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1
Yao, Qing. Directed acyclic graphs, linear recursive regression, and inference about causal ordering. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Statistics, 1993.
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2
Isakov, Vladimir. Speak the language of schemes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1860649.
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Schematization and visualization are the necessary means to ensure the activity of a modern specialist. Schematization allows you to highlight the main thing in an object, to discover its constituent elements, to show their relationship, gives impetus to the construction of conceptual approaches. Visualization "dresses" schematic concepts in a bright, expressive artistic and graphic form. The handbook provides descriptions of the most popular means of analytical graphics - maps, graphs, tables, graphs, diagrams, flowcharts (algorithms), chronolents, maps, methodological schemes, etc. The ways of using schemes for analyzing goals, causes, problems, versions are considered. A thematic dictionary of terms and definitions, a "hot twenty" useful schematization are given.
For students, undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers of law schools and faculties, as well as for representatives of other specialties - everyone who draws diagrams and works with them.
3
Ruiz, Dana Catharine De. La Causa: The Migrant Farmworkers' Story. Austin: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1993.
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4
Murray, Myles N. William Murray, Esq.: Land agent in the Illinois Territory before the Revolutionary War. Brooklyn, N.Y: T. Gaus, 1987.
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5
Ghere, David L. Causes of the American Revolution: Focus on Boston : a unit of study for grades 7-12 / David L. Ghere, Jan F. Spreeman. Los Angeles, Calif: Organization of American Historians : National Center for History in the Schools, 1998.
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6
Moneysmith, Marie. Grasas que engordan, grasas que curan: Conozca la diferencia entre las grasas que le hacen bien y las que le pueden causar enfermedades. México, D.F: Panorama Editorial, 2008.
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7
Varlamov, Oleg. Mivar databases and rules. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1508665.
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The multidimensional open epistemological active network MOGAN is the basis for the transition to a qualitatively new level of creating logical artificial intelligence. Mivar databases and rules became the foundation for the creation of MOGAN. The results of the analysis and generalization of data representation structures of various data models are presented: from relational to "Entity — Relationship" (ER-model). On the basis of this generalization, a new model of data and rules is created: the mivar information space "Thing-Property-Relation". The logic-computational processing of data in this new model of data and rules is shown, which has linear computational complexity relative to the number of rules. MOGAN is a development of Rule - Based Systems and allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format. An example of creating a mivar expert system for solving problems in the model area "Geometry"is given. Mivar databases and rules can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and to create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with the transition to"Big Knowledge".
The textbook in the field of training "Computer Science and Computer Engineering" is intended for students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates studying artificial intelligence methods used in information processing and management systems, as well as for users and specialists who create mivar knowledge models, expert systems, automated control systems and decision support systems.
Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, mivar, mivar networks, databases, data models, expert system, intelligent systems, multidimensional open epistemological active network, MOGAN, MIPRA, KESMI, Wi!Mi, Razumator, knowledge bases, knowledge graphs, knowledge networks, Big knowledge, products, logical inference, decision support systems, decision-making systems, autonomous robots, recommendation systems, universal knowledge tools, expert system designers, logical artificial intelligence.
8
The abolition of feudalism: Peasants, lords, and legislators in the French Revolution. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.
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9
Boller, David. Die letzten Tage der Menschheit: Eine Graphic Novel nach Karl Kraus. Edited by Pietsch Reinhard adapter editor and Kraus Karl 1874-1936. München: Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, 2014.
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10
Burgan, Michael. The Boston Massacre. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2006.
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11
Thro, Ellen. Growing and dividing. Austin: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 2001.
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12
Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8.
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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of differential equations (e.g., hyperbolic versus nonhyperbolic) in causal interpretation. It concludes with some remarks about “grounding” special science causal generalizations in physics.
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Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8_update_001.
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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of differential equations (e.g., hyperbolic versus nonhyperbolic) in causal interpretation. It concludes with some remarks about “grounding” special science causal generalizations in physics.
