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Journal articles on the topic 'Cauda vena cava'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Mohit, A. Alex, David J. Fisher, Dana C. Matthews, Eric Hoffer, and Anthony M. Avellino. "Inferior vena cava thrombosis causing acute cauda equina syndrome." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 104, no. 1 (January 2006): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/ped.2006.104.1.46.

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2

Widge, Alik S., Nestor D. Tomycz, and Adam S. Kanter. "Sacral preservation in cauda equina syndrome from inferior vena cava thrombosis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 10, no. 3 (March 2009): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.12.spine08389.

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Acute cauda equina syndrome can occur due to a variety of causes. Inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis has been reported as the causal source of this phenomenon twice in the relevant literature, both cases of which presented in a form complete with a component of bowel and/or bladder dysfunction. The authors report an atypical case of cauda equina syndrome in a patient in a hypercoagulable state with an extensive IVC thrombosis, resulting in acute paraparesis in the absence of incontinence or perineal anesthesia. An increasing number of prophylactic and/or therapeutic IVC filters placed in the perioperative period should engender an increased clinical suspicion for IVC thrombosis in patients presenting with acute paraparesis.

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3

DE KRUIJK, J., A. KORTEN, J. BOITEN, and J. WILMINK. "Acute cauda equina syndrome caused by thrombosis of the inferior vena cava." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 67, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 827–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.67.6.827.

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4

Ghiassi, Mayshan, Mahan Ghiassi, Elyne Kahn, Luke Tomycz, Michael Ayad, and Oran Aaronson. "Cauda equina syndrome secondary to an absent inferior vena cava managed with surgical decompression." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 16, no. 2 (February 2012): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.10.spine1121.

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The authors report on the case of a 24-year-old man who presented with back pain and radiculopathy due to epidural venous engorgement in the setting of a congenitally absent inferior vena cava. Despite initial improvement after steroid administration, the patient's health ultimately declined over a period of weeks, and signs and symptoms of cauda equina syndrome manifested. Lumbar decompression was performed and involved coagulation and resection of the compressive epidural veins. No complications occurred, and the patient made a full neurological recovery.

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5

Wong, TinaW, DanielG Gridley, and Iman Feiz-Erfan. "Epidural venous plexus engorgement due to inferior vena cava thrombosis resulting in cauda equina syndrome: Case report and literature review." Surgical Neurology International 9, no. 1 (2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sni.sni_115_18.

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6

Campione, Alberto, Gianluca Agresta, Davide Locatelli, and Fabio Pozzi. "Cauda equina syndrome secondary to portal vein thrombosis: case report of favorable outcome with conservative treatment." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 34, no. 4 (April 2021): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.7.spine20625.

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Epidural varicosis is a rare though well-known cause of cauda equina syndrome (CES). Although inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction is the most common finding in such cases, portal vein hypertension can lead to epidural venous plexus engorgement by means of lumbar portocaval shunt activation. A 40-year-old woman presented with right-sided sciatica, which progressed to right foot drop and a 3-day history of vesical tenesmus and fecal retention. She was initially diagnosed with L4–5 lumbar disc protrusion. However, contrast-enhanced lumbar MRI scan showed the presence of epidural varices in the L3–S1 tract. Given the absence of vascular anomalies amenable to resection, etiological conservative treatment was addressed. Therefore, a complete diagnostic workup was performed and revealed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and portal vein thrombosis. Oral anticoagulant therapy was initiated and prompt resolution of CES was observed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of CES secondary to epidural varicosis in the setting of acute portal vein thrombosis and extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO). In cases of epidural varicosis, conservative etiological treatment is the most appropriate choice as CES may be the epiphenomenon of underlying systemic pathophysiological processes.

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7

Oterdoom, D. L. M., B. M. d. Jong, P. V. J. M. Hoogland, and R. J. M. Groen. "Transient cauda equina compression syndrome and headache caused by internal vertebral venous plexus engorgement in a teenage female with vena cava inferior agenesis and iliac vein thrombosis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.114629.

