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1
Hitchcock, Christopher Read. "Farewell to Binary Causation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 2 (June 1996): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717454.
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Causation is a topic of perennial philosophical concern. As well as being of intrinsic interest, almost all philosophical concepts — such as knowledge, beauty, and moral responsibility — involve a causal dimension. Nonetheless, attempts to provide a satisfactory account of the nature of causation have typically led to barrages of counterexamples. I hope to show that a number of the difficulties plaguing theories of causation have a common source.Most philosophical theories of causation describe a binary relation between cause and effect, or at any rate, a relation that reduces to such a binary relation when certain background information is held fixed. Indeed, most theories provide the same general account of when this relation holds: in order to evaluate whether C causes E, we must make a comparison between two cases, which we may neutrally label as C and ∼C. Where theories of causation differ, of course, is in precisely what is being so compared. Regularity theories of causation require a comparison between what actually happens whenever C occurs, and what actually happens, elsewhere and elsewhen, when C does not occur.
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CLARKE, RANDOLPH. "Absence Causation for Causal Dispositionalists." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 4, no. 3 (2018): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.16.
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AbstractSeveral theories of causation rule out causation of or by lacks, omissions, or absences of things. They thereby conflict with much of what we think and say about what causes what. This article proposes a modification of one kind of theory, causal dispositionalism, so that it accepts absence causation while retaining a fundamental commitment of dispositionalism.
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Grenda, Vytautas. "DEVYNIŲ KONTRAFAKTINIŲ PRIEŽASTINGUMO TEORIJŲ PALYGINIMAS PASITELKIANT SEPTYNIS PAVYZDŽIUS." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1937.
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Straipsnyje lyginamos ir vertinamos devynios per pastarąjį dešimtmetį pasirodžiusios kontrafaktinės vienetinio priežastingumo teorijos, kurias visas sukūrė arba inspiravo D. Lewisas, J. Y. Halpernas ir J. Pearlas, o savo tekstuose išdėstė šeši kiti autoriai. Parodomi kai kurie literatūroje dar neaprašyti šių teorijų skirtumai. Įrodinėjama, kad dauguma šių teorijų intuityviai panašius pavyzdžius nagrinėja skirtingai, ir šiuo požiūriu primeta perskyras, kurių buitinės priežastingumo sampratos požiūriu ne tik nėra, bet ir neturėtų būti.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vienetinis priežastingumas, kontrafaktiniai sąlyginiai teiginiai, „atsarginės“ priežastys, persąlygojimas.Comparison of Nine Counterfactual Theories of Causation by the Use of Seven ExamplesVytautas Grenda SummaryThe article compares and evaluates nine last-decade counterfactual theories of singular causation, which were either created or inspired by David Lewis, Joseph Y. Halpern and Judea Pearl and presented in the texts of six other authors. Some differences between those theories that have not yet been described in literature are shown in the article. It is argued that the majority of those theories analyze intuitively similar examples in different ways. In that respect, those theories impose distinctions which, according to the folk theory of causation, are (and should be) absent.Keywords: singular causation, counterfactuals, backup causes, overdetermination.
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Nera, Kenzo. "Analyzing the Causation Between Conspiracy Mentality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 232, no. 1 (January 2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000533.
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Abstract: The dispositional approach to conspiracy mentality suggests that it causally precedes belief in conspiracy theories. I identify two potential pitfalls when analyzing this causal relationship: circular reasoning (in which the two constructs are conflated and interchangeable) and black box explanations (in which conspiracy mentality is merely defined as a disposition to believe in conspiracy theories). I argue that avoiding black box explanations requires theoretical and empirical works to clarify the content and antecedents of conspiracy mentality. To guide future research, I formulate two hypotheses based on a philosophical analysis of conspiracy thinking and empirical research. In doing so, I question common assumptions on conspiracy mentality. First, against the assumption that conspiracy mentality is unidimensional, I propose that it may be better conceptualized as a multidimensional construct. Second, against the assumption that conspiracy mentality unidirectionally causes conspiracy theory beliefs, I propose that this relationship might be bidirectional.
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Stein, John. "Theories about Developmental Dyslexia." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020208.
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Despite proving its usefulness for over a century, the concept of developmental dyslexia (DD) is currently in severe disarray because of the recent introduction of the phonological theory of its causation. Since mastering the phonological principle is essential for all reading, failure to do so cannot be used to distinguish DD from the many other causes of such failure. To overcome this problem, many new psychological, signal detection, and neurological theories have been introduced recently. All these new theories converge on the idea that DD is fundamentally caused by impaired signalling of the timing of the visual and auditory cues that are essential for reading. These are provided by large ‘magnocellular’ neurones which respond rapidly to sensory transients. The evidence for this conclusion is overwhelming. Especially convincing are intervention studies that have shown that improving magnocellular function improves dyslexic children’s reading, together with cohort studies that have demonstrated that the magnocellular timing deficit is present in infants who later become dyslexic, long before they begin learning to read. The converse of the magnocellular deficit in dyslexics may be that they gain parvocellular abundance. This may often impart the exceptional ‘holistic’ talents that have been ascribed to them and that society needs to nurture.
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Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.
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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (15.38%), witchcraft (11.54%), human-vector contact (34.61%),and palm wine drinking (32.69%).It reveals that any effective management of malaria must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease, as well as gender roles within a given community since women bear a greater burden of the disease than men. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts.
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Shang, Shi Yu. "Aanalyse on the Causation and Classification of Usual Damages of Highway Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1297.
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There are long spans and various types of lining of highway tunnels under different geological conditions. It is challenging to obtain accurate geological condition data of tunnel, the existing tunnel design theories and methods are not mature either. Meantime, the stresses of tunnel during the stage of design, construction, operation and maintenance are also changing with time. Therefore, it is difficult to discover the root causes of the highway tunnels defeats, also because of the joint influence of the above factors. Through the broadly investigations of defeats of highway tunnel, the reasons of these defeats was analyzed and classified from four aspects, external forces, design methods, construction phase and deterioration of materials. More important, the general rules and association between the defeats and causes was studied and suggested following the brief introduction of the highway tunnel defeats.
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Marques, José Oscar de Almeida. "Regularity and counterfactuality in Hume's treatment of causation." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 52, no. 124 (December 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-512x2011000200007.
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Of the several theories of causation current in our days, Hume is said to be the inspiration of two of the most influential and accepted: the regularity theory, first clearly formulated by Thomas Brown in 1822, and the counterfactual theory, proposed by David Lewis in 1973. After a brief outline of the comparative merits and difficulties of these two views, I proceed to examine whether Hume's own treatment of causation actually corresponds to any of them. I will show that his first definition of cause, coupled with his rules by which to judge about causes and effects, contains elements that, properly developed, allow us to address successfully some traditional difficulties of the regularity view of causation, without resorting to the conceptual resources employed in the counterfactual approach. Therefore, we can properly classify Hume as an advocate of the conception of causation as regularity, noting however that his primary goal in his research and definitions of the concept was to provide not so much an analysis of causation as such, but of causation as we apprehend it, in the form of our ability to make causal inferences and refine them to reach the more sophisticated causal reasonings that are required in the theoretical and practical issues of life.
