented with or without CB for 7 days and treated with diclofenac sodium (DIF) to induce small intestinal injury. Lesion formation was enhanced, and PGE2 content and COX expression levels were elevated in the small intestine of DIF-treated mice fed the CB diet compared with those fed the control diet. The administration of a reconstituted mixture of bile acids found in CB enhanced lesion formation in DIF-treated mice. CB administration elevated the contents of CB-derived bile acids in the small intestine, some of which exhibited a high cytotoxicity to cultured intestinal epithelial cells. These results suggest that the elevated levels of CB-derived cytotoxic bile acids in the small intestine contribute to the aggravation of DIF-induced small intestinal injury. The use of CB may be limited during the therapy of inflammatory diseases with NSAIDs.
38
Sarvaria, Anushruti, Robert David Danby, J. Alejandro Madrigal, and Aurore Saudemont. "Cord Blood IL-15 Activated NK Cells Increase Cord Blood CD34+CD133+CD45lo Cell Function through IFN-y Production and Direct Cell Contact." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-111820.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Delayed engraftment following cord blood (CB) transplantation remains a significant challenge. While cell dose is clearly limiting, CB derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) also exhibit a deficit in homing and engraftment. IL-15 activated natural killer (NK) cells have been shown as potential promoters of homing and engraftment of CB HSCs. However, the role of NK cells and their underlying mechanisms in promoting CB HSCs requires further study. Here, we explore the effect of IL-15 activated CB NK cells on the functional properties of CB CD34+CD133+CD45lo HSCs. In addition, we define the mechanistic interaction between NK cells and HSCs that may increase CB-HSC engraftment and improve patient outcome post-HSC transplantation. We first determined whether IL-15 activated NK cells could improve HSC function in vitro. Purified CD56+CD3- NK cells from CB were stimulated overnight with IL-15 and cultured at a 1:5 cell ratio with autologous purified CD34+CD133+CD45lo cells (CB HSCs). IL-15 activated NK cells increased CXCR4 expression on CB HSCs when compared to cultures with resting NK cells or CB HSCS alone. As HSCs must migrate to the bone marrow in order to engraft and facilitate long-term immune reconstitution, we next assessed whether NK cells also impact on HSC migration, clonogenicity and proliferation. We found that elevated levels of CXCR4 on CB HSCs cultured with activated NK cells also translated into enhanced chemotaxis towards SDF-1α in vitro. IL-15 activated CB NK cells also increased CB HSC clonogenicity as evaluated by short-term in vitro cultures. The effect of activated NK cells on the clonogenic capacity of CB HSCs was cell dose dependent with the highest effect observed at a ratio of 1:10. To study CB HSC proliferation, CFSE stained CD34+CD133+CD45lo cells were cultured either alone, with resting NK cells or IL-15 activated NK cells. Cultures with IL-15 activated NK cells significantly increased CB HSC proliferation when compared to cultures with resting NK cells or CB HSCs alone [median percentage of proliferating CB-HSCs; 38.4% (34%-44.6%) vs. 46.7% (36%-53.4%) vs. 69% (59.6%-78.5%)]. Moreover, following the ability of IL-15 activated NK cells to upregulate CB HSC proliferation, we investigated whether CB HSCs still retained their long-term engraftment potential. We found that proliferating CB HSCs still recalled both their short-term and long term clonogenic capacity as evaluated by CFU assays and cobblestone cultures followed by long-term culture (LTC-IC) respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that IL-15 activated NK cells also possessed the ability to activate pAkt/pErk and pStat3. As pAkt/pErk and pStat3 are key mediators of cell survival proliferation, our findings identify that NK cells may promote the survival and proliferation of CB HSCs through activating pAkt/pErk and pStat3. These data suggest that IL-15 activated NK cells from CB are endowed with properties to promote the functional profile of CB HSCs that contribute to improved engraftment. To further understand the underlying mechanisms through which IL-15 activated NK cells exert their ability to upregulate the functional profile of CB HSCs, we used antibody blockade experiments. We showed that the ability of NK cells to increase CXCR4 expression on CB HSCs was mediated via the provision of IFN-γ, but not TNF-α or TNF-β. Whereas, the effect of NK cells on CB HSC function studied through clonogenicity, proliferation and signalling studies was only partially dependent on IFN-γ production by IL-15 activated NK cells. Using transwell experiments, we further determined that the ability of activated NK cells to upregulate