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Jansson, Lina. When are Structural Equation Models Apt? Causation versus Grounding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0013.
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While much about the notion of ground in contemporary metaphysics is contested, there is large agreement that ground is closely connected to a certain kind of explanation. Recently, Jonathan Schaffer and Alastair Wilson have argued that ground is a relation that is very closely related to causation and that grounding explanations should be given an account in broadly interventionist terms through the use of structural equations and directed graphs. Such an approach offers the potential benefit of a largely unified framework for explanations with different relations, or different species of the same relation, backing different types of explanation. However, this chapter argues that this benefit cannot be realized since there are crucial differences between causal explanations and grounding explanations in how we can evaluate the aptness of the models in question.
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Placencia López, Bárbara Miladys, Fernanda Vanessa Alcívar Macías, José Aníbal Sánchez Saltos, Mayra Alejandra Cedeño Mera, Silvia Beatriz Alarcón Barreiro, María Gabriela Pertuz Alarcón, Jacqueline Beatriz Delgado Molina, José Roberto Rodríguez Mera, Agustina Elizabeth Cedeño Casanova, and Christian Paúl Vera Zambrano. Covid 19. Mawil Publicaciones de Ecuador, 2022, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26820/978-9942-602-37-4.
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El siglo XXI se ha caracterizado desde sus inicios por una problemática de salud que ha afectado al mundo, que va desde un incremento de la resistencia microbiana, aumento de las enfermedades oncológicas hasta la aparición de nuevas enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes, como ha sido la aparición de la COVID-19 a finales del pasado año. Los coronavirus son una extensa familia de virus que pueden causar enfermedades tanto en animales como en humanos. En los humanos, se sabe que varios coronavirus causan infecciones respiratorias que pueden ir desde el resfriado común hasta enfermedades más graves como el síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS) y el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS). La COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) también conocida como enfermedad por nuevo coronavirus es causada por el coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), su forma es redonda u ovalada y a menudo polimórfica, tiene un diámetro de 60 a 140 nm, la proteína espiga que se encuentra en la superficie del virus y forma una estructura en forma de barra, es la estructura principal utilizada para la tipificación, la proteína de la nucleocápside encapsula el genoma viral y puede usarse como antígeno de diagnóstico. Produce síntomas similares a los de la gripe, entre los que se incluyen fiebre, tos, disnea, mialgia y fatiga. También se ha observado la pérdida súbita del olfato y el gusto (sin que la mucosidad fuese la causa). En casos graves se caracteriza por producir neumonía, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, sepsis y choque séptico que conduce a alrededor del 3 % de los infectados a la muerte, aunque la tasa de mortalidad se encuentra en 4,48 % y sigue ascendiendo.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Fatigability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0025.
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Undue fatigability is common in neuromuscular clinics, but nonneuromuscular causes are much more common than neuromuscular causes. Generalized fatigue is commonly caused by anemia, hypothyroidism, obstructive sleep apnea, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), uremia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other diseases. Physiological fatigue is accentuated by neuromuscular disorders. Most strikingly, myasthenia gravis (MG) causes undue fatigue of the ocular, chewing, swallowing, and breathing muscles. However, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myopathies, and motor neuropathies are also associated with abnormal fatigue. Central causes like multiple sclerosis are notorious for fatigue. It is hard to measure fatigue because it is subjective and varies with the psychological status. Myasthenia hardly causes isolated fatigue.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Fatigability. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0025.
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Undue fatigability is common in neuromuscular clinics but non-neuromuscular causes are much more common than neuromuscular causes. Generalized fatigue is commonly caused by anemia, hypothyroidism, obstructive sleep apnea, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, uremia, COPD, etc. Physiological fatigue is accentuated by neuromuscular disorders. Most strikingly, myasthenia gravis causes undue fatigue of the ocular, chewing, swallowing, and breathing muscles. However, ALS, myopathies, and motor neuropathies are also associated with abnormal fatigue. Myasthenia rarely causes isolated fatigue. Examination for fatigability should be part of neuromuscular evaluation and is conducted by inducing repetitive or sustained contraction of the suspected muscles (typically extraocular muscles) for a minute and reevaluation after 2 minutes of rest of the tested muscles.