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Engler, S., J. Luterbacher, F. Mauelshagen, and J. Werner. "The Irish famine of 1740–1741: causes and effects." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 1013–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1013-2013.
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Abstract. This paper advances the current debate on causes and effects of famines. Since Sen's food entitlement decline theory emerged in the 1980's, climate and environmental factors are widely excluded in famine analysis. Studying the causation and the processes of famines as well as the adaptations to it before the 20th century will enhance modern famine theories and lead to a rethinking of the role of climate/environmental aspects in current research. In our case study, the "Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model" (FVAM) serves as an explanatory model and will open up new perspectives on famines. Special emphasis will be put on the Europe-wide crises of 1740–1741, with a focus on the famine of the "great frost" in Ireland. The interaction of demographic, political, economic and environmental aspects is characteristic in this famine.
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Pezet, Robert E. "The Dead Past Dilemma." Metaphysica 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mp-2021-0025.
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Abstract A temporal levels structure for temporal metaphysics is outlined and employed to convey a dilemma threatening the temporal collapse of Growing-Block Theories to their meta-temporal level. The outline further explains how Presentism occupies a privileged (default) position in that temporal levels structure. Moreover, that dilemma relies crucially on the acceptance of productive causation as explaining additions to the growing block, for which it is argued any reasonable growing-block theory should incorporate. The dilemma’s first horn considers growing-block theories where productive causes are only so when present; the second, growing-block theories where productive causes continue being so when past. Either way, growing-block theory collapses into Accruing-Present Theory: whereby all entities survive into succeeding present “blocks” of existents. It is argued, the presentness of surviving entities undermines their intended theoretical role, undercutting motivations for believing accruing-present theses. Ultimately, I recommend rejection of both growing-block and accruing-present theses based on these explanatory inadequacies.
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Hofmann, Urs, and Michael Baumgartner. "Determinism and the Method of Difference." THEORIA 26, no. 2 (May 19, 2011): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.988.
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The first part of this paper reveals a conflict between the core principles of deterministic causation and the standard method of difference, which is widely seen (and used) as a correct method of causally analyzing deterministic structures. We show that applying the method of difference to deterministic structures can give rise to causal inferences that contradict the principles of deterministic causation. The second part then locates the source of this conflict in an inference rule implemented in the method of difference according to which factors that can make a difference to investigated effects relative to one particular test setup are to be identified as causes, provided the causal background of the corresponding setup is homogeneous. The paper ends by modifying the method of difference in a way that renders it compatible with the principles of deterministic causation.
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Banihashemi, Bita, Shakil M. Khan, and Mikhail Soutchanski. "From Actions to Programs as Abstract Actual Causes." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 5 (June 28, 2022): 5470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i5.20485.
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Causality plays a central role in reasoning about observations. In many cases, it might be useful to define the conditions under which a non-deterministic program can be called an actual cause of an effect in a setting where a sequence of programs are executed one after another. There can be two perspectives, one where at least one execution of the program leads to the effect, and another where all executions do so. The former captures a ''weak'' notion of causation and is more general than the latter stronger notion. In this paper, we give a definition of weak potential causes. Our analysis is performed within the situation calculus basic action theories and we consider programs formulated in the logic programming language ConGolog. Within this setting, we show how one can utilize a recently developed abstraction framework to relate causes at various levels of abstraction, which facilitates reasoning about programs as causes.
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Delladio, Silvia, Andrea Caputo, Alessandro Magrini, and Massimiliano Matteo Pellegrini. "Italian entrepreneurial decision-making under lockdown: the path to resilience." Management Decision 61, no. 13 (September 1, 2023): 272–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-12-2022-1746.
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PurposeThis study addresses current research gaps by integrating resilience literature with crisis management theories, focussing on SMEs. Specifically, the authors examine how the entrepreneurial decision-making process, via the interplay of causation and effectuation logic, impacts a firm's ability to respond to unpredictable events. This paper aims to present an investigation that seeks to unearth the potentially complex interplay between causation and effectuation logic in fostering organisational resilience, particularly in the face of unprecedented disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis study includes the responses of 80 Italian entrepreneurs operating in the hospitality sector. The paper deployed a joint analysis through a partial least squares structural equation modelling technique (PLS-SEM) and a necessary condition analysis (NCA) to assess how the decision-making logics impact the entrepreneurs' decision when reacting to the pandemic.FindingsThe findings show that how entrepreneurs make decisions influence how they react to the crisis. Causation was found as a direct cause of resilience and preparedness, and effectuation was a direct cause of resilience and agility. Moreover, causation indirectly caused resilience through preparedness, and effectuation indirectly caused resilience through agility. Finally, both preparedness and agility are direct causes of resilience.Practical implicationsThis research generated insights into why and how some SMEs respond more effectively to uncertainty than others. It provides actionable strategies that business owners and managers can employ to enhance their ability to withstand and recover from crises.Originality/valueThis study's originality and novelty lie in its empirical investigation of the roles of causation and effectuation logic in entrepreneurial decision-making and, consequently, their influence on SME resilience. Focused on the Italian hospitality sector, it provides unique insights into resilience strategies under severe, real-world conditions, contributing to theoretical development and practical applications in crisis management.
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Andonovski, Nikola. "Causation and mnemonic roles: on Fernández’s Functionalism." Estudios de Filosofía, no. 64 (July 30, 2021): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.ef.n64a07.
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Debates about causation have dominated recent philosophy of memory. While causal theorists have argued that an appropriate causal connection to a past experience is necessary for remembering, their opponents have argued that this necessity condition needs to be relaxed. Recently, Jordi Fernández (2018; 2019) has attempted to provide such a relaxation. On his functionalist theory of remembering, a given state need not be caused by a past experience to qualify as a memory; it only has to realize the relevant functional role in the subject’s mental economy. In this comment, I argue that Fernández’s theory doesn’t advance the debate about memory causation. I propose that this debate is best understood as being about the existence of systems, which support kinds of interactions that map onto the relations dictated by (causal) theories. Since Fernández’s functionalism tells us very little about this empirical question, the theoretical gains from endorsing it are minimal.
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Gad ELhak, Seham A., Abdel Aziz A. Ghanem, Hassan AbdelGhaffar, Sahar El Dakroury, and Mohamed M. Salama. "Parkinson's Disease: Is It a Toxic Syndrome?" Neurology Research International 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/103094.
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases which we can by certainty identify its pathology, however, this confidence disappeares when talking about the cause. A long history of trials, suggestions, and theories tried linking PD to a specific causation. In this paper, a new suggestion is trying to find its way, could it be toxicology? Can we—in the future—look to PD as an occupational disease, in fact, many clues point to the possible toxic responsibility—either total or partial—in causing this disease. Searching for possible toxic causes for PD would help in designing perfect toxic models in animals.
