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Journal articles on the topic 'Cavity ring-down spectrometer'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Gatti, Davide, Tommaso Sala, Riccardo Gotti, Lorenzo Cocola, Luca Poletto, Marco Prevedelli, Paolo Laporta, and Marco Marangoni. "Comb-locked cavity ring-down spectrometer." Journal of Chemical Physics 142, no. 7 (February 21, 2015): 074201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4907939.

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2

Engeln, Richard, and Gerard Meijer. "A Fourier transform cavity ring down spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 67, no. 8 (August 1996): 2708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147092.

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3

Tan, Zhongqi, and Xingwu Long. "A Developed Optical-Feedback Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer and its Application." Applied Spectroscopy 66, no. 5 (May 2012): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/11-06291.

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A developed spectrometer based on optical-feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy (OF-CRDS) has been demonstrated with a distributed feedback laser diode and a V-shaped glass ceramic cavity. The laser is coupled to the V-shaped cavity, which creates an absorption path length greater than 2.8 km, and resonance between the laser frequency and the cavity modes is realized by modulating the cavity length instead of tuning the laser wavelength to obtain a higher resolution. A noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of ∼2.6 × 10−8 cm−1Hz−1/2 (1σ) is determined with spectral resolution of ∼0.003 cm−1 and spectral range of 1.2 cm−1. As an application example, the absorption spectrum measurement of water vapor in the spectral range of 6590.3∼6591.5 cm−1 is demonstrated with this spectrometer.

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4

Cygan, A., D. Lisak, P. Masłowski, K. Bielska, S. Wójtewicz, J. Domysławska, R. S. Trawiński, R. Ciuryło, H. Abe, and J. T. Hodges. "Pound-Drever-Hall-locked, frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 6 (June 2011): 063107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3595680.

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5

Lin, H., Z. D. Reed, V. T. Sironneau, and J. T. Hodges. "Cavity ring-down spectrometer for high-fidelity molecular absorption measurements." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 161 (August 2015): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.03.026.

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6

Hodges, Joseph T., and Roman Ciuryło. "Automated high-resolution frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down absorption spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 2 (February 2005): 023112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1850633.

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7

Stowasser, C., A. D. Farinas, J. Ware, D. W. Wistisen, C. Rella, E. Wahl, E. Crosson, and T. Blunier. "A low-volume cavity ring-down spectrometer for sample-limited applications." Applied Physics B 116, no. 2 (May 28, 2014): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5528-9.

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8

Chen, Bing, Jin Wang, Yu R. Sun, Peng Kang, An-wen Liu, Jian-ying Li, Xiao-lei He, and Shui-ming Hu. "Broad-Range Detection of Water Vapor using Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 28, no. 4 (August 27, 2015): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1674-0068/28/cjcp1507160.

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9

Johnson, Jennifer E., and Chris W. Rella. "Effects of variation in background mixing ratios of N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, and Ar on the measurement of <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O–H<sub>2</sub>O and <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H–H<sub>2</sub>O values by cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 8 (August 24, 2017): 3073–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3073-2017.

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Abstract. Cavity ring-down spectrometers have generally been designed to operate under conditions in which the background gas has a constant composition. However, there are a number of observational and experimental situations of interest in which the background gas has a variable composition. In this study, we examine the effect of background gas composition on a cavity ring-down spectrometer that measures δ18O–H2O and δ2H–H2O values based on the amplitude of water isotopologue absorption features around 7184 cm−1 (L2120-i, Picarro, Inc.). For background mixtures balanced with N2, the apparent δ18O values deviate from true values by −0.50 ± 0.001 ‰ O2 %−1 and −0.57 ± 0.001 ‰ Ar %−1, and apparent δ2H values deviate from true values by 0.26 ± 0.004 ‰ O2 %−1 and 0.42 ± 0.004 ‰ Ar %−1. The artifacts are the result of broadening, narrowing, and shifting of both the target absorption lines and strong neighboring lines. While the background-induced isotopic artifacts can largely be corrected with simple empirical or semi-mechanistic models, neither type of model is capable of completely correcting the isotopic artifacts to within the inherent instrument precision. The development of strategies for dynamically detecting and accommodating background variation in N2, O2, and/or Ar would facilitate the application of cavity ring-down spectrometers to a new class of observations and experiments.