CB HSC function is also partly dependent on direct NK cell/HSC cell contact. Subsequently, we found that the addition of blocking antibody against 2B4 in cultures containing IL-15 activated NK cells and CB HSC partially reversed the ability of NK cells to increase the clonogenic capacity, proliferation and Akt/Erk and Stat3 signalling of CB HSCs. Thus, the ability of IL-15 activated NK cells to increase the functional profile of CB HSCs depends on IFN-γ production and cell-cell contact involving 2B4. Our combined studies demonstrate a novel effect of IL-15 activated CB NK cells and their key factors as potential mediators of stem cell homing and engraftment, which could be utilized to develop strategies that will benefit all patients with haematological malignancies and improve CB transplantation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
39
Ailion, Alyssa S., Tricia Z. King, Liya Wang, Michelle, E. Fox, Hui Mao, Robin M. Morris, and Bruce Crosson. "Cerebellar Atrophy in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cerebellar Tumor." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 5 (March 8, 2016): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716000138.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectives: The cerebellum (CB) is known for its role in supporting processing speed (PS) and cognitive efficiencies. The CB often sustains damage from treatment and resection in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. Limited research suggests that CB atrophy may be associated with the radiation treatment experienced during childhood. The purpose of the study was to measure cerebellar atrophy to determine its neurobehavioral correlates. Methods: Brain magnetic resonance images were collected from 25 adult survivors of CB tumors and age- and gender-matched controls (Mage=24 years (SD=5), 52% female). Average age at diagnosis was 9 years (SD=5) and average time since diagnosis was 15 years (SD=5). PS was measured by the Symbol Digit Modality Test. To quantify atrophy, an objective formula was developed based on prior literature, in which Atrophy=[(CB White+CB Gray Volume)/Intracranial Vault (ICV)]controls-[(CB White+CB Gray+Lesion Size Volume)/ICV]survivors. Results: Regression analyses found that the interaction term (age at diagnosis*radiation) predicts CB atrophy; regression equations included the Neurological Predictor Scale, lesion size, atrophy, and the interaction term and accounted for 33% of the variance in oral PS and 48% of the variance in written PS. Both interactions suggest that individuals with smaller CB lesion size but a greater degree of CB atrophy had slower PS, whereas individuals with a larger CB lesion size and less CB atrophy were less affected. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that young age at diagnosis and radiation is associated with CB atrophy, which interacts with lesion size to impact both written and oral PS. (JINS, 2016, 23, 1–11)
40
Shukla, Neelesh Bharti, Arati Varma, Esha Sharma, Preetika Sharma, Shrikant Ralebhat, and Bhupendra Magare. "Dope Dyed Viscose Fibers from Black Liquor Treated Carbon Black." AATCC Journal of Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.7.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
Black liquor (BL), a byproduct generated during the kraft pulping process, was used as a source of alkaline lignin (AL) to stabilize aqueous dispersions of carbon black (CB). Black liquor-treated carbon black (BL-CB) samples were prepared by varying the BL/CB/water ratio and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. Improvement in dispersion of BL-CB with increased BL content was observed. The dope dyed viscose fibers were spun by addition of BL-CB to the viscose solution. These fibers exhibited deeper color strength than those obtained from conventional CB formulations at a comparable CB loading on the fiber.
41
Yuan, Xia, and Kuan Jun Fang. "Coloration of Cotton Fabrics with Waterborne Carbon Black Dispersions." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.178.
Full textAbstract:
Using ultrafine carbon black (CB) dispersions to dye cotton fabrics back is feasible through an exhaustion procedure. The effects of CB particle size, the type of dispersants, electrolyte concentration and cationic modification of cotton on the colour yields of CB dyed cotton fabrics have been investigated. CB particle size ranging from 130nm to 200nm is appropriate to achieve a deep black shade in cotton fabrics. Cationic dispersant improves the K/S values and wash fastness of the CB dyed cotton fabrics. However, caution should be exercised in adding electrolytes to CB dispersions. Cationic modification of cotton is an effective method to achieve higher K/S values of CB dyed fabrics. It is desirable to dye cotton fabrics with ultrafine CB particles instead of with sulfur dyes and reactive dyes.