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Schliesser, Eric. "Two Definitions of ‘cause,’ Newton, and The Significance of the Humean Distinction Between Natural and Philosophical Relations." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 2007): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2007.5.1.83.
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The main aim of this paper is to explore why it is so important for Hume to defi ne ‘cause’ as he does. This will shed light on the signifi cance of the natural/philosophical relation (hereafter NPR) distinction in the Treatise. Hume's use of the NPR distinction allows him to dismiss on general grounds conceptions of causation at odds with his own. In particular, it allows him to avoid having to engage in detailed re-interpretation of potentially confl icting theories formulated by natural philosophers. Moreover, it provides an instance of the normative nature of Hume's “science of man.” The paper argues that the NPR distinction - in conjunction with the so-called copy principle - is meant to undercut appeals to the authority of theories not founded on Hume's “principles.” In order to illustrate its claims about Hume, this essay explores some aspects of Newton's natural philosophy. Finally, this paper resolves a long-standing interpretive problem: how to reconcile Hume's two “defi nitions” of causation in the Treatise.
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Cantone, Jason A. "Counterfactual Thinking, Causation, and Covariation in Mock Juror Assessments of Negligence: Twenty‐Five Years Later." Psychological Reports 123, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118816945.
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In the past three decades, researchers have examined counterfactual thinking and causation in decision making. However, little work has applied these findings to trial settings. The present research examined two conflicting theories regarding counterfactual thinking and causation to elaborate on earlier work examining counterfactual thinking in negligence law cases. The research also expanded the earlier work by examining covariation theory, additional psychological measures, and the rank order and reaction time associated with counterfactuals. Participants read a summary of a negligence case that manipulated covariation information to suggest that the defendant or plaintiff caused an accident. Participants then completed counterfactual, preventability, or causal statements about the case before responding to legal and psychological measures. Overall, the research found support for norm theory and covariation, but mixed evidence regarding the role of counterfactual thinking and causation. Counterfactual thinking more strongly affected the duty and breach components of a negligence case, while causal thinking more strongly affected causation and legal decisions. Legal implications were discussed.
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Portes, Alejandro. "International Migration and National Development." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.73.
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This article reviews theoretical perspectives on migration and development, starting with nineteenth-century political economy theories focused on “colonizing” migrations from England and other European powers and concluding with the emerging literature on immigrant transnationalism and its consequences for sending nations. The general concept of equilibrium has until currently dominated orthodox economic theories of both colonizing and labor migrations from peripheral regions to advanced nations. The counteroffensive, led by Gunnar Myrdal and theorists of the dependency school, centered on the notion of cumulative causation leading to increasing poverty and the depopulation of peripheral sending areas. Both perspectives registered numerous empirical anomalies, stemming from a common view of migration flows as occurring between separate politico-economic entities. An alternative conceptualization of such flows as internal to an overarching global system has improved our understanding of causes and consequences of labor migration and has framed the back-and-forth complexities of these movements captured in the novel notion of transnationalism.
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Zimring, Franklin E., and Jefferey Fagan. "The Search for Causes in an Era of Crime Declines: Some Lessons from the Study of New York City Homicide." Crime & Delinquency 46, no. 4 (October 2000): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046004002.
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This article addresses the problem of testing the effects of particular policies on crime rates in an era of general down trends. One illustration of that problem is our recent finding that rates of non-gun homicide had been declining substantially in New York City for 8 years prior to any significant change in policing and could not plausibly be caused by these later events. The article contrasts three different “controls” for time trend effects, naive cross-sectional controls, detailed models of crime causation, and qualitative checks that examine whether the details of crime patterns are changing in ways consistent with theories of policy events as change agents. The qualitative approach is embraced as a necessity. A final section questions whether criminal justice policies should be assumed to affect general crime rates in broad and undifferentiated ways.
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Xie, Zhenyu, and Benhong Peng. "A Framework for Resilient City Governance in Response to Sudden Weather Disasters: A Perspective Based on Accident Causation Theories." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032387.
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With climate change, urban resilience is becoming a critical concept for helping cities withstand disasters and accidents. However, current research often focuses on concept identification, leaving a gap between concept and implementation. This study aims to investigate the lack of urban resilience in the face of sudden weather disasters, with a focus on the inadequate capacity of urban systems to effectively govern such events. The Zhengzhou subway flooding accident on 20 July 2021, serves as a case study for this research, and the accident causation theories, such as the Swiss cheese model, Surry’s accident model, and trajectory intersection theory are used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the accident’s causes. Through this analysis, the paper identifies vulnerabilities in the natural, technical, and man-made systems of the urban system, and reveals deficiencies in four aspects of urban resilience: natural, technological, institutional, and organizational. Based on this analysis, the study proposes a resilient city governance framework that integrates the “Natural-Technical-Man-made” systems, offers relevant recommendations for urban resilience governance, and discusses potential challenges to urban resilience implementation.
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Kaur, Gurkiran, Garima Kumari, and Suman Sharma. "Functional Matrix Hypothesis: A Review of Literature." Science Progress and Research 1, no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52152/spr/2021.115.
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Craniofacial growth is a complex process. Most of the treatment approaches have been based on the fundamental biological mechanisms involved in the growth and development of craniofacial bones and teeth. The exact mechanism which controls cranio facial growth has been a matter of debate and research for years together. The concept that “forms follow function” was first proposed by Vander Klaaw. Functional matrix hypothesis (F.M.H.) is actually an extension of this concept given by Moss. F.M.H. includes a functional matrix and skeletal units. Capsule is an envelope that contains functional cranial components sandwiched between the covering layers. It acts indirectly and passively and not by resorption or deposition. Functional matrix cranial analysis can be done in the maxilla and mandible. There are some limitations in F.M.H., so F.M.H. revisited is explained later which include 4 theories in it.Genomic and epi-genetic processes are examples of totally different types of causation- Genomic- formal cause and Epigenetic- efficient cause. Individually both are necessary causes, but neither are sufficient causes alone. They provide both the necessary and sufficient causes for the control of morphogenesis.
