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Journal articles on the topic 'Cautionary effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Weil, J. A., B. C. S. Wong, and J. Yu. "Cautionary note: Linewidth effect in dynamic NMR." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 77, no. 3 (October 2010): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2010.07.006.

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van den Bergh, Don, Julia M. Haaf, Alexander Ly, Jeffrey N. Rouder, and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers. "A Cautionary Note on Estimating Effect Size." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 4, no. 1 (January 2021): 251524592199203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245921992035.

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An increasingly popular approach to statistical inference is to focus on the estimation of effect size. Yet this approach is implicitly based on the assumption that there is an effect while ignoring the null hypothesis that the effect is absent. We demonstrate how this common null-hypothesis neglect may result in effect size estimates that are overly optimistic. As an alternative to the current approach, a spike-and-slab model explicitly incorporates the plausibility of the null hypothesis into the estimation process. We illustrate the implications of this approach and provide an empirical example.

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3

Howel, D. "Assessing cause and effect from trials: A cautionary note." Controlled Clinical Trials 15, no. 5 (October 1994): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(94)90030-2.

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4

Lovelace, Eugene. "The Autokinetic Projective Test: A Cautionary Note." Teaching of Psychology 15, no. 1 (February 1988): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1501_13.

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Textbook discussions of the autokinetic effect often mention that this illusory movement is susceptible to suggestion. Several recently published perception texts have presented the autokinetic effect as a potential projective technique, because it is claimed that the light will write out words if the observer expects it to. The accounts in these textbooks are misleading; in a study we conducted, as well as in the original study cited by the texts, the modal event across a series of trials was a failure to see the suggested “writing” movement.

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Manolis, Theodora A., Antonis A. Manolis, and Antonis S. Manolis. "Cardiovascular Safety of Psychiatric Agents: A Cautionary Tale." Angiology 70, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319718780145.

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Psychiatric agents are among the most commonly prescribed medications. Despite the advent of newer generation agents, patients receiving them still experience cardiovascular (CV) side effects. However, these agents may have heterogeneous properties, calling for an individualized approach based on efficacy and also on the particular side effect profile of each specific agent. Proarrhythmic effects arising from drug-induced long-QT syndrome and consequent potentially life-threatening polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias in the form of torsade de pointes, the metabolic syndrome contributing to atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes, and drug-induced orthostatic hypotension raise major concerns. Of course, it is also crucial that fear of potential CV adverse effects does not deprive psychiatric patients of appropriate drug therapy. Modification of CV risk factors in psychiatric patients together with optimal management of their CV diseases and appropriate selection of psychotropic agents with greater efficacy and least CV toxicity are of paramount importance in mitigating CV risks and enhancing safety. Identifying patients at high risk of CV complications and close monitoring of all patients receiving these agents are crucial steps to prevent and manage such complications. All these issues are herein reviewed, relevant guidelines are discussed, and schemas are depicted that illustrate the interrelated connections among the psychotropic agents and their CV effects.

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6

Hirschel, J. David, Charles W. Dean, and Doris Dumond. "Juvenile Curfews and Race: A Cautionary Note." Criminal Justice Policy Review 12, no. 3 (September 2001): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403401012003002.

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During the 1990s, the United States experienced a rise in the popularity of nocturnal juvenile curfews as a method of crime prevention. Prior research has not, however, found curfews to be particularly effective in achieving their goals, and concerns have been raised about discriminatory enforcement. In this article we examine the implementation of a juvenile curfew in a large southern city, Charlotte, North Carolina, and investigate its impact on different racial groups. The background characteristics of curfew violators were found to mirror those of juvenile offenders in general, and different types of violators were cited in different areas of town. However, although the curfew had a positive or at least a neutral effect on some offenders, it had an escalation effect on Asian and Hispanic youth. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.

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Sales, Anne, and Sanjay Saint. "Evaluating the effect of a national collaborative: a cautionary tale." BMJ Quality & Safety 21, no. 8 (May 5, 2012): 621–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001065.

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Wooldridge, Cynthia L., Julie M. Bugg, Mark A. McDaniel, and Yiyi Liu. "The testing effect with authentic educational materials: A cautionary note." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3, no. 3 (September 2014): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.07.001.

