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Prieto, Thea. "The Cave." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2999.
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Environmental holocaust has driven four people inside of a cave: an elder, holder of stories, a young man poised to assume primacy, a pregnant woman, a child. To escape the desperation of their waning food, water, and health, they tell stories about the past around a diminishing fire. Each character's story draws from a long oral tradition and describes the end of days as a collage of creation myths and historic artifact.
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Brod, Langford Garrett 1927. "Geology and speleogenesis of Colossal Cave, Pima County, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558072.
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Miedema, Natalie Margaret. "Non-anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide in the Glowworm Cave, Waitomo." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2781.
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The Waitomo Caves attract approximately 500 000 tourists each year. A requirement of tourist cave management is that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) is kept below levels that are: hazardous to the health of visitors, hazardous to the glowworms and other natural inhabitants, or potentially corrosive to speleothems. For the Glowworm Cave at Waitomo, the maximum permissible PCO₂ level is 2400 ppm. When exceeded, the tourist operators are required to close the cave. Ten years of monitoring data at the Glowworm Cave was analysed. Most of the variation in PCO₂ could be attributed to CO₂ respired by tourists, and the mixing of cave air with lower PCO₂ outside air. Occasionally, there were periods with high PCO₂ levels while the cave was closed to tourists. The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of the Waitomo Stream in contributing CO₂ to the Glowworm Cave atmosphere. Analysis of ten years of Glowworm Cave monitoring data showed that the 2400 ppm PCO₂ limit was, on average, exceeded five times each year, with a total of 48 events between 1998 and 2007. Of the PCO₂ limit exceedences, approximately 31% of events were largely driven by high tourist numbers; 27% of PCO₂ limit exceedences were mainly driven by increased discharge, rainfall, and/or a low temperature gradient between the cave and outside air, whilst 29% of the PCO₂ limit exceedences were due to a combination of tourists and increased discharge, rainfall, and/or a low temperature gradient. The remaining 13% of exceedences were unexplained by tourists or the factors investigated. It may be that the unexplained exceedences were due to the night time closure of the cave door, restricting air exchange. The PCO₂ of the Waitomo Stream was measured by equilibrating air with the streamwater within a closed loop. The air was passed continuously through an infrared gas analyser (IRGA). The streamwater PCO₂ typically ranged between 600 - 1200 ppm. Fluctuations in the PCO₂ of the Waitomo Stream coincided with PCO₂ fluctuations in the Glowworm Cave air, and under most conditions, the stream probably acted as a sink for cave air CO₂. However, following rainfall events, the stream PCO₂ increased, exceeding cave air PCO₂, thus acting as a source of CO₂ to the cave air. High stream PCO₂ often occurred at times when air flow through the cave was restricted, e.g. when the temperature gradient between the cave air and outside air was low, or stream levels were high, thus limiting air movement. The combination of high stream PCO₂ and a low temperature gradient increased the likelihood of high cave air PCO₂. Dripwater was measured to determine whether an increase in dripwater PCO₂ occurred in response to rainfall events. When rainfall events resulted in increased discharge, the dripwater PCO₂ sometimes increased (occasionally exceeding 5000 ppm), however the pattern was not consistent. The chemistry of the Waitomo and Okohua (Ruakuri) Streams was monitored with daily samples collected and analysed for major ions: HCO₃ -, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, and δ¹³C stable isotope. The HCO₃ -, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations in the streamwater decreased with increased discharge, presumably due to dilution. Increased discharge following rainfall events correlated with increasing PCO₂ in the Waitomo Stream, suggesting that soil atmosphere CO₂ dissolved in soil waters, and carried to the stream by saturated flow, was responsible for the streamwater PCO₂ increase. Ca in the stream showed both an increase and a decrease with respect to rainfall. Increased Ca in the stream occurred at times when the discharged waters were coming from the phreatic zone, and thus sufficient time had lapsed for CO₂ in the discharge waters to react with the limestone (carbonate dissolution reaction). Decreased Ca occurred when the infiltration and percolation of rainwater was rapid, and thus the streamwater was characterised by a higher PCO₂ and a lower Ca concentration, as insufficient time had lapsed for the discharge waters to equilibrate with the limestone. Increased negativity in the δ¹³C of the Waitomo and Ruakuri Streams coincided with increased discharge. During summer low flow, the δ¹³C of Waitomo Stream waters was -11.3‰, whereas during high stream discharge events, the δ¹³C dropped to -12 - -14‰. The δ¹³C of limestone is 0‰, the atmosphere is -7‰, and the soil atmosphere is reported to be about -24‰, thus the decrease in δ¹³C during high flow events supports the contention that soil atmosphere CO₂ is a likely source of the increased CO₂ in flood waters.
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Hubbard, Jackson Durain. "3D Cave and Ice Block Morphology from Integrated Geophysical Methods: A Case Study at Scărişoara Ice Cave, Romania." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6712.
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Scărişoara Ice Cave has been a catalyst of scientific intrigue and effort for over 150 years. These efforts have revealed and described countless natural phenomena – and in the process have made it one of the most studied caves in the world.
Of especial interest is the massive ice block located within its Great Hall and scientific reservations. The ice block, which is the oldest and largest known to exist in a cave, has been the focus of multiple surveying and mapping efforts, typically ones utilizing traditional equipment. In this study, the goals were to reconstruct the ice block/cave floor interface and to estimate the volume of the ice block. Once the models were constructed, we aimed to study the relationships between the cave and ice block morphologies.
In order to accomplish this goal, three (3) main datasets were collected, processed, and amalgamated. Ground penetrating radar data was used to discern the floor morphology below the ice block. Over 1,500 photographs were collected in the cave and used with Structure from Motion photogrammetry software to construct a texturized 3D model of the cave and ice surfaces. And a total station survey was performed to scale, georeference, and validate each model. Once georeferenced, the data was imported into an ArcGIS geodatabase for further analysis.
The methodology described within this study provides a powerful set of instructions for producing highly valuable scientific data, especially related to caves. Here, we describe in detail the novel tools and software used to validate, inspect, manipulate, and measure morphological information while immersed in a fully 3D experience.
With this methodology, it is possible to easily and inexpensively create digital elevation models of underground rooms and galleries, to measure the differences between surfaces, to create 3D models from the combination of surfaces, and to intimately inspect a subject area without actually being there.
At the culmination of these efforts, the partial ice block volume was estimated to be 118,000 m3 with an uncertainty of ± 9.5%. The volume computed herein is significantly larger than previously thought and the total volume is likely significantly larger, since certain portions were not modeled during this study. In addition, the morphology of ceiling enlargement was linked to areas of high elevation at the base of the ice block. A counterintuitive depression was recognized at the base of the Entrance Shaft. The thickest areas of the ice were identified for future coring projects. And combining all this a new informational allowed us to propose a new theory on the formation of the ice block and to decipher particular speleogenetic aspects.
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Hochstetler, Bethany Irene. "EVALUATION OF CLASTIC CAVE SEDIMENT RECORD VARIABILITY." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1136495477.
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McCann, Sarah C. "Atmospheric influences on cave meteorology, Jinapsan Cave, Guam| A drip rate analysis." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1536130.
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Temperature, pressure, and relative humidity within Jinapsan Cave on Guam were compiled and analyzed over a five-month period to gain a better understanding of this environment. Temperatures within the cave hover around ~26°C with no apparent influences except the mean annual temperature, with humidity values over 90%. There is high fidelity between outside and internal air pressures indicating no pressure differential exists and pressure changes are a result of kinematic wave flow. A mild correlation exists between a cave speleothem's drip rate and outside pressure. The cave's tidal pool compared to oceanic tides show a lag of 1-2 hours and amplitude dampening. The tidal pool's temperature is 25.7°C, signifying no mass transfer of water occurs. Tropical cave studies are rare, but are important for paleoclimate research using cave speleothems as proxies. This study determined cave meteorological factors that affect speleothem development to allow for more accurate paleoclimate studies.
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FARAUD, MOURARD ISABELLE. "Syndrome cave superieur par thrombose secondaire au catheterisme du reseau cave superieur." Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE6555.
