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Journal articles on the topic "Causes and Theories of Causation"
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Hitchcock, Christopher Read. "Farewell to Binary Causation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 2 (June 1996): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717454.
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Causation is a topic of perennial philosophical concern. As well as being of intrinsic interest, almost all philosophical concepts — such as knowledge, beauty, and moral responsibility — involve a causal dimension. Nonetheless, attempts to provide a satisfactory account of the nature of causation have typically led to barrages of counterexamples. I hope to show that a number of the difficulties plaguing theories of causation have a common source.Most philosophical theories of causation describe a binary relation between cause and effect, or at any rate, a relation that reduces to such a binary relation when certain background information is held fixed. Indeed, most theories provide the same general account of when this relation holds: in order to evaluate whether C causes E, we must make a comparison between two cases, which we may neutrally label as C and ∼C. Where theories of causation differ, of course, is in precisely what is being so compared. Regularity theories of causation require a comparison between what actually happens whenever C occurs, and what actually happens, elsewhere and elsewhen, when C does not occur.
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CLARKE, RANDOLPH. "Absence Causation for Causal Dispositionalists." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 4, no. 3 (2018): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.16.
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AbstractSeveral theories of causation rule out causation of or by lacks, omissions, or absences of things. They thereby conflict with much of what we think and say about what causes what. This article proposes a modification of one kind of theory, causal dispositionalism, so that it accepts absence causation while retaining a fundamental commitment of dispositionalism.
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Grenda, Vytautas. "DEVYNIŲ KONTRAFAKTINIŲ PRIEŽASTINGUMO TEORIJŲ PALYGINIMAS PASITELKIANT SEPTYNIS PAVYZDŽIUS." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1937.
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Straipsnyje lyginamos ir vertinamos devynios per pastarąjį dešimtmetį pasirodžiusios kontrafaktinės vienetinio priežastingumo teorijos, kurias visas sukūrė arba inspiravo D. Lewisas, J. Y. Halpernas ir J. Pearlas, o savo tekstuose išdėstė šeši kiti autoriai. Parodomi kai kurie literatūroje dar neaprašyti šių teorijų skirtumai. Įrodinėjama, kad dauguma šių teorijų intuityviai panašius pavyzdžius nagrinėja skirtingai, ir šiuo požiūriu primeta perskyras, kurių buitinės priežastingumo sampratos požiūriu ne tik nėra, bet ir neturėtų būti.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vienetinis priežastingumas, kontrafaktiniai sąlyginiai teiginiai, „atsarginės“ priežastys, persąlygojimas.Comparison of Nine Counterfactual Theories of Causation by the Use of Seven ExamplesVytautas Grenda SummaryThe article compares and evaluates nine last-decade counterfactual theories of singular causation, which were either created or inspired by David Lewis, Joseph Y. Halpern and Judea Pearl and presented in the texts of six other authors. Some differences between those theories that have not yet been described in literature are shown in the article. It is argued that the majority of those theories analyze intuitively similar examples in different ways. In that respect, those theories impose distinctions which, according to the folk theory of causation, are (and should be) absent.Keywords: singular causation, counterfactuals, backup causes, overdetermination.
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Nera, Kenzo. "Analyzing the Causation Between Conspiracy Mentality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 232, no. 1 (January 2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000533.
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Abstract: The dispositional approach to conspiracy mentality suggests that it causally precedes belief in conspiracy theories. I identify two potential pitfalls when analyzing this causal relationship: circular reasoning (in which the two constructs are conflated and interchangeable) and black box explanations (in which conspiracy mentality is merely defined as a disposition to believe in conspiracy theories). I argue that avoiding black box explanations requires theoretical and empirical works to clarify the content and antecedents of conspiracy mentality. To guide future research, I formulate two hypotheses based on a philosophical analysis of conspiracy thinking and empirical research. In doing so, I question common assumptions on conspiracy mentality. First, against the assumption that conspiracy mentality is unidimensional, I propose that it may be better conceptualized as a multidimensional construct. Second, against the assumption that conspiracy mentality unidirectionally causes conspiracy theory beliefs, I propose that this relationship might be bidirectional.
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Stein, John. "Theories about Developmental Dyslexia." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020208.
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Despite proving its usefulness for over a century, the concept of developmental dyslexia (DD) is currently in severe disarray because of the recent introduction of the phonological theory of its causation. Since mastering the phonological principle is essential for all reading, failure to do so cannot be used to distinguish DD from the many other causes of such failure. To overcome this problem, many new psychological, signal detection, and neurological theories have been introduced recently. All these new theories converge on the idea that DD is fundamentally caused by impaired signalling of the timing of the visual and auditory cues that are essential for reading. These are provided by large ‘magnocellular’ neurones which respond rapidly to sensory transients. The evidence for this conclusion is overwhelming. Especially convincing are intervention studies that have shown that improving magnocellular function improves dyslexic children’s reading, together with cohort studies that have demonstrated that the magnocellular timing deficit is present in infants who later become dyslexic, long before they begin learning to read. The converse of the magnocellular deficit in dyslexics may be that they gain parvocellular abundance. This may often impart the exceptional ‘holistic’ talents that have been ascribed to them and that society needs to nurture.