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9

Bradley, M. T., and R. D. Gupta. "Estimating the Effect of the File Drawer Problem in Meta-Analysis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 2 (October 1997): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.719.

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Although meta-analysis appears to be a useful technique to verify the existence of an effect and to summarize large bodies of literature, there are problems associated with its use and interpretation. Amongst difficulties is the “file drawer problem.” With this problem it is assumed that a certain percentage of studies are not published or are not available to be included in any given meta-analysis. We present a cautionary table to quantify the magnitude of this problem. The table shows that distortions exaggerating the effect size are substantial and that the exaggerations of effects are strongest when the true effect size approaches zero. A meta-analysis could be very misleading were the true effect size close to zero.

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Reuther, Josephine, and Ramakrishna Chakravarthi. "Response selection modulates crowding: a cautionary tale for invoking top-down explanations." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 4 (December 3, 2019): 1763–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01891-5.

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AbstractObject recognition in the periphery is limited by clutter. This phenomenon of visual crowding is ameliorated when the objects are dissimilar. This effect of inter-object similarity has been extensively studied for low-level features and is thought to reflect bottom-up processes. Recently, crowding was also found to be reduced when objects belonged to explicitly distinct groups; that is, crowding was weak when they had low group membership similarity. It has been claimed that top-down knowledge is necessary to explain this effect of group membership, implying that the effect of similarity on crowding cannot be a purely bottom-up process. We tested the claim that the effect of group membership relies on knowledge in two experiments and found that neither explicit knowledge about differences in group membership nor the possibility of acquiring knowledge about target identities is necessary to produce the effects. These results suggest that top-down processes need not be invoked to explain the effect of group membership. Instead, we suggest that differences in flanker reportability that emerge from the differences in group membership are the source of the effect. That is, when targets and flankers are sampled from distinct groups, flankers cannot be inadvertently reported, leading to fewer errors and hence weaker crowding. Further, we argue that this effect arises at the stage of response selection. This conclusion is well supported by an analytical model based on these principles. We conclude that previously observed effects in crowding attributed to top-down or higher level processes might instead be due to post-perceptual response selection strategies.

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11

Macfarlane, Michael, Julita Shahab, and Derek Willis. "Clozapine toxicity: a cautionary palliative care tale." BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 10, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001988.

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ObjectiveThis case report presents an unusual case of clozapine toxicity secondary to reduced smoking habit mimicking a patient approaching end of life.MethodsIt is a cautionary tale for palliative care specialists, perhaps unaware of the effect of cigarette smoke on metabolism of this antipsychotic, to be aware of.ResultsFollowing specialist advice and change of antipsychotic medication, this patient’s condition improved to the point that he was discharged from the hospice.ConclusionPalliative care specialists should be aware that reducing cigarette consumption can alter metabolism of clozapine, potentially causing drug accumulation and toxicity with features which mimic deterioration towards end of life. Specialist advice should be sought in such a situation.

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12

Botta-Dukát, Z. "Cautionary note on calculating standardized effect size (SES) in randomization test." Community Ecology 19, no. 1 (June 2018): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/168.2018.19.1.8.

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Koprowicz, Kinga, and Daylily S. Ooi. "A Cautionary Note Regarding the Effect of Plasmapheresis on Plasma Cholinesterase." Clinical Biochemistry 30, no. 8 (December 1997): 641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9120(97)00121-5.

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Ruth, Douglas. "Is contact angle a cause or an effect? – A cautionary tale." E3S Web of Conferences 146 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014603004.

