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1
Finite quantum electrodynamics: The causal approach. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 1995.
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2
Continuing la causa: Organizing labor in California's strawberry fields. Boulder: FirstForumPress, A Division of Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2013.
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3
Baumgärtel, Hellmut. Causal nets of operator algebras: Mathematical aspects of algebraic quantum field theory. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1992.
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4
Death scenes: An investigator's field guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012.
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5
Mazo, Aleksandr, and Konstantin Potashev. The superelements. Modeling of oil fields development. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043236.
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This monograph presents the basics of super-element modeling method of two-phase fluid flows occurring during the development of oil reservoir. The simulation is performed in two stages to reduce the spatial and temporal scales of the studied processes. In the first stage of modeling of development of oil deposits built long-term (for decades) the model of the global dynamics of the flooding on the super-element computational grid with a step equal to the average distance between wells (200-500 m). Local filtration flow, caused by the action of geological and technical methods of stimulation, are modeled in the second stage using a special mathematical models using computational grids with high resolution detail for the space of from 0.1 to 10 m and time — from 102 to 105 C.
The results of application of the presented models to the solution of practical tasks of development of oil reservoir. Special attention is paid to the issue of value transfer in filtration-capacitive properties of the reservoir, with a detailed grid of the geological model on the larger grid reservoir models.
Designed for professionals in the field of mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flows occurring during the development of oil fields and using traditional commercial software packages, as well as developing their own software. May be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying in areas such as "Mechanics and mathematical modeling", "Applied mathematics", "Oil and gas".
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Death scene investigations: A field guide. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
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7
Lipich, Tamara, and Eduard Lykov. Analysis of police practices in the field of combating crime. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1913533.
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The monograph is an original work devoted to the philosophical and legal analysis of police practices within the boundaries of European culture, as well as the analysis of police practices in the field of youth crime. This topic is especially relevant in connection with the ongoing discussions in society on such problems as the problems of power and force, the use of violence.
The authors identify the cultural and historical identification of the phenomenon of the police, give a philosophical and anthropological analysis of the specifics of police practices in European culture against the background of law enforcement by the police. The phenomenon of sovereignty and the correlation of police and political is analyzed, which is especially important in modern conditions. The analysis of police practices in the field of youth crime is carried out, where the causes and features of youth crime and juvenile delinquency are identified. Of particular interest is the analysis of prevention and ways of countering juvenile delinquency and youth crime.
For students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in combating crime.
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Hitchcock, Christopher. Causal Modelling. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0015.
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‘Causal modelling’ is a general term that applies to a wide variety of formal methods for representing, and facilitating inferences about, causal relationships. The end of the twentieth century saw an explosion of work on causal modelling, with contributions from such fields as statistics, computer science, and philosophy; as well as from more subject-specific disciplines such as econometrics and epidemiology. This article focuses on two programmes that have attracted considerable philosophical attention, one due to the computer scientist Judea Pearl and his collaborators, and the other to the philosophers Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour, and Richard Scheines. It offers a much simplified presentation of causal models that emphasizes various points of philosophical interest.
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Waldmann, Michael R., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.001.0001.
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Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Without our ability to discover and empirically test causal theories, we would not have made progress in various empirical sciences. In the past decades, the important role of causal knowledge has been discovered in many areas of cognitive psychology. Despite the ubiquity of causal reasoning, textbooks of cognitive psychology have neglected this growing field. The goal of The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning is to fill this gap. The handbook brings together the leading researchers in the field of causal reasoning and offers state-of-the-art presentations of theories and research. It provides introductions of competing theories of causal reasoning, and discusses its role in various cognitive functions and domains. The final section presents research from neighboring fields.
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Hoefer, Carl. Causation in Spacetime Theories. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0035.
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Although Russell maintained that causation was not to be found in advanced physical theories (which is described in this article), even he would have admitted that, if one must talk of cause–effect relations between events, then spacetime theories may well place constraints on what sorts of causal relations may exist and how they may be arranged in time. They may also imply the possibility of surprising and unexpected causal relations, and even serious causal anomalies. This article looks at what the three most important spacetime theories imply about causation. It starts with a brief look at Newtonian physics, looks at how important changes are introduced by Special Relativity theory, and finally turns to the rich causal fields of General Relativity models.