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Ruggiero, Vincenzo. "Hypotheses on the causes of financial crime." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2019-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the aftermath of the 2006-07 financial crisis and attempts to identify a range of causes that were responsible for it and are likely to trigger similar events in the future. The analytical tradition established by the study of white-collar crime provides the background for such an examination, which avails itself of some conceptualisations derived from classical economic thought. Design/methodology/approach Explanations of financial crime can resort to general theories based on allegedly universal values. They can posit the existence of criminaloids, namely, individuals who indulge in illegal practices, or ‘honest fraud’, while not deeming themselves culpable. Anomie and control theory in criminology have highlighted how the causes of financial crime are associated with general criminogenic contexts or with individual propensities or mindsets. This paper adds to the existing perspectives a number of variables that can provide a more nuanced picture of financial crimes. Findings This paper attempts to identify a range of discrete variables that can be termed interstitial in the sense that they can accompany a variety of theoretical hypotheses, locate themselves in the space left in between the different approaches while providing supplementary analytical foci. Ignorance, entitlement, reverse Keynesianism, recklessness, efficiency and the finance curse may offer additional angles from which the causation of financial crime can be observed. Sociological and criminological arguments, in this paper, are interspersed with notions derived from classical economics. Originality/value The originality of this contribution is to be found in its use of different theoretical traditions, establishing a dialogue between social theory, criminology and economic thought.
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Kremling, Alexander. "Handlungstheoretischer Interventionismus und Modelle." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 28 (January 1, 2014): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2014-012808.
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Abstract The “model argument” against action-theories of causation is a reply to a strategy for avoiding the “argument of unmanipulable causes”. The critics follow the action-theorists in a certain shift of topic - leaving the explication debate towards one of justified assertion of causal claims - and end up at a wrong position concerning the role of practical knowledge for justifying causal claims about events that are not under technical control. Following them the justification would take the form of “analogy arguments“, which can not guarantee the truth of the conclusion in a non-circular way. Contrary to their position I present a reconstruction of causal inference in which practical knowledge about manipulation does play the role of a necessary condition for justifiying causal claims about unmanipulable relations
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Aamir, Momin Shahzad. "An Introduction and Historical Background of Concept of Akhlat (Humour)." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 4 (August 29, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i4.54.
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Humoral theory, also known as theory of akhlat is a key concept in Unani System of Medicine. It was originated in Ancient Greece and later developed by Galen and Arabic Physicians. The theory was central to the teachings of Greco Arabic medicine and it became the dominant theory in Europe for many centuries. It remained a major influence on medical practice and teaching until eighteenth century. The theory was first postulated by Hippocrates in his treatise On the Nature of Man. The method of approach of these early thinkers was to look for natural explanations for human physiology and disease causation with the help of logical reasoning and observation. In this theory, humors existed as liquids within the body which are known as blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. The humoral theory evolved over millennia and finally became the dominant explanation of human physiology. This was in contrast to the supernatural theories for disease causation and also attempt to explain that disease instead is a naturalistic event and it can be understood by natural causes. This short review will mainly focus on the understanding and historical background of the theory of akhlat.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 02 No. 04 October’18. Page : 189-192
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Coman, Alina, Finn Skårderud, and Bjørn M. Hofmann. "A Disorder of a Vulnerable Self: Anorexia Nervosa Patients’ Understanding of Disorder and Self in the Context of fMRI Brain Scanning." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (2013): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.15.2.120.
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In this article, we aim to explore patient perspectives regarding the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) in the context of participating in brain research for AN. This is a qualitative study using semistructured interviews with 12 young AN patients. Data were analyzed according to thematic analysis method. This study shows that patients’ language used to express their understanding of the etiology of AN was characterized by psychological terms such as personality, self-esteem, control, and coping rather than neuroscientific terms.Participants held a complex understanding of the causes of AN, acknowledging a brain–mind relationship. However, participants expressed the hope that brain sciences could contribute to identify an objective, physical proof for AN, that would validate their illness, increase understanding, and reduce blame. The study suggests that prevailing biological explanations promoted by brain research did not encourage simplistic perspectives on causation among patients. Instead, patients viewed biological-based theories and brain science as a means of validating their illness.
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Joshi, Devin. "An Integrated Theory of Happiness: The Yang Zhu Chapter of the Liezi." Journal of Daoist Studies 17, no. 1 (2024): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dao.2024.a920713.
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Abstract: This article examines the integrated approach to theorizing happiness in the Yang Zhu chapter of the book associated with the Daoist master Liezi. While ancient critics famously denounced Yang Zhu as an amoral, pleasure-seeking hedonist, I argue the Yang Zhu chapter offers an individually rational but socially non-conformist approach to well-being of considerable relevance to contemporary scholarship on happiness. Not only does the chapter offer an intriguing and counter-intuitive argument about what constitutes and causes well-being, but its philosophical implications address a large number of inescapably foundational conceptual questions that can serve as metrics for evaluating theories of happiness in general. These questions include the scope of happiness (i.e. who?, what?, when?, where?, how much?) causation (i.e. how?, why?), and purpose (i.e. why should it matter?) while also addressing possible tensions between subjective and objective experiences, uniform and diverse causality, individual and collective outcomes, relative vs. absolute happiness, and immediate vs. lasting fulfillment.
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Osimani, Barbara. "Causing something to be one way rather than another." Kybernetes 43, no. 6 (May 27, 2014): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2013-0149.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest a definition of genetic information by taking into account the debate surrounding it. Particularly, the objections raised by Developmental Systems Theory (Griffiths, 2001; Oyama 1985; Griffiths and Knight 1998) to Teleosemantic endorsements of the notion of genetic information (Sterelny et al. 1996; Maynard Smith, 2000; Jablonka, 2002) as well as deflationist approaches which suggest to ascribe the notion of genetic information a heuristic value at most, and to reduce it to that of causality (Godfrey-Smith, 2000; Boniolo, 2003, 2008). Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the notion of genetic information through its historical evolution and analyses it with the conceptual tools offered by philosophical theories of causation on one side (“causation as influence,” Woodward, 2010; Waters, 2007; Lewis, 2000) and linguistics on the other (“double articulation” Martinet, 1960). Findings – The concept of genetic information is defined as a special kind of cause which causes something to be one way rather than another, by combining elementary units one way rather than another. Tested against the notion of “genetic error” this definition demonstrates to provide an exhaustive account of the common denominators associated with the notion of genetic information: causal specificity; combinatorial mechanism; arbitrariness. Originality/value – The definition clarifies how the notion of information is understood when applied to genetic phenomena and also contributes to the debate on the notion of information, broadly meant, which is still affected by lack of consensus (Floridi, 2013).
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Braun, Caelesta, Jorren Scherpenisse, Martijn van der Steen, and Mark J. W. van Twist. "On the forces of policy change and joint causation: insights from the banker’s bonus case." International Review of Administrative Sciences 83, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 738–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315599046.