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The most influential parameter on the behavior of two-component flow in porous media is “wettability”. When wettability is being characterized, the most frequently used parameter is the “contact angle”. When a fluid-drop is placed on a solid surface, in the presence of a second, surrounding fluid, the fluid-fluid surface contacts the solid-surface at an angle that is typically measured through the fluid-drop. If this angle is less than 90°, the fluid in the drop is said to “wet” the surface. If this angle is greater than 90°, the surrounding fluid is said to “wet” the surface. This definition is universally accepted and appears to be scientifically justifiable, at least for a static situation where the solid surface is horizontal. Recently, this concept has been extended to characterize wettability in non-static situations using high-resolution, two-dimensional digital images of multi-component systems. Using simple thought experiments and published experimental results, many of them decades old, it will be demonstrated that contact angles are not primary parameters – their values depend on many other parameters. Using these arguments, it will be demonstrated that contact angles are not the cause of wettability behavior but the effect of wettability behavior and other parameters. The result of this is that the contact angle cannot be used as a primary indicator of wettability except in very restricted situations. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that even for the simple case of a capillary interface in a vertical tube, attempting to use simply a two-dimensional image to determine the contact angle can result in a wide range of measured values. This observation is consistent with some published experimental results. It follows that contact angles measured in two-dimensions cannot be trusted to provide accurate values and these values should not be used to characterize the wettability of the system.

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15

Milliken, J. Kevin, and Steven D. Edland. "Mixed effect models of longitudinal Alzheimer's disease data: a cautionary note." Statistics in Medicine 19, no. 11-12 (June 15, 2000): 1617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000615/30)19:11/12<1617::aid-sim450>3.0.co;2-c.

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16

Garlick, Robert. "Academic Peer Effects with Different Group Assignment Policies: Residential Tracking versus Random Assignment." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20160626.

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I study the relative academic performance of students tracked or randomly assigned to South African university dormitories. Tracking reduces low-scoring students' GPAs and has little effect on high-scoring students, leading to lower and more dispersed GPAs. I also directly estimate peer effects using random variation in peer groups across dormitories. Living with higher-scoring peers raises students' GPAs, particularly for low-scoring students, and peer effects are stronger between socially proximate students. This shows that much of the treatment effect of tracking is attributable to peer effects. These results present a cautionary note about sorting students into academically homogeneous classrooms or neighborhoods. (JEL I23, I24, I28, O15, Z13)

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Marín-Martínez, Fulgencio, and Julio Sánchez-Meca. "Averaging Dependent Effect Sizes in Meta-Analysis: a Cautionary Note about Procedures." Spanish Journal of Psychology 2 (May 1999): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005436.

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When a primary study includes several indicators of the same construct, the usual strategy to meta-analytically integrate the multiple effect sizes is to average them within the study. In this paper, the numerical and conceptual differences among three procedures for averaging dependent effect sizes are shown. The procedures are the simple arithmetic mean, the Hedges and Olkin (1985) procedure, and the Rosenthal and Rubin (1986) procedure. Whereas the simple arithmetic mean ignores the dependence among effect sizes, both the procedures by Hedges and Olkin and Rosenthal and Rubin take into account the correlational structure of the effect sizes, although in a different way. Rosenthal and Rubin's procedure provides the effect size for a single composite variable made up of the multiple effect sizes, whereas Hedges and Olkin's procedure presents an effect size estimate of the standard variable. The three procedures were applied to 54 conditions, where the magnitude and homogeneity of both effect sizes and correlation matrix among effect sizes were manipulated. Rosenthal and Rubin's procedure showed the highest estimates, followed by the simple mean, and the Hedges and Olkin procedure, this last having the lowest estimates. These differences are not trivial in a meta-analysis, where the aims must guide the selection of one of the procedures.

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18

Miller, Peter C., Peter J. Donaldson, Sriani Basnayake, and S. Victor De Silva. "The effect of oral contraceptive formulation and field-workers: A cautionary tale." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 23, no. 1 (February 1985): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(85)90004-9.

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Abel, Ernest L., and Michael L. Kruger. "Heaping in Anniversary Reaction Studies: A Cautionary Note." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 54, no. 1 (February 2007): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v752-6773-1kmw-3334.

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Several studies have reported evidence that death is often associated with significant ceremonial events like holidays and birthdays, a phenomenon variously called the “anniversary reaction,” “holiday effect,” “birthday blues,” etc. This article, using data from the social security death index (SSDI), shows how evidence for this phenomenon can arise from an artifact in death records called “death heaping” in which certain dates, usually the 1st or the 15th, are systematically entered for missing data. In this study, each calendar birthday for the year 2003 in the SSDI was paired with either the 14th or 15th calendar day of death. For each pairing, there were more deaths for the 15th than the 14th. A second analysis compared the correspondence between dying on the same day of the month as one's birthday for the first 28 days of the month. A significantly greater number of birth-death combinations occurred for the 1st and 15th day of the month. These results suggest that studies of “anniversary reactions” should conduct preliminary evaluations to consider the possibility that statistically significant relationships do not arise from “death heaping.”