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Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.
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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (15.38%), witchcraft (11.54%), human-vector contact (34.61%),and palm wine drinking (32.69%).It reveals that any effective management of malaria must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease, as well as gender roles within a given community since women bear a greater burden of the disease than men. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts.
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Shang, Shi Yu. "Aanalyse on the Causation and Classification of Usual Damages of Highway Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1297.
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There are long spans and various types of lining of highway tunnels under different geological conditions. It is challenging to obtain accurate geological condition data of tunnel, the existing tunnel design theories and methods are not mature either. Meantime, the stresses of tunnel during the stage of design, construction, operation and maintenance are also changing with time. Therefore, it is difficult to discover the root causes of the highway tunnels defeats, also because of the joint influence of the above factors. Through the broadly investigations of defeats of highway tunnel, the reasons of these defeats was analyzed and classified from four aspects, external forces, design methods, construction phase and deterioration of materials. More important, the general rules and association between the defeats and causes was studied and suggested following the brief introduction of the highway tunnel defeats.
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Marques, José Oscar de Almeida. "Regularity and counterfactuality in Hume's treatment of causation." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 52, no. 124 (December 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-512x2011000200007.
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Of the several theories of causation current in our days, Hume is said to be the inspiration of two of the most influential and accepted: the regularity theory, first clearly formulated by Thomas Brown in 1822, and the counterfactual theory, proposed by David Lewis in 1973. After a brief outline of the comparative merits and difficulties of these two views, I proceed to examine whether Hume's own treatment of causation actually corresponds to any of them. I will show that his first definition of cause, coupled with his rules by which to judge about causes and effects, contains elements that, properly developed, allow us to address successfully some traditional difficulties of the regularity view of causation, without resorting to the conceptual resources employed in the counterfactual approach. Therefore, we can properly classify Hume as an advocate of the conception of causation as regularity, noting however that his primary goal in his research and definitions of the concept was to provide not so much an analysis of causation as such, but of causation as we apprehend it, in the form of our ability to make causal inferences and refine them to reach the more sophisticated causal reasonings that are required in the theoretical and practical issues of life.
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Engler, S., J. Luterbacher, F. Mauelshagen, and J. Werner. "The Irish famine of 1740–1741: causes and effects." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 1013–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1013-2013.
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Abstract. This paper advances the current debate on causes and effects of famines. Since Sen's food entitlement decline theory emerged in the 1980's, climate and environmental factors are widely excluded in famine analysis. Studying the causation and the processes of famines as well as the adaptations to it before the 20th century will enhance modern famine theories and lead to a rethinking of the role of climate/environmental aspects in current research. In our case study, the "Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model" (FVAM) serves as an explanatory model and will open up new perspectives on famines. Special emphasis will be put on the Europe-wide crises of 1740–1741, with a focus on the famine of the "great frost" in Ireland. The interaction of demographic, political, economic and environmental aspects is characteristic in this famine.
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Pezet, Robert E. "The Dead Past Dilemma." Metaphysica 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mp-2021-0025.
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Abstract A temporal levels structure for temporal metaphysics is outlined and employed to convey a dilemma threatening the temporal collapse of Growing-Block Theories to their meta-temporal level. The outline further explains how Presentism occupies a privileged (default) position in that temporal levels structure. Moreover, that dilemma relies crucially on the acceptance of productive causation as explaining additions to the growing block, for which it is argued any reasonable growing-block theory should incorporate. The dilemma’s first horn considers growing-block theories where productive causes are only so when present; the second, growing-block theories where productive causes continue being so when past. Either way, growing-block theory collapses into Accruing-Present Theory: whereby all entities survive into succeeding present “blocks” of existents. It is argued, the presentness of surviving entities undermines their intended theoretical role, undercutting motivations for believing accruing-present theses. Ultimately, I recommend rejection of both growing-block and accruing-present theses based on these explanatory inadequacies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Causes and Theories of Causation"
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Allen, Scott Brian. "Optimal scheduling of disease-screening examinations based on detection delay." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28621.
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Crott, Jimmy. "The effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage in vitro." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc9515.pdf.
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Reprints of the author's previously published articles included as an appendix. Bibliography: leaves 165-188. "This thesis describes a series of experiments that aimed to investigate the effects of folic acid deficiency and defects in folate metabolism on chromosome damage rates in human lymphocytes. The accumulation of chromosome damage over time is an important issue because it is thought to contribute to the mechanism of ageing and the aetiology of diseases of age such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease."
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Shepherd, Gareth William Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Automating the aetiological classification of descriptive injury data." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24934.