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10

Vogel, F. R., L. Huang, D. Ernst, L. Giroux, S. Racki, and D. E. J. Worthy. "Evaluation of a cavity ring-down spectrometer for in-situ observations of <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 23, 2012): 6037–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-6037-2012.

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Abstract. With the emergence of wide-spread application of cavity ring-down spectrometers (CRDS) to monitor δ13C in atmospheric CO2 there is a growing need to ensure well calibrated measurements. We characterized a cavity ring-down spectrometer system used for continuous in-situ monitoring of atmospheric 13CO2. We found no concentration dependency of the δ13C ratio within the range of 303–437 ppm. We designed a calibration scheme according to the diagnosed instrumental drifts and established a quality assurance protocol. We find that the repeatability of 10 min measurements is 0.25‰ and 0.15‰ for 20 min integrated averages. We found the cross-sensitivity to C4 in the samples to be 0.42 ± 0.02‰ ppm−1. Our ongoing target measurements yield standard deviations of 0.26–0.28‰ for 10 min averages. We furthermore estimate the reproducibility of the system for ambient air samples from weekly measurements of a long-term target gas to be 0.18‰. We find only a miniscule offset of 0.002 ± 0.025‰ of the CRDS and Environment Canada's isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) results for four target gases used over the course of one year.

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11

Gao, Bo, Wei Jiang, An-Wen Liu, Yan Lu, Cun-Feng Cheng, Guo-Sheng Cheng, and Shui-Ming Hu. "Ultrasensitive near-infrared cavity ring-down spectrometer for precise line profile measurement." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 4 (April 2010): 043105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3385675.

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12

Sonnenschein, Volker, Ryohei Terabayashi, Hideki Tomita, Shusuke Kato, Noriyoshi Hayashi, Shin Takeda, Lei Jin, et al. "A cavity ring-down spectrometer for study of biomedical radiocarbon-labeled samples." Journal of Applied Physics 124, no. 3 (July 21, 2018): 033101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5041015.

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13

Spence, T. G., C. C. Harb, B. A. Paldus, R. N. Zare, B. Willke, and R. L. Byer. "A laser-locked cavity ring-down spectrometer employing an analog detection scheme." Review of Scientific Instruments 71, no. 2 (February 2000): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150206.

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14

O’Keefe, Anthony, and David A. G. Deacon. "Cavity ring‐down optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources." Review of Scientific Instruments 59, no. 12 (December 1988): 2544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139895.

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15

Chen, Bing, Yu R. Sun, Ze-Yi Zhou, Jian Chen, An-Wen Liu, and Shui-Ming Hu. "Ultrasensitive, self-calibrated cavity ring-down spectrometer for quantitative trace gas analysis." Applied Optics 53, no. 32 (November 6, 2014): 7716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.53.007716.

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16

Chen, Bing, Peng Kang, Jian-ying Li, Xiao-lei He, An-wen Liu, and Shui-ming Hu. "Quantitative Moisture Measurement with a Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer using Telecom Diode Lasers." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 28, no. 1 (February 27, 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1674-0068/28/cjcp1410185.

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17

Li, Junling, Weigang Wang, Kun Li, Wenyu Zhang, Maofa Ge, and Chao Peng. "Development and application of the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer." Journal of Environmental Sciences 76 (February 2019): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.030.

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18

Fasci, E., S. Gravina, G. Porzio, A. Castrillo, and L. Gianfrani. "Lamb-dip cavity ring-down spectroscopy of acetylene at 1.4 μm." New Journal of Physics 23, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 123023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac3b6e.