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20

Vingerhoets, Lex A. F., Jeroen ter Schiphorst, Wilfred R. Hagen, and Michael G. Debije. "Effect of UV illumination on perylene-doped luminescent solar concentrators: A cautionary tale." Solar Energy 189 (September 2019): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.085.

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21

Michelson, Melissa R., Neil Malhotra, Andrew Healy, Donald P. Green, Allison Carnegie, and Ali Adam Valenzuela. "The Effect of Prepaid Postage on Turnout: A Cautionary Tale for Election Administrators." Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 11, no. 3 (September 2012): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/elj.2012.0150.

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22

Chapman, Cole G., and John M. Brooks. "Treatment Effect Estimation Using Nonlinear Two-Stage Instrumental Variable Estimators: Another Cautionary Note." Health Services Research 51, no. 6 (February 19, 2016): 2375–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12463.

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23

Jin, Xueting, Qing Xu, Keith Champion, and Howard S. Kruth. "Endotoxin contamination of apolipoprotein A-I: Effect on macrophage proliferation – A cautionary tale." Atherosclerosis 240, no. 1 (May 2015): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.007.

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24

Lane, Patricia A. "A cautionary tale: The Goldilocks' Effect in measuring ecological complication in food webs." Food Webs 8 (September 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.07.001.

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25

Farabee, David. "Reexamining Martinson's Critique: A Cautionary Note for Evaluators." Crime & Delinquency 48, no. 1 (January 2002): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128702048001008.

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In 1974, Robert Martinson, an adjunct assistant professor at the City College of New York, published an article titled “What Works?—Questions and Answers About Prison Reform” (Martinson, 1974). In it, he summarized the results of a 3-year project—Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment (ECT)—which reviewed the effectiveness of 231 offender rehabilitation programs that had been evaluated during the prior 30 years (see also Lipton, Martinson, & Wilks, 1975). Based on his analysis of what was the most extensive offender treatment database that existed at that time, he concluded that “with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism” (p. 25). Martinson's article has since been cited, perhaps naively, as one of the precipitating factors that quashed the treatment-oriented zeitgeist of the 1970s. In truth, Martinson may have provided an invaluable service to the rehabilitation movement by inadvertently giving human form to the undercurrents of skepticism that already existed. Thanks to Martinson, a once fragmented cadre of researchers and clinicians found themselves working in concert to refute what Martinson himself later described as a mischaracterization of his argument. But in these fevered attempts to prove Martinson wrong and, in some cases, vilify him personally, we may have ignored the most important part of his message.

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Lichters, Marcel, Marko Sarstedt, and Bodo Vogt. "On the practical relevance of the attraction effect: A cautionary note and guidelines for context effect experiments." AMS Review 5, no. 1-2 (April 21, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13162-015-0066-8.

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Li, Pengfei, Federico Lelli, Stacy McGaugh, James Schombert, and Kyu-Hyun Chae. "A cautionary tale in fitting galaxy rotation curves with Bayesian techniques." Astronomy & Astrophysics 646 (February 2021): L13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040101.

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The application of Bayesian techniques to astronomical data is generally non-trivial because the fitting parameters can be strongly degenerated and the formal uncertainties are themselves uncertain. An example is provided by the contradictory claims over the presence or absence of a universal acceleration scale (g†) in galaxies based on Bayesian fits to rotation curves. To illustrate this we present an analysis in which the Newtonian gravitational constant GN is allowed to vary from galaxy to galaxy when fitting rotation curves from the SPARC database, in analogy to g† in the recently debated Bayesian analyses. When imposing flat priors on GN, we obtain a wide distribution of GN which, taken at face value, would rule out GN as a universal constant with high statistical confidence. However, imposing an empirically motivated log-normal prior returns a virtually constant GN with no sacrifice in fit quality. This implies that the inference of a variable GN (or g†) is the result of the combined effect of parameter degeneracies and unavoidable uncertainties in the error model. When these effects are taken into account, the SPARC data are consistent with a constant GN (and constant g†).