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Westreich, Daniel. Epidemiology by Design. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665760.001.0001.
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As the cornerstone science of public health, evidence-based medicine, and comparative effectiveness research, a clear understanding of study designs is central to the study of epidemiology. Causal inference is increasingly being understood as the theoretical foundation underlying epidemiologic study designs and the science as a whole. This textbook takes a causal approach to traditional introductory epidemiology, through the organizing principle of study designs and the lens of modern causal inference approaches (potential outcomes, counterfactuals, identification conditions). The intended audience is first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in epidemiology and allied fields more broadly. Section I introduces measures of prevalence and incidence (survival curves, risks, rates, odds) and measures of contrast (differences, ratios), the fundamentals of causal inference, and principles of diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. Section II describes three key study designs through the lens of causal inference: randomized trials, prospective observational cohort studies, and case-control studies. For each, the author discusses logistics and conduct, advantages and disadvantages including biases, basic approaches to analysis, and briefly reviews several additional study designs. Section III extends material in previous sections, moving from concerns about internal validity (within a sample) to questions of external validity and population impact. This book provides new students with a rigorous foundation in epidemiologic methods and an introduction to methods and thinking in causal inference, serving as an excellent foundation for further study of the field.
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Jacobs, Jonathan D., ed. Causal Powers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.001.0001.
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This collection brings together new and important work by both emerging scholars and those who helped shape the field on the nature of causal powers, and the connections between causal powers and other phenomena within metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind. Contributors discuss how one who takes causal powers to be in some sense irreducible should think about laws of nature, scientific practice, causation, modality, space and time, persistence, and the metaphysics of mind.
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NANDE-VÁZQUEZ, Edgard Alfredo, Teodoro REYES-FONG, and Omar Alejandro PÉREZ-CRUZ. The Generalized Least Squares Method (GMM) as a tool for causal analysis of spending, budget management and electoral results. ECORFAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/b.2021.8.1.130.
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In the different fields of science, many times, there is a need to estimate the associations between variables, as an approach to understanding the interaction of one as a function of the others. It is usually done by applying restrictive models, such as analysis of variance and linear regression. This type of analysis requires that the dependent variable be continuous, have a normal and constant distribution of the mean and variance. However, when the dependent variable is discrete or categorical, the linear model is not viable. Faced with this impediment, the theory of linear models arises and is expanded to broader categories, which have been called Generalized Linear Models. This category assumes that all distribution functions are exponential, in which the normal distribution is located. In this sense, in this research, Generalized Least Squares methods were applied in their various variants: of moments, ordinary and feasible. These models allow calculating the parameters of models in which the dependent variable has a Poisson or multinomial distribution. In such a way that the Generalized Least Squares serve as a tool to analyze the effect of the elections on public spending and its relationship with the electoral results, analyzing the variables of a budgetary nature, derived from the possibility that the government in power continues or is re-elected. For this, data related to the states and municipalities of México in the period 2007 to 2019 are used.
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Waldmann, Michael R. Causal Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.1.
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Although causal reasoning is a component of most human cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. To date, textbooks on cognitive psychology do not contain chapters on causal reasoning. The goal of this Handbook is to fill this gap, and to offer state-of-the-art reviews of the field. This introduction to the Handbook provides a general review of different competing theoretical frameworks modeling causal reasoning and learning. It outlines the relationship between psychological theories and their precursors in normative disciplines, such as philosophy and machine learning. It reviews the wide scope of tasks and domains in which the important role of causal knowledge has been documented. In the final section it previews the chapters of the handbook.
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Beebee, Helen, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Causation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Causation provides an overview of topics related to causation, as well as the history of the causation debate from the ancient Greeks to the logical empiricists. Causation is a central topic in many areas of philosophy. In metaphysics, philosophers want to know what causation is, and how it is related to laws of nature, probability, action, and freedom of will. In epistemology, philosophers investigate how causal claims can be inferred from statistical data, and how causation is related to perception, knowledge, and explanation. In the philosophy of mind, philosophers want to know whether and how the mind can be said to have causal efficacy, and in ethics, whether there is a moral distinction between acts and omissions and whether the moral value of an act can be judged according to its consequences. In addition, causation is a contested concept in other fields of enquiry, such as biology, physics, and the law. The articles, which are all written by leading experts in the field of causation, provide surveys of contemporary debates, while often also advancing novel and controversial claims.