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Injury now surpasses disease as the leading global cause of premature death and disability, claiming over 5.8 millions lives each year. However, unlike disease, which has been subjected to a rigorous epidemiologic approach, the field of injury prevention and control has been a relative newcomer to scientific investigation. With the distribution of injury now well described (i.e. ???who???, ???what???, ???where??? and ???when???), the underlying hypothesis is that progress in understanding ???how??? and ???why??? lies in classifying injury occurrences aetiologically. The advancement of a means of classifying injury aetiology has so far been inhibited by two related limitations: 1. Structural limitation: The absence of a cohesive and validated aetiological taxonomy for injury, and; 2. Methodological limitation: The need to manually classify large numbers of injury cases to determine aetiological patterns. This work is directed at overcoming these impediments to injury research. An aetiological taxonomy for injury was developed consistent with epidemiologic principles, along with clear conventions and a defined three-tier hierarchical structure. Validation testing revealed that the taxonomy could be applied with a high degree of accuracy (coder/gold standard agreement was 92.5-95.0%), and with high inter- and intra- coder reliability (93.0-96.3% and 93.5-96.3%). Practical application demonstrated the emergence of strong aetiological patterns which provided insight into causative sequences leading to injury, and led to the identification of effective control measures to reduce injury frequency and severity. However, limitations related to the inefficient and error-prone manual classification process (i.e. average 4.75 minute/case processing time and 5.0-7.5% error rate), revealed the need for an automated approach. To overcome these limitations, a knowledge acquisition (KA) software tool was developed, tested and applied, based on an expertsystems technique known as ripple down rules (RDR). It was found that the KA system was able acquire tacit knowledge from a human expert and apply learned rules to efficiently and accurately classify large numbers of injury cases. Ultimately, coding error rates dropped to 3.1%, which, along with an average 2.50 minute processing time, compared favourably with results from manual classification. As such, the developed taxonomy and KA tool offer significant advantages to injury researchers who have a need to deduce useful patterns from injury data and test hypotheses regarding causation and prevention.
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Medlow, Sharon Denise. "Mechanisms of mental causation: An examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.
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One of the most interesting developments in recent psychological theorising has been a growing appreciation of the need for a viable theory of mental causation. Hitherto, the prospects for reconciling what seems to be the uniquely rational character of human thought and action with the non-rational mechanistic workings of the natural world have appeared to be limited or even illusory, and the pursuit of reconciliation of this sort has therefore formerly been dismissed as being either impossible of completion or inappropriate for contemplation. Much of the scepticism concerning the role of causal processes in human thought and action was dispelled, however, by the philosopher Donald Davidson, who argues that not only is human action capable of being caused by the actor's thoughts and desires, but that only when such action is so caused, can it be rational. Davidson's proposal for the reconciliation of human rationality with causal necessitation is articulated in his theory of Anomalous Monism. According to this theory, there exists what may be termed an ontological-conceptual distinction between events themselves and the characters or properties that are attributed to events by human observers, and it is through recognition of this distinction that one discovers how mental events, that is, events that are amenable to description in the psychological vocabulary, are causally efficacious yet free from the constraints typically associated with the necessity and sufficiency of causal laws. Anomalous Monism, if it were workable, would therefore resolve the paradox according to which human mentality is at once integrated in, and yet unconstrained by, the mechanistic natural world, by demonstrating the compatibility of the facts of causation with the intuitions of folk psychology. However, close examination of Anomalous Monism reveals it to rely on logically flawed anti-realist principles concerning the characters of events, properties and causation. It follows from this that the theory itself must be rejected, but the task that it was devised to undertake, the formulation of a viable theory of mental causation, need not be similarly discarded. Rather, what remains is the challenge of delineating an alternative theory, one that withstands logical scrutiny whilst addressing what is characteristic of human mental processes, and thereby what is characteristic of mental causation. The theory of Direct Realism that is derived from the broader philosophical realism of John Anderson provides the materials for meeting this challenge. According to Direct Realism, mental phenomena are relational situations obtaining between certain organisms (including humans) and their environments. As such, mental phenomena are included in the range of phenomena occurring in the natural world and they are therefore subject to all of its ways of working, including its deterministic mechanisms. The particular challenge that a Direct Realist theory of mental causation faces, that of demonstrating that relational situations can be causal, is revealed upon examination of the character of causation to be unproblematic. Furthermore, the seeming incompatibility between human rationality and natural necessitation is resolved when it is acknowledged that, rather than be an inherent feature of thought and action, logical structure is a characteristic of the natural environment that organisms are at times sensitive to, as revealed by its effects on the characters of their thoughts and actions. Far from being remote or illusory, the prospects for reconciling human mentality with the causal mechanisms of the natural world are discovered in the present thesis to be favourable when a realist approach to the characters of both mental events and causation is adopted.
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Medlow, Sharon Denise. "Mechanisms of mental causation: An examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world." University of Sydney. Psychology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.