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Eliasson, Orn, and Arthur C. Degraff. "A Cautionary Tale About Investigations of the Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Asthma." American Review of Respiratory Disease 136, no. 6 (December 1987): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/136.6.1515.

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Yang, A., SR McLennan, J. Armstrong, TW Larsen, FD Shaw, and RK Tume. "Effect of short-term grain feeding on bovine body-fat colour: a cautionary note." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 2 (1993): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930215.

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Seventeen Brahman steers were removed from pasture and fed a high grain diet for 8 weeks prior to slaughter. Carotenoid concentrations were determined in samples of serum and subcutaneous fat obtained either from live animals or at slaughter. At slaughter carcass fat colour was assessed according to AUS-MEAT specification. The concentrations of G-carotene in the serum of these animals fell rapidly (over 60%, P lt; 0.001) in the first 2 weeks on the grain diet and then plateaued. There was no change in either the concentrations of carotenoids in subcutaneous fat or in fat colour of these cattle during the whole period of grain feeding. The overall average liveweight gain was 0.59 kg/day. Failure to observe changes in concentrations of carotenoids was unexpected, and may be partly due to the fact that these cattle did not settle to the trial conditions in the feedlot, as indicated by the significantly higher cortisol concentration in their serum compared with the initial slaughter group. The implications of the outcome of this study are discussed.

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Burgess, Stephen, and Dylan S. Small. "Predicting the Direction of Causal Effect Based on an Instrumental Variable Analysis: A Cautionary Tale." Journal of Causal Inference 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2015-0024.

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AbstractAn instrumental variable can be used to test the causal null hypothesis that an exposure has no causal effect on the outcome, by assessing the association between the instrumental variable and the outcome. Under additional assumptions, an instrumental variable can be used to estimate the magnitude of causal effect of the exposure on the outcome. In this paper, we investigate whether these additional assumptions are necessary in order to predict the direction of the causal effect, based on the direction of association between the instrumental variable and the outcome, or equivalently based on the standard (Wald) instrumental variable estimate. We demonstrate by counterexample that if these additional assumptions (such as monotonicity of the instrument–exposure association) are not satisfied, then the instrumental variable–outcome association can be in the opposite direction to the causal effect for all individuals in the population. Although such scenarios are unlikely, in most cases, a definite conclusion about the direction of causal effect requires similar assumptions to those required to estimate a causal effect.

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Valdez, Lidio M. "On Ch'arki Consumption in the Ancient Central Andes: A Cautionary Note." American Antiquity 65, no. 3 (July 2000): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694536.

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Recently, Andeanist zooarchaeologists have introduced the so-called "ch'arki effect": a taphonomic factor to explain the disproportional occurrence of some camelid skeletal parts at archaeological sites. Briefly, it has been argued that the lower frequency of head and foot bones is the by-product of ch'arki (dried meat) exchange and therefore indicative of ch'arki consumption. This generalization, however, is problematic. When fresh meat is distributed (by trade) and consumed, exactly the same pattern as with ch'arki distribution is produced. To infer ch'arki consumption on the basis of the absence of head and lower limb bones is therefore misleading.

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Holden, Ronald R., Zdravko Marjanovic, and Talia Troister. "Indiscriminate Responding Can Increase Effect Sizes for Clinical Phenomena in Nonclinical Populations: A Cautionary Note." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 37, no. 4 (February 14, 2018): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282918758809.

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Juniper, Elizabeth F., Patricia Kline, Robin S. Roberts, Frederick E. Hargreave, and Edwin E. Daniel. "A Cautionary Tale About Investigations of the Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Asthma: Reply." American Review of Respiratory Disease 136, no. 6 (December 1987): 1515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/136.6.1515a.

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Eckermann, Stephen D., and Wayne K. Hocking. "Effect of superposition on measurements of atmospheric gravity waves: A cautionary note and some reinterpretations." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, no. D5 (1989): 6333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd094id05p06333.

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35

Milne, Janet, and Susan H. Spence. "Training Social Perception Skills with Primary School Children: A Cautionary Note." Behavioural Psychotherapy 15, no. 2 (April 1987): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014134730001123x.