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Stephenson, Jason. "Methanotrophy in Movile Cave." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/69299/.
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Movile Cave is an isolated cave ecosystem that receives no input of photosynthetically fixed carbon. Instead, carbon is primarily fixed through light- independent bacterial processes such as chemolithoautotrophy and methanotrophy. Distinctive microbial floating mats appear at the surface of groundwater flooding the cave, at the redox interface between the oxygenated air above (7-10%) and the anaerobic water below. Methane, of geological origin, bubbles up into the cave and is present in the cave atmosphere (0.5-1%). The in situ methanotroph community of Movile Cave microbial floating mat was determined by examination of metagenomic sequencing and pmoA gene microarray data sets. The metagenonomic sequencing approach indicated a Methylococcus capsulatus -like organism to be the most abundant methanotroph in Movile Cave. pmoA microarray analysis indicated a high abundance of Methylocystis pmoA gene sequences with Methylococcus capsulatus-like pmoA gene sequences being relatively abundant. The methane oxidising bacterium Methylomonas strain LWB was isolated from a sample of lake water from Movile Cave. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding 16S rRNA and the soluble and particulate methane monooxygenase functional gene markers pmoA and mmoX, respectively, confirmed that strain LWB belongs to the genus Methylomonas. Methylomonas LWB has a second putative copy of the particulate methane monooxygenase pXM which displays an unusual gene orientation. The Methylomonas LWB genome contains all genes encoding the typical Type I methanotroph ribulose monophosphate pathway for formaldehyde assimilation and all genes required for a complete TCA cycle. Active methane oxidisers in Movile Cave were identified by DNA Stable-isotope probing. Organisms belonging to the genera Methylomonas, Methylocystis, Methylococcus and Methylobacter- were identified from 13C-enriched DNA. Cross-feeding of the 13C label into non-methanotrophic organisms identified from the 13C-enriched DNA indicated that methanotrophs provide a carbon source for other microorganisms in Movile Cave.
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Kolčárek, Michal. "Augmented Reality in CAVE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236405.
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Tato práce se zaměřuje na technologii Cave Automatic Virtual Environment a konkrétně pak na využití principů rozšířené reality v tomto prostředí. Dává si za cíl odpovědět na otázku, zdali je možné použít v prostředí CAVE existující frameworky pro rozšířenou realitu, konkrétně ty, pracující na platformě iOS. Hlavní důraz je kladen na rozpoznávání markerů v tomto prostředí a na zvýšení přesnosti jejich rozpoznání. Práce odpovídá na množství otázek z této oblasti, jako jaké markery je vhodné použít, jaké jsou omezení a největší obtíže. Výstupem je demonstrační aplikace, pracující na platformě iOS, která v je prostředí CAVE otestovaná a plně použitelná. Tato aplikace by měla vylepšit uživatelský vjem z prostředí CAVE tím, že mu poskytne dodatečné informace a také základní možnosti interakce se zobrazenými objekty.
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Elmore, Clinton. "Comparing Structure from Motion Photogrammetry and Computer Vision for Low-Cost 3D Cave Mapping: Tipton-Haynes Cave, Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3608.
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Natural caves represent one of the most difficult environments to map with modern 3D technologies. In this study I tested two relatively new methods for 3D mapping in Tipton-Haynes Cave near Johnson City, Tennessee: Structure from Motion Photogrammetry and Computer Vision using Tango, an RGB-D (Red Green Blue and Depth) technology. Many different aspects of these two methods were analyzed with respect to the needs of average cave explorers. Major considerations were cost, time, accuracy, durability, simplicity, lighting setup, and drift. The 3D maps were compared to a conventional cave map drafted with measurements from a modern digital survey instrument called the DistoX2, a clinometer, and a measuring tape. Both 3D mapping methods worked, but photogrammetry proved to be too time consuming and laborious for capturing more than a few meters of passage. RGB-D was faster, more accurate, and showed promise for the future of low-cost 3D cave mapping.
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Compson, Zacchaeus Greg. "An Isotopic Examination of Cave, Spring and Epigean Trophic Structures in Mammoth Cave National Park." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1102.
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AN ISOTOPIC EXAMINATION OF CAVE, SPRING AND EPIGEAN TROPHIC STRUCTURES IN MAMMOTH CAVE NATIONAL PARK
Name: Zacchaeus Greg Compson Date: October 15, 2004 Pages: 56
Directed by: Philip Lienesch, Doug McElroy, Michael Stokes and Richard Bowker
Department of Biology Western Kentucky University
Abstract
High-water events in the Green River result in flow-reversals which flush native and introduced fishes into Mammoth Cave, posing threats to indigenous cave fauna. However, little is known about the trophic interactions between cave and epigean aquatic systems or their connectivity via natural springs. The purpose of this study was to use stable isotopes of C and N to describe and compare the trophic structure of epigean, spring and cave aquatic systems within Mammoth Cave National Park. Fourteen sites were sampled from fall 2002 to fall 2003; four in the Green River (epigean), four in spring-heads, and three inside Mammoth Cave. Two a priori hypotheses were tested: fish and invertebrates living in spring heads should express delta 13C values intermediate to those of organisms in cave and epigean aquatic systems and overall trophic levels in cave and spring samples should be compressed, showing lower delta15N values compared to epigean sites. Though cave and spring systems were dominated by allochthonous leaf litter, characteristic of headwater streams, the epigean system was also largely dependent on detrital inputs. Primary differences in delta13C were seen at higher trophic levels, particularly in top consumers such as Lepomis species, where delta13C values decreased from epigean to spring to cave habitats. Though all three habitats supported a similar number of trophic levels (N: 5), the trophic structure was compressed in cave and spring compared to epigean habitats. This trend, however, was obfuscated by delta15N values of accidental species in caves, which tended to be enriched, even when compared to epigean signals. This was attributed to either trophic enrichment from yolk sacs or starvation and subsequent self-processing. Overall, spring trophic structure was found to be intermediate to cave and epigean trophic structures in terms of delta13C values of upper-level fish consumers, but spring trophic structure was more similar to the cave trophic structure in terms of delta15N values, excluding cave accidentals.
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Hasegawa, Wataru. "Relationships among Cave Micrometeorology, Speleothem Growth and Surface Environment Revealed by Cave Monitoring Studies." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199113.
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Ecker, Michaela Sarah. "Two million years of environmental change : a case study from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f458923a-5b59-4d0a-91f4-83111b4e28dc.
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The arid interior of South Africa lacks long, continuous and well-dated climate and environmental proxy records that can be compared with cultural sequences and with broader global climate records. This thesis develops the first substantial terrestrial environmental sequence for the interior of southern Africa at the site of Wonderwerk Cave, spanning two million years of prehistory. Changes in vegetation and humidity over time were investigated by means of carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis on fossil herbivore enamel and ostrich eggshell, creating two independent proxy datasets. The Holocene record was used as a baseline for comparing the Pleistocene sequence, but required chronological tightening. Therefore, nine new radiocarbon dates were obtained, and calibrated and modelled with existing dates to provide a firmer chronology. The ostrich eggshell isotope record suggests arid but variable conditions, with distinct phases of increased humidity in the Early Pleistocene and mid-Holocene. Enamel stable isotope results show clear differences in local resource availability between the Early and Mid-Pleistocene, and then between the Pleistocene and Holocene, with an overall trend of increasing aridity. In particular, the onset of dietary specialisation in grazers at 0.8Ma is linked to expanding C4 grasslands. Aridity was not the driver behind the increase in C4 grasses, but changing pCO2 levels at the Mid Pleistocene transition were identified as a possible key factor. The presence of C3 and C4 grasses in the Early Pleistocene, when compared to the domination of C4 grasses today, was fostered by reduced rainfall seasonality. Regional independent developments have to be considered, as other regions in South and East Africa show C4 dominated diets in herbivores at earlier times than at Wonderwerk Cave. In the Holocene, higher temporal resolution indicates phases of environmental change coinciding with changes in the cultural record.
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DeWildt, Chris. "Conservation Studies of Insect Cave Faunas in Mammoth Cave National Park and Ghana, West Africa." TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/393.