42
Xie, Zhi Min, Young Jin Yum, Han Gi Min, and Jin Hyug Son. "Numerical Modeling of the Electrical Resistivity of Carbon Black Filled Rubber." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.930.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon black (CB) filled rubber is microscopically heterogeneous although homogeneous on a macroscopic scale. CB particles are generally in the form of aggregates, which form the CB network in the rubber matrix. In this work, the junction width between CB aggregates is modeled as a contact resistor and the tunneling conduction mechanism is taken into account, and then an infinite circuit consisting of numerous contact resistors, interconnected with each other, is proposed to simulate the CB network in filled rubber. Prior to determination of the junction width distribution, CB spheres equivalent to CB aggregates in volume is assumed in a specifically random arrangement. Thus, the effect of CB aggregate distribution on the electrical resistivity is discussed. It is found that, for CB (N330) filled natural rubber with volume fraction of 27.5%, the simulated electrical resistivity at a standard deviation of 0.1 mean junction width is in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature.
43
Zhang, Shijie, Qiuying Li, Yujin Liu, Chifei Wu, and Weihong Guo. "Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/carbon black (CB) microporous membranes produced from PTFE/CB composite particles prepared by heterocoagulation process." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316629724.
Full textAbstract:
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/carbon black (CB) microporous membranes with excellent properties were successfully prepared via heterocoagulation process and mechanical stretching method. Heterocoagulation was achieved using PTFE emulsion with 26% solid content, an intermediate product of the commercial PTFE dispersions with 60% solid content, and CB dispersions to prepare PTFE/CB composite particles by mechanical stirring, which is the unique content in this article. Furthermore, in order to obtain uniform distribution of CB particles within the membrane matrix as well as improve color uniformity and mechanical strength of the microporous membranes, CB was pretreated by a titanate coupling agent (NDZ-201). The PTFE/CB composite particles were then used to prepare the PTFE/CB microporous membranes via mechanical stretching operation. Several important properties of the prepared PTFE/CB microporous membranes, such as tensile strength, porosity, contact angles, morphology, and dynamic mechanical properties, were investigated. Results showed that the fabricated PTFE/CB microporous membranes possessed color uniformity, high tensile strength, and high hydrophobicity.
44
Yuan, Xia. "Effect of Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) on Dispersing Carbon Black Particles." Advanced Materials Research 796 (September 2013): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.432.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) on dispersing carbon black (CB) particles were investigated by measuring Z-average particle size, Zeta potential and centrifugal stability of CB dispersions. Addition of PVP in a dispersing medium significantly reduces the size of suspended CB particles, especially in water. The dispersing efficiency of PVP was found to have been enhanced by adding an anionic surfactant, sodium methylenedinaphthalene disulphonate (NNO) in the aqueous media. The particle size of CB dispersed with PVP and NNO was 175.7 nm, significantly smaller than that dispersed with PVP and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The performance of PVP-encapsulated CB particles and that of PVP-adsorbed CB particles were also compared. The particle size and Zeta potential of PVP-encapsulated CB particles were similar to those of PVP-adsorbed CB particles using ultrasonic method, but the centrifugal stability of PVP-encapsulated CB dispersions was significantly improved. The relative absorbency of PVP/CB dispersions was increased from 42.0% to 63.7%. However, the PVP-encapsulated layer can be destroyed by prolonged ultrasonic treatment because the ultrasound over a long period of time can not only break up the flocculation bridge in the crosslinking matrix of PVP, but also flake off the PVP shells on the surface of CB particles.