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Forty-eight children from grades 3 to 6 of two inner city primary schools were selected on the basis of poor performance on a social perception test. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: social perception training (SPT); attention placebo control (APC; drama activities) or a no treatment control (NTC; assessment only). The SPT and APC groups participated in nine twice weekly sessions over a five week period. Children receiving SPT did not show a significantly greater improvement in social perception skills than either of the control conditions. There was also no significant effect of SPT on certain measures of behavioral functioning which have previously been associated with social perception skill, namely peer sociometric status, Walker Problem Behaviour Checklist or Childrens' Depression Inventory. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research.

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Blank, Rebecca M., Kerwin Kofi Charles, and James M. Sallee. "A Cautionary Tale About the Use of Administrative Data: Evidence from Age of Marriage Laws." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.1.2.128.

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This paper demonstrates that administrative data may be inferior to survey data under particular circumstances. We examine the effect of state laws governing the minimum age of marriage in the United States. The estimated effects of these laws are much smaller when based on retrospective reports from census versus administrative records from Vital Statistics data. This discrepancy appears due to systematic avoidance behavior of two kinds. Some young people marry in states with less restrictive laws; others appear to have misrepresented their age on their marriage certificate. Our results have important implications regarding legal avoidance and the use of administrative data. (JEL J12 K36)

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Wogalter, Michael S., Michael J. Kalsher, and Bernadette M. Racicot. "The Influence of Location and Pictorials on Behavioral Compliance to Warnings." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 13 (October 1992): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601324.

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The efficacy of two warning-related factors to produce cautionary behavior in a chemistry laboratory task was examined. Experiment 1 compared the effects of a posted-sign warning and a within-instruction warning on behavioral compliance. The results showed that a warning embedded in a set of task instructions produced significantly greater compliance (the wearing of protective gear) than a similar, larger warning posted as a sign nearby. Experiment 2 reexamined the effect of location and also examined the influence of the presence versus absence of pictorials. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed the location effect of Experiment 1. No influence of pictorials was noted, although there was a nonsignificant increase in compliance when pictorials were added to the within-instruction warning. The results indicate that warning placement is important for eliciting behavioral compliance to safety messages. Explanations such as differences in field of view and perceived relevance are discussed.

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McArdle, Brian H., and Marti J. Anderson. "Variance heterogeneity, transformations, and models of species abundance: a cautionary tale." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-051.

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Ecological systems have intrinsic heterogeneity. Counts of abundances of species often show heterogeneity of variances among observational groups or populations. This is most often dealt with by using a transformation of the data followed by a traditional statistical analysis that requires homogeneity. Such an approach is extremely useful when the meanvariance relationship is consistent across the data set. In some situations, however, the meanvariance relationship does not stay constant, e.g., the degree of spatial aggregation of organisms can change in space and time. In these cases, transforming the data to "fix" the problem of heterogeneity can result in apparently grossly inflated type I error. The use of a transformation alters the model under test and also has an important effect on the spatial scale of the hypothesis. The use of nonparametric alternatives, such as permutation or bootstrap tests, does not solve this problem. Explicit models of these kinds of distributional changes, where they occur, are necessary.

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Liu, Yuanyuan, Zhongwei Huang, Like Jiang, and William F. Messier. "Are Investors Warned by Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest? The Moderating Effect of Investment Horizon." Accounting Review 95, no. 6 (November 22, 2019): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/tar-2017-0284.

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ABSTRACT Financial analysts are required to disclose conflicts of interest (COI) in their research reports, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of COI disclosures. We investigate whether the influence of disclosing COI in analyst reports on investors' decision making depends on investment horizon. Experimental results show that short-term investors who view a COI disclosure are significantly less willing to invest in the recommended stock compared to short-term investors who do not view such a disclosure, while the presence of a COI disclosure does not significantly affect long-term investors' willingness to invest. Results further demonstrate that the COI disclosure decreases short-term investors' willingness to invest by reducing their perception of analysts' trustworthiness and expertness. This study provides evidence on when and how the COI disclosure can influence investors' behavior and enhances our understanding of investors' reactions to cautionary disclaimers. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

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Walters, Glenn D. "PM effect size estimation for mediation analysis: a cautionary note, alternate strategy, and real data illustration." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 21, no. 1 (March 24, 2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2017.1305710.

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Waller, Niels G. "The Effect of Inapplicable Item Responses on the Structure of Behavioral Checklist Data: A Cautionary Note." Multivariate Behavioral Research 24, no. 1 (January 1989): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2401_8.

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Gibson‐Davis, Christina M., and E. Michael Foster. "A Cautionary Tale: Using Propensity Scores to Estimate the Effect of Food Stamps on Food Insecurity." Social Service Review 80, no. 1 (March 2006): 93–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499416.

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Wang, Guoqiao, Gary R. Cutter, Stacey S. Cofield, Fred Lublin, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Tarah Gustafson, Stephen Krieger, and Amber Salter. "Baseline EDSS proportions in MS clinical trials affect the overall outcome and power: A cautionary note." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 7 (September 28, 2016): 982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458516670733.

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Background: In randomized clinical trials, when treatments do not work equally effectively across stratifications of participants, observed event rates may differ from those hypothesized leading to deviations in estimated power. Objectives: To investigate the effect of distributions of baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) proportions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) on the trial outcome, confirmed disability progression rate (CDPR), and power. Methods: We reported CDPRs in the CombiRx trial by baseline EDSS and by groups (1st (0, 1), 2nd (1.5, 2), 3rd (2.5, 3), and 4th (⩾3.5)) and investigated the effect of different combinations of baseline EDSS proportions on the trial outcome and power. Results: There were 244 (25.4%) participants in the 1st group, 368 (38.4%) in the 2nd group, 223 (23.3%) in the 3rd group, and 124 (12.9%) in the 4th group with CDPRs of 40.1%, 13.9%, 11.2%, and 16.9%, respectively. Both CDPR and power increased when the proportion of the 1st group increased in hypothetical trials with equal sample sizes in each arm, and a 10% increase in the 1st group led to a 5% increase in power. Conclusion: Various baseline EDSS proportions yielded different CDPRs and power, suggesting caution in interpretation of treatment effects across trials that enrolled participants with different proportions of baseline EDSS.

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Doucet, Lyse. "Syria & the CNN Effect: What Role Does the Media Play in Policy-Making?" Daedalus 147, no. 1 (January 2018): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00480.

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Syria's devastating war unfolds during unprecedented flows of imagery on social media, testing in new ways the media's influence on decision-makers. Three decades ago, the concept of a “CNN Effect” was coined to explain what was seen as the power of real-time television reporting to drive responses to humanitarian crises. This essay explores the role traditional and new media played in U.S. policy-making during Syria's crisis, including two major poison gas attacks. President Obama stepped back from the targeted air strikes later launched by President Trump after grisly images emerged on social media. But Trump's limited action did not shift policy. Interviews with Obama's senior advisors underline that the media do not drive strategy, but they play a significant role. During the Syrian crisis, the media formed part of what officials describe as constant pressure from many actors to respond, which they say led to policy failures. Syria's conflict is a cautionary tale.

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Christensen, Hans B., Eric Floyd, and Mark Maffett. "The Only Prescription Is Transparency: The Effect of Charge-Price-Transparency Regulation on Healthcare Prices." Management Science 66, no. 7 (July 2020): 2861–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3330.

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We examine the effect of charge-price-transparency regulation (PTR)—a common policy solution intended to curb rising healthcare costs—on hospitals’ prices. We find that, although PTR does not affect payments or consumer search, it does cause hospitals to reduce charges by approximately 5%. The reputational costs of perceived overcharging appear to be one impetus for the reduction in charges, suggesting that certain stakeholders who are able to impose costs on hospitals are unaware that hospitals can decouple charges from payments. The ineffectiveness of PTR policies in reducing payments and the apparent inability of some stakeholders to realize this fact could explain why charge-transparency policies have been widely adopted with little opposition. Overall, our findings provide a cautionary note—transparency regulation focusing on an indicator that can be decoupled from the construct of interest might placate some stakeholders without actually solving the underlying problem. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.