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One of the few robust findings in the public policy literature is that policy dynamics are both a function of stability and volatility. And although most theories of public policy making posit the occurrence of policy junctures as necessary conditions for significant change, studies that set out to unravel the underlying mechanisms of such policy junctures remain relatively rare. This article further develops the idea of policy junctures, commonly hypothesized to initiate significant change, as essentially entailing joint causation. We illustrate the joint and reinforcing nature of forces of change with a case study of bonus regulation. Based on document analysis and a political claim analysis, this article shows that most changes in bonus regulation were of a marginal nature. We argue that the intrinsically attractive nature of performance rewards that a bonus practice entails combined with a sheer lack of alternatives supported by a strong coalition on how to curb risk appetite in financial markets seem to count for the resilience of bonus practices. Theoretically, the case study contributes to theory development on joint causation that causes major policy change. Empirically, it unravels a key mechanism employed by the financial sector to resist reforms: offering an alternative no one can refuse. Points for practitioners There is a broad consensus in the policy literature that policy change usually results from multiple forces. We identify this crucial jointly causal nature of policy change and suggest that among the forces of change a strong policy alternative capable of uniting a broad coalition of stakeholders is a necessary condition for policy change. Financial reforms, in particular the practice of bonus payment, are thus not likely to result from tight regulation, but rather from real alternatives on how to reward professional excellence and curb risk appetite.
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Humphrey, Emily. "Chiari malformations in adults: their surgical and nursing management." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 15, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2019.15.3.130.
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There are two categories of Chiari malformations that occur in adults: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 Chiari malformations are conditions where the bottommost parts of the back of the brain (called the cerebellar tonsils) descend below the skull and enter the spinal canal—the space around the spinal cord. In type 2 Chiari malformations, more of the brain descends below the skull. This means that, as well as the cerebellar tonsils, the lower section of the brainstem (the medulla) and the brain's lowermost fluid-filled cavity, the fourth ventricle, also descend. The descending structures cause pressure and disrupt the normal flow of fluid that circulates in the brain and spinal cord, known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This article further explains the Chiari malformations, presents theories of how they are caused and describes their symptoms and complications. It also discusses Chiari malformations, theories of causation, symptoms, complications, treatment and nursing management considerations.
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Conner, Nathan O., Hannah R. Freeman, J. Adam Jones, Tony Luczak, Daniel Carruth, Adam C. Knight, and Harish Chander. "Virtual Reality Induced Symptoms and Effects: Concerns, Causes, Assessment & Mitigation." Virtual Worlds 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds1020008.
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The utilization of commercially available virtual reality (VR) environments has increased over the last decade. Motion sickness that is commonly reported while using VR devices is still prevalent and reported at a higher than acceptable rate. The virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE) are considered the largest barrier to widespread usage. Current measurement methods have uniform use across studies but are subjective and are not designed for VR. VRISE and other motion sickness symptom profiles are similar but not exactly the same. Common objective physiological and biomechanical as well as subjective perception measures correlated with VRISE should be used instead. Many physiological biomechanical and subjective changes evoked by VRISE have been identified. There is a great difficulty in claiming that these changes are directly caused by VRISE due to numerous other factors that are known to alter these variables resting states. Several theories exist regarding the causation of VRISE. Among these is the sensory conflict theory resulting from differences in expected and actual sensory input. Reducing these conflicts has been shown to decrease VRISE. User characteristics contributing to VRISE severity have shown inconsistent results. Guidelines of field of view (FOV), resolution, and frame rate have been developed to prevent VRISE. Motion-to-photons latency movement also contributes to these symptoms and effects. Intensity of content is positively correlated to VRISE, as is the speed of navigation and oscillatory displays. Duration of immersion shows greater VRISE, though adaptation has been shown to occur from multiple immersions. The duration of post immersion VRISE is related to user history of motion sickness and speed of onset. Cognitive changes from VRISE include decreased reaction time and eye hand coordination. Methods to lower VRISE have shown some success. Postural control presents a potential objective variable for predicting and monitoring VRISE intensity. Further research is needed to lower the rate of VRISE symptom occurrence as a limitation of use.
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Ackerman, Sara L., Katherine Weatherford Darling, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Robert A. Hiatt, and Janet K. Shim. "The Ethics of Translational Science: Imagining Public Benefit in Gene-Environment Interaction Research." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (June 29, 2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.152.
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Biomedical research is increasingly informed by expectations of “translation,” which call for the production of scientific knowledge that can be used to create services and products that improve health outcomes. In this paper, we ask how translation, in particular the idea of social responsibility, is understood and enacted in the post-genomic life sciences. Drawing on theories examining what constitutes “good science,” and interviews with 35 investigators who study the role of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we describe the dynamic and unsettled ethics of translational science through which the expected social value of scientific knowledge about complex disease causation is negotiated. To describe how this ethics is formed, we first discuss the politics of knowledge production in interdisciplinary research collectives. Researchers described a commitment to working across disciplines to examine a wide range of possible causes of disease, but they also pointed to persistent disciplinary and ontological divisions that rest on the dominance of molecular conceptions of disease risk. The privileging of molecular-level causation shapes and constrains the kinds of knowledge that can be created about gene-environment interactions. We then turn to scientists’ ideas about how this knowledge should be used, including personalized prevention strategies, targeted therapeutics, and public policy interventions. Consensus about the relative value of these anticipated translations was elusive, and many scientists agreed that gene-environment interaction research is part of a shift in biomedical research away from considering important social, economic, political and historical causes of disease and disease disparities. We conclude by urging more explicit engagement with questions about the ethics of translational science in the post-genomic life sciences. This would include a consideration of who will benefit from emerging scientific knowledge, how benefits will accrue, and the ways in which normative assumptions about the public good come to be embedded in scientific objects and procedures.
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Mishalov, Volodymyr, Oleh Fylypchuk, Viktor Bachynskyi, and Hryhorii Kryvda. "Forensic examination orthodox causation in the aspect of system approach." Forensic-medical examination, no. 2 (November 20, 2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2015.5.
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In the article presents the literature review some of controversial issues causal analysis in the present practice of forensic examination. Proposed a systematic approach as innovative logic- philosophical instrument improvement of orthodox causal analysis.The solution of many practical problems and research expert forensic natural connections depends on the choice of logical and philosophical model of causality. Descriptive and explanatory function of scientific theories led to historically there are two main types of models of causality in philosophy, general pathology and forensics: a) evolutionary model based on the temporal side deterministic relations structural models, based on interaction as a source of reason in the PNZ. The choice of a model role in determining causality traumatic process starting determinants: the causes, conditions, drive, states.Orthodox causal modeling, as proved by scientists, does not disclose in reality the determination of all parties, some of which are significant for forensic examination. The design of the study was proving the feasibility of conceptual positions systematic approach to causal explanation and analysis of forensic natural connections. The object of the study were forensic causal relationships, assess which forensic offered in special literature, regulations, opinions of forensic examinations.Causal opinions in the conclusions of forensic experts on forensic determinations demonstrate variability, reflecting longstanding and controversial debate on causality, both in scientific literature and in normative forensic documents. The existing antagonism explanations of causal determination is subjective and objective conditions.Orthodox causal analysis demonstrates some restrictions cognitive plan, for example:1. Subjective declaration uneven activity objects - media complex causal determinants - among which one of the most active carrier define terms and give causal status.In anthropomorphic approach the status of the reasons attributed to more active material object, or process, but interaction time is not taken into account. As a result of the retrospective simulation forensic expert finds superaddityvnist consequences (systemic effect emergence), but can not explain the discrepancy between the appearance quality system and starting objects generated based purely logical causality analysis tools2. Forensic expert, simulating determination related events often faced with the ambiguity of the relationship between cause and effect, for example, when various reasons compete in the generation of the same effect. Structural strictly causality model itself can not provide financial justification for this phenomenon.