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As part of a long term ecological monitoring effort at Mammoth Cave National Park, a blind cave beetle, Neaphaenops tellkampfi, was collected and data on populations trends gathered from September 2005 through December 2006 in Great Onyx Cave. The sex and age of each individual in each of 15 sites were determined and density trends of the entire population was measured. The species was chosen due to its role as an indicator species, since potential anthropogenic threats to the environment can be detected via population response. This was the initial implementation of a new monitoring method and a test of its efficacy was conducted by comparing observed trends to those of past studies. Of interest were changes in density, sex ratio, habitat preferences between sexes, and sclerotization class through five seasons. Population trends were congruent with the results of previous studies in this cave. There was a shift from the previously reported constant 1:1 sex ratio to one of female dominance in spring 2006. It was also discovered that males and females of both sclerotization classes utilize habitats among seasons similarly and display greatest trap abundance near large patches of sandy substrate. It was concluded that the ethod is an efficient evaluation tool though recommendations are made for its refinement as it is extended to additional sites. The first survey of the caves of Ghana was conducted in January of 2006. All insects observed were collected and identified in the laboratory to as specific a level as possible. The fauna appears to be more troglophilic rather than troglobytic and is likely that many of the species found inside the caves are likely to occur outside this habitat too.
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Slunder, J. Scott. "Field Test of a Calcite Dissolution Rate Law: Fort’s Funnel Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park." TopSCHOLAR®, 1993. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1415.
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The laboratory-derived calcite dissolution rate law of Plummer et al. (1978) is the most widely used and mechanistically detailed expression currently available for predicting dissolution rates as a function of water chemistry. Such rate expressions are of great use in understanding timescales associated with limestone karst development. Little work has gone into the field testing of the rate law under natural conditions.
This work compared measured dissolution rates measured by a crystal weight loss experiment in Buffalo Creek within Fort’s Funnel Cave, which lies within a pristine, forested catchment of Mammoth Cave National Park. Continuous water chemistry sampling over the same period allowed a time-integrated prediction of the dissolution based on the Plummer et al (1978) expression. Results indicate that the rate law overpredicted dissolution by a factor of about ten. This concurs with earlier laboratory work suggesting that the law tends to overpredict rates in solutions close to equilibrium with respect to calcite, as were the waters in this study.
Estimating dissolution rates with the expression under varying hydrologic conditions also allowed a prediction of storm scales change in cave forming processes. Neglecting effects of sediment masking on the bed, it was found that 78% of the work done in the dissolution of the cave passage during the study period occurred at or around baseflow conditions, with only a small amount during the effective but infrequent high flow conditions.
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Kim, Sunkyung. "Decline of the law, death of the monk Buddhist texts and images in the Anyang Caves of late sixth-century China /." Click to view thedissertation via Digital dissertation consortium, 2005.
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Efurd, David. "Early Buddhist caves of western India ca. second century BCE through the third century CE core elements, functions, and Buddhist practices /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1210983943.
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Kipper, Chelsey. "Influence of Spring Flow Reversals on Cave Dissolution in a Telogenetic Karst Aquifer, Mammoth Cave, KY." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3158.
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An often overlooked connection between karst groundwater systems and surface water is spring flow reversal, the flow of river water into karst springs caused by changes in hydraulic gradient. Karst aquifers are subject to the intrusion of river water when the hydraulic head of a base level river is higher than the hydraulic head of a base level spring. When this occurs, the flow out of the spring reverses, allowing river water to enter base level conduits. River water thus becomes a source of recharge into karst basins, transporting both valuable nutrients and harmful contaminants into karst aquifers. The rapid recharge of meteoric water, brief groundwater residence times, and the interconnection of surface and subsurface waters through a variety of karst features necessitates studying groundwater and surface water in karst landscapes as a unified system. This study examines the influence of spring flow reversal on cave dissolution in a telogenetic karst aquifer in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.
Spring flow reversals in Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP) were first recorded nearly one-hundred years ago, but a high-resolution study measuring the effects of spring flow reversals on dissolution in MCNP, or any other telogenetic karst system, had not been conducted until recently. In this study, high-resolution data were collected for pH, SpC, temperature, and stage, as well as weekly samples for major ion concentrations, alkalinity, and carbon isotopes, from June 2018 to December 2018. Surface water and groundwater data were used to quantify the complex hydrologic processes associated with the spring flow reversals, including seasonal changes in karst geochemistry and dissolution taking place between the Green River, River Styx Spring, and Echo River Spring. Data show distinct changes in geochemical parameters as flow reversals occur, with temperature being the principal indicator of flow direction change. During this study, all ten stable reverse flows coincided with increased discharge from the Green River Dam. The predominant drivers of dissolution in the River Styx and Echo River karst basins are storm events and seasonal changes in the hydrologic regime, rather than seasonal CO2 production, normal baseflow conditions, or stable reverse flow events. Estimated dissolution rates generally show that stable reverse flows contribute no more to dissolution than normal baseflow conditions – the highest amount of dissolution during a single stable reverse flow was only 0.003 mm. This is contrary to flow reversal studies in an eogenetic karst system in Florida, which estimated 3.4 mm of wall retreat during a single spring flow reversal. These contrasting results are likely due to significant differences in pH of river water, matrix porosity of the bedrock, basin morphology, and flow conditions.
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Rector, Meghan Anne. "Foraging in the Cave Environment: The Ecology of the Cave Spider Meta ovalis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259688464.
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Rowling, Jill. "Cave Aragonites of New South Wales." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/694.
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Abstract Aragonite is a minor secondary mineral in many limestone caves throughout the world. It has been claimed that it is the second-most common cave mineral after calcite (Hill & Forti 1997). Aragonite occurs as a secondary mineral in the vadose zone of some caves in New South Wales. Aragonite is unstable in fresh water and usually reverts to calcite, but it is actively depositing in some NSW caves. A review of current literature on the cave aragonite problem showed that chemical inhibitors to calcite deposition assist in the precipitation of calcium carbonate as aragonite instead of calcite. Chemical inhibitors work by physically blocking the positions on the calcite crystal lattice which would have otherwise allowed calcite to develop into a larger crystal. Often an inhibitor for calcite has no effect on the aragonite crystal lattice, thus aragonite may deposit where calcite deposition is inhibited. Another association with aragonite in some NSW caves appears to be high evaporation rates allowing calcite, aragonite and vaterite to deposit. Vaterite is another unstable polymorph of calcium carbonate, which reverts to aragonite and calcite over time. Vaterite, aragonite and calcite were found together in cave sediments in areas with low humidity in Wollondilly Cave, Wombeyan. Several factors were found to be associated with the deposition of aragonite instead of calcite speleothems in NSW caves. They included the presence of ferroan dolomite, calcite-inhibitors (in particular ions of magnesium, manganese, phosphate, sulfate and heavy metals), and both air movement and humidity. Aragonite deposits in several NSW caves were examined to determine whether the material is or is not aragonite. Substrates to the aragonite were examined, as was the nature of the bedrock. The work concentrated on Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave at Jenolan, Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit at Wombeyan and Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Cave) at Walli. Comparisons are made with other caves. The study sites are all located in Palaeozoic rocks within the Lachlan Fold Belt tectonic region. Two of the sites, Jenolan and Wombeyan, are close to the western edge of the Sydney Basin. The third site, Walli, is close to a warm spring. The physical, climatic, chemical and mineralogical influences on calcium carbonate deposition in the caves were investigated. Where cave maps were unavailable, they were prepared on site as part of the study. %At Jenolan