45
Kucia, Magda, Maciej Halasa, Marcin Wysoczynski, Magda Baskiewicz-Masiuk, Ewa Zuba-Surma, Bogdan Machalinski, and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak. "A Novel Population of Oct-4+ SSEA-1+ CXCR4+ CD34+ CD133+ Lin− CD45− Very Small Embryonic-Like (VSEL) Stem Cells Identified in Human Cord Blood." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3195.3195.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from bone marrow (BM) or cord blood (CB) contributes to organ/tissue regeneration, however, the identity of the specific cell type(s) involved remains unknown. Recently we identified in murine BM a homogenous population of rare (~0.01% of BM MNC) Sca-1+ lin− CD45− cells that express by RQ-PCR and immunhistochemistry markers of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) such as SSEA-1, Oct-4, Nanog and Rex-1, highly express Rif-1 telomerase protein and display several features typical for primary embryonic stem cells such as a small size (~2–4 um in diameter), a large nuclei surrounded by a narrow rim of cytoplasm, and open-type chromatin (euchromatin) that is typical for embryonic stem cells (Leukemia2006;20,857–869). These cells were named very small embryonic-like (VSELs) stem cells. We will present a new two step isolation procedure to purify a similar population of cells from human CB, which is based on isolation of CB mononuclear cells (CB MNC) by hypotonic lysis and multiparameter FACS sorting. Accordingly, we perform hypotonic lysis of CB to remove erythrocytes and to enrich for CB MNC combined with multiparameter sorting for CXCR4+AC133+CD34+lin−CD45− CB MNC. CB-derived VSELs (CB-VSELs) isolated this way similarly as those isolated from adult murine BM are very small (3–5 um), possess large nuclei containing unorganized euchromatin, express nuclear embryonic transcription factors Oct-4 and Nanog and surface embryonic antigen SSEA-4. In vitro cultures CB-VSELs are able to grow neurospheres that gave rise to neuronal lineages (beta-III tubulin+, nestin+, O4+, MBP+, GFAP+) and cardiomyocytes (beta-myosin heavy chain+, alpha-sarcomeric actin. Based on this we conclude that CB contains VSELs and that the majority of these CB VSELs are lost during routine procedures employed currently for banking of CB MNC. Thus based on our observations, new more efficient methods of CB banking are needed that will enrich/preserve these cells in CB units during preparation before storage. Furthermore, we conclude that CB tissue/organ regenerating potential may be much higher than initially postulated if the proper fraction of CB MNC is employed and we are currently testing this hypothesis in animal models.
46
Liang, Y. Y., T. Phermthai, T. Nagai, T. Somfai, and R. Parnpai. "83 EFFECTS OF CYTOCHALASIN B AND VITRIFICATION PROCEDURE ON SURVIVAL AND IN VITRO MATURATION OF SWAMP BUFFALO OOCYTES CRYOPRESERVED AT THE IMMATURE STAGE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab83.
Full textAbstract:
Cryopreservation of oocytes from swamp buffaloes of high genetic and individual values is important for conservation of animal genetic resources. This study investigated the effect of cytochalasin B (CB) pretreatment and the efficiencies of solid surface vitrification (SSV) and cryotop (CT) vitrification methods to cryopreserve immature buffalo oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes harvested from abattoir-derived ovaries were randomly separated into 5 groups: 1) CT method with pretreatment by 7.5 μg mL–1 CB in base medium (BM, TCM-199 HEPES+20% FBS) for 15 min [CT(+)CB]; 2) CT method without CB pretreatment [CT(–)CB]; 3) SSV method with pretreatment by 7.5 μg mL–1 CB in BM for 15 min [SSV(+)CB]; 4) SSV method without CB pretreatment [SSV(–)CB]; and 5) fresh control. Immature oocytes were partially denuded, and those with 2 layers of cumulus cells were placed in 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) + 10% ethylene glycol (EG) for 1 min followed by exposure to 20% DMSO + 20% EG + 0.5 M sucrose in BM for 30 s. The oocytes were then vitrified either by SSV or CT method and stored in liquid nitrogen. Vitrified oocytes were thawed by placing them directly in warming solution (0.5 M sucrose in BM) for 5 min at 38.5°C and then washed in BM for 5 min. Oocyte viability was assessed by fluorescein diacetate staining. Surviving oocytes were in vitro matured (IVM) for 23 h (Parnpai et al. 1999 Buffalo J. 15, 371–384) and their meiotic progression was investigated by nuclear staining. Data were analysed by 1-way ANOVA. The survival rate of oocytes in CT groups [CT(+)CB, 82%; CT(–)CB, 82%] was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the control group (100%), but significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the SSV groups [SSV(+)CB, 71%; SSV(–)CB, 72%]. After IVM, the proportions of viable oocytes were similar among vitrified groups [CT(+)CB, 84%; CT(–)CB, 86%; SSV(+)CB, 80%; SSV(–)CB, 79%], but significantly lower than those of the control group (96%). Pretreatment with CB did not increase oocyte survival. Among vitrified groups the highest maturation rate was obtained in CT(–)CB (32%), which was significantly higher than that of SSV(+)CB (13%). Vitrified oocytes in all groups reached metaphase-II at significantly lower rates compared with the control group (55%). In conclusion, CB did not improve the survival and maturation of vitrified oocytes. Higher survival and maturation rates in CT groups indicate the superiority of this method. This work was supported by Thailand Research Fund, Suranaree University of Technology and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science – National Research Council of Thailand (JSPS-NRCT) scientific cooperation program.