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Abstract Doppler-free saturated-absorption Lamb dips are observed for weak vibration-rotation transitions of C2H2 between 7167 and 7217 cm−1, using a frequency-comb assisted cavity ring-down spectrometer based on the use of a pair of phase-locked diode lasers. We measured the absolute center frequency of sixteen lines belonging to the 2 ν 3 + ν 5 1 band, targeting ortho and para states of the molecule. Line pairs of the P and Q branches were selected so as to form a ‘V’-scheme, sharing the lower energy level. Such a choice made it possible to determine the rotational energy separations of the excited vibrational state for J-values from 11 to 20. Line-center frequencies are determined with an overall uncertainty between 3 and 13 kHz. This is over three orders of magnitude more accurate than previous experimental studies in the spectral region around the wavelength of 1.4 μm. The retrieved energy separations provide a stringent test of the so-called MARVEL method recently applied to acetylene.

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19

Bluvshtein, Nir, J. Michel Flores, Quanfu He, Enrico Segre, Lior Segev, Nina Hong, Andrea Donohue, James N. Hilfiker, and Yinon Rudich. "Calibration of a multi-pass photoacoustic spectrometer cell using light-absorbing aerosols." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1203-2017.

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Abstract. The multi-pass photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) is an important tool for the direct measurement of light absorption by atmospheric aerosol. Accurate PAS measurements heavily rely on accurate calibration of their signal. Ozone is often used for calibrating PAS instruments by relating the photoacoustic signal to the absorption coefficient measured by an independent method such as cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRD-S), cavity-enhanced spectroscopy (CES) or an ozone monitor. We report here a calibration method that uses measured absorption coefficients of aerosolized, light-absorbing organic materials and offer an alternative approach to calibrate photoacoustic aerosol spectrometers at 404 nm. To implement this method, we first determined the complex refractive index of nigrosin, an organic dye, using spectroscopic ellipsometry and then used this well-characterized material as a standard material for PAS calibration.

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20

Furlani, Teles C., Patrick R. Veres, Kathryn E. R. Dawe, J. Andrew Neuman, Steven S. Brown, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Cora J. Young. "Validation of a new cavity ring-down spectrometer for measuring tropospheric gaseous hydrogen chloride." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 5859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021.

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Abstract. Reliable, sensitive, and widely available hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurements are important for understanding oxidation in many regions of the troposphere. We configured a commercial HCl cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) for sampling HCl in the ambient atmosphere and developed validation techniques to characterize the measurement uncertainties. The CRDS makes fast, sensitive, and robust measurements of HCl in a high-finesse optical cavity coupled to a laser centred at 5739 cm−1. The accuracy was determined to reside between 5 %–10 %, calculated from laboratory and ambient air intercomparisons with annular denuders. The precision and limit of detection (3σ) in the 0.5 Hz measurement were below 6 and 18 pptv, respectively, for a 30 s integration interval in zero air. The response time of this method is primarily characterized by fitting decay curves to a double exponential equation and is impacted by inlet adsorption/desorption, with these surface effects increasing with relative humidity and decreasing with decreasing HCl mixing ratios. The minimum 90 % response time was 10 s and the equilibrated response time for the tested inlet was 2–6 min under the most and least optimal conditions, respectively. An intercomparison with the EPA compendium method for quantification of acidic atmospheric gases showed good agreement, yielding a linear relationship statistically equivalent to unity (slope of 0.97 ± 0.15). The CRDS from this study can detect HCl at atmospherically relevant mixing ratios, often performing comparably or better in sensitivity, selectivity, and response time than previously reported HCl detection methods.

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21

Gao, Bo, An-wen Liu, Rui-xue Wu, Wei Ning, and Shui-ming Hu. "C2H2 Overtones Near 12300 cm1 Revisited with a Very Sensitive Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 22, no. 6 (December 2009): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-0068/22/06/663-667.

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22

Salffner, Katharina, Michael Böhm, Oliver Reich, and Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben. "A broadband cavity ring-down spectrometer based on an incoherent near infrared light source." Applied Physics B 116, no. 4 (February 12, 2014): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-014-5762-9.

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23

Lang-Yona, N., Y. Rudich, E. Segre, E. Dinar, and A. Abo-Riziq. "Complex Refractive Indices of Aerosols Retrieved by Continuous Wave-Cavity Ring Down Aerosol Spectrometer." Analytical Chemistry 81, no. 5 (March 2009): 1762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac8017789.