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Bender, Andrea, Sieghard Beller, and Douglas L. Medin. Causal Cognition and Culture. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.34.
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Causality is a core concept of human cognition, but the extent to which cultural factors constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans think about causal relationships has barely been explored. This chapter summarizes empirical findings on the potential for cultural variability in the content of causal cognition, in the way this content is processed, and in the context in which all this occurs. This review reveals cultural variability in causal cognition along each of these dimensions and across physical, biological, and psychological explanations. Specifically, culture helps defining the settings in which causal cognition emerges, the manner in which potential factors are pondered, and the choices for highlighting some causes over others or for expressing them in distinct ways. Future tasks include the need to re-conceptualize ‘culture’ and to overcome blind spots in research strategies such as those linked to disciplinary boundaries and the ‘home-field disadvantages’ in cross-cultural comparisons.
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Croasmun, Matthew. Emergence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190277987.003.0003.
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Emergence theory in philosophy of science is introduced, first in modest terms of the emergent properties exhibited by complex wholes that are not exhibited by their constituent parts. Then, emergence is treated as a trans-ordinal theory that stakes out a middle ground between reductionism and dualism. The tension between supervenience and downward causation is described as the generative dialectic of emergence. The coherence of downward causation is debated and ultimately affirmed on account of the prevalence of downward causation in the sorts of accounts produced by fields like systems biology. Racism is treated as a case study of the sorts of causal feedback loops generated by complex causal structures that operate at multiple levels of hierarchy.
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Finite Quantum Electrodynamics: The Causal Approach, Third Edition. Dover Publications, Incorporated, 2014.
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Scharf, Gunter. Finite Quantum Electrodynamics: The Causal Approach, Third Edition. Dover Publications, Incorporated, 2014.
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20
Perdigão, Rui A. P. Unfolding the Manifold Flavours of Causality. Meteoceanics Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/mdsc.1804.
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The present work provides a contribution to an overarching cross-methodological causality investigation, encompassing a methodological synergy among physical, analytical, information-theoretic and systems intelligence approaches to causal discovery and quantification in complex system dynamics. These efforts methodologically lead to the emergence of a broader causal framework, valid not only in classical recurrence-based dynamical systems, but also on the generalized information physics of non-ergodic coevolutionary spatiotemporal complexity. This study begins with a comprehensive cross-examination of causality metrics derived from these diverse domains, by synthesizing causality insights from information theory, which enables the quantification of information flow among variables; differential geometry, which captures the curvature and structure of causal relationships; dynamical systems, which analyze the temporal evolution of systems and associated kinematic geometric properties; and fundamental physical metrics, which elucidate causal connections in the physical world from fundamental thermodynamic principles. Through this analysis, we aim to deepen our understanding of causality in complex systems, with physical process understanding and geophysical applications in mind. Having laid out some of the key methodological flavours of causality, the present communication introduces new metrics further contributing to a broader non-Shannonian information theoretic causality pool of methods, along with additional advances on quantum thermodymamical, nonlinear statistical mechanical, differential geometric and topologic approaches on causality. Positioning ourselves in a broader nonlinear non-Gaussian non-ergodic setting to tackle far-from-equilibrium structural-functional coevolution and synergistic emergence in complex system dynamics, our derivations further contribute to a new generation of information theoretic, dynamical systems and non-equilibrium thermodynamic causality approaches, along with their synergistic articulation towards a unified framework. This brings out further cross-methodological comparability, portability and complementary insights on dealing with the intricate causality of complex multiscale far-from-equilibrium Earth system dynamic phenomena. By unveiling manifold flavours of causality and their interconnections, this study brings out their commonalities, synergies, and further potential synergistic applications across disciplines. This interdisciplinary approach not only enhances our theoretical understanding of causality but also provides practical implications for applications in fields such as data science, network theory, and complex systems analysis, with direct relevance across a plethora of scientific, technical and operational fields.