Caves, Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave were examined in detail, %and other sites were compared with these. Contact Cave is located near the eastern boundary of the Late Silurian Jenolan Caves Limestone, in an area of steeply bedded and partially dolomitised limestone very close to its eastern boundary with the Jenolan volcanics. Aragonite in Contact Cave is precipitated on the ceiling as anthodites, helictites and coatings. The substrate for the aragonite is porous, altered, dolomitised limestone which is wedged apart by aragonite crystals. Aragonite deposition in Contact Cave is associated with a concentration of calcite-inhibiting ions, mainly minerals containing ions of magnesium, manganese and to a lesser extent, phosphates. Aragonite, dolomite and rhodochrosite are being actively deposited where these minerals are present. Calcite is being deposited where minerals containing magnesium ions are not present. The inhibitors appear to be mobilised by fresh water entering the cave as seepage along the steep bedding and jointing. During winter, cold dry air pooling in the lower part of the cave may concentrate minerals by evaporation and is most likely associated with the ``popcorn line'' seen in the cave. Wiburds Lake Cave is located near the western boundary of the Jenolan Caves Limestone, very close to its faulted western boundary with Ordovician cherts. Aragonite at Wiburds Lake Cave is associated with weathered pyritic dolomitised limestone, an altered, dolomitised mafic dyke in a fault shear zone, and also with bat guano minerals. Aragonite speleothems include a spathite, cavity fills, vughs, surface coatings and anthodites. Calcite occurs in small quantities at the aragonite sites. Calcite-inhibitors associated with aragonite include ions of magnesium, manganese and sulfate. Phosphate is significant in some areas. Low humidity is significant in two areas. Other sites briefly examined at Jenolan include Glass Cave, Mammoth Cave, Spider Cave and the show caves. Aragonite in Glass Cave may be associated with both weathering of dolomitised limestone (resulting in anthodites) and with bat guano (resulting in small cryptic forms). Aragonite in the show caves, and possibly in Mammoth and Spider Cave is associated with weathering of pyritic dolomitised limestone. Wombeyan Caves are developed in saccharoidal marble, metamorphosed Silurian Wombeyan Caves Limestone. Three sites were examined in detail at Wombeyan Caves: Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit (a steep sided doline with a dark zone). Sigma Cave is close to the south east boundary of the Wombeyan marble, close to its unconformable boundary with effusive hypersthene porphyry and intrusive gabbro, and contains some unmarmorised limestone. Aragonite occurs mainly in a canyon at the southern extremity of the cave and in some other sites. In Sigma Cave, aragonite deposition is mainly associated with minerals containing calcite-inhibitors, as well as some air movement in the cave. Calcite-inhibitors at Sigma Cave include ions of magnesium, manganese, sulfate and phosphate (possibly bat origin), partly from bedrock veins and partly from breakdown of minerals in sediments sourced from mafic igneous rocks. Substrates to aragonite speleothems include corroded speleothem, bedrock, ochres, mud and clastics. There is air movement at times in the canyon, it has higher levels of CO2 than other parts of the cave and humidity is high. Air movement may assist in the rapid exchange of CO2 at speleothem surfaces. Wollondilly Cave is located in the eastern part of the Wombeyan marble. At Wollondilly Cave, anthodites and helictites were seen in an inaccessible area of the cave. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were found at Jacobs Ladder and the Pantheon. Aragonite at Star Chamber is associated with huntite and hydromagnesite. In The Loft, speleothem corrosion is characteristic of bat guano deposits. Aragonite, vaterite and calcite were detected in surface coatings in this area. Air movement between the two entrances of this cave has a drying effect which may serve to concentrate minerals by evaporation in some parts of the cave. The presence of vaterite and aragonite in fluffy coatings infers that vaterite may be inverting to aragonite. Calcite-inhibitors in the sediments include ions of phosphate, sulphate, magnesium and manganese. Cave sediment includes material sourced from detrital mafic rocks. Cow Pit is located near Wollondilly Cave, and cave W43 is located near the northern boundary of the Wombeyan marble. At Cow Pit, paramorphs of calcite after aragonite occur in the walls as spheroids with minor huntite. Aragonite is a minor mineral in white wall coatings and red phosphatic sediments with minor hydromagnesite and huntite. At cave W43, aragonite was detected in the base of a coralloid speleothem. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were observed in the same speleothem. Dolomite in the bedrock may be a source of magnesium-rich minerals at cave W43. Walli Caves are developed in the massive Belubula Limestone of the Ordovician Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup (Barrajin Group). At the caves, the limestone is steeply bedded and contains chert nodules with dolomite inclusions. Gypsum and barite occur in veins in the limestone. At Walli Caves, Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Deep Cave) were examined for aragonite. Gypsum occurs both as a surface coating and as fine selenite needles on chert nodules in areas with low humidity in the caves. Aragonite at Walli caves was associated with vein minerals and coatings containing calcite-inhibitors and, in some areas, low humidity. Calcite-inhibitors include sulfate (mostly as gypsum), magnesium, manganese and barium. Other caves which contain aragonite are mentioned. Although these were not major study sites, sufficient information is available on them to make a preliminary assessment as to why they may contain aragonite. These other caves include Flying Fortress Cave and the B4-5 Extension at Bungonia near Goulburn, and Wyanbene Cave south of Braidwood. Aragonite deposition at Bungonia has some similarities with that at Jenolan in that dolomitisation of the bedrock has occurred, and the bedding or jointing is steep allowing seepage of water into the cave, with possible oxidation of pyrite. Aragonite is also associated with a mafic dyke. Wyanbene cave features some bedrock dolomitisation, and also features low grade ore bodies which include several known calcite-inhibitors. Aragonite appears to be associated with both features. Finally, brief notes are made of aragonite-like speleothems at Colong Caves (between Jenolan and Wombeyan), a cave at Jaunter (west of Jenolan) and Wellington (240\,km NW of Sydney).
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Rowling, Jill. "Cave Aragonites of New South Wales." University of Sydney. Geosciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/694.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Aragonite is a minor secondary mineral in many limestone caves throughout the world. It has been claimed that it is the second-most common cave mineral after calcite (Hill & Forti 1997). Aragonite occurs as a secondary mineral in the vadose zone of some caves in New South Wales. Aragonite is unstable in fresh water and usually reverts to calcite, but it is actively depositing in some NSW caves. A review of current literature on the cave aragonite problem showed that chemical inhibitors to calcite deposition assist in the precipitation of calcium carbonate as aragonite instead of calcite. Chemical inhibitors work by physically blocking the positions on the calcite crystal lattice which would have otherwise allowed calcite to develop into a larger crystal. Often an inhibitor for calcite has no effect on the aragonite crystal lattice, thus aragonite may deposit where calcite deposition is inhibited. Another association with aragonite in some NSW caves appears to be high evaporation rates allowing calcite, aragonite and vaterite to deposit. Vaterite is another unstable polymorph of calcium carbonate, which reverts to aragonite and calcite over time. Vaterite, aragonite and calcite were found together in cave sediments in areas with low humidity in Wollondilly Cave, Wombeyan. Several factors were found to be associated with the deposition of aragonite instead of calcite speleothems in NSW caves. They included the presence of ferroan dolomite, calcite-inhibitors (in particular ions of magnesium, manganese, phosphate, sulfate and heavy metals), and both air movement and humidity. Aragonite deposits in several NSW caves were examined to determine whether the material is or is not aragonite. Substrates to the aragonite were examined, as was the nature of the bedrock. The work concentrated on Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave at Jenolan, Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit at Wombeyan and Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Cave) at Walli. Comparisons are made with other caves. The study sites are all located in Palaeozoic rocks within the Lachlan Fold Belt tectonic region. Two of the sites, Jenolan and Wombeyan, are close to the western edge of the Sydney Basin. The third site, Walli, is close to a warm spring. The physical, climatic, chemical and mineralogical influences on calcium carbonate deposition in the caves were investigated. Where cave maps were unavailable, they were prepared on site as part of the study. %At Jenolan Caves, Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave were examined in detail, %and other sites were compared with these. Contact Cave is located near the eastern boundary of the Late Silurian Jenolan Caves Limestone, in an area of steeply bedded and partially dolomitised limestone very close to its eastern boundary with the Jenolan volcanics. Aragonite in Contact Cave is precipitated on the ceiling as anthodites, helictites and coatings. The substrate for the aragonite is porous, altered, dolomitised limestone which is wedged apart by aragonite crystals. Aragonite deposition in Contact Cave is associated with a concentration of calcite-inhibiting ions, mainly minerals containing ions