18
Shaibani, Aziz. Distal Arm Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0015.
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Distal arm weakness may be caused by involvement of the intrinsic hand muscles (interossi, thenar and hypothenar muscles, lumbricals) or extrinsic hands muscles (long fingers flexors and extensors). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is typical of the former type, and inclusion body myositis (IBM) is typical for the later type. Incoordination of skilled finger movement due to cerebellar disease is associated with normal strength. Poor mobility due to joint pain and swelling should not be confused with muscle weakness. Mononeuropathies such as ulnar, radial, median, and anterior interosseus nerve lesions usually cause differential loss of function. Myasthenia gravis sometimes causes weakness of the wrist and finger extensors. A small but distinct group of distal hereditary myopathies should always be kept in mind. Progressive sensorimotor neuropathies are usually associated with sensory symptoms. Multifocal motor neuropathy can be a challenging diagnosis.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Ptosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0002.
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A droopy eyelid is a common problem. Causes may range from simple and non-progressive disorders such as congenital ptosis to progressive multisystemic disorders such as mitochondrial disease. Myasthenia gravis is a very important and treatable cause of ptosis that should always be considered in the differential diagnosis. Apraxia of eyelid opening can be confused with ptosis or blepharospasm, leading to delay of the diagnosis. Horner’s syndrome has different causes and management. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the eyelids is crucial for understanding the pathological processes that affect them.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Ptosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0002.
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Having droopy eyelids is a common problem. Causes may range from disorders that are simple and not progressive, such as congenital ptosis, to progressive, multisystemic disorders, such as mitochondrial disease. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a very significant and treatable cause of ptosis that should always be part of the differential diagnosis. Apraxia of the eyelid opening can be confused with ptosis or blepharospasm, leading to a delay in reaching the correct diagnosis. Horner’s syndrome has different causes and management approaches. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the eyelids is crucial for understanding the pathological processes that affect them.
21
Cutter, Mary Ann G. How Is Breast Cancer Explained? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637033.003.0003.
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The question “How is breast cancer explained?” raises a host of explanatory issues, including ones about the method we use to explain breast cancer, the etiology of breast cancer, and the extent to which our explanations of breast cancer provide clinical certainty. What we find is that, initially, it appears that medicine explains breast cancer using an empirical methodology that grants certain claims. But things are not as simple as one would initially think. Upon reflection, explanations of breast cancer are not simply empirical. Causal accounts of breast cancer are not typically modeled on a simple cause–effect relation. Given this, clinicians and patients must face the recognition that clinical explanations of breast cancer are probabilistic and a healthy sense of skepticism provides a check against an idealized sense of certain knowledge about breast cancer.
22
Sher, George. Three Grades of Social Involvement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660413.003.0005.
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Communitarians argue that because selves are profoundly influenced by culture, history, and tradition, they are too compromised by society to be morally basic. This chapter asks what this claim means and whether it is true. To find out, it discusses (1) society’s causal influence on people’s aims and attitudes and (2) the fact that many aims and attitudes presuppose a highly specific cultural, legal, and historical background. It also discusses the suggestion that (3) truly autonomous selves would be featureless centers of volition. It concludes that the individual’s moral primacy is undefeated by society’s involvement in the self.
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Lina María Cardoso Vigueros, Lina María, Violeta Eréndira Escalante Estrada, Mercedes Esperanza Ramírez Camperos, and Ana Cecilia Tomasini Ortiz. Guía para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales porcinas. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/b-imta-2021-01.