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Lavine, Jeremy A., Philipp W. Raess, Dawn B. Davis, Mary E. Rabaglia, Brent K. Presley, Mark P. Keller, Margery C. Beinfeld, Alan S. Kopin, Christopher B. Newgard, and Alan D. Attie. "Contamination with E1A-Positive Wild-Type Adenovirus Accounts for Species-Specific Stimulation of Islet Cell Proliferation by CCK: A Cautionary Note." Molecular Endocrinology 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2009-0384.

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Abstract We have previously reported that adenovirus-mediated expression of preprocholecystokin (CCK) stimulates human and mouse islet cell proliferation. In follow-up studies, we became concerned that the CCK adenovirus might have been contaminated with a wild-type E1A-containing adenovirus. Here we show conclusively that the proliferative effects reported in the original paper in mouse and human islets were not due to CCK expression but rather to a contaminating E1A-expressing wild-type adenovirus. We also show, however, that CCK expression does have a proliferative effect in rat islets. We hope that our report of the steps taken to detect the wild-type virus contamination, and purification of the contributing viral stocks, will be helpful to other investigators, and that our experience will serve as a cautionary tale for use of adenovirus vectors, especially for studies on cellular replication.

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Kleinn, Christoph. "A cautionary note on the minimum crown cover criterion in forest definitions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-154.

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Forest area and its changes are understood as an important and, supposedly, easily measurable indicator for sustainable management of natural resources in larger areas. The observation and estimation of forest area must be based upon a clear definition. The minimum crown cover percentage is, in many forest definitions, a central element. This paper illustrates that any definition of a minimum cover percentage must be complemented by a definition of the sampling unit, which is used as a reference area on which the percent cover is to be determined. Otherwise, the results are not unique. A simple theoretical example and an aerial photograph are analyzed to illustrate these relations. The examples underline that, for the same minimum crown cover, the forest cover estimates vary considerably when the size of the sampling unit is changed. In general, for small values of the minimum crown cover as they are commonly used in forest definitions (0.1 to 0.3, say), the expected value of the cover estimate increases consistently with increasing size of the sampling unit on which the cover measurement is done. This effect is the more pronounced the more fragmented the forest cover and the more open the forest formations are.

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Thorp, Daniel B. "New Zealand and the American Civil War." Pacific Historical Review 80, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 97–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2011.80.1.97.

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By 1861 residents of New Zealand had been dealing with Americans for years, and they recognized that the United States was already an important power on the Pacific Rim. Thus, when the American Civil War broke out, people in New Zealand paid careful attention. Newspapers, private papers, and official records reveal the war's effect in New Zealand. Although New Zealanders opposed slavery, they supported the South's right to secede. Indeed, several provinces were advocating "separation" in 1861 and saw the Civil War as a cautionary tale demonstrating the danger of waiting to address irreconcilable differences. As the war unfolded, editors and government officials throughout New Zealand also worried about the wider economic effect of the war and the threat of American privateers attacking shipping and cities in the British colony.

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English, Sinead, and Tobias Uller. "Does early-life diet affect longevity? A meta-analysis across experimental studies." Biology Letters 12, no. 9 (September 2016): 20160291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0291.

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Life-history theory predicts that nutrition influences lifespan owing to trade-offs between allocating resources to reproduction, growth and repair. Despite occasional reports that early diet has strong effects on lifespan, it is unclear whether this prediction is generally supported by empirical studies. We conducted a meta-analysis across experimental studies manipulating pre- or post-natal diet and measuring longevity. We found no overall effect of early diet on lifespan. We used meta-regression, considering moderator variables based on experimental and life-history traits, to test predictions regarding the strength and direction of effects that could lead to positive or negative effects. Pre-natal diet manipulations reduced lifespan, but there were no effects of later diet, manipulation type, development mode, or sex. The results are consistent with the prediction that early diet restriction disrupts growth and results in increased somatic damage, which incurs lifespan costs. Our findings raise a cautionary note, however, for placing too strong an emphasis on early diet effects on lifespan and highlight limitations of measuring these effects under laboratory conditions.

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Barua, Rashmi, and Kevin Lang. "School Entry, Educational Attainment, and Quarter of Birth: A Cautionary Tale of a Local Average Treatment Effect." Journal of Human Capital 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687599.

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