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One of the most interesting developments in recent psychological theorising has been a growing appreciation of the need for a viable theory of mental causation. Hitherto, the prospects for reconciling what seems to be the uniquely rational character of human thought and action with the non-rational mechanistic workings of the natural world have appeared to be limited or even illusory, and the pursuit of reconciliation of this sort has therefore formerly been dismissed as being either impossible of completion or inappropriate for contemplation. Much of the scepticism concerning the role of causal processes in human thought and action was dispelled, however, by the philosopher Donald Davidson, who argues that not only is human action capable of being caused by the actor�s thoughts and desires, but that only when such action is so caused, can it be rational. Davidson�s proposal for the reconciliation of human rationality with causal necessitation is articulated in his theory of Anomalous Monism. According to this theory, there exists what may be termed an ontological-conceptual distinction between events themselves and the characters or properties that are attributed to events by human observers, and it is through recognition of this distinction that one discovers how mental events, that is, events that are amenable to description in the psychological vocabulary, are causally efficacious yet free from the constraints typically associated with the necessity and sufficiency of causal laws. Anomalous Monism, if it were workable, would therefore resolve the paradox according to which human mentality is at once integrated in, and yet unconstrained by, the mechanistic natural world, by demonstrating the compatibility of the facts of causation with the intuitions of folk psychology. However, close examination of Anomalous Monism reveals it to rely on logically flawed anti-realist principles concerning the characters of events, properties and causation. It follows from this that the theory itself must be rejected, but the task that it was devised to undertake, the formulation of a viable theory of mental causation, need not be similarly discarded. Rather, what remains is the challenge of delineating an alternative theory, one that withstands logical scrutiny whilst addressing what is characteristic of human mental processes, and thereby what is characteristic of mental causation. The theory of Direct Realism that is derived from the broader philosophical realism of John Anderson provides the materials for meeting this challenge. According to Direct Realism, mental phenomena are relational situations obtaining between certain organisms (including humans) and their environments. As such, mental phenomena are included in the range of phenomena occurring in the natural world and they are therefore subject to all of its ways of working, including its deterministic mechanisms. The particular challenge that a Direct Realist theory of mental causation faces, that of demonstrating that relational situations can be causal, is revealed upon examination of the character of causation to be unproblematic. Furthermore, the seeming incompatibility between human rationality and natural necessitation is resolved when it is acknowledged that, rather than be an inherent feature of thought and action, logical structure is a characteristic of the natural environment that organisms are at times sensitive to, as revealed by its effects on the characters of their thoughts and actions. Far from being remote or illusory, the prospects for reconciling human mentality with the causal mechanisms of the natural world are discovered in the present thesis to be favourable when a realist approach to the characters of both mental events and causation is adopted.
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Medlow, Sharon. "Mechanisms of mental causation an examination of the theories of Anomalous Monism and Direct Realism with regard to their proposals concerning the causal role of human mentality in the natural world /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/678.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.Title from title screen (viewed 14 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Psychology, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Carman, Judith Anne. "The metabolic relationship between nutrition and cancer /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc287.pdf.
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Munthali, Alister Chaundumuka. "Change and continuity : perceptions about childhood diseases among the Tumbuka of Northern Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007718.
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The objectives of this study were to determine what the Tumbuka people of northern Malawi consider to be the most dangerous childhood diseases, to explore their perceptions about the aetiology, prevention and treatment of these diseases, and to determine how such perceptions have changed over the years. The study was done in Chisinde and surrounding villages in western Rumphi District, northern Malawi. Although a household questionnaire was used to collect some quantitative data, the major data collection methods comprised participant observation, in-depth interviews with mothers with children under five and old men and women, and key informant interviews with traditional healers, traditional birth attendants, village headmen, health surveillance assistants and clinical officers. Informants in this study mentioned chikhoso chamoto, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, and conjunctivitis as the most dangerous childhood diseases in the area. Old men and women added that in the past smallpox was also a dangerous disease that affected both children and adults. Apart from measles and smallpox, community-based health workers and those at the local health centre also mentioned the same list of diseases as the most dangerous diseases prevalent among under-five children. Though health workers and informants mentioned the same diseases, the informants' perspectives about the aetiology and prevention of these diseases and the way they sought treatment during childhood illness episodes, in some cases, differed significantly from those of biomedicine. For example, while health workers said that the signs and symptoms presented by a child suffering from "chikhoso chamoto" were those of either kwashiorkor or marasmus, both young and elderly informants said that a child could contract this illness through contact with a person who had been involved in sexual intercourse. Biomedically, diarrhoea is caused by the ingestion of pathogenic agents, which are transmitted through, among other factors, drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated foods. While young men and women subscribed to this biomedical view, at the same time, just like old men and women, they also believed that if a breastfeeding mother has sexual intercourse, sperms will contaminate her breast milk and, once a child feeds on this milk, he or she will develop diarrhoea. They, in addition, associated diarrhoea with the process of teething and other infections, such as malaria and measles. In malaria-endemic areas such as Malawi, the occurrence of convulsions, splenomegaly and anaemia in children under five may be biomedically attributed to malaria. However, most informants in this study perceived these conditions as separate disease entities caused by, among other factors, witchcraft and the infringement of Tumbuka taboos relating to food, sexual intercourse and funerals. Splenomegaly and convulsions were also perceived as hereditary diseases. Such Tumbuka perceptions about the aetiology of childhood diseases also influenced their ideas about prevention and the seeking of therapy during illness episodes. Apart from measles, other childhood vaccine-preventable diseases (i.e. tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, pertussis and poliomyelitis) were not