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Yucatán es el quinto estado más importante de la república en la cría de cer¬dos (Montero, 2015) y, por sus características ambientales, territoriales y so¬cioeconómicas, es muy competitivo en este rubro dentro y fuera del país. Sin embargo, las granjas porcícolas son la causa de graves problemas ambientales, como la contaminación del agua subterránea (Drucker et al., 2007; Cheng et al., 2020); la contaminación de la atmósfera (Radon et al., 2007; Wing et al., 2008; Loftus et al., 2015); la degradación del suelo (Aguilar et al., 2011); e incluso da¬ños a la salud humana (Borlée et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2017), pues cada año se reportan en la entidad nuevos casos de influenza porcina (causada por el virus AH1N1) (Secretaría de Salud, 2018).
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Yandell, Keith E. Hume’s Natural History of Religion. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.27.
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Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Dialogues 1–11 discuss religion’s foundation in human reason. Dialogue 12, in which Philo. the relentless opponent of pro-theistic arguments, makes his “confession” that he embraces natural religion; namely, the view that the cause or causes of order in nature bear some remote analogy to human intelligence. Hume’s Natural History of Religion, although published earlier than the posthumous Dialogues, is, in effect, a second volume to them. It presents a complex naturalistic explanation of religion’s origin in human nature, providing a sophisticated (and controversial) account of religion’s origin that is also a critique of religious belief. The core of this critique is an argument that theistic belief cannot be rendered so as to significantly differ from an atheism that grants that natural order has some cause or other.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Weakness of the Neck Muscles. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0010.
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The neck is furnished by dozens ofmuscles for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. It carries a 10-pound head at least two-thirds of every day. These muscles are under delicate central control, and they are subject to different central and peripheral malfunctions. Differential involvement of the neck flexors versus extensors helps in diagnosing different neuromuscular disorders. Weakness of the cervical extensors leads to head drop, a troubling condition that is caused by many neuromuscular disorders. Movement disorders such as cervical dystonia and Parkinson disease may also lead to head drop, causing confusion with neuromuscular causes such as myasthenia gravis and ALS. Head protrusion of the elderly (camptocormia) is a different entity.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Weakness of the Neck Muscles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0010.
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The neck is furnished by tens of muscles for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. It carries a 10-pound head for at least two-thirds of every day. These muscles are under delicate central control, and they are subject to different central and peripheral malfunctions. Differential involvement of the neck flexors’ Vs extensors helps with the diagnosis of various neuromuscular disorders. Weakness of the cervical extensors leads to head drop, a troubling condition that is caused by many neuromuscular disorders. Movement disorders such as cervical dystonia and Parkinson disease lead to head drop, causing confusion with neuromuscular causes such as myasthenia gravis (MG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Head protrusion of the elderly (camptocormia) is a different entity.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Ophthalmoplegia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0004.
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Ophthalmoplegia is usually chronic and therefore diplopia is not a feature. There is enough time for the brain to suppress one image. It is amazing how much impairment of eye movement has to occur before the patient becomes concerned or considers it as abnormal. Neglected myasthenia gravis may be confused with mitochondrial ophthalmoplegia or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy or even congenital myasthenic syndrome. Central cause of ophthalmoplegia should be ruled out first by performing doll’s eye movement. Detailed family history looking in particular for ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and dysphagia is diagnostically very useful. Non neurological causes of ophthalmoplegia such as severe exophthalmus, and retroorbital pathology should be considered.
28
Kaplan, Tamara, and Tracey Milligan. Neuromuscular Junction Disease (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650261.003.0015.
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The video in this chapter explores neuromuscular junction disease. It outlines the steps in neuromuscular transmission, as well as the symptoms, causes, and treatments for Myasthenia Gravis, and Lambert Eaton Syndrome
29
Larios, Richard, and Dana Catharine De Ruiz. LA Causa: The Migrant Farmworkers' Story (Stories of America). Steck-Vaughn, 1992.
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30
Miller, Peter, Sabah Butty, and Thomas Casciani. Percutaneous Creation of Jump Bypass in a Native Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Fistula. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0051.