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24

Hodges, J. T., and D. Lisak. "Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer for high-sensitivity measurements of water vapor concentration." Applied Physics B 85, no. 2-3 (August 12, 2006): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2411-y.

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25

Varma, R. M., S. M. Ball, T. Brauers, H. P. Dorn, U. Heitmann, R. L. Jones, U. Platt, et al. "Light extinction by secondary organic aerosol: an intercomparison of three broadband cavity spectrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 11 (November 19, 2013): 3115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3115-2013.

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Abstract. Broadband optical cavity spectrometers are maturing as a technology for trace-gas detection, but only recently have they been used to retrieve the extinction coefficient of aerosols. Sensitive broadband extinction measurements allow explicit separation of gas and particle phase spectral contributions, as well as continuous spectral measurements of aerosol extinction in favourable cases. In this work, we report an intercomparison study of the aerosol extinction coefficients measured by three such instruments: a broadband cavity ring-down spectrometer (BBCRDS), a cavity-enhanced differential optical absorption spectrometer (CE-DOAS), and an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS). Experiments were carried out in the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber as part of the NO3Comp campaign to compare the measurement capabilities of NO3 and N2O5 instrumentation. Aerosol extinction coefficients between 655 and 690 nm are reported for secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed by the NO3 oxidation of β-pinene under dry and humid conditions. Despite different measurement approaches and spectral analysis procedures, the three instruments retrieved aerosol extinction coefficients that were in close agreement. The refractive index of SOA formed from the β-pinene + NO3 reaction was 1.61, and was not measurably affected by the chamber humidity or by aging of the aerosol over several hours. This refractive index is significantly larger than SOA refractive indices observed in other studies of OH and ozone-initiated terpene oxidations, and may be caused by the large proportion of organic nitrates in the particle phase. In an experiment involving ammonium sulfate particles, the aerosol extinction coefficients as measured by IBBCEAS were found to be in reasonable agreement with those calculated using the Mie theory. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of broadband cavity spectrometers for determining the optical properties of aerosols.

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26

Varma, R. M., S. M. Ball, T. Brauers, H. P. Dorn, U. Heitmann, R. L. Jones, U. Platt, et al. "Light extinction by Secondary Organic Aerosol: an intercomparison of three broadband cavity spectrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 22, 2013): 6685–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-6685-2013.

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Abstract. Broadband optical cavity spectrometers are maturing as a technology for trace gas detection, but only recently have they been used to retrieve the extinction coefficient of aerosols. Sensitive broadband extinction measurements allow explicit separation of gas and particle phase spectral contributions, as well as continuous spectral measurements of aerosol extinction in favourable cases. In this work, we report an intercomparison study of the aerosol extinction coefficients measured by three such instruments: a broadband cavity ring-down spectrometer (BBCRDS), a cavity-enhanced differential optical absorption spectrometer (CE-DOAS), and an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS). Experiments were carried out in the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber as part of the NO3Comp campaign to compare the measurement capabilities of NO3 and N2O5 instrumentation. Aerosol extinction coefficients between 655 and 690 nm are reported for secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed by the NO3 oxidation of β-pinene under dry and humid conditions. Despite different measurement approaches and spectral analysis procedures, the three instruments retrieved aerosol extinction coefficients that were in close agreement. The refractive index of SOA formed from the β-pinene + NO3 reaction was 1.61, and was not measurably affected by the chamber humidity or by aging of the aerosol over several hours. This refractive index is significantly larger than SOA refractive indices observed in other studies of OH and ozone-initiated terpene oxidations, and may be caused by the large proportion of organic nitrates in the particle phase. In an experiment involving ammonium sulphate particles the aerosol extinction coefficients as measured by IBBCEAS were found to be in reasonable agreement with those calculated using Mie theory. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of broadband cavity spectrometers for determining the optical properties of aerosols.

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27

Baynard, Tahllee, Edward R. Lovejoy, Anders Pettersson, Steven S. Brown, Daniel Lack, Hans Osthoff, Paola Massoli, Steve Ciciora, William P. Dube, and A. R. Ravishankara. "Design and Application of a Pulsed Cavity Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer for Field Measurements." Aerosol Science and Technology 41, no. 4 (March 2007): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820701222801.