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Finster, Felix. The Continuum Limit of Causal Fermion Systems: From Planck Scale Structures to Macroscopic Physics. Springer, 2016.
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Finster, Felix. The Continuum Limit of Causal Fermion Systems: From Planck Scale Structures to Macroscopic Physics. Springer, 2018.
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23
Widner, Jennifer, Michael Woolcock, and Daniel Ortega Nieto, eds. The Case for Case Studies. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108688253.
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This book seeks to narrow two gaps: first, between the widespread use of case studies and their frequently 'loose' methodological moorings; and second, between the scholarly community advancing methodological frontiers in case study research and the users of case studies in development policy and practice. It draws on the contributors' collective experience at this nexus, but the underlying issues are more broadly relevant to case study researchers and practitioners in all fields. How does one prepare a rigorous case study? When can causal inferences reasonably be drawn from a single case? When and how can policy-makers reasonably presume that a demonstrably successful intervention in one context might generate similarly impressive outcomes elsewhere, or if massively 'scaled up'? No matter their different starting points – disciplinary base, epistemological orientation, sectoral specialization, or practical concerns – readers will find issues of significance for their own field, and others across the social sciences. This title is also available Open Access.
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Koo, Minkyung, Jong An Choi, and Incheol Choi. Analytic versus Holistic Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0004.
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This chapter summarizes research on analytic versus holistic thinking, including locus of attention, causal perception, perception of change, tolerance of contradiction, and categorization—constructs that are widely studied in social psychology and other related fields, such as consumer psychology. The chapter also reviews the literature on the Analysis-Holism Scale (AHS): how it was developed and how it differs from scales that measure other cultural differences (e.g., individualism versus collectivism; independent versus interdependent self; dialectical versus linear self). Empirical evidence supporting the validity of the AHS in various cognitive domains is introduced. The chapter concludes with a review of recently published papers in which the AHS has been validated and utilized for various purposes.
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Hand, Jeffrey W. Electromagnetic fields. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0023.
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Basic characteristics of electromagnetic fields in the microwave, radiofrequency, and extremely low frequency ranges and their interactions with biological tissues are introduced, and parameters such as polarization and specific absorption rate used for safety assessment are highlighted. Techniques and instrumentation for measuring these parameters are discussed. The concepts of dosimetry are introduced and examples of electromagnetic field safety guidelines and standards are outlined. The chapter closes with a discussion of some topics directly relevant to safety of clinical procedures, such as hyperthermia, and diathermy, as well as electromagnetic interference with equipment and implanted devices caused by the presence of mobile communications and radiofrequency identification systems.
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Taylor, Ralph B. How Do We Get to Causal Clarity on Physical Environment-Crime Dynamics? Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.2.
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This chapter discusses research and theorizing about the crime impacts of the physical environment, relating it to past reviews of scholarship in this area, and highlighting the crucial question of causality. It introduces key stumbling blocks in community criminology that must be addressed before scholarship can advance on the crucial causality question. Environmental criminology in a deep sense represents a field within a broader field of community criminology. The chapter underscores just a few of the most important recent works in four select areas within the physical environment-crime scholarship: space syntax, facilities and land use, accessibility/permeability, and crime prevention through environmental design/defensible space. The final section sketches one possible avenue for future research which can address these concerns.
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Rihoux, Benoît. Case‐Oriented Configura‐Tional Research: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (Qca), Fuzzy Sets, and Related Techniques. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0031.
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This article investigates the tradition of case-oriented configurational research, focusing specifically on qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as a tool for causal inference. It first presents two analytic procedures commonly used by comparative researchers. A short description of the state-of-the-art of QCA applications is offered, in terms of discipline, types of cases, models, combinations with other methods, and software development. It then reviews different uses of QCA, as well as generic ‘best practices’. Some key recent evolutions are illustrated: on the one hand the development, beyond dichotomous ‘crisp set’ QCA (csQCA), of multi-value QCA (mvQCA), fuzzy sets, and fuzzy-set QCA (fsQCA), and on the other hand technical advances and refinements in the use of the techniques. Finally, the article gives some concluding reflections as to expected developments, upcoming innovations, remaining challenges, expansion of fields of application, and cross-fertilization with other approaches.
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Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Political Science Methodology. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0001.
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Political methodology offers techniques for clarifying the theoretical meaning of concepts such as revolution and for developing definitions of revolutions. It also provides descriptive indicators for comparing the scope of revolutionary change, and sample surveys for gauging the support for revolutions. It then presents an array of methods for making causal inferences that provide insights into the causes and consequences of revolutions. An overview of the book is given. Topics addressed include social theory and approaches to social science methodology; concepts and development measurement; causality and explanation in social research; experiments, quasi-experiments, and natural experiments; general methods of quantitative tools for causal and descriptive inference; quantitative tools for causal and descriptive inference; qualitative tools for causal inference; and organizations, institutions, and movements in the field of methodology. In general, the Handbook provides overviews of specific methodologies, but it also emphasizes three things: utility for understanding politics, pluralism of approaches, and cutting across boundaries. This volume discusses interpretive and constructivist methods, along with broader issues of situating alternative analytic tools in relation to an understanding of culture.
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Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. Field Experiments and Natural Experiments. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0015.
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This article evaluates the strengths and limitations of field experimentation. It first defines field experimentation and describes the many forms that field experiments take. It also interprets the growth and development of field experimentation. It then discusses why experiments are valuable for causal inference. The assumptions of experimental and nonexperimental inference are distinguished, noting that the value accorded to observational research is often inflated by misleading reporting conventions. The article elaborates on the study of natural experiments and discontinuities as alternatives to both randomized interventions and conventional nonexperimental research. Finally, it outlines a list of methodological issues that arise commonly in connection with experimental design and analysis: the role of covariates, planned vs. unplanned comparisons, and extrapolation. It concludes by dealing with the ways in which field experimentation is reshaping the field of political methodology.
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Beck, Colin J., Mlada Bukovansky, Erica Chenoweth, George Lawson, Sharon Erickson Nepstad, and Daniel P. Ritter. On Revolutions. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197638354.001.0001.
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On Revolutions integrates insights from diverse fields—civil resistance studies, international relations, social movements, terrorism—to offes new ways of thinking about the study of revolution. Conventional lines of thought draw on a number of categorical distinctions: social versus political revolutions, structure versus agency, violent versus nonviolent strategies, domestic versus international factors, and success versus failure. In contrast, the book outlines an approach that reaches beyond these dichotomies. Revolutions are not just political or social—they feature many types of change. Structure and agency are not mutually distinct—they are mutually reinforcing processes. Contention is not just violent or nonviolent—it is a messy process that usually involves both strategies. Revolutions do not just succeed or fail—they achieve and simultaneously fall short. And causal conditions are not just domestic or international—they are dependent on the interplay of each. The merit of this approach is demonstrated through consideration of a wide range of cases. The volume also explores new opportunities for conceptual thinking about revolution, provides methodological advice, and engages with the ethical issues that exist at the nexus of scholarship and activism. Taken together, these innovations chart a new path for revolution studies.
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Mashhoon, Bahram. Field Equation of Nonlocal Gravity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.003.0006.
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In extended general relativity (GR), Einstein’s field equation of GR can be expressed in terms of torsion and this leads to the teleparallel equivalent of GR, namely, GR||, which turns out to be the gauge theory of the Abelian group of spacetime translations. The structure of this theory resembles Maxwell’s electrodynamics. We use this analogy and the world function to develop a nonlocal GR|| via the introduction of a causal scalar constitutive kernel. It is possible to express the nonlocal gravitational field equation as modified Einstein’s equation. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. The field equation of NLG can be expressed as Einstein’s field equation with an extra source that has the interpretation of the effective dark matter. It is possible that the kernel of NLG, which is largely undetermined, could be derived from a more general future theory.
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Glazov, M. M. Spin Resonance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0003.
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This chapter is devoted to one of key phenomena in the field of spin physics, namely, resonant absorption of electromagnetic waves under conditions where the Zeeman splitting of spin levels in magnetic field is equal to photon energy. This method is particularly important for identification of nuclear spin effects, because resonance spectra provide fingerprints of different involved spin species and make it possible to distinguish different nuclear isotopes. As discussed in this chapter the nuclear magnetic resonance provides also an access to local magnetic fields acting on nuclear spins. These fields are caused by the magnetic interactions between the nuclei and by the quadrupole splittings of nuclear spin states in anisotropic crystalline environment. Manifestations of spin resonance in optical responses of semiconductors–that is, optically detected magnetic resonance–are discussed.