mentioned, presumably because they are no longer occurring on a significant scale, which is an indication of the success of vaccination programmes. This study reveals that there is no outright rejection of vaccination services in the study area. Some mothers, though, felt pressured to go for vaccination services as they believed that non-vaccinated children were refused biomedical treatment at the local health centres when they fell ill. While young women with children under five mentioned vaccination as a preventative measure against diseases such as measles, they also mentioned other indigenous forms of 'vaccination', which included the adherence to societal taboos, the wearing of amulets, the rubbing of protective medicines into incisions, isolation of children under five (e.g. a newly born child is kept in the house, amongst other things, to protect him or her against people who are ritually considered hot because of sexual intercourse) who are susceptible to disease or those posing a threat to cause disease in children under five. For example, since diarrhoea is perceived to be caused by, among other things, a child feeding on breast milk contaminated with sperms, informants said that there is a strong need for couples to observe postpartum sexual intercourse. A couple with newly delivered twins is isolated from the village because of the belief that children will swell if they came into contact with them. Local methods of disease prevention seem therefore to depend on what is perceived to be the cause of the illness and the decision to adopt specific preventive measures depends on, among other factors, the diagnosis of the cause and of who is vulnerable. The therapy-seeking process is a hierarchical movement within and between aetiologies; at the same time, it is not a random process, but an ordered process of choices in response to negative feedback, and subject to a number of factors, such as the aetiology of the disease, distance, social costs, cost of the therapeutic intervention, availability of medicines, etc. The movement between systems (i.e. from traditional medicine to biomedicine and vice-versa) during illness episodes depends on a number of factors, including previous experiences of significant others (i.e. those close to the patient), perceptions about the chances of getting healed, the decisions of the therapy management group, etc. For example, febrile illness in children under five may be treated using herbs or antipyretics bought from the local grocery shops. When the situation worsens (e.g. accompanied by convulsions), a herbalist will be consulted or the child may be taken to the local health centre. The local health centre refers such cases to the district hospital for treatment. Because of the rapidity with which the condition worsens, informants said that sometimes such children are believed to be bewitched, hence while biomedical treatment is sought, at the same time diviners are also consulted. The therapeutic strategies people resort to during illness episodes are appropriate rational decisions, based on prevailing circumstances, knowledge, resources and outcomes. Boundaries between the different therapeutic options are not rigid, as people move from one form of therapy to another and from one mode of classification to another. Lastly, perceptions about childhood diseases have changed over the years. Old men and women mostly attribute childhood illnesses to the infringement of taboos (e.g. on . sexual intercourse), witchcraft and other supernatural forces. While young men and women also subscribe to these perceptions, they have at the same time also appropriated the biomedical disease explanatory models. These biomedical models were learnt at school, acquired during health education sessions conducted by health workers in the communities as well as during under-five clinics, and health education programmes conducted on the national radio station. Younger people, more frequently than older people, thus move within and between aetiological models in the manner described above.
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Lenkiewicz, Marie. "Contribución al estudio del léxico médico del español medieval : "Secretos de medicina" del licenciado don Juan Enriquez y "Pronóstica del pseudo-Galeno"." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63991.
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Stentenbach, Michael Joachim. "Structural theories of modelling token causation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1970/.
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This thesis deals with the most prominent accounts of analyzing singular event causation by employing counterfactuals or counterfactual information. The classic counterfactual account of token event causation was proposed in 1973 by the philosopher David Lewis and ruled that an event c is a cause of event e, if and only if there is a chain of counterfactually dependent events between c and e. Apart from facing conceptual problems due to its metaphysical claim to analyze causation 'as such' and to reduce it to counterfactual dependency, this account also produced implausible results: first, it stipulated that token causation is a transitive relation, and second, it could not analyze situations in which an effect is over-determined by various causes, either symmetrically or by one cause pre-empting another one. In 2000, almost three decades later, Judea Pearl, formerly an engineer, formulated a new and highly influential theory of modeling causal dependencies using counterfactual information that, as I argue, neither faces these conceptual problems nor produces these undesired results. This formal theory analyzes causal relationships between token events in a given situation in two steps: first, a causal model describing the relevant mechanisms at work in the situation is constructed, and second, causal relationships between the events featured in the situation are determined relatively to this model. Pearl's definition of causation according to a model is technically complicated, but its underlying rationale is that the decisive property of a cause is to sustain its effect via a certain causal process against possible contingencies, this notion of sustenance embodying an aspect of production and an aspect of counterfactual dependency. This theory of Pearl's was received with great interest in the philosophical community, most importantly by Christopher Hitchcock and James Woodward, who tried to simplify this account while preserving the basic intuition that a cause is linked to its effect by a causal process, in essence a concatenation of the mechanisms at work in the situation, just defining a causal process in a formally simpler way. I describe and employ this simplified account by Hitchcock and Woodward as a graphic introduction to Pearl's theory, because the same basic notions, like the one of a causal model, are defined in a formally more accessible way and the basic problems, like the generation of a causal model, become obvious. I mainly discuss Hitchcock's account, since this is the earlier one, since it is more elaborate, and mainly since it is conceptually in need of clarification. Woodward's account is in essence equivalent to Hitchcock's, given a slightly changed terminology. The core of my thesis consists of a comparison of Pearl's theory with Hitchcock's account. I present four paradigmatic examples, three of which are judged differently by these two theories. In each of these three examples our causal intuition is in accord with the judgment delivered by Pearl's account but contradicts the verdict of Hitchcock's. I draw the conclusion that Hitchcock's project of simplifying Pearl's theory fails in the second step of causal analysis, i.e. in defining causation according to a given model. Building on the lessons learned from this comparison, I offer a slight generalization of Pearl's definition of token causation according to a model, since Pearl's original account has the shortcoming that token causes cannot be exogenous in a model.