3. PNZ argument often expresses the simplified scheme didactic or constituent of proof, since the system does not specify the location, direction and intensity of action determinants full causes injury. For example, the following contradictory indication of current “Rules forensic determination of the severity of injuries,” approved by MHP Ukraine Order № 6 from 17.01.1995. Point. 4.7. “Rules” experts proposed installing PNZ not ignore extraneous circumstances and individual characteristics of the organism and considered the status of the victim without conditions as the state of the abstract healthy person. This assumption characterizes monokauzalizm concept, which was subject to reasonable criticism in the XIX century.Orthodox causal analysis determinations goes in logical integration of necessary and sufficient conditions that form a single complex causal or full reason determinants that generate and accurately specifies the result. However, research is limited purely a comprehensive approach, often giving one-sided assessment of factors grouped as discourse mechanism does not contribute to the transformation of interacting material objects and therefore difficult defining the role of certain determinants, does not reveal the nature of the causal product of new quality. Leading scientists in a number of studies have concluded the impossibility to explain by means of purely causal analysis of certain issues of quality relationships between cause and effect. In forensics, specified gap of scientific knowledge creates preconditions incorrect judgments that can generate conflicting expert opinions. At this time, the existence of general systems theory and synergetic innovation is the integration of comprehensive and systematic approach.
In such a methodological symbiosis, comprehensive approach represents one of the analytical steps, which conducted an imaginary dissection of the object (process) apart; identify connections and relationships between parts that identifies the structure of the whole. Therefore, systematic analysis of forensic deterministic relations is a logical continuation of integration and productive, innovative organization at the present level of practice forensic expert in the study of the determination.From the above, the idea of standardized estimates bodily injuries recognized forensic “Rules” require further scientific justification on the basis of modern logic and philosophical knowledge by using a systematic approach.CONCLUSIONS1. Analysis of logical modeling retrospective causation suggests perspective feasibility association logical tools of causal analysis determinations with the methods systematic approach, organizations combined cause and system modeling.
2. Scientific legitimacy of methodological symbiosis in modeling ontological categories of causality and system based organic fusion, unity causality, consistency and cooperation, both material attributes reality and connectivity respective categories in a design model of the complete reason.3. System analysis of forensic deterministic relationships, as a logical continuation of orthodox integration of causal factors is an innovative and productive in modern scientific forensics
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Jacobs, David H., and David Cohen. "The End of Neo-Kraepelinism." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (2012): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.14.2.87.
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In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association asserted that its subject matter was straightforwardly medical and created a diagnostic manual—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-III)—consisting of supposedly discrete and independent mental disorders based on what were meant to be low-inference, easily observed sets of symptoms. It was taken for granted that such mental disorders existed and that biological research over time would unearth their specific somatic causes. The idea was to purge psychiatric diagnosis of jargon and unverified and unverifiable psychosocial theories of etiology and thereby place psychiatry on the road to discoveries regarding somatic pathology and causation that has proven so fruitful in the rest of medicine. When DSM-5 is published in 2013, however, biological information about the individual being diagnosed will play the same role as it did in DSM-III—namely, nothing. This article summarizes why adopting medicine as a model for conceptualizing personal distress and social difficulties was and is naïve and misguided. It is time for the mental health industry to stop pretending that psychological difficulties can be reduced to morbid physiology.
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PADMANABHAN, SANDOSH, CLAIRE HASTIE, CHRISTOPHER A. SAINSBURY, MARTIN W. MCBRIDE, JOHN M. CONNELL, and ANNA F. DOMINICZAK. "THE CAT, THE FLY AND THE BEETLE — WHY GENETICS NEEDS A SEMANTIC EDUCATION." International Journal of Semantic Computing 03, no. 01 (March 2009): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x09000665.
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Major advances have been made in the understanding of the genetic basis of diseases since Mendel's publication of the results of plant breeding experiments in 1866. To date these advances have been largely confined to the monogenic disorders — caused by mutations in a single gene. The public-health implications of these advances is relatively limited. In this review we explore our current understanding of the genetic basis of human traits and the reasons why current theories may account for the difficulties in identifying the genes for common diseases. We then postulate that semantic computing may be rightly poised to help understand complex disease causation, and explore the efforts that have been made to date to develop the necessary technological approach to the problem.
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Yu, Kimberley, and Madeline Chadehumbe. "A rare pediatric case of cluster headaches after cardiac catheterization in a patient with an isolated innominate artery." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 2050313X2110236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x211023679.
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While cluster headaches are classified and considered a primary headache disorder, secondary causes of cluster headaches have been reported and may provide insight into cluster headaches’ potential pathophysiology. The mechanisms underlying this headache phenotype are poorly understood, and several theories have been proposed that range from the activation within the posterior hypothalamus to autonomic tone dysfunction. We provide a review of reported cases in the literature describing secondary causes after cardiac procedures. We will present a novel pediatric case report of a 16-year-old boy with an isolated innominate artery who presented with acute new-onset headaches 8 h following cardiac catheterization of the aortic arch with arteriography and left pulmonary artery stent placement. The headaches were characterized by attacks of excruciating pain behind the left eye and jaw associated with ipsilateral photophobia, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, with severe agitation and restlessness. These met the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 criteria for episodic cluster headaches. The headaches failed to respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, dopamine antagonists, and steroids. He showed an immediate response to treatment with oxygen. This unique case of cluster headaches following cardiac catheterization in a pediatric patient with an isolated innominate artery may provide new insight into cluster headaches’ pathogenesis. We hypothesize that the cardiac catheterization induced cardiac autonomic changes that contributed to the development of his cluster headaches. The role of aortic arch anomalies and procedures in potential disruption of the autonomic tone and the causation of cluster headaches is an area requiring further study.
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Sultanova, Natalia, Halyna Lemko, and Oksana Voroshchuk. "PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN DISADVANTAGED FAMILIES." Mountain School of Ukrainian Carpaty, no. 29 (December 11, 2023): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/msuc.2023.29.31-35.
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In the article, the authors determined the relevance of the problem of violence against women and its prevention in dysfunctional families; the ways of social assistance to them and prevention of complications of the consequences of violence in the family are revealed. The content of the definition of "disadvantage" of the family and its status, which is revealed due to the connection with the specific situation of the functioning of the family and its individual members, have been clarified. The authors also characterized the phenomenon of violence against women in terms of physical, psychological, sexual and economic content. The content of the root causes of violence is revealed and revealed from the point of view of a retrospective review of the problem and taking into account the opinions of supporters of psychological theories and theories of social causation. The causes of family dysfunction are listed, such as economic instability, unemployment, legal illiteracy, alcohol and drug addiction of family members, lack of understanding of life goals and means of achieving them, and their impact on the risk and perpetration of violence against women in dysfunctional families is substantiated. . Emphasis is placed on the multiplicity of root causes of violence and their conditioning by a set of interrelated factors and factors. The possibility of influence of some on the crucial importance of others in dysfunctional families has been proven. The need for specialists in the field of social work, social pedagogues, and psychologists to provide qualified assistance to women who have become victims of domestic violence is substantiated. Social protection of women, in particular in dysfunctional families, is presented in the article as a holistic system of social prevention, which is based on clearly formulated principles and legal acts. The possibilities and expediency of social prevention of violence against women in dysfunctional families are substantiated; revealed the content and purpose of its three levels: primary, secondary, tertiary. Resources for the development and improvement of preventive activities to prevent violence against women in dysfunctional families are outlined. It was concluded that the effectiveness of social work with women who have become or could potentially become victims of violence will be facilitated by a set of preventive measures to prevent men's cruel treatment of them, and directions of work to overcome the consequences of domestic violence against them in dysfunctional families.
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Majumder, Bijita, and Sukalyan Ray. "Doctrines of Different Philosophical Schools Regarding the Theory of Cause & Effect and Their Validation in Light of Charaka Samhita." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2022.8207.
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Right from the inception of Ayurveda, through its development across the ages, the fundamental principles of Ayurveda have been influenced and enriched by the thoughts and logics from different Indian philosophical schools. Among the many branches of Indian philosophical schools, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Vedanta and certain Buddhist schools had a great influence in building up the basic fundamental principles of Ayurveda. The theory of causality behind every action i.e. Karya Karana Vada has been adopted by the majority of Indian philosophical schools with their own unique explanation, which gives the distinct identity to each of the doctrines related to the theory of cause and effect. Charaka Samhita, one of the most fundamental treatise of Ayurveda has adopted many of them and explains different biological as well as universal phenomenon on the basis of these theories. A number of doctrines and concepts those are described both in different philosophical schools and Charaka Samhita, among which Paramanu Vada (doctrine of atom), Pilu Paka Vada (doctrine of molecular change), Pithara Paka Vada (doctrine of physical change), Sat Karya Vada (doctrine of causation), Asat Karya Vada (doctrine of non - existence), Arambhavada (doctrine of commencement), Parinama Vada (doctrine of transformation), Vivarta Vada (doctrine of appearances), Kshanabhangura Vada (doctrine of momentariness), and Swabhavoparama Vada (doctrine of self-destruction) are some of the theories which are discussed in this present study with descriptions & examples available in Charaka Samhita.
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Donason, Addy D. "Transitive and Intransitive Selection Processes and Their Effects." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 68, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2023-0001.
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Abstract Karen Neander’s (1991a, b) Selected Effects (SE) theory of biological proper functions argues that the function of a trait is the action for which it was “caused” to be selected by natural selection. Her life’s work has already left a lasting impact, however SE theory has yet to be more properly formalized as a conceptual analysis of biological functions. Although other SE theories have sought to build upon Neander’s work (e.g., Garson, 2017), there remains an ambiguity in the theory’s use of causal descriptors. For the success of her successors, delineating the function of causality for SE theory is of utmost importance. Here, I systematize Neander’s theory according to the different senses of causation inherent to it. I argue that structuring SE theory in terms of causal transitivity and intransitivity reveals that Neander’s analysis not only supersedes her detractors but likely exposes areas of vulnerability in others’ SE theory derivatives.
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Wright, James R. "A Fresh Look at the History of SIDS." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.017.
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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) became a named entity in 1969 and the term has been used to certify sudden unexpected infant deaths meeting certain demographic, epidemiologic, and pathologic criteria. Since it is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is inherent imprecision, and this has led the National Association of Medical Examiners to recommend that these deaths now be classified as “undetermined.” This historical review article briefly analyzes anecdotal instances of SIDS described centuries ago as overlying, smothering, infanticide, and suffocation by bedclothes followed by a more detailed review of “thymic” causes (i.e., thymic asthma and status thymicolymphaticus) popular in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Before the 1950s, such cases were also often categorized as accidental mechanical suffocation. In the 1940s and 1950s, forensic studies on infants dying unexpectedly revealed a typical pattern of autopsy findings strongly suggestive of natural causation and, after 1969, cases meeting the appropriate criteria were usually categorized as SIDS, a term embraced by the public and by advocacy groups. Research conducted after the 1960s identified important risk factors and generated many theories related to pathogenesis, such as prolonged sleep apnea. The incidence of SIDS deaths decreased sharply in the early 1990s after implementing public awareness programs addressing risk factors such as prone sleeping position and exposure to smoking. Deletion of cases in which death scene investigation suggested asphyxiation and cases where molecular autopsies revealed metabolic diseases further decreased the incidence. This historical essay lays the foundation for debate on the future of the SIDS entity.
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Ng, K. H., M. Agius, and R. Zaman. "Effect of the worldwide crises on mental health." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72268-4.
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The events that unfolded towards the end of 2008 led to the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While the economic and political implications have been studied in detail, the impact on health – especially that of mental health – has received much less attention. This essay aims to achieve a critical evaluation of causality (or lack thereof) between an economic crisis and mental health, using a combination of psychological theories, statistical review and common logic.From a theoretical perspective, establishing the value-laden concept of mental health is core to this evaluation. We reflect on Professor Warr's component-based model of mental health and how/whether the economic downturn relates to these ‘components’ individually. On the statistical front, an analysis of data from previous global economic crises reveals a close association between job-related insecurities and psychological morbidities.We found that both psychological theory and epidemiological data support causation between a recession and conditions like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Further, we also explore the effects of the crisis on the family unit, society and international relations. This will highlight issues like child abuse, the psychological impacts on the socially deprived, and effects of the crisis on the developing world.We also review the effectiveness of efforts of different nature and magnitude to mitigate the effects of this downturn. All this will hopefully impact on our understanding of the causes of mental health problems in times of economic insecurity and assist in developing strategies to ameliorate them.
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Ng, K. H., M. Agius, and R. Zaman. "The effects of the economic crisis on mental health." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72369-0.
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The events that unfolded towards the end of 2008 led to the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While the economic and political implications have been studied in detail, the impact on health - especially that of mental health - has received much less attention. This poster aims to achieve a critical evaluation of causality (or lack thereof) between an economic crisis and mental health, using a combination of psychological theories, statistical review and common logic.From a theoretical perspective, establishing the value-laden concept of mental health is core to this evaluation. We reflect on Professor Warr's component-based model of mental health and how/whether the economic downturn relates to these ‘components’ individually. On the statistical front, an analysis of data from previous global economic crises reveals a close association between job-related insecurities and psychological morbidities.Integrating the analyses, both psychological theory and epidemiological data support causation between a recession and conditions like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Further, we also explore the effects of the crisis on the family unit, society and international relations. This will highlight issues like child abuse, the psychological impacts on the socially deprived, and effects of the crisis on the developing world.We also review the effectiveness of efforts of different nature and magnitude to mitigate the effects of this downturn. All this will hopefully impact on our understanding of the causes of mental health problems in times of economic insecurity and assist in developing strategies to ameliorate them.
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P.K, Jyothi. "Endometriosis an Ayurvedic View." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 05, no. 09 (2022): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2022.5921.
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Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen dependent condition characterized by the ectopic implantation of functional tissue lining of uterus. The exact cause of endometriosis is not detected yet even though there are some theories which explain the pathogenesisof endometriosis. Retrograde menstruation and Coelomic metaplasia theories are included under this. Based on the site of appearance classification of endometriosis can be done as pelvic, extra pelvic and remote. Appearance of endometrial tissue in myometrium is termed as adenomyosis and endometriotic deep lesions in ovary is Endometrioma. The risk factor for aggravating endometriosis is cyclical hormonal changes especially estrogen. Ayurveda does not name endometriosis as a separate disease title. In Ayurveda the diseases related with genital tract is discussed under yoniroga. Brihatrayee and laghutrayee describe 20 yoni rogaunder various dosha vitiation. Due to the peculiar characteristic of pain, generally endometriosis is taken under vatika yoni vyapath. Even though vatais predominant, pithaand kaphadoshaare also involved in various stages. Retrograde flow of menstrual blood, genetic factors, lymphatic and vascular spread are considered as the causative factors. Nidanaof endometriosis include mithayahara,-vihara, arthava dusti, bija dushti,use of apadravyas (iatrogenic causes) and daiva(genetic or chromosomal factors). Various type pain and infertility are the main clinical features of endometriosis. Pain is due to increased vata in kadee desa. Through the study the Nidana of endometriosis is analyzed and compared with latest theories. Endometriosis is not considered as a life threatening disease it is a life altering disease that require timely diagnosis and treatment. Currently there is no universally acceptable treatment protocol for endometriosis is available
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Verina, Galina V. "Causal relationship and other causal dependences in careless crimes." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 3 (2022): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2022-6-3-322-330.
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Introduction: in modern realities, the criminal law concept of the necessary causation ceases to be universal, which causes serious concern for scientists and initiates cognitive processes in this legal space. The raised set of scientific and applied issues, due, among other things, to the rapid development of digitalization and artificial intelligence, the integration of new technologies in all spheres of life, accumulates the most important theoretical and applied problem of cause-and-effect relationship and other causal dependencies between a socially dangerous act and a socially dangerous consequence. This problem, according to the scientific hypothesis, a priori, is most clearly highlighted in the legal field of careless crimes. The purpose of the research is to find arguments for the validity and veracity of the scientific hypothesis put forward, the criterion for the truth of which can be judicial practice, as well as to identify the peculiarities of Causal relationship in careless crimes. Methodology: from the point of view of the methodological basis, the study relies on the universal philosophical method of cognition of criminal law matter, as well as a number of general scientific and private scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, content analysis, hermeneutic and dogmatic methods, etc. Results of the research and conclusions: first of all, the validity of the scientific hypothesis put forward has been proven. The cause-and-effect relationship between a socially dangerous act and a socially dangerous consequence in careless crimes of the investigated type affiliation (against traffic safety and operation of transport, as well as against life and health of the individual) can be explained taking into account the complex conceptual approach synthesizing rational “grain” of theories of necessary and incoming causality (the latter is a private manifestation of the theory “conditio sine qua non”). The peculiarity of the harm caused in careless crimes of the investigated type is its indirect nature, due to the nuances of an objective situation, the development of phenomena and events of the objective world, physical laws, patient behavior, its physiological state, the action of mechanisms, the “behavior” of artificial intelligence, etc. It is also important to state that in the context of the presented careless crimes, it is more correct to talk not about cause-and-effect relationship, but about other causal dependencies.
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Knott, Evan Thomas. "What Might a Theory of Causation Do for Sport?" Philosophies 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4020034.
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The purpose of this research is to articulate how a theory of causation might be serviceable to a theory of sport. This article makes conceptual links between Bernard Suits’ theory of game-playing, causation, and theories of causation. It justifies theories of causation while drawing on connections between sport and counterfactuals. It articulates the value of theories of causation while emphasizing possible limitations. A singularist theory of causation is found to be more broadly serviceable with particular regard to its analysis of sports.
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Kumar, Shrawan. "Theories of musculoskeletal injury causation." Ergonomics 44, no. 1 (January 2001): 17–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130120716.
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Khudaykulov, Feruzbek Khurramovich. "CONCEPTS OF CAUSATION IN CRIMINAL LAW: PROBLEMS, ANALYSIS AND SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 03, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-06-48.
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The article widely uses logical, inductive, deductive, systematic, logical-legal, comparative-legal research methods. In particular, it was noted that the issue of causation in the institutions of general and special parts of criminal law is very complicated and there are many problems with it. In the theory of criminal law, scientists put forward eleven theories of causation in their scientific works, and the content of the most important of them is analyzed in this article, as well as specific shortcomings of theories of causation are recognized. The scientific views and researches of scientists regarding the theories of causation in criminal law, the similarities and differences between them are described in detail. At the same time, two of the theories of causation in foreign criminal law are widely used: the theory of equivalence and adequacy, and among them: the first contains the necessary conditions ("conditio sine qua non" - "there is no condition without a necessary condition..."), and the second is adequate( exactly the same, equal, suitable) are stated to represent conditions. Also, the legal nature of eleven theories of causation in the theory of criminal law, their specific rules are comparatively analyzed, their problematic aspects are identified and sequentially described. This article focuses on eleven theories of causation in criminal law theory and provides an instrumental and comparative analysis of their intertwined provisions. Also, out of the eleven theories of causation, the theory of direct causation was found to be the most widely used. At the same time, the doctrine of criminal law and existing scientific research were analyzed, and reasonable theoretical recommendations were developed in this regard.
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GARCÍA-ENCINAS, María José. "Transference, or identity theories of causation?" THEORIA 19, no. 1 (January 6, 2004): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.600.
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I argue that transference is, ultimately, (non-relational) identity over time, and that (non-relational) identity over time can't possibly be causation. Transference, then, fails as an analysis of causation.
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Frankel, Marvin E. "Causation and lawyers' causes." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 6, no. 2 (June 1986): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(86)90025-5.
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Sawin, Clark T. "THEORIES OF CAUSATION OF GRAVES' DISEASE." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 27, no. 1 (March 1998): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70298-x.
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Moors, Agnes. "Theories of emotion causation: A review." Cognition & Emotion 23, no. 4 (June 2009): 625–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930802645739.
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