of magnesium, manganese and to a lesser extent, phosphates. Aragonite, dolomite and rhodochrosite are being actively deposited where these minerals are present. Calcite is being deposited where minerals containing magnesium ions are not present. The inhibitors appear to be mobilised by fresh water entering the cave as seepage along the steep bedding and jointing. During winter, cold dry air pooling in the lower part of the cave may concentrate minerals by evaporation and is most likely associated with the ``popcorn line'' seen in the cave. Wiburds Lake Cave is located near the western boundary of the Jenolan Caves Limestone, very close to its faulted western boundary with Ordovician cherts. Aragonite at Wiburds Lake Cave is associated with weathered pyritic dolomitised limestone, an altered, dolomitised mafic dyke in a fault shear zone, and also with bat guano minerals. Aragonite speleothems include a spathite, cavity fills, vughs, surface coatings and anthodites. Calcite occurs in small quantities at the aragonite sites. Calcite-inhibitors associated with aragonite include ions of magnesium, manganese and sulfate. Phosphate is significant in some areas. Low humidity is significant in two areas. Other sites briefly examined at Jenolan include Glass Cave, Mammoth Cave, Spider Cave and the show caves. Aragonite in Glass Cave may be associated with both weathering of dolomitised limestone (resulting in anthodites) and with bat guano (resulting in small cryptic forms). Aragonite in the show caves, and possibly in Mammoth and Spider Cave is associated with weathering of pyritic dolomitised limestone. Wombeyan Caves are developed in saccharoidal marble, metamorphosed Silurian Wombeyan Caves Limestone. Three sites were examined in detail at Wombeyan Caves: Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit (a steep sided doline with a dark zone). Sigma Cave is close to the south east boundary of the Wombeyan marble, close to its unconformable boundary with effusive hypersthene porphyry and intrusive gabbro, and contains some unmarmorised limestone. Aragonite occurs mainly in a canyon at the southern extremity of the cave and in some other sites. In Sigma Cave, aragonite deposition is mainly associated with minerals containing calcite-inhibitors, as well as some air movement in the cave. Calcite-inhibitors at Sigma Cave include ions of magnesium, manganese, sulfate and phosphate (possibly bat origin), partly from bedrock veins and partly from breakdown of minerals in sediments sourced from mafic igneous rocks. Substrates to aragonite speleothems include corroded speleothem, bedrock, ochres, mud and clastics. There is air movement at times in the canyon, it has higher levels of CO2 than other parts of the cave and humidity is high. Air movement may assist in the rapid exchange of CO2 at speleothem surfaces. Wollondilly Cave is located in the eastern part of the Wombeyan marble. At Wollondilly Cave, anthodites and helictites were seen in an inaccessible area of the cave. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were found at Jacobs Ladder and the Pantheon. Aragonite at Star Chamber is associated with huntite and hydromagnesite. In The Loft, speleothem corrosion is characteristic of bat guano deposits. Aragonite, vaterite and calcite were detected in surface coatings in this area. Air movement between the two entrances of this cave has a drying effect which may serve to concentrate minerals by evaporation in some parts of the cave. The presence of vaterite and aragonite in fluffy coatings infers that vaterite may be inverting to aragonite. Calcite-inhibitors in the sediments include ions of phosphate, sulphate, magnesium and manganese. Cave sediment includes material sourced from detrital mafic rocks. Cow Pit is located near Wollondilly Cave, and cave W43 is located near the northern boundary of the Wombeyan marble. At Cow Pit, paramorphs of calcite after aragonite occur in the walls as spheroids with minor huntite. Aragonite is a minor mineral in white wall coatings and red phosphatic sediments with minor hydromagnesite and huntite. At cave W43, aragonite was detected in the base of a coralloid speleothem. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were observed in the same speleothem. Dolomite in the bedrock may be a source of magnesium-rich minerals at cave W43. Walli Caves are developed in the massive Belubula Limestone of the Ordovician Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup (Barrajin Group). At the caves, the limestone is steeply bedded and contains chert nodules with dolomite inclusions. Gypsum and barite occur in veins in the limestone. At Walli Caves, Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Deep Cave) were examined for aragonite. Gypsum occurs both as a surface coating and as fine selenite needles on chert nodules in areas with low humidity in the caves. Aragonite at Walli caves was associated with vein minerals and coatings containing calcite-inhibitors and, in some areas, low humidity. Calcite-inhibitors include sulfate (mostly as gypsum), magnesium, manganese and barium. Other caves which contain aragonite are mentioned. Although these were not major study sites, sufficient information is available on them to make a preliminary assessment as to why they may contain aragonite. These other caves include Flying Fortress Cave and the B4-5 Extension at Bungonia near Goulburn, and Wyanbene Cave south of Braidwood. Aragonite deposition at Bungonia has some similarities with that at Jenolan in that dolomitisation of the bedrock has occurred, and the bedding or jointing is steep allowing seepage of water into the cave, with possible oxidation of pyrite. Aragonite is also associated with a mafic dyke. Wyanbene cave features some bedrock dolomitisation, and also features low grade ore bodies which include several known calcite-inhibitors. Aragonite appears to be associated with both features. Finally, brief notes are made of aragonite-like speleothems at Colong Caves (between Jenolan and Wombeyan), a cave at Jaunter (west of Jenolan) and Wellington (240\,km NW of Sydney).
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Fiacconi, M. "Cave pollen taphonomy in Kurdish Iraq." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6712/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms involved in pollen transport and deposition in cave environments and the influence of different factors on the composition of the pollen assemblage, with special reference to the problem of the Neanderthal ‘Flower burial’ at Shanidar Cave, Kurdish Iraq. Limited systematic taphonomic work has been done in cave environments, with most of the studies on an ad hoc basis. However, the number of interconnected factors acting on pollen transport, deposition and accumulation in this kind of environments implies that models used for open-air sites are inadequate and demonstrates the need for further taphonomic studies. Surface samples from six caves located in the Zagros Mountains of Kurdish Iraq were collected along front-back transects and outside for comparison in order to evaluate the distribution of anemophilous and entomophilous taxa in relation to the sample location. Additional surface samples were collected from Shanidar Cave along a side to side and perimeter transects to better evaluate the pollen distribution. Water, airfall and animal dung samples were also collected to investigate the influence of those factors in pollen transport. Finally, stratigraphic samples collected during the excavation at the site were analysed for pollen and for particle size distribution. Results show that simple sac-like caves with little or no influence of factors such as water, humans and animals are characterised by broadly predictable patterns of pollen distribution with a positive correlation between anemophilous pollen and vicinity to the cave entrance and entomophilous pollen and distance from the cave entrance. Caves with active biotic vectors and/or more complex geomorphology show instead more irregular patterns. Cave SLS203 presents an inverse anemophilous/entomophilous distribution that is likely to be related to its geomorphological complexity (a second entrance at the back of the cave influencing the air circulation) and to the presence of animals. Shanidar Cave presents a very irregular distribution which is likely to reflect a combination of factors such as the mixing of surface sediments caused by the tourists visiting the site, the pollen transported by animals and that moved by the wind. Other factors, such as water input and cave entrance flora, seem not to play an important role in ii Kurdish Iraq, while they appear to strongly influence pollen distribution in caves elsewhere (e.g. Coles, 1988; Simpson, 2006). The stratigraphic samples were sterile or contained few pollen grains, probably because the aeolian nature of the sediments, deposited during stadials, with low pollen deposition and high sediment influx. Finally, clumps of pollen of both anemophilous and entomophilous taxa have been found for different taxa in all the caves. Leroi-Gourhan (1975) had suggested that similar clumps found in the vicinity of Shanidar IV remains were evidence for burial with flowers but their presence on the surface demonstrates that they can occur naturally and that other explanations should be considered. Moreover, the high amount of Lactuceae and the presence of older pollen grains in her samples suggest a strong taphonomic imprint not necessarily resulting from anthropogenic activity.
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Addison, Aaron. "ArcGIS geodatabase data model for cave science a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of Master of Science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2006. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/AddisonAaron/index.htm.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2006.The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on January 25, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Pienaar, Marc. "Dating the stone age at Rose Cottage Cave South Africa : an exercise in optically dating cave sediments." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06052007-084723.