Books on the topic "Causes and Theories of Causation"
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Treichler, Markus. Neue Zeiten, neue Leiden: Zeittendenzen, Krankheitsbilder, Chancen. Stuttgart: Mayer, 1998.
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Jürgen, Margraf, Siegrist Johannes, and Neumer Simon, eds. Gesundheits- oder Krankheitstheorie?: Saluto-versus pathogenetische Ansätze im Gesundheitswesen. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
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Subjektive Krankheitstheorie und Krankheitsverarbeitung bei Herzinfarktrehabilitanden. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1990.
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Zumaylī, Zuhayr Muḥammad. Li-mādhā jaʻala Allāh al-amrāḍ!?: Min ḥikam khalq Allāh lil-amrāḍ. ʻAmmān, al-Urdun: Dār al-Furqān, 1988.
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Causation and disease: A chronological journey. New York: Plenum Medical Book Co., 1993.
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Cornelius, Margaret. Fiji non-communicable diseases (NCD) steps survey 2002. Suva, Fiji: Ministry of Health, 2002.
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Vinay, Kumar, and Robbins Stanley L. 1915-, eds. Robbins pathologic basis of disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1994.
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MacCallum, W. G. A textbook of pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1996.
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Adami, J. George. Pathological notes. Montreal: J. Lovell, 1985.
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Cotran, Ramzi S. Robbins' pathologic basis of disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Causes and Theories of Causation"
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Giannini, Giacomo, and Stephen Mumford. "Formal Causes for Powers Theorists." In Neo-Aristotelian Perspectives on Formal Causation, 87–105. New York, NY : Routledge, [2021]: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429329821-7.
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Vázquez, Daniel. "Theories of Causation in Early Stoicism." In Cause and Explanation in Ancient Philosophy, 186–207. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003306450-11.
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Loke, Andrew. "Causation and Laws of Nature." In The Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments Revisited, 37–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94403-2_2.
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AbstractI define the key terms of the Causal Principle, namely ‘whatever’, ‘begins to exist’, and ‘cause’, and the related terms ‘time’, ‘eternal’, ‘event’, ‘change’, ‘perdurantism’, and ‘uncaused’. In particular, something has a beginning if it has a temporal extension, the extension is finite, and it has temporal edges/boundaries, that is, it does not have a static closed loop or a changeless/timeless phase that avoids an edge. This definition is compatible with both dynamic and static theories of time. While causal eliminativists and causal reductionists have claimed that causation has no basis in fundamental physics others have replied that fundamental physics does not provide a complete description of reality, and that it does not exclude causation and causal properties which operate at a more fundamental level as the ground of the regularities described by fundamental physics (Weaver, Fundamental Causation: Physics, Metaphysics, and the Deep Structure of the World. London: Routledge, 2019). Quantum physics has not shown that the Causal Principle is violated given that (1) quantum particles emerge from the quantum vacuum which is not non-being but something with vacuum fields, (2) radioactive disintegration of atomic nuclei exhibit statistical regularities that strongly indicate the existence of more fundamental ordered causes, and (3) many different interpretations of quantum physics exist, and some are perfectly deterministic.
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Hagmayer, York, and Neele Engelmann. "Asking Questions to Provide a Causal Explanation – Do People Search for the Information Required by Cognitive Psychological Theories?" In Perspectives on Causation, 121–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34308-8_4.
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Glennan, Stuart. "Finding Causes." In Causation: The Basics, 138–62. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003200956-9.
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Glennan, Stuart. "Choosing Causes." In Causation: The Basics, 163–86. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003200956-10.
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Appel, S. H., J. I. Engelhardt, R. G. Smith, and E. Stefani. "Theories of Causation." In Motor Neuron Disease, 219–40. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1871-8_11.
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Ehrenstein, Kolja. "Theories of Causation." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 17–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87942-6_2.
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Glennan, Stuart. "Causes, Regularities, and Laws." In Causation: The Basics, 31–53. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003200956-3.
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Glennan, Stuart. "Causes, Purposes, and Agency." In Causation: The Basics, 120–37. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003200956-8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Causes and Theories of Causation"
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Bochman, Alexander. "Default Logic as a Species of Causal Reasoning." In 20th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2023/12.