47
Zhang, Xiaohong, Masako Hirai, Susana Cantero, Rodica Ciubotariu, Allen Hirsh, Hitoshi Satoh, Izuru Yokomi, et al. "Reevaluation of Factors Leading to the Successful Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Human Umbilical Cord Blood and Their Differentiation to Mesenchymal Lineages." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3232.3232.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Abstract 3232 Poster Board III-169 Introduction Cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (CB-MSC) have been identified as an alternative cell source to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC) for use in regenerative medicine. However, the low frequency of these cells in cord blood (CB) has led to conflicting reports of its efficacy and this, in turn, has been the main reason limiting their clinical use thus far. We searched for critical factors determining successful isolation of CB-MSC from more than 300 units of CB donated to two public CB banks using a range of different collection methods for CB. We applied several processing and culture methods to identify an optimal method for isolating CB-MSC. Proliferative, in vitro differentiation ability and immunosuppressive ability of CB-MSC were compared with BM- and AT-MSC. CB-MSC cultured with scaffolds were transplanted to nude mice. Additionally, chromosomal stability of CB-MSC after long-term culture was analyzed. Materials and Methods CB was collected after obtaining informed consent at two collection facilities: either while the placenta was in utero, or after the delivery of the placenta (ex utero). The mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated by Ficoll-Paque (FP) density gradient centrifugation or other methods and subjected to a colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay. Their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondorocytes, and adipocytes was tested in vitro and in vivo. Specific genes for differentiation to the mesoderm lineage were identified by RT-PCR. Immunosuppression by CB-MSC was tested by addition of cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated human T cells and to mixed lymphocyte reactions. Karyotypes of expanded CB-MSC were analyzed. Osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of CB-MSC in vivo were examined by transplantation of CB-MSC with scaffolds (β-TCP block, collagen sponge) subcutaneously to nude mice. Results CB-MSCs capable of proliferating were isolated from 121 units of 307 units of CB (63.1 ± 20.7 ml w/o anticoagulant). Two critical factors contributing to the success rate of isolating CB-MSC were: interval between collection of CB and processing of cells, and CB volume. When the interval was less than 2 hours there was a marked increase in success, S, according to the equation S=0.55*t-0.4316, (R2>0.99, n=81). There was also a more modest increase in S from increasing volume: S=0.0034*V (ml) + 0.2244, (R2>0.85, n=249). When both volume was higher than 90 ml and time was shorter than 5 hours, the success rate increased to 84.6%. The mean number of clonies from the units was calculated to be 1.59 ± 1.48 CFU /108 MNC (n=40) and 2.7 ± 2.3 CFU/CB unit. Variation in isolation and culture methods of did not improve the success rate. Most CB-MSC isolated grew rapidly and proliferated at more than 40 PDL (>15 passages), whereas BM-MSC and AT-MSC stopped proliferating at about 10 PDL. The CB-MSC showed higher differentiation ability to chondrocytes more than BM-MSC and AT-MSC. In vivo osteogenesis and chondrogenesis were observed when CB-MSC cultured with scaffolds were transplanted subcutaneously to nude mice. CB-MSC suppressed proliferation of lymphocytes stimilated allogeneically (mixed lymphocyte reaction) and by PHA as the dose of cells increased similar to finding with BM-MSC and AT-MSC. Gene expression related to the differentiation to the mesenchymal lineage indicated that CB-MSC can differentiate towards osteoblasts and chondrocytes. CB-MSC derived cell lines maintained normal karyotypes when the cells were cultured up to 40 PDL. Conclusions Among several factors possibly responsible for success in isolating CB-MSC, time between delivery and processing was decisive and volume was also critical. Even though the frequency of CB-MSC was much lower initially than BM-MSC, the high proliferation rate of these cells should allow expansion to cell numbers adequate for clinical use. High proliferation rate combined with high differentiation capability and the karyotype stability after long culture, indicate that CB-MSC should be a potential practical source of MSC for regenerative medicine. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
48
Jiang, Zhao Hui, Jian Jin, Chang Fa Xiao, and Xin Li. "Non-Isothermal Crystallization Behavior of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Carbon Black Composite." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 3198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.3198.
Full textAbstract:
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)(PET)/carbon black(CB) composite was prepared by melt blending using a separate feeding technique. The non-isothermal crystallization process of virgin PET and PET/CB composite were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the different methods such as Jeziorny modified Avrami equation, Ozawa equation and the method developed by Mo were employed to analyze the non-isothermal kinetics of virgin PET and PET/CB composite. The results show that the CB particles dispersed in PET matrix act as heterogeneous nucleating agents, while CB particles hinder the movement of molecular chains of PET, meanwhile, the crystallization activation energy(⊿E) of PET/CB composite is much greater than that of virgin PET according to Kissinger formula, which is opposite to the low CB content condition. This indicates that CB particles reduce the rate of crystal growth. Whereas, the results obtained from the mentioned three methods simultaneously demonstrate the addition of CB greatly increases crystallization temperature and crystallinity and accelerates crystallization rate. Taking the two seemingly contradictory results, crystal growth has little effect on the crystallization rate and crystal nucleation dominate the crystallization process of PET/CB composite with very high CB content. According to Jeziorny method, the constant of crystallization rate (Zc) increases with the increment of cooling rate and Avrami index (n) doesn’t change significantly, but the Zc and n of PET/CB composite are greater than that of PET. Based on Ozawa method, lg[-ln(1-Xt)] and lgR don’t show a good linear relationship. The parameter F(T) increases significantly with the increasing of relative crystallinity and n is almost unchanged. Besides, the F(T) of PET/CB composite is less than that of PET, while a is greater than that of PET. Comparing with Ozawa and Avrami equation, Mo method can better describe the non-isothermal crystallization of PET and PET/CB composite.
49
Kendler, K. S., H. Ohlsson, N. A. Morris, J. Sundquist, and K. Sundquist. "A Swedish population-based study of the mechanisms of parent–offspring transmission of criminal behavior." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 5 (September 17, 2014): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714002268.
Full textAbstract:
Background.While children of parents with criminal behavior (CB) are at increased risk for CB, we have limited knowledge about the causes of this cross-generational transmission.Method.We examined intergenerational continuity in CB in the Swedish population ascertained from the national conviction registers in three family types: intact (n = 21 11 074), ‘not-lived-with’ (n = 16 53 15 where biological parents never lived with their offspring) and ‘step’ (n = 1 24 800 offspring) which reflected, respectively, the effects of genes + rearing, genes only and rearing only. We also examined three criminal conviction subtypes: violent CB (VCB), property CB (PCB) and white-collar CB (WCCB).Results.Combined across mothers and fathers, the hazard ratio (HR) for CB in offspring given parental CB was 1.95 in intact, 1.56 in ‘not-lived-with’ and 1.28 in stepfamilies. In all three family types, all forms of CB in parents (VCB, PCB and WCCB) significantly predicted risk for all forms of CB in offspring. However, VCB in offspring was most strongly predicted by VCB in parents in intact, not-lived-with and stepfamilies. In intact families only, some specific parent–offspring transmission was also seen for WCCB.Conclusions.Both genetic and environmental factors contribute substantially to parent–offspring resemblance for CB. With respect to criminal subtypes, much of parent–offspring transmission appears to be non-specific. However, specific genetic and environmental risk factors for VCB are transmitted across generations. A limitation of these analyses is that CB was assessed only via official criminal convictions.
50
Robertson, Christopher G., and Ned J. Hardman. "Nature of Carbon Black Reinforcement of Rubber: Perspective on the Original Polymer Nanocomposite." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040538.
Full textAbstract:
Adding carbon black (CB) particles to elastomeric polymers is essential to the successful industrial use of rubber in many applications, and the mechanical reinforcing effect of CB in rubber has been studied for nearly 100 years. Despite these many decades of investigations, the origin of stiffness enhancement of elastomers from incorporating nanometer-scale CB particles is still debated. It is not universally accepted whether the interactions between polymer chains and CB surfaces are purely physical adsorption or whether some polymer–particle chemical bonds are also introduced in the process of mixing and curing the CB-filled rubber compounds. We review key experimental observations of rubber reinforced with CB, including the finding that heat treatment of CB can greatly reduce the filler reinforcement effect in rubber. The details of the particle morphology and surface chemistry are described to give insights into the nature of the CB–elastomer interfaces. This is followed by a discussion of rubber processing effects, the influence of CB on crosslinking, and various chemical modification approaches that have been employed to improve polymer–filler interactions and reinforcement. Finally, we contrast various models that have been proposed for rationalizing the CB reinforcement of elastomers.