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28

Zhang, Weipeng, Haoyun Wei, Xinyi Chen, and Yan Li. "Sensitivity improvement by optimized optical switching and curve fitting in a cavity ring-down spectrometer." Applied Optics 57, no. 29 (October 2, 2018): 8487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.008487.

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29

Chen, Jian, Hao Wu, An-wen Liu, Shui-ming Hu, and Jingsong Zhang. "Field Measurement of NO2 and RNO2 by Two-Channel Thermal Dissociation Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 30, no. 5 (October 27, 2017): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1705084.

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30

Whittaker, K. E., L. Ciaffoni, G. Hancock, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie. "A DFG-based cavity ring-down spectrometer for trace gas sensing in the mid-infrared." Applied Physics B 109, no. 2 (September 16, 2012): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-5150-2.

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31

Malowany, K. S., J. Stix, J. M. de Moor, K. Chu, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, and B. Sherwood Lollar. "Carbon isotope systematics of Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, using a portable cavity ring-down spectrometer." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 18, no. 7 (July 2017): 2769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gc006856.

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32

De, Anulekha, Gourab Dutta Banik, Abhijit Maity, Mithun Pal, and Manik Pradhan. "Continuous wave external-cavity quantum cascade laser-based high-resolution cavity ring-down spectrometer for ultrasensitive trace gas detection." Optics Letters 41, no. 9 (April 20, 2016): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.41.001949.

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33

Bluvshtein, Nir, J. Michel Flores, Lior Segev, and Yinon Rudich. "A new approach for retrieving the UV–vis optical properties of ambient aerosols." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 3477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3477-2016.

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Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols play an important part in the Earth's energy budget by scattering and absorbing incoming solar and outgoing terrestrial radiation. To quantify the effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions, researchers must obtain a detailed understanding of the spectrally dependent intensive and extensive optical properties of different aerosol types. Our new approach retrieves the optical coefficients and the single-scattering albedo of the total aerosol population over 300 to 650 nm wavelength, using extinction measurements from a broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometer at 315 to 345 nm and 390 to 420 nm, extinction and absorption measurements at 404 nm from a photoacoustic cell coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer, and scattering measurements from a three-wavelength integrating nephelometer. By combining these measurements with aerosol size distribution data, we retrieved the time- and wavelength-dependent effective complex refractive index of the aerosols. Retrieval simulations and laboratory measurements of brown carbon proxies showed low absolute errors and good agreement with expected and reported values. Finally, we implemented this new broadband method to achieve continuous spectral- and time-dependent monitoring of ambient aerosol population, including, for the first time, extinction measurements using cavity-enhanced spectrometry in the 315 to 345 nm UV range, in which significant light absorption may occur.

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34

Wada, Ryuichi, Joseph M. Beames, and Andrew J. Orr-Ewing. "Measurement of IO radical concentrations in the marine boundary layer using a cavity ring-down spectrometer." Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 58, no. 1 (August 4, 2007): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10874-007-9080-z.

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35

Mazzotti, Davide, Pablo Cancio, Antonio Castrillo, Iacopo Galli, Giovanni Giusfredi, and Paolo De Natale. "A comb-referenced difference-frequency spectrometer for cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the 4.5 µm region." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 8, no. 7 (June 8, 2006): S490—S493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/8/7/s28.

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36

Thieser, J., G. Schuster, J. Schuladen, G. J. Phillips, A. Reiffs, U. Parchatka, D. Pöhler, J. Lelieveld, and J. N. Crowley. "A two-channel thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer for the detection of ambient NO<sub>2</sub>, RO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> and RONO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 553–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-553-2016.