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8

Lee, Jung-Hee, Wook-Jae Song, and Kyung-Chung Kang. "Myelopathy-mimicking symptoms of epidural venous engorgement and syringomyelia due to inferior vena cava stenosis at the thoracolumbar junction in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 23, no. 4 (October 2015): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.1.spine14515.

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Epidural venous engorgement can result from various lesions, such as arteriovenous malformation, thrombosis or occlusion of the inferior vena cava (IVC), or an abdominal masslike lesion. Most patients with these problems complain of low-back pain, radicular pain, or neurogenic claudication, which are symptoms suggestive of disc herniation or spinal stenosis. However, these patients rarely exhibit neurological deficits or cauda equina syndrome. The authors encountered a case of a 60-year-old man presenting with lower-extremity weakness and voiding difficulty for a period of 1 year. To investigate the patient’s myelopathy-mimicking symptoms, a lumbar spine MRI scan was performed. The MR images exhibited tortuous and dilated spinal vessels compressing the spinal cord and thecal sac at the T11-L3 level, which were concurrent with syringomyelia evidenced by a 22 × 2.5-mm cyst at the T11–12 level. 3D CT scanning of the whole aorta revealed total occlusion and regression of the IVC in the intrahepatic region 3 cm inferior to the right atrium and dilation of multiple collateral veins. The patient was diagnosed with chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome Type I. The authors performed venography, followed by intrahepatic IVC recanalization via stent placement under fluoroscopic and ultra sonographic guidance and without surgical exploration. After this treatment, there was a marked decrease in epidural venous engorgement and the patient’s symptoms resolved almost completely. This case indicates that epidural venous engorgement at thoracolumbar levels may cause symptoms suggestive of myelopathy and can be successfully treated by minimally invasive procedures to eliminate the underlying causes.

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9

Korim, Filip, Mária Kuricová, and Lada Eberlová. "Anatomical Characteristics of Duplicated Caudal Vena Cava in Cats—A Case Report." Animals 13, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13101585.

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Precise knowledge of the species-/breed-specific anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Existing literature has also been increasing in accordance with the growing demands of biomedical research, wherein mammals, including cats, have been used worldwide. Based on a vascular corrosion cast, complete duplication of the caudal vena cava (dCVC) was accidentally found in a 10-year-old male cat. The two separate symmetric veins corresponding to two caudal venae cavae cranially directed on both sides of the aorta; their first tributaries were the duplicated right and left deep circumflex iliac veins, and the median sacral vein ended in the right common iliac vein. At the L4 vertebra level, the left caudal vena cava crossed the aorta ventrally. It united with the right CVC immediately above the renal veins at the level of the cranial mesenteric artery (L2–L3). Embryologic knowledge is essential to understand the differences between the CVC variants in domestic mammals and the inferior vena cava in humans. However, views regarding the post-hepatic segment of the CVC during development vary considerably. Therefore, our case report also includes a summary of the CVC developmental theories and their clinical impact. We believe that this case and literature review contribute to the knowledge regarding the deep abdominal veins’ variability, concomitant pathologies, and accurate diagnosis and surgery. Additionally, the latest robust studies demonstrating the exclusive participation of the caudal cardinal veins in the CVC development are discussed.

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10

Laborda, J., M. Gimeno, L. Dominguez, and J. Gil. "Anomalous caudal vena cava in the dog." Veterinary Record 138, no. 1 (January 6, 1996): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.1.20.