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This chapter describes the experience with percutaneous creation of jump bypass grafts in nonmature and failed arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas based on a case series of 10 patients. Percutaneous intervention has been used to salvage nonmature fistulas, dysfunctional fistulas, and grafts. Frequently, venous outflow stenosis is the major cause of arteriovenous fistula and graft failure. Long-segment stenoses and chronically occluded venous outflow stenoses are more difficult to treat percutaneously and may require surgical revision. This chapter describes an endovascular technique creating a percutaneous jump bypass from the cephalic vein to the basilic vein using stent grafts in all patients with excellent immediate results. Limited available follow-up is also reported, including patency of two stent grafts for more than 2 years.
31
Larios, Richard, and Dana Catharine de Ruiz. La Causa: The Migrant Farmworkers' Story (Steck-Vaughn Stories of America Series). Steck-Vaughn, 1992.
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32
Shaibani, Aziz. Diplopia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0003.
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Diplopia is a very bothersome symptom and very often leads to early medical attention. However, some patients modify their lifestyle, wear dark glasses, prisms, or an eye patch, and only seek advice if these measures fail. A careful knowledge and examination of the extraocular muscles and their nerves from the orbit to the brainstem is crucial for the right diagnosis. Myasthenia gravis can mimic any single or combined oculomotor nerves palsy and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of diplopia. The presence of sensory symptoms or severe retro-orbital pain should prompt looking for a different cause than myasthenia gravis.
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Miller, Aaron E., and Teresa M. DeAngelis. Myasthenia Gravis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199732920.003.0022.
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Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that results in loss of functional acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction caused by the presence of antibodies to the AChR. In this chapter, we review the cardinal clinical findings of MG, the standard diagnostic testing including electrophysiological features, and the medical and surgical treatment recommendations.
34
De la Fuente de Diez Canseco, Luciana, ed. El Síndrome Metabólico y el Modo USIL. Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola - Fondo Editorial, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/usil.book/9786124370717.
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Libro que trata del síndrome metabólico (SM), una enfermedad frecuente que es causa de afectaciones graves de la salud. La autora hace un recorrido por la descripción, etiología y fisiopatología de dicho mal, subrayando la relación entre la mortalidad de la COVID-19 y la obesidad como factor agravante. La investigación se presenta bajo la hipótesis general de que el programa Modo USIL mejora significativamente los niveles de triglicéridos, colesterol HDL, presión arterial, glicemia y perímetro abdominal en colaboradores con factores de riesgo del SM de la Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola.
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Beed, Martin, Richard Sherman, and Ravi Mahajan. Neurology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696277.003.0005.
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Decreased consciousnessSeizures and status epilepticusStroke/thromboembolic strokeIntracerebral haemorrhageSubarachnoid haemorrhageTraumatic brain injuryRaised intracranial pressureMeningitis and encephalitisAgitation/confusion/aggressionAlcohol withdrawalNeuromuscular weakness and paralysisGuillain–Barré syndromeMyasthenia gravis↓consciousness occurs in many diseases requiring admission to intensive care, and is often a cause for admission in its own right. Changes in neurological state may be related to intracranial pathology, or may occur in response to respiratory, circulatory, or metabolic disorders....
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Shaibani, Aziz. Dyspnea. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0009.
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The most common causes of dyspnea are not neuromuscular but rather are cardiac and pulmonary. However, dyspnea is an important and serious manifestation of many neuromuscular disorders, and it may compound an underlying pulmonary or cardiac problem. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle under the control ofperipheral nerves(phrenic nerves) and may be targeted by inflammatory neuropathies such as Guillain-Barrésyndrome(GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy(CIDP), and brachial plexitis, myopathies such as acid maltase deficiency and muscular dystrophies, and neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis. Periodic measurement of pulmonary function isrecommended in neuromuscular clinics.
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Ott, Walter. Later Descartes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791713.003.0005.