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Hirko, Jeffrey George. "CONDUIT ORIGIN AND PALEOHYDROLOGY OF HAYNES CAVE: MONROE COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1336097022.
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Hall, Andrew Wesley. "Verification of and Expansion Upon the Use of Cave Scallops in Recreating Hydrogeologic Conditions in Karst Aquifers." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1554989185960227.
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Pachos, Alexander. "An Empirical Study of Cave Passage Dimensions Using Augmented Radial and Longitudinal Survey Data." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1221760340.
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Toledano, Raphaël. "Thrombose de la veine cave supérieure avec masse intra-ventriculaire droite et thrombose de la veine cave inférieure." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1M026.
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Haking, Linn. "Tracing Upper Palaeolithic People in Caves : Methodological developments of cave space analysis, applied to the decorated caves of Marsoulas, Chauvet and Rouffignac, southern France." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-105714.
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Upper Palaeolithic cave art research has tended to focus on the images themselves, rather than the physical and social circumstances of their production. This dissertation explores and develops new practice-based ways of investigating cave art. A method analysing features of the cave environment, such as light, space and accessibility, internal conditions etc., and how these relate to traces of human activity, is developed and applied to three decorated caves from Upper Palaeolithic in southern France: Marsoulas (Haute-Garonne), Chauvet (Ardèche) and Rouffignac (Périgord). New insights are suggested into the underlying practice of cave art and its significance in Upper Palaeolithic societies.La recherche l’art rupestre Paléolithique supérieur a eu tendance à se focaliser sur les images elles-mêmes, plutôt que les circonstances physiques et sociales de leur production. Cette dissertation explore et développe des nouvelles formes d’investigation de l’art rupestre basées sur la pratique. Une méthode pour analyser des caractéristiques de l’environnement de la grotte, comme la lumière, l’espace et l’accessibilité, des conditions internes etc., et comment ceux-ci sont associés à des traces de l’activité humaine, est développée et appliquée à trois grottes de l’époque Paléolithique supérieur dans le sud de France: Marsoulas (Haute-Garonne), Chauvet (Ardèche) et Rouffignac (Périgord). Une nouvelle vision est suggérée pour la pratique sous-jacente de l’art rupestre et son importance dans les sociétés paléolithiques.
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Craven, Stephen Adrian. "Cango Cave, Oudtshoorn District of the Cape Province, South Africa : an assessment of its development and management 1780-1992 : short title, Management problems at Cango Cave." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17328.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.No detailed investigation has been previously made of the legal status, administration, history, management, finances, and conservation status of a show cave in South Africa. This study, using archival sources and field work, makes a thorough assessment of Cango Cave, a well-known show cave in the Swartberg foothills north of Oudtshoorn in the Cape Province of South Africa. Repeated field trips to Cange Cave and to other caves in the area have confirmed the environmental deterioration of Cango Cave and its surroundings. This study has shown that such deterioration has been caused by human pressures on a non-renewable resource. Reading of the extensive Government and other archives, supplemented by newspaper and other published material, has for the first time enabled the scientific, administrative and financial history of the Cave to be available in one document. Analysis of this assembled evidence, augmented by reading between the lines where the evidence is occasionally missing, has shown the reasons for the failure of successive Cave managements during the past two centuries to operate on a conservation basis. This failure to conserve Cango Cave has occurred despite the avowed policy of every political master of the Cape since 1820 that the Cave is a national asset which shall be conserved. The thesis commences with a description of the location and topography of Cango Cave, followed by a review of cave conservation literature and a summary of the published information on the Cave. There follows a detailed account of the discovery and development of the Cave from 1780 until 1992, and an assessment of its financial status. The impact of humans on the Cave, and its conservation status, are examined in detail. The above data are then discussed at length, and the reasons for the present unsatisfactory management structure identified. Having demonstrated the past and present management failures at Cango Cave, recommendations are made for better management structures and for the necessary applied research. Such research will provide the information which is essential for the future management of Cango Cave on a conservation basis.
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Koepnick, Steven Michael. "Training civil support teams in the CAVE." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1472960.
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Brunt, Matthew. "Analysis of Mammoth Cave Pre-Park Communities." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/132.
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Before the creation of Mammoth Cave National Park, this area was home to numerous communities, each with a sense of identity. To prepare for the creation of the National Park, all residents living within these communities were relocated, and many of these communities were lost to the passage of time. Today, public memory of these lost communities is being fostered by the descendents of the pre-park area.
Through the use of a Historical Geographic Information System, 1920 Edmonson County manuscript census data, and statistical analysis, the demographic composition of these lost communities was explored. This project not only brought to light a past that is not well known, but also built interest in sustaining public memory of the Mammoth Cave pre-park area through the use of historical GIS and public participation.
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Liu, Yubo. "Characterisation of block cave mining secondary fragmentation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58516.
Full textAbstract:
Block cave mining is a widely employed mining method around the world due to its low operating cost. One of the key factors that affects block caving mine’s productivity is fragmentation; accordingly, significant efforts have been made and are currently being made to study fragmentation processes, including the use of numerical modelling and remote sensing techniques. It is desirable to develop fragmentation models that could be used to provide reliable estimates of the range and distribution of the sizes of the rock blocks expected to be induced by caving. In the context of block and panel cave mining, fragmentation processes are characterised as:
i) In-situ (natural) Fragmentation: in-situ blocks that are naturally present within the rock mass before any mining activity takes place. They are defined by the pre-existing discontinuities.
ii) Primary Fragmentation: blocks that separates from the cave back as the undercut is mined and caving is initiated.
iii) Secondary Fragmentation: fragmentation that occurs as the blocks move down through the ore column to the drawpoints.
The main goal of this thesis is to attempt to establish a relationship between in-situ fragmentation and secondary fragmentation. This is achieved by:
i) Measuring secondary fragmentation observed at the drawpoints. Digital image processing is employed in this process, using WipFrag (WipWare, 2014) and PortaMetrics (MotionMetrics, 2015).
ii) Using Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) to generate in-situ fragmentation curves based on data mapped from boreholes and drifts. The code FracMan (Golder, 2014) is used to generate the DFN model and the fragmentation curves. Additionally, the height of draw data from code PCBC (Systems, 2015) is used to establish a relationship between modelled in-situ fragmentation and measured secondary fragmentation.
iii) This research is considered to benefit the assessment of block caving fragmentation specifically the estimate of oversizes (hang-ups) at draw columns. Also as a part of the on-going project Cave-to-Mill (Nadolski, et al., 2015) conducted at UBC Mining, this research will feed into the further analysis of Cave - to - Mill study.Applied Science, Faculty of
Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of
Graduate
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Cotter, Hannah B. "Simulation Modeling of a Tropical Cave Ecosystem." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/561.
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The Tamana Cave system in Trinidad is relatively unaffected by the environment outside of the cave walls, like most cave ecosystems. Since a very limited amount of light can enter the cave, bat movement controls the temperature cycle rather than the solar radiation that controls it in the surrounding forest. Similarly, the ecosystem cannot be sustained by energy from photosynthesis and so the main source of energy comes from the guano produced by the insectivorous bat species, N. tumidirostris. The frugivorous bat species, P. hastatus, also roosts inside of the cave, but the wetness of the top level of its guano prevents the guano from being suitable for cockroach consumption and therefore ends the flow of energy through the system. STELLA software was used to create a model consisting of three stacked logistic growth equations that demonstrate the ecosystem of Tamana cave. The model focuses on the population of insectivorous bats, on the guano that this species produces, and on the cockroach species, E. distanti. The model provides insight into the population dynamics and environmental processes at play in the cave, and is useful in predicting the behavior of the ecosystem. After running the model under a number of different scenarios, the graphs were used to visually display the effects of altering inputs in the system. These altered inputs represent hypothetical changes that could occur in a natural system such as a lowered intrinsic rate of increase bat population, an increase in initial bat population, or a decrease in the amount of guano that each cockroach needs to survive.
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Junior, Roberto Cabado Modia. "Experimentações artísticas no ambiente imersivo da Cave." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27131/tde-14082009-172103/.
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Os paradigmas da criação artística para a CAVE (CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment) ainda estão sendo elaborados pois, no âmbito da Realidade Virtual, é uma tecnologia recente e ainda bastante onerosa, fatores que dificultam sua disseminação. Ainda assim, algumas instituições possuem CAVEs para pesquisas artístico-culturais. Dentre elas, figura o centro de pesquisas Ars Electronica que, em parceria com o artista transmídia Maurice Benayoun, produziu em sua CAVE, cuja visitação é aberta ao público, a premiada obra World Skin. Com o intuito de situar o atual estado da arte das experimentações artísticas em CAVEs, esta obra mereceu análise detalhada de seus processos criativos e metodológicos. Nela, o autor investiga as reações cognitivas dos visitantes e propõe uma nova relação espaçocorporal dentro de um mundo virtual. A potencialidade artística da CAVE é grande e existe interesse dos artistas em explorá-la. As novas pesquisas e avanços tecnológicos apontam perspectivas de um maior acesso a este tipo de ambiente imersivo, consolidando-o como um prolífero suporte artístico.The paradigms behind artistic creation for CAVE (CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment) are yet to be elaborate, since in the realm of Virtual Reality, this is a recent and expensive technology, which poses barriers to its own spreading. Even so, some institutions do have CAVEs for culture and artistic research. Among them, there\'s the research center Ars Electronica, which, in partnership with transmedia artist Maurice Benayoun, has produced in its CAVE (which is open for public visits), the award-winning work World Skin. With the objective of placing experimental artistic manifestations in CAVEs, this work has been deeply analyzed, concerning its creative processes and methods. The author evaluates the cognitive reactions of the visitors and proposes a new corporal-space relationship in a virtual world. The artistic potential behind a CAVE seems to be huge, and artists are willing to explore it. According to new researches and recent developed technologies, there will be a broader access to this kind of immersive environment, which might become a highly productive platform for artists.
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Farrant, Andrew Roger. "Long-term Quaternary chronologies from cave deposits." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294897.
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Cooney, Jessica Behrman. "The child in the cave : the contribution of non-adults to the creation of cave art and community in the Upper Palaeolithic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708066.
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Tobin, Ben. "An Analysis of Base-Level Conduit Sedimentation in South Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/383.
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In karst basins, significant amounts of surface-derived sediment can enter into cave systems. The transport and deposition of these sediments in underground streams is a function of flow velocity, sediment supply and passage morphology. Changes in the surface environment can affect the water and sediment supplies to subsurface drainage systems and thus may be reflected in the sedimentary structure, texture and rates of deposition of cave sediments. Cave sediments in two south central Kentucky caves were studied to evaluate a possible, relationship between variations in deposit characteristics and variations in surface changes, including land-use. Samples were collected using coring tubes to preserve the structure within the sediment. The structure was documented visually, recording distinct changes in the layering. The textural variations were determined through sieving samples at 5 cm intervals. Passage morphology was documented through detailed mapping of the passage in the vicinity of the sediment banks. Rates of deposition were determined through Cesium and Carbon isotope analysis of the sediments and these dates were then compared to major changes in land-use in the drainage basin. It was determined that the character of sediments deposited at particular locations likely depends on the distance from the source of sediment, passage geometry and surface land use history.
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Despain, Joel. "Hydrochemistry in an Alpine Karst System, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/457.
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This study uses high-resolution, long-term conductivity, temperature, discharge, pH, and laboratory data from 2001 through 2003 from an alpine karst spring located at 2,500 m amsl in Sequoia National Park, California to reveal detailed chemical parameters of this karst system. The data show a system with a pronounced spring run-off, extended periods of base flow quiescence, storm responses tied to precipitation as rain or as snowfall, and clear diurnal and seasonal patterns of discharge. pH and spC values show an inverse relationship to discharge and temperature, which are generally in phase. Total inorganic carbon (TIC) and the fraction of mineral-derived and biologically derived C were calculated using three methods. One provided values close to the theoretically likely ratio of 50:50 between the two C sources, while others showed ratios of greater biologically derived C, an unlikely possibility in groundwater chemistry. Saturation indices for the system vary seasonally, with base flow waters saturated at SI values between 0.2 and 0.5, and spring run-off (Q > 100 L/s) waters under saturated and chemically aggressive with SI values as low as -1.2. Late summer rain storm events can return the system to an under saturated state. The denudation rate for the marble bedrock, which makes up approximately 8% of the basin, was found to be high at 148.6 mm/1000 years. Ion and TIC flux are shown to be determined by discharge and not ion concentration.
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Hardwick, Paul. "The impact of agriculture on limestone caves : with special reference to Castleton catchment, Derbyshire." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262354.
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Taylor, John Edward. "Long-term forest monitoring program for Mammoth Cave National Park." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041910.
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A long-term forest monitoring program was initiated at Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP). The objectives of this project were to establish baseline data on the representative forest community types at MCNP based on dominant tree species. Permanent monitoring plots were established in different forest community types throughout the park. A total of 32 permanent plots were established for a combined sample area of 11.4 hectares. All stems larger than 5 cm dbh were measured and mapped within each permanent plot. Data on saplings were also collected. Distributions and abundances were determined for all species in permanent plots and combined for community type summaries. Stand tables were generated for four stem diameter size categories for each permanent plot. Stand analyses included calculation of values for species in four size categories.The results describe the forests of MCNP in various stages of succession. There is a trend toward increasing dominance of shade tolerant species in several of the community types. Species composition is in transition from the dry site, shade intolerant species in the canopy to shade tolerant species in the understory. Corpus f lorida, Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, and Acer rubrum are prominent species in the understory and sapling layers. Early successional species continue to dominate heavily or recently disturbed locations on karst and dry upland sites. Juniperus virginiana is the dominant species in three of the seven community types sampled. The Hemlock and Beech-Maple Communities, Community Types II and VIII, appear to be maintaining their present species compositions and community structures. These are successionally "mature" forests, and include some of the most ecologically important areas of the park. However, Betula alleghaniensis is not reproducing in the Hemlock ravines community type, the only sites where this species occurs. Ailanthus altissima, an invasive exotic tree, was found in several of the areas sampled.Department of Biology
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Morais, Ardalla Guimarães Oliveira. "The Cave : práticas de letramento entre jogadores na internet." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2015. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/197.
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Com a percepção de que cada vez mais pessoas, dentre elas ex-alunos, colegas da universidade, do trabalho e até mesmo familiares se apropriavam dos jogos digitais, ou videogames, e que estes não significavam apenas entretenimento, mas, sim, oportunidades de práticas de letramento em que os participantes propagam conhecimentos, crenças e identidades em suas interações, compreendemos que se constituíam em um fenômeno cultural contemporâneo que necessitava ser estudado no âmbito da Linguística. Considerando esse cenário, esta pesquisa tem como finalidade investigar sobre as possíveis práticas de letramento vivenciadas por usuários a partir do contato com um computer game e foram evidenciadas em dois ambientes virtuais diferenciados. Este trabalho teve como suporte teórico, dentre outros, os estudos de multiletramentos (KNOBEL e LANKSHEAR, 2007, 2011), letramento e letramento digital (ROJO, 2009, 2012; BUZATO, 2003, 2008, 2012) e sobre os videogames (GEE, 2004, 2007; PRENSKY, 2001, 2006). A pergunta de pesquisa norteadora deste trabalho foi: Quais práticas de letramento o jogo The Cave proporcionou aos sujeitos pesquisados e foram evidenciadas nos dois ambientes (Steam e Facebook)? A abordagem metodológica adotada foi a interpretativista com a análise de diálogos gerados por meio de entrevistas virtuais (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008; FLICK, 2009), questionário e algumas postagens dos usuários nos ambientes analisados. A partir dos temas recorrentes, os resultados podem sinalizar que o contato com o jogo digital escolhido permitiu o surgimento de diversas práticas de letramento, dentre as quais algumas jamais imaginadas e relacionadas a um game.
According to the perception realization that more and more people, including former students, university and work colleagues, and even family members appropriated to a digital games or video games and they did not mean just entertainment, but rather opportunities for literacy practices in which the participants propagate knowledge, beliefs and identities in their interactions, we understood that these are dealt with a contemporary cultural phenomenon that needed to be studied in the Linguistics context. Considering this scenario, this research aims to investigate the possible literacy practices experienced by users from contact with a computer game and were found in two different virtual environments. This work was theoretically supported, among others, in studies of multiliteracies (KNOBEL and LANKSHEAR, 2007, 2011), literacy and digital literacy (ROJO, 2009, 2012; BUZATO, 2003, 2008, 2012) and about video games, (GEE 2004, 2007; PRENSKY, 2001, 2006). The main question of guiding this research was: What literacy practices the game The Cave provided to the subjects studied and were found in both environments (Steam and Facebook)? The methodological approach adopted was an interpretative approach after the dialogue analysis through virtual interviews (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008; FLICK, 2009), questionnaire and some posts by users in the investigated environments. From the recurring themes, the results may signal that contact with the chosen digital game allowed the emergence of various literacy practices, among which, some never imagined and related to a game.
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Buhay, Jennifer E. "Phylogeographic analyses of obligate and facultative cave crayfish species on the Cumberland Plateau of the Southern Appalachians /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1415.pdf.
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Shano, Tsepang Mabasia. "Developing heritage and cultural tourism in Lesotho : the case of Ha Kome cave village." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41507.
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“Reported as the fastest growing sectors of the global economy, tourism is rapidly growing in the developing countries for they seek to boost foreign investments and financial reserves” (Third World Network, 1999). Tourism is further being supported by World Tourism Organization as a key tool through which to address the problem of poverty in the developing countries (1987). Lesotho has been exposed to tourism development since 1966 independence. The country has over the years seen changes in the processes of tourism development particularly the shift from promotion of the country as an exclusive natural destination to the addition of other tourist possessions in the tourism package.
This thesis is an assessment of Lesotho‟s standing as a tourism destination. In particularly it attempted to confirm the tourism integrity of the Ha Kome Caves; checked the tourism resources and facilities offered by the place; examined how heritage and culture resources are being exploited for tourism and investigatd the tourism impact on the area. Edward Inskeep‟s model has been used as a viable tool to assess value of the key heritage and culture attractions and resources presented by Ha Kome village.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
am2014
Historical and Heritage Studies
unrestricted
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Faulkner, Trevor Laurence. "Cave inception and development in Caledonide metacarbonate rocks." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2005. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9141/.
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Sommer, Caitlin Ariel. "Animacy, Symbolism, and Feathers from Mantle's Cave, Colorado." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1539391.
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Rediscovered in the 1930s by the Mantle family, Mantle's Cave contained excellently preserved feather bundles, a feather headdress, moccasins, a deer-scalp headdress, baskets, stone tools, and other perishable goods. From the start of excavations, Mantle's Cave appeared to display influences from both Fremont and Ancestral Puebloan peoples, leading Burgh and Scoggin to determine that the cave was used by Fremont people displaying traits heavily influenced by Basketmaker peoples. Researchers have analyzed the baskets, cordage, and feather headdress in the hopes of obtaining both radiocarbon dates and clues as to which culture group used Mantle's Cave. This thesis attempts to derive the cultural influence of the artifacts from Mantle's Cave by analyzing the feathers. This analysis includes data from comparative cave sites displaying cultural, temporal, or site-type similarities to Mantle's Cave. In addition to the archaeological data, ethnographic data concerning how Great Basin, Southwest, Great Plains, and northern Mexican peoples conceive of and use feathers will be included. Lastly, theoretical perspectives on agency, symbolism, and the transmission of cultural traditions will be used in an effort to interpret the data collected herein.
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Sawyer, Susanna. "Insights into Neandertals and Denisovans from Denisova Cave." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-204682.
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Denisova Cave is located in the Altai mountains of Russia. Excavations from this cave have yielded two large hominin molars and three hominin phalanxes from the Pleistocene. One of the phalanxes (Denisova 3) had extraordinary DNA preservation allowing the sequencing of high quality nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes and has been shown to belong to a young girl from hereto unknown sister group of Neandertals, called Denisovans. The mtDNA of Denisova 3 surprisingly split from the mtDNA ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals twice as long ago as the split of modern humans and Neandertals. The mtDNA of one of the molars (Denisova 4) was also sequenced and differs at only two positions from the mtDNA of Denisova 3. A second phalanx (Altai 1) also yielded a high quality genome, and was a Neandertal. While Neandertals show an admixture signal of 1-4% into present-day non-Africans, Denisovans show an admixture of up to 5% in present-day Oceanians, and to a much lesser extent East Asians.
This thesis encompasses two studies. In the first study, we sequenced the complete mtDNA genome of the additional molar (Denisova 8), as well as a few megabases of nuclear DNA from Denisova 4 and Denisova 8. While the mtDNA of Denisova 8 is clearly of the Denisova type, its branch to the most recent common ancestor of Denisovans is half as long as the branch leading to Denisova 3 or Denisova 4, indicating that Denisova 8 lived many millenia before the other two. Both Denisova 4 and 8 fall together with Denisova 3 based on nuclear DNA, bringing the number of known Denisovans from one to three.
In the second study, we sequenced an almost complete mtDNA and a few megabases of nuclear DNA from the third hominin phalanx from Denisova Cave, Altai 2. Both the mtDNA and the nuclear DNA show Altai 2 to be a Neandertal. The mtDNA also showed the presence of substantial Pleistocene spotted hyena contamination. Low levels of spotted hyena contamination were also found in Altai 1, Denisova 3 and Denisova 4. Partial mtDNA genomes of the contaminating spotted hyenas from these four hominins were compared to mtDNA genomes of other extant and extinct spotted hyenas. We show that the spotted hyenas that contaminated the two Denisovans come from a population of spotted hyenas found in Pleistocene Europe as well as present-day Africa, while the spotted hyenas that contaminated Altai 2, and possibly Altai 1, come from a population of spotted hyenas found in Pleisticene eastern Russia and northern China. This indicates that Denisova Cave was a meeting point of eastern and western hominins as well as eastern and western spotted hyena populations.
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Balbaligo, Y. E. "Ceramics and social practices at Ille Cave, Philippines." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1465410/.
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This research uses ceramic analysis to investigate variations in technological practices in the Philippines, and the relationships with pottery traditions previously reported for wider Southeast Asia. The thesis focuses on an examination of the earthenware ceramics from the multi-period burial and occupation site of Ille Cave and Rockshelter, and nearby cave sites in northern Palawan, Philippines. Previous work on Philippine ceramics has used surface decorations to discuss grand narratives of human movement. This thesis argues that technology, rather than decoration or style, is a better indicator of people and social practice. While critiquing these dominant interpretations, this thesis seeks to build on previous work by demonstrating how differences in ceramic technology can be interpreted as indicators of distinct learning traditions and learning networks, suggesting different communities of practice. The range of techniques used to prepare the clay, form and decorate the ceramics, were analysed macroscopically in hand specimen, and microscopically by petrography, stereoscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct the chaîne opératoire which shows difference in technological practice. Results indicate that most of the ceramics were locally made and used as votive offerings rather than as grave goods, jar burials or for ritual breakage, during the Developed Metal Age. The cave sites were returned to as a fixed point in the landscape to commemorate the dead. It is suggested that the variability in ceramics coupled with the mortuary practices were expressions of a group’s social complexity and cultural identity. The ceramic variability shows distinct cultural pluralism which demonstrates a diversity of social groups in a small locale. Although some commonalities in pottery production and decorative techniques with those in wider Southeast Asia are discussed, the current lack of dating evidence or comparative ceramic technology studies makes it difficult to interpret the direction and timing of large scale cultural change. This thesis, however, presents methods and theories for how this research can be developed.
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Rae, Angela Mottes. "Uranium series dating of bone and cave deposits." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670389.
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Harman, Gayle E. "Speleogenesis of Shoveleater Cave, Pendleton County, West Virginia." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1354816123.
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