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Elwood, Mark. Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.001.0001.
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This book presents a system of critical appraisal applicable to clinical, epidemiological and public health studies and to many other fields. It assumes no prior knowledge. The methods are relevant to students, practitioners and policymakers. The book shows how to assess if the results of one study or of many studies show a causal effect. The book discusses study designs: randomised and non-randomised trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys, showing the presentation of results including person-time and survival analysis, and issues in the selection of subjects. The system shows how to describe a study, how to detect and assess selection biases, observation bias, confounding, and chance variation, and how to assess internal validity and external validity (generalisability). Statistical methods are presented assuming no previous knowledge, and showing applications to each study design. Positive features of causation including strength, dose-response, and consistency are discussed. The book shows how to do systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and discusses publication bias. Systems of assessing all evidence are shown, leading to a general method of critical appraisal based on 20 key questions in five groups, which can be applied to any type of study or any topic. Six chapters show the application of this method to randomised trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies. An appendix summarises key statistical methods, each with a worked example. Each main chapter has self-test questions, with answers provided.
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Mahoney, James, Khairunnisa Mohamedali, and Christoph Nguyen. Causality and Time in Historical Institutionalism. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.4.
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This chapter explores the dual concern with causality and time in historical-institutionalism using a graphical approach. Conceptualizing causes as filters, the chapter analyses three concepts that are central to this field: critical junctures, gradual change, and path dependence. The analysis makes explicit and formal the logic underlying studies that use these “causal-temporal” concepts. The chapter shows visually how causality and temporality are linked to one another in varying ways depending on the particular pattern of change. Through this unifying visual grammar, the chapter also outlines an approach that can accommodate and reconcile both models of critical junctures and gradual change. The chapter provides new tools for describing and understanding change in historical institutional analyses.
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Condon, Barrie, and Jennifer MacFarlane. Magnetic resonance imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0024.
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Magnetic resonance imaging employs strong electromagnetic fields that present a variety ofhazards. This chapter considers the interaction of the strong magnetic field with externalferromagnetic objects and those implanted in the body. The interaction of strong RF fieldscan induce currents in wires and cables which can, in certain circumstances, result in burns.By the same mechanism, excessive heating can be caused in passive implanted devicesand the operation of active implants can fail or be critically altered. The direct impact of theMR environment on the human body is described in terms of the effect of (i) the staticmagnetic field, (ii) movement through the static magnetic field, (iii) the heating effects of theRF field, and (iv) the acoustic noise. The risks involved in the use of cryogens are brieflydiscussed. Finally, practical safety procedures are recommended.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale Of Flodden Field. Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field. Cosimo Classics, 2005.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field. IndyPublish.com, 2002.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field. IndyPublish.com, 2003.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field. IndyPublish.com, 2003.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field. University Press of the Pacific, 2001.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field. IndyPublish.com, 2002.
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Ramachandran, Raja, and Vivekanand Jha. Renal involvement in other infections. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0198_update_001.
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Renal involvement has been described in patients with many other infections and this chapter discusses several of these.Water-borne infections are a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) worldwide but especially in tropical regions. Cholera is notoriously dangerous but any other cause of fluid-depletion may achieve the same. Typhoid fever is more likely to cause AKI from its complications than directly, but a small proportion of patients have glomerulonephritis.Meliodosis is caused by the intracellular organism Burkholderia pseudomallei. It typically affects workers in paddy (rice) fields in the rainy season, and may cause a local, genitourinary infection or an acute melioidosis septicaemia with a high incidence of AKI and mortality. Those with other chronic conditions are at greatest risk.Obstetric infections as a result of unsafe deliberate abortion or post-partum are a very common (often the most common) cause of AKI in developing countries, and a major cause of avoidable death in young women.
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Montgomery, Erwin B. Approach to DBS in the Vicinity of the Subthalamic Nucleus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0011.