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Abstract. We describe a thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for measurement of ambient NO2, total peroxy nitrates (ΣPNs) and total alkyl nitrates (ΣANs). The spectrometer has two separate cavities operating at ∼ 405.2 and 408.5 nm. One cavity (reference) samples NO2 continuously from an inlet at ambient temperature, the other samples sequentially from an inlet at 473 K in which PNs are converted to NO2 or from an inlet at 723 K in which both PNs and ANs are converted to NO2, difference signals being used to derive mixing ratios of ΣPNs and ΣANs. We describe an extensive set of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to characterise the fate of organic radicals in the hot inlets and cavity and derive correction factors to account for the bias resulting from the interaction of peroxy radicals with ambient NO and NO2. Finally, we present the first measurements and comparison with other instruments during a field campaign, outline the limitations of the present instrument and provide an outlook for future improvements.

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37

Thieser, J., G. Schuster, G. J. Phillips, A. Reiffs, U. Parchatka, D. Pöhler, J. Lelieveld, and J. N. Crowley. "A two-channel, Thermal Dissociation Cavity-Ringdown Spectrometer for the detection of ambient NO<sub>2</sub>, RO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> and RONO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2015): 11533–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-11533-2015.

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Abstract. We describe a Thermal Dissociation Cavity-Ring-Down Spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for measurement of ambient NO2, total peroxy nitrates (ΣPNs) and total alkyl nitrates (ΣANs). The spectrometer has two separate cavities operating at ~ 405.2 and 408.5 nm, one cavity (reference) samples NO2 continuously from an inlet at ambient temperature, the other samples sequentially from an inlet at 473 K in which PNs are converted to NO2 or from an inlet at 723 K in which both PNs and ANs are converted to NO2, difference signals being used to derive mixing ratios of ΣPNs and ΣANs. We describe an extensive set of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to characterise the fate of organic radicals in the hot inlets and cavity and derive correction factors to account for the bias resulting from interaction of peroxy radicals with ambient NO and NO2. Finally, we present the first measurements and comparison with other instruments during a field campaign, outline the limitations of the present instrument and provide an outlook for future improvements.

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38

Guo, Ruimin, Junheng Teng, Ke Cao, Hewei Dong, Wenchao Cui, and Tiqiang Zhang. "Comb-assisted, Pound-Drever-Hall locked cavity ring-down spectrometer for high-performance retrieval of transition parameters." Optics Express 27, no. 22 (October 18, 2019): 31850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.031850.

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39

Zhang, Weipeng, Haoyun Wei, Xinyi Chen, and Yan Li. "Sensitivity improvement by optimized optical switching and curve fitting in a cavity ring-down spectrometer: publisher’s note." Applied Optics 59, no. 19 (June 25, 2020): 5714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.399288.

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40

Keehan, Natalie I., Bellamy Brownwood, Andrey Marsavin, Douglas A. Day, and Juliane L. Fry. "A thermal-dissociation–cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for the detection of organic nitrates in gas and particle phases." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 6255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6255-2020.

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Abstract. A thermal-dissociation–cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS) was developed to measure NO2, peroxy nitrates (PNs), alkyl nitrates (ANs), and HNO3 in the gas and particle phase, built using a commercial Los Gatos Research NO2 analyzer. The detection limit of the TD-CRDS is 0.66 ppb for ANs, PNs, and HNO3 and 0.48 ppb for NO2. For all four classes of NOy, the time resolution for separate gas and particle measurements is 8 min, and for total gas + particle measurements it is 3 min. The accuracy of the TD-CRDS was tested by comparison of NO2 measurements with a chemiluminescent NOx monitor and aerosol-phase ANs with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). N2O5 causes significant interference in the PN and AN channel under high oxidant concentration chamber conditions, and ozone pyrolysis causes a negative interference in the HNO3 channel. Both interferences can be quantified and corrected for but must be considered when using TD techniques for measurements of organic nitrates. This instrument has been successfully deployed for chamber measurements at widely varying concentrations, as well as ambient measurements of NOy.

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Murayama, Junpei, Chihiro Yamanaka, Ko Hashizume, and Shun Takigami. "D-depleted water isotopic measurement with a miniaturized cavity ring-down spectrometer aiming for exploration of lunar water." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 338 (May 2022): 113481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113481.