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11

Melgarejo H., Rafael, Alexander Chávez R., Miluska Navarrete Z., and Alberto Sato S. "Anatomía macroscópica de las arterias y venas del timo durante la etapa fetal en la alpaca (Vicugna pacos)." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 34, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): e24590. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v34i1.24590.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la anatomía macroscópica arterial y venosa del timo en fetos de alpaca. Se emplearon 10 fetos con edades gestacionales entre 107 y 278 días obtenidos en el Camal Municipal de Huancavelica (Perú), y procesados para realizar la técnica anatómica de repleción vascular. A cada feto se le inyectó en una arteria umbilical canulada una solución acuosa de resina acrílica y tinta china roja, y en una vena umbilical canulada otra solución acuosa de resina acrílica y tinta china azul. Los fetos fueron conservados en formol al 10% mientras la resina se solidifica. Los fetos fueron diseccionados. El timo estaba lobulado y formado por el timo cervical craneal derecho, timo cervical craneal izquierdo, timo cervical caudal, timo intermedio y timo torácico. Las arterias carótidas comunes derecha e izquierda, las arterias tiroideas craneales derecha e izquierda y las arterias tiroideas caudales derecha e izquierda emitieron ramas arteriales hacia los timos cervicales, mientras que el arco aórtico, el tronco braquiocefálico y la arteria subclavia izquierda emitieron ramas arteriales hacia el timo torácico. Las venas yugulares externas derecha e izquierda emitieron ramas venosas hacia los timos cervicales, y la vena cava craneal y vena costocervical izquierda emitieron ramas venosas hacia el timo torácico. Ningún vaso sanguíneo emitió ramas arteriales y ramas venosas hacia el timo intermedio.

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12

Herreria‐Bustillo, Vicente J., Ella Fitzgerald, and Karen R. Humm. "Caval‐aortic ratio and caudal vena cava diameter in dogs before and after blood donation." Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 29, no. 6 (October 18, 2019): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12900.

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13

Cornacchiari, Marina, Roberto Ferraresi, Barbara Gidaro, Antonia Stasi, Maria Giuseppina Ponticelli, Marco Mereghetti, Luca Di Toma, and Carlo Maria Guastoni. "Posizionamento Di Un Catetere Venoso Centrale Permanente Nella Trombosi Della Vena Cava Superiore." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 26, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2014.857.

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È sempre più frequente l’utilizzo di cateteri posizionati nei vasi venosi centrali per il trattamento emodialitico, la terapia infusiva, la nutrizione parenterale e la chemioterapia. Anche i cardiologi ricorrono sempre più spesso all’impianto di cateteri venosi centrali per l’elettrostimolazione e la cardioversione elettrica. Il risultato è la possibilità di comparsa dell’occlusione di tali vene a causa della presenza di questi dispositivi. Questo articolo descrive il caso clinico di un’ampia trombosi coinvolgente la vena cava superiore e la modalità di posizionamento di un catetere venoso centrale, unica possibilità per poter effettuare un trattamento dialitico nel paziente.

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14

Shchipakin, M. V., and V. Al Khvatov. "Skeletotopy of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.2.167.

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The venous system of animals always arouses a certain interest among veterinary specialists. On the one hand, there are issues related to comparative anatomy in different animal species, and on the other hand, there is a practical interest put forward by veterinary surgeons and clinicians. First of all, it is certainly the valve apparatus of this system, which gives reason to believe that the valves of the veins not only direct the movement of blood through the venous vessels, but also contribute to balancing the blood pressure in the entire cardiovascular system. The purpose of our study is to study the skeletotopy of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets, to give anatomical and topographic characteristics of veins, to carry out morphometry of main collectors. To study the branching of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets, ten corpses aged 28-30 days of life were obtained, which were delivered from the pig breeding complex to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. During the study, such methods as: fine anatomical dissection, vasorentgenography, morphometry, photographing were used. As a result of our study, skeletotopy of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets with anatomical and topographic characteristics of veins was established and morphometry of the main collectors was performed. The topography of the iliac veins in Yorkshire piglets has certain patterns associated with the conditions of maintenance and movement. No valves were found in the common iliac vein, which ensures the outflow of blood from the parietal and visceral branches. A large number of anastomoses were established between the circumferential deep iliac, gluteal and internal sacral veins.