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We will show that Reiter's default logic can be viewed as a particular instantiation of causal reasoning. This will be demonstrated by establishing back and forth translations between default theories and causal theories of the causal calculus under a particular nonmonotonic semantics of causal theories that will be called a default semantics. Moreover, it will be shown that Pearl's structural equation models can be viewed as default causal theories in this sense. We will discuss also some global consequences this representation could have for establishing a general role of causation in nonmonotonic reasoning.
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Weiner, Frank H. "Learning from Leibniz: Navigating the Twin Labyrinths of Academia and Practice." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.45.
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This essay is prompted by a single phrase embedded in the call for papers – “…the best of all available knowledge…” It would be easy to overlook the significance of this brief extracted fragment by taking for granted we know and understand what is indeed the best in the context of the education of an architect. Within the overall frame-work of the conference such considerations could be seen as offering a relevant dialectical antithesis to the main thesis of the conference. It is important to consider how questions of the ‘best’ in relation to knowledge have come to be seen by some as being of lesser importance in our conversations about education. If we do not strive for what is the best then we may loose an overall sense of telos or purposiveness in our various endeavors. The best is the highest good (both in theory and practice). So the best is at least a double condition rather than a singular condition. In Aristotle’s Eudemian Ethics there are no less than three philosophical meanings of the word “best”. First there is best as the Idea of the good (here Idea in a Platonic sense and the good are synonymous), secondly the best as the common good and thirdly the best in a practical sense. There is then a noble best and a practical best.The viability of the conference theme on “The Practice of Teaching and the Teaching of Practice: The Teacher’s Hunch” may actually rely upon establishing a foundation for determining what the best of all available knowledge consists of towards our common pursuits. Here one might propose the word ‘available’ be replaced by the word ‘possible’ so the fragment would now read – the best of all possible knowledge. The distinction between availability and possibility although seemingly minor becomes a crucial one. Availability has to do with use and acquisition in the sense that something or someone is either available or is not available. The notion of availability lacks the gravitas of possibility that can lead to actuality. With the idea of possibility emerges the transcendental question of the freedom for good and evil adjudicated under a form of divine justice. Invoking possibility over availability is an acknowledgment of the perennial importance of the ancient Aristotelian dyad of potency/act in the deeper back-ground of our theories and practices. In a world of crass availabilities, “need is so many bananas”. In what follows the word “knowledge” is understood in Aristotelian sense of the fourfold of causation giving us the possibility to bring forth what we know, what Heidegger poeticized as modes of occasioning – the material, formal, efficient and final causes.
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Laaksonen, Laura. "Cycles in causation and effectuation: a case study of four metal-music ventures." In 18th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2010. University of Twente, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268473692.
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In this paper we apply the entrepreneurial effectuation theory (Sarasvathy 2001) and theories in expertise (Read & Sarasvathy 2005) in an empirical study in a particular context: musicianship as a form of entrepreneurship in the popular music industry. We apply the theories and empirical evidence in our framework by using a qualitative case study to analyze four ventures, four Finnish music groups. Based on the analysis we find extensions on Sarasvathy’s (2001) and Read and Sarasvathy’s (2005) work on three levels. First we find that the causation process is more typical in the “deliberate practice” (Read & Sarasvathy 2005) that forms the foundation for superior expert practice, which is a requirement for building novel and authentic cultural products. Secondly, we find that in the beginning of the business activities, these ventures are more effectual, when the situation tends to be resource-poor. We also find that even though the companies’ core teams are relatively small, once the business grows and the number of international partners increases the business processes and decisionmaking becomes inevitabely more causation driven.
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Gdanski, R. D., and M. A. Peavy. "Well Return Analysis Causes Re-Evaluation of HCl Theories." In SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14825-ms.
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Walker, Vern, Karina Vazirova, and Cass Sanford. "Annotating Patterns of Reasoning about Medical Theories of Causation in Vaccine Cases: Toward a Type System for Arguments." In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-2101.
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Mueller, Scott, Ang Li, and Judea Pearl. "Causes of Effects: Learning Individual Responses from Population Data." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/376.
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The problem of individualization is crucial in almost every field of science. Identifying causes of specific observed events is likewise essential for accurate decision making as well as explanation. However, such tasks invoke counterfactual relationships, and are therefore indeterminable from population data. For example, the probability of benefiting from a treatment concerns an individual having a favorable outcome if treated and an unfavorable outcome if untreated; it cannot be estimated from experimental data, even when conditioned on fine-grained features, because we cannot test both possibilities for an individual. Tian and Pearl provided bounds on this and other probabilities of causation using a combination of experimental and observational data. Those bounds, though tight, can be narrowed significantly when structural information is available in the form of a causal model. This added information may provide the power to solve central problems, such as explainable AI, legal responsibility, and personalized medicine, all of which demand counterfactual logic. This paper derives, analyzes, and characterizes these new bounds, and illustrates some of their practical applications.
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Lejnieks, Ilgmars, and Modrite Pelse. "The role of circular cumulative causation and economic geography approach in the development of new industries: example of green hydrogen industry evolution in Latvia and Estonia." In 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.024.