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The regional anatomy around the DBS lead in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) determines efficacy and adverse effects. Understanding the regional anatomy allows the programmer to adjust the stimulation to provide optimal benefit and the absence of adverse effects.The STN lies near the junction of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. It is just ventral to the thalamus, just lateral to the brachium conjunctivum and red nucleus, and medial and dorsal to the internal capsule. These structures are important because inappropriate stimulation causes side effects. For examples: Electrical fields spreading to ascending sensory medial lemniscus and spinothalamic pathways behind the STN produce paresthesias. Inadvertent stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum can cause ataxia and loss of balance. The red nucleus lies in the brachium conjunctivum, and the exiting axons from the oculomotor nucleus run within the red nucleus. Electrical fields spreading to these structures can result in disconjugate gaze and diplopia. Stimulating the internal capsule laterally or dorsally can cause tonic muscle contractions.
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Karlan, Dean, and Jacob Appel. Failing in the Field. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183138.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
All across the social sciences, from development economics to political science departments, researchers are going into the field to collect data and learn about the world. While much has been gained from the successes of randomized controlled trials, stories of failed projects often do not get told. This book delves into the common causes of failure in field research, so that researchers might avoid similar pitfalls in future work. Drawing on the experiences of top social scientists working in developing countries, the book investigates failed projects and helps guide practitioners as they embark on their research. From experimental design and implementation to analysis and partnership agreements, the book shows that there are important lessons to be learned from failures at every stage. The book describes five common categories of failures, reviews six case studies in detail, and concludes with some reflections on best (and worst) practices for designing and running field projects, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials. There is much to be gained from investigating what has previously not worked, from misunderstandings by staff to errors in data collection. Cracking open the taboo subject of the stumbles that can take place in the implementation of research studies, this is a valuable ‘how-not-to’ handbook for conducting fieldwork and running randomized controlled trials in development settings.
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Mahoney, James, and Celso M. Villegas. Historical Enquiry and Comparative Politics. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses historical enquiry, which has always been central to the field of comparative politics. It examines the various methods of causal analysis and temporal analysis, and shows how historical analysts properly use historical data. This article shows that historical analysis embodies a distinctive set of techniques for the assessment of causal hypotheses, for the analysis of data, and for the study of temporal processes.
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Rohani, Pejman, and Samuel Scarpino, eds. Pertussis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811879.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused primarily by infection with the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It remains one of the leading causes of death among vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide and recent years have seen its alarming re-emergence in many regions (including the United States and much of Europe), despite sustained high levels of vaccine coverage. The causes of the resurgence remain contentious, in part due to inherent complexities of the pathogen’s biology, in part due to pronounced variation in the treatment and prevention strategies between different countries and regions, and in part due to long-standing disagreement among scientific researchers studying pertussis. This edited volume brings together expert knowledge from disparate fields with the overall aim of synthesizing the current understanding of this critically important, global pathogen. Pertussis: Epidemiology, Immunology, and Evolution is an advanced text suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary epidemiology, disease ecology, and evolutionary biology, as well as academics, public health officials, and researchers in these fields. It also offers a very useful introduction to a wider audience of public health practitioners, microbiologists, epidemiologists, medical professionals, and vaccine biologists
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Arsovska, Anita. Rare Causes of Stroke. Edited by Derya Uluduz. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108902793.
Full textAbstract:
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and major cause of long-term disability, directly impacting the quality of life, worldwide. Strokes with more rare, and unknown causes unfortunately receive little to no attention due to the heterogeneity of disorders and a poor understanding of clinical features. There are considerable variations in the etiology of this rare sub-category of stroke; requiring heightened clinical awareness for recognition, evaluation and treatment. This book provides up-to-date guidance, through case reports concisely summarised by global leaders in the field describing the diagnosis and treatment of rare causes of stroke, from vasculitis, hypercoagulable states, hereditary and genetic factors, cardioembolism, vasculopathies, venous occlusive conditions to bone disorders. Offering practical advice and algorithms, this book aids the clinician in establishing an accurate diagnosis through detailed evaluation of such patients, leading to an early diagnosis improving risk assessment and family counselling.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field (Large Print). Echo Library, 2006.
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Walter, Scott. Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field (Clear Print). Echo Library, 2006.
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