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15

Taboada, Lucía Beatriz, Ana Cristina Montenegro, Bibiana Pinzón, and Jaime Andres Alvarado. "Malformaciones de la vena cava inferior y tromboembolismo venoso." Acta Médica Colombiana 40, no. 1 (May 6, 2015): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36104/amc.2015.416.

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Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 30 años con tromboembolismo pulmonar de riesgo alto por PESI, en quien se confirmó la presencia de una anomalía congénita de la vena cava inferior (VCI), dada por ausencia de su porción intrahepática y subsecuente drenaje por el sistema ácigos. Como factor de riesgo adicional coexistía el consumo de anticonceptivos orales. Las malformaciones congénitas de la VCI constituyen una entidad poco frecuente y la mayoría cursan de forma indolente identificándose como hallazgo incidental. Pueden considerarse como factor de riesgo para tromboembolismo venoso en especial en pacientes menores de 30 años con trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) de miembros inferiores con compromiso de las venas iliacas, cuando hay resistencia a anticoagulantes o TVP recurrente. No existe una recomendación clara respecto a la duración de la anticoagulación por lo que se debe individualizar cada caso teniendo en cuenta el perfil de riesgo de cada paciente.

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16

Spaulding, Kathy A. "HELPFUL HINTS IN IDENTIFYING THE CAUDAL ABDOMINAL AORTA AND CAUDAL VENA CAVA." Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound 33, no. 2 (March 1992): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1992.tb01966.x.

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17

Lehmukhl, Linda B., John D. Bonagura, David S. Biller, and Wendie M. Hartman. "RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF CAUDAL VENA CAVA SIZE IN DOGS." Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound 38, no. 2 (March 1997): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00822.x.

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18

Huici-Sanchez, Malka, Antonio Romera-Villegas, Marc Barahona-Opinell, Juan Manuel Rabasa-Baraibar, and Ramon Vila-Coll. "Causa inusual de oclusión de la vena cava inferior." Cirugía Española 98, no. 2 (February 2020): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ciresp.2019.05.004.

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19

Mills, L. L., and Lanny W. Pace. "Caudal vena caval thrombosis in a cow." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 196, no. 8 (April 15, 1990): 1294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1990.196.08.1294.

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20

Schmidt, Luciano Rodrigues, Edson José Cardoso, Rogério Rodrigues Schmidt, Carlos Alberto Justo e. Silva, and Armando José d'Acampora. "Análise radiológica da veia cava caudal em ratos Wistar." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 19, no. 5 (October 2004): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502004000500010.

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OBJETIVO: Apresentar um método de estudo angiográfico da veia cava caudal em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar machos, com peso entre 300 a 350 gramas. Os animais foram operados com anestesia geral, utilizando-se injeção intraperiotoneal da solução de Cloridrato Ketamina e Cloridrato de 2-(2,6- xilidino) -5,6- dihidro-4H-1,3-tiazina. O contraste iodado foi injetado na veia dorsal do pênis do rato, utilizando uma agulha de calibre 21 acoplada ao sistema Butterfly® de infusão. O método de cavografia foi testado, no 15º dia de pós-operatório, em três grupos de 6 animais. O Grupo I foi o controle. Nos grupos II e III os animais foram submetidos respectivamente à ligadura da veia cava caudal acima e abaixo da desembocadura das veias íleo-lombares. No grupo IV à ligadura da veia ilíaca direita. RESULTADOS: Os exames flebográficos realizados permitiram observar a anatomia e a perviedade das veias que formam o sistema cava, e a circulação colateral desenvolvida, de todos os animais estudados. CONCLUSÃO: A cavografia por via peniana, permite a visibilidade das vias ilíacas e cava caudal, bem como a circulação colateral desenvolvida, em ratos machos.

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21

Arabi, Mohammad, Jonathan M. Willatt, James J. Shields, Kyung J. Cho, and Wojciech B. Cwikiel. "Retrievability of Optional Inferior Vena Cava Filters with Caudal Migration and Caval Penetration: Report of Three Cases." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 21, no. 6 (June 2010): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2010.01.034.

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22

Bertolini, Giovanna, and Marco Caldin. "Percutaneous Cava Stenting in a Dog with Symptomatic Azygos Continuation of the Caudal Vena Cava." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2020 (August 18, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7523247.

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This report describes the successful placement of a nitinol stent within the azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava in a 2-year-old, neutered female, English Bulldog with clinical and imaging signs related to venous return chronic obstruction, renal venous thrombi, and chronic renal insufficiency. This noninvasive, interventional radiology procedure was safe and clinically effective for the patient. The clinical signs were rapidly eliminated, and three years later, the patient is still in good clinical condition, with normal renal function. Venous stenting appears to be a useful, new, minimally invasive treatment option for symptomatic cavo-azygos vascular connection.

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23

Motta, Rodrigo Garcia, Igor Garcia Motta, Antonio Campanha Martinez, Aristeu Vieira da Silva, Antonio Carlos Paes, Lorrayne Souza Araujo Martins, Rodrigo Costa da Silva, and Marcio Garcia Ribeiro. "Unusual caudal vena cava thrombosis in a cow, secondary to Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes infection." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 7 (July 2016): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700004.

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Abstract: The caudal vena cava thrombosis, or pulmonary thromboembolism, in cattle is correlated with lactic acidosis, caused by diets rich in grains and highly fermentable, associated or not to septic situations, used in feedlots of beef or high-producing dairy cattle. This paper reports an unusual caudal vena cava thrombosis in a cow, secondary to Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes infection, resulting in reduced milk production, anorexia, pale mucous membranes, ruminal atony, sternal decubitus and autoauscultation position. The heart was enlarged at necropsy, presence of clots distributed along the thoracic cavity, adherence between lung and pleura, abscesses, emphysema, petechiae, suffusions and ecchymosis in lungs, thickening of the caudal vena cava wall, hepatomegaly with chronic passive congestion ("nutmeg" aspect), and rumenitis. In lab, the actinomycete Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes was isolated from liver and lung samples, probably resulting through dissemination of the bacteria of the rumen content, what reaffirms the opportunistic behavior of this actinomycete.

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24

Alves, F. S., F. G. Miranda, R. Z. Rezende, I. P. Souza, R. C. S. Torres, C. M. F. Rezende, and A. C. Nepomuceno. "Caudal vena cava collapsibility index in healthy cats by ultrasonography." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 4 (August 2020): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11366.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to calculate the collapsibility index (CI) in a group of 15 healthy adult mixed breed cats via right hepatic intercostal ultrasound view. The minimal and the maximal diameters of the caudal vena cava (CVC) were obtained during inspiration and expiration, respectively, then CI was calculated. The mean diameter of the CVC was 0.5cm. The mean CI was 28±3% and CI was not significantly associated with gender. As in human medicine, there is a growing need for less invasive monitoring in small animal practice. The CI enables the assessment of estimated volemia without the need for a central venous catheter. This is the first reported study investigating CI in cats.

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Sigrist, I., D. Francoz, M. Leclère, and S. Buczinski. "Antemortem Diagnosis of Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis in 2 Cows." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, no. 3 (May 2008): 684–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0084.x.

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26

CORNELIUS, LARRY, and MARY MAHAFFEY. "Kinking of the intrathoracic caudal vena cava in five dogs." Journal of Small Animal Practice 26, no. 2 (February 1985): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02087.x.

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27

Arenas García, Blanca Rosa, and Silvia de Lózar Ortega. "Bocio endotorácico como causa de síndrome de vena cava superior." FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 19, no. 2 (February 2012): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1134-2072(12)70308-0.