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The unbalanced development of regions within the European Union (EU) faces challenges for sustainable economic growth opportunities in the future. Uneven scattering of industrial capacities across the EU determines the unequal distribution of wealth among the member states. The EU economy's Green Deal strategy determines the necessity of developing new technologies in both existing industries and developing new ones. The research emphasises two theories concerning territorial development issues. Circular cumulative causation theory and economic geography distinguish the development of industry, especially the manufacturing sector, as a crucial aspect of the economic development of a particular area. The symbiosis of both theories provides guidelines for a balanced approach to territory economic development capabilities in light of industry sustainability requirements in the present-day economy. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the combined circular cumulative causation and economic geography theory analysis approach by comparing the potential for the development of the green hydrogen industry in Latvia and Estonia. Hydrogen is one of the most likely energy sources to replace fossil fuels in the coming decades, and it possesses high potential for transportation, manufacturing, energy supply, and other sectors of the economy. The study established the research pattern within theoretical bases and identified general trends concerning an assessment framework, which can lead to unbalanced values in the industry’s potential evaluation process. The findings of the evaluation of the green hydrogen industry indicate Estonia's slight advantage over Latvia.
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Cui, Jinrong. "Analysis of Construction Quality Accident Causes of Public Buildings Based on Failure Study Theories." In 2011 International Conference on Computer and Management (CAMAN). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/caman.2011.5778848.
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Abreu, Danilo Taverna Martins Pereira de, Marcos Coelho Maturana, and Marcelo Ramos Martins. "Development of Accidental Scenarios Involving Human Errors for Risk Assessment in Restricted Waters." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18996.
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Abstract The navigation in restricted waters imposes several challenges when compared to open sea navigation. Smaller dimensions, higher traffic density and the dynamics of obstacles such as sandbanks are examples of contributors to the difficulty. Due to these aspects, local experienced maritime pilots go onboard in order to support the ship’s crew with their skills and specific regional knowledge. Despite these efforts, several accidents still occur around the world. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the events composing accidental sequences, this paper presents a hybrid modelling specific for restricted waters. The main techniques used are the fault tree analysis and event tree analysis. The former provides a framework to investigate the causes, while the latter allows modelling the sequence of actions necessary to avoid an accident. The models are quantified using statistical data available in the literature and a prospective human performance model developed by the Technique for Early Consideration of Human Reliability (TECHR). The results include combined estimates of human error probabilities and technical failure probabilities, which can be used to inform the causation factor for a waterway risk analysis model. In other words, given that the ship encounters a potential accidental scenario while navigating, the proposed models allow computing the failure probability that of the evasive actions sequence. The novelty of this work resides on the possibility of explicitly considering dynamicity and recovery actions when computing the causation factor, what is not a typical feature of similar works. The results obtained were compared with several results available in the literature and have been shown to be compatible.
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Fırat, Emine. "Economic Fluctuations in Turkey in the Light of Business Cycle Theories." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00525.
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Some economists have tried to demonstrate the cause of economic fluctuations and its solution with business cycle theories. The classical school emphasizes the efficiency of free market economy and the optimization of private economic factors. The Keynesian school believes that the causes of economic fluctuations arise from not only just the deviations from market equilibrium but also market failure on a grand scale. The debate over the source and propagation of economic fluctuations rages as fiercely today as it did in the Great Depression that began in 1929. Economic Fluctuation models investigate to answer the question of why economies go through boom and bust and why economies experience cycles of recession and recovery. In the economic literature, based on the Business Cycle Theories many different approaches have been proposed. While economists discuss the ultimate form of the right business cycle model, they must take into consideration the decisive factors of economic fluctuations in the past century. In this study, the local economic crisis occurred in Turkey in recent years are investigated in the light of Business Cycle Theory and also the effects of macroeconomic policies are evaluated on the basis of economic fluctuations models.
Reports on the topic "Causes and Theories of Causation"
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Zarnowitz, Victor. Cost and Price Movements in Business Cycle Theories and Experience: Causes and Effects of OBserved Changes (SEE ALSO WP3131-Send out together). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3132.
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Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.
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The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.
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Bunse, Simone, Caroline Delgado, and Marie Riquier. Towards Humanitarian Action that Intentionally Promotes Peace in South Sudan. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rdez3422.
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Humanitarian action that promotes peace and addresses the causes of conflict is vital for food security and community resilience in South Sudan. In Upper Nile state, the South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC) has the potential to promote peaceful coexistence and social cohesion, although the peace impacts of its Humanitarian Response (HR) Project are currently unintentional. This paper proposes four theories of change for intentional peacebuilding: The first relates to livelihood opportunities and keeping children in school. The second concerns the connectedness between diverse ethnicities and communities through conflict-sensitive volunteerism. The third consists in helping socialized programme volunteers transition into leadership roles for greater transformational impacts. The fourth involves vertical and horizontal integration with broader development and peacebuilding efforts. Social cohesion could increase if the HR Project has measurable impact in these four areas. This paper provides actionable recommendations that would strengthen the SSRC’s peacebuilding impact while upholding the fundamental principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement.