Relevant bibliographies by topics / Causal set

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Causal set'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Causal set"

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Surya, Sumati. "Causal set topology." Theoretical Computer Science 405, no. 1-2 (October 2008): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2008.06.033.

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He, Song, and David Rideout. "A causal set black hole." Classical and Quantum Gravity 26, no. 12 (June 2, 2009): 125015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/26/12/125015.

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Sverdlov, Roman. "Bosonic Fields in Causal Set Theory." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 60, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 1481–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-021-04772-6.

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Sorkin, Rafael D., and Yasaman K. Yazdi. "Entanglement entropy in causal set theory." Classical and Quantum Gravity 35, no. 7 (March 9, 2018): 074004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/aab06f.

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Bombelli, Luca, Joohan Lee, David Meyer, and Rafael D. Sorkin. "Space-time as a causal set." Physical Review Letters 59, no. 5 (August 3, 1987): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.59.521.

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Glaser, Lisa. "Causal set actions in various dimensions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 306 (July 8, 2011): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/306/1/012041.

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Major, Seth A., David Rideout, and Sumati Surya. "Spatial hypersurfaces in causal set cosmology." Classical and Quantum Gravity 23, no. 14 (July 5, 2006): 4743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/23/14/011.

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Philpott, L. "Particle simulations in causal set theory." Classical and Quantum Gravity 27, no. 4 (January 28, 2010): 042001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/27/4/042001.

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Criscuolo, A., and H. Waelbroeck. "Causal set dynamics: a toy model." Classical and Quantum Gravity 16, no. 6 (January 1, 1999): 1817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/16/6/315.

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Wüthrich, Christian, and Craig Callender. "What Becomes of a Causal Set?" British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 907–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axv040.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Causal set"

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Philpott, Lydia. "Causal Set Phenomenology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519614.

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Ahmed, Maqbool. "First indications of causal set cosmology." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.

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Benincasa, Dionigi Maria Teofilo. "The action of a causal set." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14170.

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A causal set is a model for a discrete spacetime in which the “atoms of spacetime” carry a relation of ancestry. This order relation is mathematically given by a partial order, and is is taken to underly the macroscopic causal notions of before and after. The work presented in this thesis proposes a definition for the action of a causal set analogous to the continuum Einstein-Hilbert action. The path taken towards the definition of this action is somewhat indirect. We first construct a retarded wave operator on causal sets well-approximated by 4-dimensional spacetimes and prove, under certain assumptions, that this operator gives the usual continuum d’Alembertian and the scalar curvature of the approximating spacetime in the continuum limit. We use this result to define both the scalar curvature and the action of a causal set. This definition can be shown to work in any dimension, so that an explicit form of the action exists in all dimensions. We conjecture that, under certain conditions, the continuum limit of the action is given by the Einstein-Hilbert action up to boundary terms, whose explicit form we also conjecture. We provide evidence for this conjecture through analytic and numerical calculations of the expected action of various spacetime regions. The 2-dimensional action is shown to possess topological properties by calculating its expectation value for various regions of 2-dimensional spacetimes with different topologies. We find that the topological character of the 2d action breaks down for causally convex regions of the trousers spacetime that contain the singularity, and for non-causally convex rectangles. Finally, we propose a microscopic account of the entropy of causal horizons based on the action. It is a form of “spacetime mutual information” arising from the partition of spacetime by the horizon. Evidence for the proposal is provided by analytic results and numerical simulations in 2- dimensional examples. Further evidence is provided by numerical results for the Rindler and cosmic deSitter horizons in both 3 and 4-dimensions, and for a non-equilibrium horizon in a collapsing shell spacetime in 4-dimensions.
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Bernigau, Holger. "Causal Models over Infinite Graphs and their Application to the Sensorimotor Loop." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-164734.

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Motivation and background The enormous amount of capabilities that every human learns throughout his life, is probably among the most remarkable and fascinating aspects of life. Learning has therefore drawn lots of interest from scientists working in very different fields like philosophy, biology, sociology, educational sciences, computer sciences and mathematics. This thesis focuses on the information theoretical and mathematical aspects of learning. We are interested in the learning process of an agent (which can be for example a human, an animal, a robot, an economical institution or a state) that interacts with its environment. Common models for this interaction are Markov decision processes (MDPs) and partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Learning is then considered to be the maximization of the expectation of a predefined reward function. In order to formulate general principles (like a formal definition of curiosity-driven learning or avoidance of unpleasant situation) in a rigorous way, it might be desirable to have a theoretical framework for the optimization of more complex functionals of the underlying process law. This might include the entropy of certain sensor values or their mutual information. An optimization of the latter quantity (also known as predictive information) has been investigated intensively both theoretically and experimentally using computer simulations by N. Ay, R. Der, K Zahedi and G. Martius. In this thesis, we develop a mathematical theory for learning in the sensorimotor loop beyond expected reward maximization. Approaches and results This thesis covers four different topics related to the theory of learning in the sensorimotor loop. First of all, we need to specify the model of an agent interacting with the environment, either with learning or without learning. This interaction naturally results in complex causal dependencies. Since we are interested in asymptotic properties of learning algorithms, it is necessary to consider infinite time horizons. It turns out that the well-understood theory of causal networks known from the machine learning literature is not powerful enough for our purpose. Therefore we extend important theorems on causal networks to infinite graphs and general state spaces using analytical methods from measure theoretic probability theory and the theory of discrete time stochastic processes. Furthermore, we prove a generalization of the strong Markov property from Markov processes to infinite causal networks. Secondly, we develop a new idea for a projected stochastic constraint optimization algorithm. Generally a discrete gradient ascent algorithm can be used to generate an iterative sequence that converges to the stationary points of a given optimization problem. Whenever the optimization takes place over a compact subset of a vector space, it is possible that the iterative sequence leaves the constraint set. One possibility to cope with this problem is to project all points to the constraint set using Euclidean best-approximation. The latter is sometimes difficult to calculate. A concrete example is an optimization over the unit ball in a matrix space equipped with operator norm. Our idea consists of a back-projection using quasi-projectors different from the Euclidean best-approximation. In the matrix example, there is another canonical way to force the iterative sequence to stay in the constraint set: Whenever a point leaves the unit ball, it is divided by its norm. For a given target function, this procedure might introduce spurious stationary points on the boundary. We show that this problem can be circumvented by using a gradient that is tailored to the quasi-projector used for back-projection. We state a general technical compatibility condition between a quasi-projector and a metric used for gradient ascent, prove convergence of stochastic iterative sequences and provide an appropriate metric for the unit-ball example. Thirdly, a class of learning problems in the sensorimotor loop is defined and motivated. This class of problems is more general than the usual expected reward maximization and is illustrated by numerous examples (like expected reward maximization, maximization of the predictive information, maximization of the entropy and minimization of the variance of a given reward function). We also provide stationarity conditions together with appropriate gradient formulas. Last but not least, we prove convergence of a stochastic optimization algorithm (as considered in the second topic) applied to a general learning problem (as considered in the third topic). It is shown that the learning algorithm converges to the set of stationary points. Among others, the proof covers the convergence of an improved version of an algorithm for the maximization of the predictive information as proposed by N. Ay, R. Der and K. Zahedi. We also investigate an application to a linear Gaussian dynamic, where the policies are encoded by the unit-ball in a space of matrices equipped with operator norm.
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Genbäck, Minna. "Uncertainty intervals and sensitivity analysis for missing data." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127121.

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In this thesis we develop methods for dealing with missing data in a univariate response variable when estimating regression parameters. Missing outcome data is a problem in a number of applications, one of which is follow-up studies. In follow-up studies data is collected at two (or more) occasions, and it is common that only some of the initial participants return at the second occasion. This is the case in Paper II, where we investigate predictors of decline in self reported health in older populations in Sweden, the Netherlands and Italy. In that study, around 50% of the study participants drop out. It is common that researchers rely on the assumption that the missingness is independent of the outcome given some observed covariates. This assumption is called data missing at random (MAR) or ignorable missingness mechanism. However, MAR cannot be tested from the data, and if it does not hold, the estimators based on this assumption are biased. In the study of Paper II, we suspect that some of the individuals drop out due to bad health. If this is the case the data is not MAR. One alternative to MAR, which we pursue, is to incorporate the uncertainty due to missing data into interval estimates instead of point estimates and uncertainty intervals instead of confidence intervals. An uncertainty interval is the analog of a confidence interval but wider due to a relaxation of assumptions on the missing data. These intervals can be used to visualize the consequences deviations from MAR have on the conclusions of the study. That is, they can be used to perform a sensitivity analysis of MAR. The thesis covers different types of linear regression. In Paper I and III we have a continuous outcome, in Paper II a binary outcome, and in Paper IV we allow for mixed effects with a continuous outcome. In Paper III we estimate the effect of a treatment, which can be seen as an example of missing outcome data.
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Islam, Muhammad Saiful. "Modelling cost overrun risks in power plant projects." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/125508/1/Muhammad%20Saiful_Islam_Thesis.pdf.

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Cost overruns in power plant projects frequently occur, and this very alarming phenomenon requires proper risk assessment and management in the early phase of power plant project development. A modified fuzzy group decision-making approach (FGDMA) was developed and the critical risks in different phases of thermal power plant project were identified. Further, a novel fuzzy canonical model (FCM) was developed and the complex causal risk-networks were modelled to understand the root causes of cost overruns. The benefits of this research to practitioners are such that it provides greater understanding of the risks involved in power plant projects and sound analytical methods to asses the risks.
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Frota, Pablo Malheiros da Cunha. "Imputação sem nexo causal e a responsabilidade por danos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/31777.

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Resumo: A tese mostra as vantagens de uma transição da responsabilidade civil e do consumidor para uma responsabilidade por danos. Essa travessia tem por leitmotiv a revisão e a desconstrução das premissas que embasam as teorias do nexo causal, as flexibilizações deste e as hipóteses de afastamento total ou parcial de responsabilidade, como o fato da vítima, o fato de terceiro e o caso fortuito ou de força maior, quais sejam: previsibilidade, probabilidade estatística e lógica, inevitabilidade e externidade. Essas proposições colocam à margem diversas situações em que a vítima, mesmo sem ter contribuído para o evento danoso, fica desamparada de qualquer tipo de reparação pelo dano, bem como se revela tímida a concretização dos princípios da precaução e da prevenção. O enfrentamento deste problema demandou a comprovação da hipótese de pesquisa lançada, com a reconstrução da ideia de causalidade jurídica, que possibilita imputar a alguém a responsabilidade por danos na ambiência civil e consumerista em diversas hipóteses antes margeadas pelo direito civil e do consumidor pátrio. Essa reconstrução é denominada de formação da circunstância danosa e admite a coligação e (ou) a correlação entre fatores naturais e (ou) condutas omissas e comissivas de sujeitos de direito que contribuíram para a ocorrência do dano, bem como permite a imputação de responsabilidade a alguém pelo evento danoso. A formação da circunstância danosa abrange, na perspectiva da causalidade, a inserção dos elementos incerteza, complexidade e probabilidade, com a imputação da responsabilidade sendo verificada por meio dos fatores: (i) subjetivo (culpa e dolo, para quem ainda admite alguma função da culpa e do dolo no âmbito da responsabilidade por danos); (ii) objetivo (equidade, risco e garantia); (iii) sacrifício (fatos jurídicos lícitos ensejadores de responsabilização, de prevenção, de precaução e de reparação de danos), assim como pelo (iv) domínio ou poder fático, econômico, social, jurídico, entre outros, da atividade (habitual ou não) desenvolvida pelo agente responsável ou por outro garante da precaução, da prevenção e da reparação do dano. Possibilita que externidades correlatas e coligadas à atividade e (ou) ao responsável não mais ensejem a interrupção da causalidade e (ou) a ausência de responsabilidade pelo dever de reparar, exceto nos reduzidos casos de exclusão total ou parcial de responsabilidade do agente, pois a vítima não pode ser punida por danos que não contribuiu para sofrê-los. A formação da circunstância danosa foi erigida com base em uma metodologia civil constitucional crítico-prospectiva, o que possibilitou enxergar a alteridade como pressuposto ético e a justiça social como fim a ser atingido em cada caso concreto, por meio da mencionada construção teórica. Ratifica-se, portanto, a priorização da vítima, projetando-se o exercício de direitos e de deveres de forma responsiva pelos sujeitos de direito, valorizando-se a precaução, a prevenção e uma adequada reparação de danos.
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ARAÚJO, JÚNIOR Anastácio Borges de. "Platão e Freud : duas metáforas da alma humana." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1999. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6388.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma aproximação entre as representações da alma contidas em alguns diálogos de Platão e nos textos da teoria psicanalítica de Freud. Ou seja, estabelecemos um espaço de confrontação entre o modelo conhecido como tripartido que Platão desenvolveu basicamente em A República, Fedro e Timeu, e o modelo de alma desenvolvido por Sigmund Freud denominado segunda tópica, estabelecendo então as convergências e divergências entre tais modelos. A dissertação procura mostrar que o conceito de alma, como tradução do termo grego yuchv e do termo alemão seele, fez um longo e tortuoso trajeto desde seu aparecimento nos escritos de Homero até os nossos dias e que apesar deste conceito ter sido, contemporaneamente, abandonado pela filosofia, os problemas associados a este conceito permanecem sob diversos nomes tais como indivíduo, interioridade, identidade pessoal, sujeito, subjetividade etc. Para aproximar Platão e Freud, segundo o complexo conceito de alma, foi necessário fazer uma espécie de preparação de terreno. Procuramos então estabelecer um campo relacional que, no decorrer de nossa investigação, foi determinado pela função que possui os seus respectivos modelos no contexto de suas teorias. Segundo nossa análise, Platão e Freud, no que se refere às suas representações da alma humana, trabalham com tais modelos estabelecendo, claramente, que eles são metáforas da alma, na medida em que ela é uma realidade da qual só podemos ter uma experiência singular. Porém, para superar a simples constatação de analogias entre os autores investigados, foi necessário ainda investigar seus pressupostos com relação a suas concepções de ciência, isto é, tivemos que examinar seus pressupostos epistemológicos, definindo o significado do uso de metáforas no contexto de suas teorias. Chegamos à conclusão que o uso de metáforas constitui uma maneira de enfrentar os paradoxos na elucidação da alma humana, pois guarda com esta a relação do como se, e garante, deste modo, a manutenção da alma como lugar de incidência de realidades ontologicamente diversas e paradoxais, tais como unidade e multiplicidade, sensível e inteligível, mesmo e outro, identidade e diferença etc. Assim, para estes pensadores o saber psicológico, em última instância, é um saber da ordem do provável que poderia, no limite, tornar-se conhecimento científico. Finalmente, depois de estabelecer as convergências entre os modelos de alma propostos por Platão e Freud, investigamos em termos de dinâmica, isto é, em relação à saúde e doença da alma, qual a maneira saudável e também patológica de organizar as diferentes tendências da alma, o desejo como elemento central da alma e as diferenças entre o descentramento metafísico e o psicanalítico.
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Leite, Adriano Pugliesi. "O enriquecimento sem causa no código civil brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8344.

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The unjust enrichment in the Brazilian Civil Code is viewed as a source of obligations and a principle of Civil Law. The Civil Code of 2002 defined the term of unjust enrichment, in an innovative and autonomous manner, as a source of obligatons in the form of a unilateral act (arts. 884 to 886). At the same time, unjust enrichment existed before the publishing of this Code and remains in existance as a general principle of Civil Law. The present work has, as its objective, the analysis of historical aspects that resulted in the legal establishment of the term as a source of obligations, the main theories surrounding the theme, as well as the analysis of normative dispositions of the Brazilian Civil Code and its position in international judicial order, relating its fundamental principles to the manner in which it is applied. Therefore, the work intends to analyse the general characteristics of the term, its reach within Private Law, relating hypotheses of the configuration of the term expressed in the Brazilian Civil Code and examples of its application in Brazilian jurisprudence. The development of the project demonstrates that unjust enrichment has a large and growing importance in the Brazilian legal context, presenting itself as an important tool to render balance and justice to private dealings. The methodological direction used lies in judicial/dogmatic principles, since the intention is to analyse legal norms and their repercussion on the presented theme. In some aspects, it comes close to judicial/theoretical methodology, considering the social relevance that surrounds the term under scrutiny. As to the generic investigation types, the judicial/descriptive method predominates, since this work has, as its main objective, the interpretation of legal terms, not eliminating the possibility of judicial/progressive research, inasmuch as the study may lead to future tendencies concerning the application of the measure. The hypothetical/deductive method is applied, in which a theme is proposed and an analysis of the development of its characteristics is requested. The conclusions about the theme are relative and result from the argumentation structure presented in this dissertation, without disconsidering the fundaments of other studies, especially because it is a term whose comprehension is increasing with every new day
Trata-se de análise sobre o enriquecimento sem causa no Código Civil brasileiro, como fonte de obrigação e como princípio de Direito Civil. O Código Civil de 2002 disciplinou, de forma autônoma e inovadora, o instituto do enriquecimento sem causa como fonte de obrigação na espécie de ato unilateral (arts. 884 a 886). Paralelamente, o enriquecimento sem causa já existia antes do advento deste Código e continua a existir como princípio geral do Direito Civil. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos históricos que resultaram na previsão legal do instituto como fonte de obrigações, as principais teorias acerca do tema, bem como a previsão em ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros. Pretende-se também a análise das disposições normativas do Código Civil brasileiro e sua contextualização no ordenamento jurídico, relacionando seu fundamento principiológico e critérios para sua aplicação. Objetiva-se, assim, a análise das características gerais do instituto, seu alcance no Direito Privado, relacionando-se hipóteses de configuração do instituto expressamente previstas no Código Civil brasileiro e exemplos de sua aplicação pela jurisprudência brasileira. O desenvolvimento do trabalho demonstra que o enriquecimento sem causa tem grande e crescente importância no contexto jurídico brasileiro, apresentando-se como ferramenta importante para conferir equilíbrio e justiça às relações privadas. A vertente metodológica utilizada é a jurídico-dogmática, uma vez que se pretende analisar as normas legais e sua repercussão na análise do tema apresentado. Em alguns aspectos, aproxima-se da metodologia jurídico-teórica, tendo em vista a relevância social que circunda o tema em debate. Quanto aos tipos genéricos de investigação, tem-se a predominância jurídico-descritiva, pois o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo a interpretação dos institutos legais, não se podendo descartar a possibilidade de pesquisa jurídico-projetiva, na medida em que o estudo poderá conduzir às futuras tendências quanto à aplicação do instituto. O método utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, em que, a partir do tema fornecido, propõe-se a análise e desenvolvimento de suas características. As conclusões a respeito do tema são relativas e decorrem da estrutura dos argumentos apresentados nessa dissertação, sem que se desconsidere a fundamentação de outros estudos, principalmente por tratar-se de um instituto cuja compreensão é construída a cada dia
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Silva, Sheila Aparecida Moreira da. "A lealdade e os incidentes críticos no contexto da prestação de serviços: um estudo longitudinal da relação cliente-empresa." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/22949.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo modelar e quantificar o efeito do processo de atribuição causal dos incidentes críticos, positivos e negativos, na qualidade da relação Cliente-Empresa em momento posterior à sua ocorrência. Foi utilizada uma amostra longitudinal oriunda do estudo da satisfação e lealdade no âmbito do ECSI-Portugal, que avalia a qualidade da relação Cliente-Empresa antes e depois da ocorrência dos incidentes críticos. A amostra foi constituída por 416 consumidores de serviços de empresas instaladas em Portugal-Continental, que descreveram 245 incidentes críticos positivos e 141 incidentes críticos negativos. Foi aplicada a modelação de equação estrutural pelo método Partial Least Squares - PLS para teste de modelos na amostra geral de cada tipo de incidente crítico e de subamostras com modelos alternativos de situações de equilíbrio e desequilíbrio baseadas no princípio de equilíbrio da Teoria da Atribuição Causal (Heider, 1958). Os resultados apresentados neste estudo validam as teorias existentes na literatura, que relacionam a satisfação e a lealdade sustentável à sobrevivência das empresas prestadoras de serviços. Conclui-se que manter a satisfação cumulativa é a chave para a qualidade da relação Cliente-Empresa e para manter os comportamentos leais dos consumidores de serviços tanto na ocorrência de incidentes críticos positivos quanto negativos. Conjuntamente, a investigação traz novos conhecimentos sobre estes comportamentos diante de situações de equilíbrio e desequilíbrio na relação Cliente-Empresa. Pode referir-se que, em ambientes onde a qualidade anterior da relação Cliente-Empresa é mais positiva, ocorra o incidente crítico negativo e a relação é mais duradoura, os consumidores de serviços tendem a atribuir a responsabilidade deste incidente crítico a causas externas; ABSTRACT: The objetive of this study was to model and quantify the effects of the causal attribution of critical incidents, positive and negative, on the Customer-Company relationship quality. This goal was accomplished through the analysis of a longitudinal client sample, drawn from a satisfaction and loyalty study within the scope of ECSI-Portugal. Consequently, it was possible to evaluate the quality of the Customer-Company relationship before and after the occurrence of critical incidents. The sample consisted of 416 service consumers of Portuguese companies, who described 245 positive critical incidents and 141 negative critical incidents. Structural equation modeling was applied to the data with the use of the Partial Least Squares (PLS). Structural models for the general sample of each type of critical incident were validated. Based on the balance principle from the Attribution Theory (Heider, 1970), alternative models for subsamples with balance and imbalance situations were also evaluated. The results achieved in this study validate the existing theories, which relate satisfaction and sustainable loyalty. It is concluded that maintaining cumulative satisfaction is key to the quality of the Customer-Company relationship and to maintain customers’ loyal behavior, both when positive and negative critical incidents occur. Addittionaly, the present research contributes with new knowledge about those behaviors in balance and imbalance situtions of Customer-Company relationship. It may be noted that in environments where the previous Customer-Company relationship quality is more positive and longer and a negative critical incident occurs, service consumers tend to attribute the responsibility of this critical incident to external causes.
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Books on the topic "Causal set"

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Nanni, Giovanni Ettore. Enriquecimento sem causa. São Paulo, SP: Editora Saraiva, 2004.

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Savi, Sérgio. Responsabilidade civil e enriquecimento sem causa. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 2012.

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A arte de produzir efeito sem causa. São Paulo, SP: Companhia das Letras, 2008.

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Dennis, Sales Bruce, Becker Judith V, and American Psychological Association, eds. Sex offending: Causal theories to inform research, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2008.

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Heller, Milton Ivan. De Catanduvas ao Oiapoque: O martírio de rebeldes sem causa. Curitiba: Instituto Histórico, 2007.

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Esnaola, Manuel Aróztegui. La causa formal del matrimonio según San Buenaventura: (IV Sent D 26). Madrid: Ediciones Universidad San Dámaso, 2012.

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Manus, Pedro Paulo Teixeira. Despedida arbitrária ou sem justa causa: Aspectos do direito material e processual do trabalho. São Paulo, SP: Malheiros Editores, 1996.

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Moscon, Cledi de Fátima Manica. O enriquecimento sem causa e o novo Código civil brasileiro: Arts. 884 a 886. Porto Alegre, RS: Síntese, 2003.

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Afanasenko, Ivan, and Vera Borisova. Logistics in the system of total knowledge. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1521266.

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In the monograph, logistics is presented in an unusual form - as an element of a system of general, aggregate knowledge. This allowed the authors to reach new levels of knowledge and solve a number of complex problems. The scientific theory of logistics is presented as a system of laws, categories and principles ordered according to internal causal necessity and explaining the nature of economic flows. The scientific substantiation of the complete logistics system as a set of complexes of activities and resistances is given. Using the example of the functioning of logistics flows, the effect of the law of selection and the law of measure is shown in the form of a struggle of forms, in which more perfect forms survive, and less perfect forms are destroyed. A strict scientific approach, the richness of the text with information are combined with an accessible way of presentation, which allows the book to be addressed to a wide range of readers.
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Independence: The struggle to set America free. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Causal set"

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Lu, Bo, and Robert A. Greevy. "Risk Set Matching." In Handbook of Matching and Weighting Adjustments for Causal Inference, 169–84. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003102670-9.

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Wei, Zheng, Tonghui Wang, and Baokun Li. "On Consistency of Estimators Based on Random Set Vector Observations." In Causal Inference in Econometrics, 185–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27284-9_11.

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Fyson, Nick, Tijl De Bie, and Nello Cristianini. "Reconstruction of Causal Networks by Set Covering." In Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms, 196–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20267-4_21.

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Martynyuk, Anatoly A. "Dynamics of Systems with Causal Operator." In Qualitative Analysis of Set-Valued Differential Equations, 151–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-07644-3_7.

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Tanimoto, Akira, Tomoya Sakai, Takashi Takenouchi, and Hisashi Kashima. "Causal Combinatorial Factorization Machines for Set-Wise Recommendation." In Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 498–509. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75765-6_40.

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Lifschitz, Vladimir, and Fangkai Yang. "Translating First-Order Causal Theories into Answer Set Programming." In Logics in Artificial Intelligence, 247–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15675-5_22.

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Bolognesi, Tommaso. "LOTOS-Like Composition of Boolean Nets and Causal Set Construction." In ModelEd, TestEd, TrustEd, 27–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68270-9_2.

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Moinard, Yves. "A Formalism for Causal Explanations with an Answer Set Programming Translation." In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 585–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15280-1_56.

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Peña, Jose M. "Every LWF and AMP Chain Graph Originates from a Set of Causal Models." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 325–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20807-7_29.

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Reps, Jenna, Zhaoyang Guo, Haoyue Zhu, and Uwe Aickelin. "Identifying Candidate Risk Factors for Prescription Drug Side Effects Using Causal Contrast Set Mining." In Health Information Science, 45–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19156-0_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Causal set"

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Krugly, Alexey L. "Nonpertrubative Measurements in Causal Set Dynamics." In Twelfth Asia-Pacific International Conference on Gravitation, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814759816_0034.

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RIDEOUT, D., and S. ZOHREN. "COUNTING ENTROPY IN CAUSAL SET QUANTUM GRAVITY." In Proceedings of the MG11 Meeting on General Relativity. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812834300_0521.

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Sverdlov, Roman. "Quantum field theory on a causal set." In The 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.334.0234.

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Xue, Richard, Rui-Wei Zhao, and Rui Feng. "Towards Semi-Supervised Causal Open Set Recognition." In 2022 World General Artificial Intelligence Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-7031.

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Belenchia, Alessio. "Causal set theory, non-locality and phenomenology." In Proceedings of the MG14 Meeting on General Relativity. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813226609_0531.

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Sverdlov, Roman, and Luca Bombelli. "Introduction of bosonic fields into causal set theory." In Workshop on Continuum and Lattice Approaches to Quantum Gravity. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.079.0014.

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Baik, Ihn-Jung, and Sae-Young Chung. "Causal relay networks and new cut-set bounds." In 2011 49th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2011.6120175.

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Yu, Weihai, and Sigbjørn Rostad. "A low-cost set CRDT based on causal lengths." In EuroSys '20: Fifteenth EuroSys Conference 2020. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3380787.3393678.

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Krugly, Alexey L., and Ivan V. Stepanian. "An example of the stochastic dynamics of a causal set." In FOUNDATIONS OF PROBABILITY AND PHYSICS - 6. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3688972.

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Xie, Zhipeng, and Feiteng Mu. "Boosting Causal Embeddings via Potential Verb-Mediated Causal Patterns." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/266.

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Existing approaches to causal embeddings rely heavily on hand-crafted high-precision causal patterns, leading to limited coverage. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a method to boost causal embeddings by exploring potential verb-mediated causal patterns. It first constructs a seed set of causal word pairs, then uses them as supervision to characterize the causal strengths of extracted verb-mediated patterns, and finally exploits the weighted extractions by those verb-mediated patterns in the construction of boosted causal embeddings. Experimental results have shown that the boosted causal embeddings outperform several state-of-the-arts significantly on both English and Chinese. As by-products, the top-ranked patterns coincide with human intuition about causality.
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Reports on the topic "Causal set"

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Cerda, Maikol, Paul Gertler, Sean Higgins, Ana María Montoya, Eric Parrado, and Raimundo Undurraga. The Causal Impact of Covid-19 Government-backed Loans on MSMEs Liquidity and Earnings. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004754.

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We conducted two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the impact of government-guaranteed loans offered by the Chilean and Colombian governments. The public funds of these programs greatly expanded following the start of the Covid-19 pandemic and offered loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises to mitigate the negative impact of the shock. Through a collaboration with private banks, we launched two experiments which offered loans to a sub-set of the 10,072 Chilean and 3,079 Colombian small businesses that took part in our experiments. Most of these firms had previously applied for a loan during the pandemic--but prior to the RCTs--but were rejected by banks due to their risk analysis of the firms. With take-up rates of 27% and 29%, respectively, we find that Covid-19 loans had a significant positive impact on the total liquidity that treated MSMEs could access: total liquidity with the formal banking system increased by 15.7% (statistically significant at the 1% level). The results of our RCTs will inform Latin American governments concerning their strategies to support MSMEs via government-backed loan programs and will shape similar public policies in the future.
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Hunke, Elizabeth Clare, Jorge Rolando Urrego Blanco, and Nathan Mark Urban. Climate Modeling and Causal Identification for Sea Ice Predictability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1422909.

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González Rozada, Martín, and Hernán Ruffo. Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share? Evidence from Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003790.

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In this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in Latin American countries. We use trade agreements with large economies (the United States, the European Union, and China) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. In the last two decades, labor share has displayed a negative trend among those countries that signed trade agreements, while in other countries labor share increased, widening the gap by 7 percentage points. We apply synthetic control methods to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. While effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of GDP four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. This result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. We also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry in GDP increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant. A decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages.
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Chu, Peter C., Carlos J. Cintron, Steven D. Haeger, David Schneider, Ruth E. Keenan, and Daniel N. Fox. Yellow Sea Acoustic Uncertainty Caused by Hydrographic Data Error. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada478998.

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Hernandez Arenas, Diana Paola. Parasitos: "un desafío en la producción animal". Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/notas.4543.

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La parasitología estudia la relación existente entre los organismos parásitos y sus huéspedes, pudiendo o no causar daños a su hospedador. Al igual que los parásitos, los sistemas de producción se desarrollan en un medio físico, biológico y social, es así como se convierten un reto para los diferentes sistemas productivos y la comercialización de sus productos, consolidándose como una de las principales causas de pérdidas económicas y sanitarias en la producción pecuaria en todo el mundo.
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Martínez Zabaleta, Mercedes Elena. Causas de la integración económica latinoamericana. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gclc.31.

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La integración económica tiene como objetivo ampliar el mercado, así como permitir una mayor división del trabajo, una mejor asignación de los recursos reales y una eficiente gestión financiera, todo lo cual permite mayores tasas de crecimiento de las economías y, así mismo, prosperidad compartida. Busca también aumentar la competencia, para lo cual debe acelerar la inversión, así como la reactivación de las economías de bloque. También se tiene en cuenta que la coalición de intereses económicos termina con la unificación de intereses políticos. Esta sinergia tiende a establecer como un objetivo político el creciente peso político internacional del espacio integrado, ya que prospectivamente esto supera al de cada país de manera separada.
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Heron, Melonie. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2018. National Center for Health Statistics, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104186.

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This report presents final 2018 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, along with leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death.
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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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Garrido-Tejada, Dayra, Sergio Restrepo-Ángel, and Hernán Rincón-Castro. Déficit gemelos en Colombia: ¿existen? ¿Qué causa qué? ¿Cuál es el grado de impacto? Banco de la República, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1186.

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Los objetivos de este documento son analizar para Colombia si existe una relación entre el desbalance ahorro-inversión público y el desbalance externo con datos anuales desde 1970 hasta 2019 y, si la hay, evaluar qué causa qué y estimar el impacto de una perturbación del causante sobre el otro antes y después de la crisis financiera internacional entre 2007 y 2009. La metodología empírica utiliza pruebas de causalidad de Granger, un modelo VAR estándar y regresiones de proyecciones locales de Jordà (2005), que permiten estimar un modelo de regresión uniecuacional y funciones de impulso respuesta con choques plenamente identificados. Los resultados obtenidos no rechazan la presencia de los déficits gemelos pero la causalidad estadística se presenta del balance externo al balance público, en contravía de lo que predice la teoría keynesiana de economía abierta, por un lado, y la hipótesis de equivalencia ricardiana, por el otro. Se estima que una perturbación de un punto porcentual del desbalance externo aumenta en promedio el desbalance público en 0,25 puntos porcentuales en el segundo año y 0,32 puntos porcentuales al tercer año. También se encuentra que el impacto sobre el desbalance público de una perturbación del desbalance externo es mayor después de la crisis financiera internacional.
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