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Descartes’s third model of perception is stated in the sixth Replies. This chapter explores the three ‘grades of sensory perception’ and argues that, for the first and only time in his career, Descartes here claims that we must use our awareness of color to judge the common sensibles. Descartes’s final model abandons this claim. Instead, his later works posit a purely causal explanation for the occurrence of sensations and ideas. It is still up to the mind to ‘refer’ these things to objects in the subject’s environment. This chapter concludes with an argument from Nicolas Malebranche that makes all four stages problematic. According to this ‘selection argument,’ there is no way for the mind to know which of its ideas or sensations it should summon (stage one), nor is there any way to know which object should be paired with which idea or sensation (stages two, three, and four).
38
Shaibani, Aziz. Ophthalmoplegia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Ophthalmoplegia is usually chronic, and therefore diplopia is not a feature. There is enough time for the brain to suppress one image. It is amazing how much of impairment of eye movement has to occur before the patient becomes concerned or considers it as abnormal. Neglected myasthenia gravis (MG) may be confused with mitochondrial ophthalmoplegia or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) or even congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). Central causes of ophthalmoplegia should be ruled out first by performing doll’s eye movement. A number of cases of different types of ophthalmoplegia are presented, along with clinical and laboratory methods to differentiate them.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Dyspnea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
The most common causes of dyspnea are not neuromuscular, but rather cardiac and pulmonary. However, dyspnea is an important and serious manifestation of many neuromuscular disorders, and it may compound an underlying pulmonary or cardiac problem. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle under the control of a peripheral nerve and may be targeted by inflammatory neuropathies such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and brachial plexitis or myopathies such as acid maltase deficiency, muscular dystrophy (MD), and neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis (MG). Periodic measurement of pulmonary function is a recommended measure in neuromuscular clinics.
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Murray, E. Lee, and Veda V. Vedanarayanan. Neuromuscular Disorders. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0021.
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The hospital neurologist may encounter neuromuscular disorders as known chronic conditions that are exacerbated by a hospital stay, be the principal reason for admission, or develop during a prolonged hospitalization. This chapter details the presentation, diagnosis, and management of conditions affecting the peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junction, such as myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton (myasthenic) syndrome, botulism, and tick paralysis; as well as muscular weakness from various causes such as rhabdomyolysis, critical illness neuromyopathy, inflammatory myopathies, muscular dystrophies, periodic paralysis, and metabolic and endocrine myopathies. Also discussed are motoneuron degeneration, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive muscle atrophy, and neuromuscular respiratory failure.
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Katirji, Bashar. Case 24. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0028.
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Botulism is an extremely rare neuromuscular disorder, caused by botulinum toxin which is produced by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. It has several forms: classic foodborne, infantile, wound, intestinal, and iatrogenic forms. The presentation is often acute and severe but may be occasionally subacute and moderate. The diagnosis may be difficult and requires a high index of suspicion. This case presents an adult with classic foodborne botulism and highlights the clinical and electrodiagnostic findings that distinguish this disorder from other neuromuscular junction disorders including myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Specifically, the findings on repetitive nerve stimulation are discussed and distinguished from the results seen in other neuromuscular junction disorders.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Diplopia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0003.
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Diplopia is a very bothersome symptom, which very often leads to early medical attention. However, some patients modify their lifestyle, wear dark glasses, prisms, or eye patches, and seek medical advice only if these measures fail. A careful knowledge and examination of the extraocular muscles and their nerves from the orbit to the brain stem is crucial to obtain the right diagnosis. Myasthenia gravis (MG) can mimic any single or combined oculomotor nerves palsy and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of diplopia. The presence of sensory symptoms or severe retrooribital pain should prompt looking for a different cause than MG.
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Manuel Serra da Cruz, Sergio, Ana Cláudia de Macêdo Vieira, Renato Cerceau, Ana Paula Ribeiro de Carvalho Ferreira, Mariana Aparecida de Almeida Souza, Pedro Vieira Cruz, and Thiago Eliezer Siqueira Oliveira. Esta planta é para ver ou para comer? Cerceau, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17655/9786500152395.
Full textAbstract:
Este livro apresenta um jogo que correlaciona três temas importantes sobre plantas: as plantas alimentícias comuns (aquelas que estamos acostumados a consumir como alimentos), as plantas alimentícias não convencionais (também conhecidas como PANC) e plantas tóxicas (aquelas que podem causar problemas à saúde humana e de animais domésticos em diferentes graus). Ele foi testado com estudantes de diferentes níveis de formação durante edições da Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (SNCT) organizadas no campus Ilha do Fundão da UFRJ pela equipe do Laboratório de Farmacobotânica e teve muito sucesso. Este jogo pode ser aplicado de diferentes formas, mas, deve-se destacar que, além do jogo, este livro entrega também informações sobre as plantas ilustradas nas cartas e referências bibliográficas para quem quiser aprofundar os temas abordados.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is involved in nervous system and muscle function and is essential for carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency is common in Asia, where diets are often high in thiamine-depleted polished rice and can be low in other food sources. Pregnancy imposes an increasing requirement for thiamine over the course of gestation, and deficiency can lead to widespread metabolic disturbances affecting the placenta and fetus. Nutritional deficiency for thiamine is rare in people who consume a moderately varied diet that contains whole grains. However, excessive vomiting in pregnancy can cause thiamine depletion, in which case antenatal vitamins containing thiamine and other B vitamins may be beneficial.
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Lambert, Heather. Urinary tract infection in infancy and childhood. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0180_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood is a common problem, which is frequently dismissed as trivial because most children with UTI have a good outcome. However, UTI is an important cause of acute illness in children and causes a considerable burden of ill health on children and families. In addition, UTI may be a marker of an underlying urinary tract abnormality. UTI in a few may cause significant long-term morbidity, renal scarring, hypertension, and renal impairment that may not present until adult life. Predicting which children will go on to have long-term sequelae remains a challenge.The risk of renal scarring is greatest in infants, the very group in whom diagnosis is often overlooked or delayed because clinical features are non-specific. Delay in treatment is associated with an increased risk of scarring in susceptible children. Thus accurate and rapid diagnosis of UTI is essential and requires a very high index of suspicion particularly in the youngest.The role of vesicoureteric reflux in acquired scarring is not fully understood though there is clearly an association, possibly because it is a risk factor for acute pyelonephritis. Scarring when it occurs is in the areas affected by acute pyelonephritis. Higher grades of reflux are associated with a worse outcome.Management and investigation of children with UTI consumes considerable healthcare resources. Limited understanding of the natural history and basic pathophysiology, variations in strategy with time and setting, and lack of evidence on long-term outcomes have resulted in considerable uncertainty. Some propose a minimal approach doing little investigation unless there is clear evidence for it; others favour an approach of continuation of current practice based on clinical experience until further evidence evolves. Some of the themes behind these controversies are explored.
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Rees, David. Insects of Stored Products. CSIRO Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101128.
Full textAbstract:
Insect infestations in grains and other stored food and fibre products cause annual losses worth many millions of dollars worldwide. This illustrated guide enables specialists and non-specialists to distinguish the major pests of durable stored products found throughout the world.
It describes how to identify each pest group or species and summarises the latest information on their biology, ecology, geographical distribution, the damage they cause and their economic importance. Hundreds of colour photographs illustrate the identifying features of the most important beetles, moths, psocids, bugs and wasps found in stored products.
Essential details on inspection and trapping are included to aid in the early detection of infestations, allowing more time to plan and undertake effective pest control. An extensive bibliography provides a convenient entry point to the specialised literature on these insects.
This concise yet comprehensive reference is an essential tool for people responsible for the storage and handling of dried durable products of plant and animal origin worldwide.
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Ryoo, Jean J., Jane Margolis, and Charis JB. Power On! The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14166.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
A diverse group of teenage friends learn how computing can be personally and politically empowering and why all students need access to computer science education. This lively graphic novel follows a diverse group of teenage friends as they discover that computing can be fun, creative, and empowering. Taylor, Christine, Antonio, and Jon seem like typical young teens—they communicate via endless texting, they share jokes, they worry about starting high school, and they have each other's backs. But when a racially-biased artificial intelligence system causes harm in their neighborhood, they suddenly realize that tech isn't as neutral as they thought it was. But can an algorithm be racist? And what is an algorithm, anyway? In school, they decide to explore computing classes, with mixed results. One class is only about typing. The class that Christine wants to join is full, and the school counselor suggests that she take a class in “Tourism and Hospitality” instead. (Really??) But Antonio's class seems legit, Christine finds an after-school program, and they decide to teach the others what they learn. By summer vacation, all four have discovered that computing is both personally and politically empowering. Interspersed through the narrative are text boxes with computer science explainers and inspirational profiles of people of color and women in the field (including Katherine Johnson of Hidden Figures fame). Power On! is an essential read for young adults, general readers, educators, and anyone interested in the power of computing, how computing can do good or cause harm, and why addressing underrepresentation in computing needs to be a top priority.
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Bayona Escat, Eugenia. Región Sierra: ámbitos de pobreza y desigualdad de género. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.29043/cesmeca.rep.62.
Full textAbstract:
La investigación se enfoca en una de las zonas más pobres de Chiapas, la Región Sierra. Las causas de la marginación se deben a efectos variados: geografía accidentada, clima adverso, desgaste paulatino de la tierra, división de los suelos en minifundios cada vez más reducidos, abandono por parte de las instituciones, contextualización histórica de dependencia laboral con la región vecina del Soconusco y, consecuentemente, la imposibilidad de crecer económicamente de manera autónoma. La pobreza y la marginación son las características más comunes de la mayoría de la población, pero en la actualidad sus consecuencias se han agudizado con la subida de precios de los alimentos y otros enseres, por la improductividad de la tierra y la imposibilidad de encontrar trabajo para subsistir en un mercado laboral agotado. El proceso de migración, cada día protagonizado por más hombres y mujeres es una de las repuestas inmediatas ante esta crisis y tiene también consecuencias graves por la dependencia económica que provoca en la región, por el abandono paulatino de la población local y por la dispersión de miembros familiares entre varios espacios migratorios.
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Vincent, Angela. Neuroimmunology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter relates to antibody-mediated disorders throughout the nervous system. Early papers recall how use of bungarotoxin, passive transfer experiments in mice, and clinical response to plasma exchange confirmed the role of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Cutting edge techniques subsequently discovered other key neuromuscular junctional proteins, including muscle-specific kinase an additional target for antibodies. Later papers report the link between brain inflammation and severe amnesia, paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic, and the identification of the first pathogenic antibodies to a central nervous system (CNS) receptor in Rasmussen’s syndrome. The first report of “Morvan’s syndrome” is followed by a single patient with antibodies immunoprecipitating potassium channels who improved remarkably with plasma exchange. Lastly, the patients in the 1920’s encephalitis lethargica epidemic described in detail by von Economo, exhibited many of the features now recognised as caused by antibodies to various CNS receptors and associated membrane proteins.
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Stokes, Chris, and Mark Howden, eds. Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098084.
Full textAbstract:
Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change is a fundamental resource for primary industry professionals, land managers, policy makers, researchers and students involved in preparing Australia’s primary industries for the challenges and opportunities of climate change.
More than 30 authors have contributed to this book, which moves beyond describing the causes and consequences of climate change to providing options for people to work towards adaptation action. Climate change implications and adaptation options are given for the key Australian primary industries of horticulture, forestry, grains, rice, sugarcane, cotton, viticulture, broadacre grazing, intensive livestock industries, marine fisheries, and aquaculture and water resources. Case studies demonstrate the options for each industry.
Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change summarises updated climate change scenarios for Australia with the latest climate science. It includes chapters on socio-economic and institutional considerations for adapting to climate change, greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks, as well as risks and priorities for the future.