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Bahrini, C., Y. Bénilan, A. Jolly, B. Lebert, X. Landsheere, and M. C. Gazeau. "Pulsed cavity ring-down spectrometer at 3 µm based on difference frequency generation for high-sensitivity CH4 detection." Applied Physics B 121, no. 4 (November 23, 2015): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6266-y.

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Polat, Merve, Jesper Baldtzer Liisberg, Morten Krogsbøll, Thomas Blunier, and Matthew S. Johnson. "Photochemical method for removing methane interference for improved gas analysis." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 12 (December 23, 2021): 8041–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-8041-2021.

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Abstract. The development of laser spectroscopy has made it possible to measure minute changes in the concentrations of trace gases and their isotopic analogs. These single or even multiply substituted species occur at ratios from percent to below parts per million and contain important information concerning trace gas sources and transformations. Due to their low abundance, minimizing spectral interference from other gases in a mixture is essential. Options including traps and membranes are available to remove many specific impurities. Methods for removing CH4, however, are extremely limited as methane has low reactivity and adsorbs poorly to most materials. Here we demonstrate a novel method for CH4 removal via chlorine-initiated oxidation. Our motivation in developing the technique was to overcome methane interference in measurements of N2O isotopic analogs when using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. We describe the design and validation of a proof-of-concept device and a kinetic model to predict the dependence of the methane removal efficiency on the methane concentration [CH4], chlorine photolysis rate JCl2, chlorine concentration [Cl2] and residence time tR. The model was validated by comparison to experimental data and then used to predict the possible formation of troublesome side products and by-products including CCl4 and HCl. The removal of methane could be maintained with a peak removal efficiency >98 % for ambient levels of methane at a flow rate of 7.5 mL min−1 with [Cl2] at 50 ppm. These tests show that our method is a viable option for continuous methane scrubbing. Additional measures may be needed to avoid complications due to the introduction of Cl2 and formation of HCl. Note that the method will also oxidize most other common volatile organic compounds. The system was tested in combination with a cavity ring-down methane spectrometer, and the developed method was shown to be successful at removing methane interference.

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Taha, Youssef M., Matthew T. Saowapon, Faisal V. Assad, Connie Z. Ye, Xining Chen, Natasha M. Garner, and Hans D. Osthoff. "Quantification of peroxynitric acid and peroxyacyl nitrates using an ethane-based thermal dissociation peroxy radical chemical amplification cavity ring-down spectrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 4109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4109-2018.

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Abstract. Peroxy and peroxyacyl nitrates (PNs and PANs) are important trace gas constituents of the troposphere which are challenging to quantify by differential thermal dissociation with NO2 detection in polluted (i.e., high-NOx) environments. In this paper, a thermal dissociation peroxy radical chemical amplification cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-PERCA-CRDS) for sensitive and selective quantification of total peroxynitrates (ΣPN = ΣRO2NO2) and of total peroxyacyl nitrates (ΣPAN = ΣRC(O)O2NO2) is described. The instrument features multiple detection channels to monitor the NO2 background and the ROx ( = HO2 + RO2 + ΣRO2) radicals generated by TD of ΣPN and/or ΣPAN. Chemical amplification is achieved through the addition of 0.6 ppm NO and 1.6 % C2H6 to the inlet. The instrument's performance was evaluated using peroxynitric acid (PNA) and peroxyacetic or peroxypropionic nitric anhydride (PAN or PPN) as representative examples of ΣPN and ΣPAN, respectively, whose abundances were verified by iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). The amplification factor or chain length increases with temperature up to 69 ± 5 and decreases with analyte concentration and relative humidity (RH). At inlet temperatures above 120 and 250 °C, respectively, PNA and ΣPAN fully dissociated, though their TD profiles partially overlap. Furthermore, interference from ozone (O3) was observed at temperatures above 150 °C, rationalized by its partial dissociation to O atoms which react with C2H6 to form C2H5 and OH radicals. Quantification of PNA and ΣPAN in laboratory-generated mixtures containing O3 was achieved by simultaneously monitoring the TD-PERCA responses in multiple parallel CRDS channels set to different temperatures in the 60 to 130 °C range. The (1 s, 2σ) limit of detection (LOD) of TD-PERCA-CRDS is 6.8 pptv for PNA and 2.6 pptv for ΣPAN and significantly lower than TD-CRDS without chemical amplification. The feasibility of TD-PERCA-CRDS for ambient air measurements is discussed.

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Vasilchenko, S. S., S. Kassi, and A. A. Lugovskoi. "High-Sensitivity Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer for High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Gases in the 745–775-nm Region." Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 34, no. 3 (May 2021): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1024856021030179.

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Spindler, C., A. Abo Riziq, and Y. Rudich. "Retrieval of Aerosol Complex Refractive Index by Combining Cavity Ring Down Aerosol Spectrometer Measurements with Full Size Distribution Information." Aerosol Science and Technology 41, no. 11 (October 4, 2007): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820701682087.

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Suas-David, N., S. Thawoos, and A. G. Suits. "A uniform flow–cavity ring-down spectrometer (UF-CRDS): A new setup for spectroscopy and kinetics at low temperature." Journal of Chemical Physics 151, no. 24 (December 28, 2019): 244202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5125574.

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Domysławska, Jolanta, Szymon Wójtewicz, Katarzyna Bielska, Sławomir Bilicki, Roman Ciuryło, and Daniel Lisak. "Line mixing in the oxygen B band head." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 8 (February 28, 2022): 084301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079158.

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We present the results of direct measurements of the line mixing parameters for two pairs of overlapping transitions at the band head of the oxygen B band. Measurements were performed with the frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectrometer assisted by an optical frequency comb. The recorded spectra were analyzed with line profiles comprising speed dependence, Dicke narrowing, and line mixing. Incorporation of the line mixing into the model eliminated previous discrepancies for pressure shift and their speed dependence coefficients. First-order line mixing was determined directly from the line shape fitting at relatively low pressure (0.04 atm) together with other line shape parameters and compared with that calculated by Sung et al. [J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 235, 232–243 (2019)].

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George, Midhun, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, Vladyslav Nenakhov, Yangzhuoran Liu, and John Philip Burrows. "Airborne measurement of peroxy radicals using chemical amplification coupled with cavity ring-down spectroscopy: the PeRCEAS instrument." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 2577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2577-2020.

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Abstract. Hydroperoxyl (HO2) and organic peroxy (RO2) radicals have an unpaired spin and are highly reactive free radicals. Measurements of the sum of HO2 and RO2 provide unique information about the chemical processing in an air mass. This paper describes the experimental features and capabilities of the Peroxy Radical Chemical Enhancement and Absorption Spectrometer (PeRCEAS). This is an instrument designed to make measurements on aircraft from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere. PeRCEAS combines the amplified conversion of peroxy radicals to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with the sensitive detection of NO2 using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) at 408 nm. PeRCEAS is a dual-channel instrument, with two identical reactor–detector lines working out of phase with one another at a constant and defined pressure lower than ambient at the aircraft altitude. The suitability of PeRCEAS for airborne measurements in the free troposphere was evaluated by extensive characterisation and calibration under atmospherically representative conditions in the laboratory. The use of alternating modes of the two instrumental channels successfully captures short-term variations in the sum of peroxy radicals, defined as RO2∗ (RO2∗=HO2+∑RO2+OH+∑RO, with R being an organic chain) in ambient air. For a 60 s measurement, the RO2∗ detection limit is < 2 pptv for a minimum (2σ) NO2 detectable mixing ratio < 60 pptv, under laboratory conditions in the range of atmospheric pressures and temperatures expected in the free troposphere. PeRCEAS has been successfully deployed within the OMO (Oxidation Mechanism Observations) and EMeRGe (Effect of Megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the Regional and Global scales) missions in different airborne campaigns aboard the High Altitude LOng range research aircraft (HALO) for the study of the composition of the free troposphere.

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Kartouzian, A., M. Thämer, T. Soini, J. Peter, P. Pitschi, S. Gilb, and U. Heiz. "Cavity ring-down spectrometer for measuring the optical response of supported size-selected clusters and surface defects in ultrahigh vacuum." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 12 (December 15, 2008): 124313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3053179.

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