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28

YOO, Jimin, Jaeeun KO, Hakyoung YOON, Kidong EOM, and Jaehwan KIM. "Caudal vena cava aneurysm in a cat with Eisenmenger Syndrome." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 82, no. 6 (2020): 784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.19-0518.

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29

Malik, Richard, Geraldine B. Hunt, Richard B. Chard, and Graeme S. Allan. "Congenital obstruction of the caudal vena cava in a dog." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 197, no. 7 (October 1, 1990): 880–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1990.197.07.880.

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30

Schneider, P. A., L. Parmeggiani, J. C. Piguet, and H. Bounameaux. "Caudal migration of the Günther vena caval filter." Radiology 173, no. 2 (November 1989): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.173.2.2678258.

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31

LeGrange, SN, TW Fossum, T. Lemire, RW Storts, and JS Thomas. "Thrombosis of the caudal vena cava presenting as an unusual cause of an abdominal mass and thrombocytopenia in a dog." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-2-143.

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Thrombosis of the caudal vena cava in a dog secondary to metastatic neoplasia is described. The dog had a palpable abdominal mass and persistent thrombocytopenia due to a thrombosed caudal vena cava that was surgically removed. A few days after its removal, the dog died and neoplastic cells of neural crest origin were identified at the edge of the thrombus. Massive thrombosis can be an unusual cause of platelet consumption, leading to thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Deep vein thrombosis of the vena cava can occur in dogs and may mimic an abdominal mass. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the development of venous thrombosis, including endothelial damage by neoplastic cells and the presence of a hypercoagulable state secondary to neoplasia. Extensive collateral circulation may allow removal of diseased vena cava.

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32

Córdoba Parra, Juan David, and Germán Alonso Prada Sanmiguel. "Síndrome de trombosis de la vena cava caudal (TVCC) en una vaca Holstein: reporte de caso." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): e22205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v33i1.22205.

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Se reporta un caso de trombosis de la vena cava caudal en una vaca Holstein de 8 años, procedente de una ganadería de Sopo, Cundinamarca, Colombia. La paciente presentaba un cuadro de hemoptisis, epistaxis, tos e hipomotilidad ruminal. Se realizó un cuadro hemático, química sanguínea, coprológico y ultrasonido transtoráxico y se dio un diagnóstico presuntivo de síndrome de trombosis de la vena cava caudal (TVCC). El pronóstico fue malo. Se mantuvo en hospitalización por 27 días, llegando a morir por un cuadro agudo de hemoptisis y asfixia. Se realizó la necropsia y se confirmó la TVCC. Se evidenciaron abscesos hepáticos, tromboémbolos sépticos en la circulación portal, en la vena cava y a nivel pulmonar, así como neumonía supurativa crónica y un coágulo extenso a nivel de la tráquea.

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Álvarez-Bastidas, Alex Aníbal, Edy Paul Castillo-Hidalgo, and Juan Carlos Armas-Ariza. "Ecografía de la vena cava caudal pre, trans y post quirúrgica como determinación de hipotensión en perros." Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias XXXIII, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33195.

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El volumen sanguíneo es un factor fundamental en la funcionabilidad hemodinámica determinante de la correcta homeostasis en los seres vivos. La hipovolemia, así como la hipervolemia son factores perjudiciales en el paciente que los padece. La medición del índice de colapsabilidad de la vena cava caudal (ICVCC) es un marcador predictor de ciertos trastornos, que pueden ser corregidos mediante la administración intravenosa de fluidos y así poder evaluar su adecuada respuesta mediante el uso de la ultrasonografía. Mediante el uso de la ultrasonografía, realizando una medición del diámetro máximo y mínimo de la VCC usando el modo M del equipo ecográfico, permite medir el diámetro interno de la VCC, antes, durante y después del procedimiento quirúrgico. En los pacientes que se evidenció un colapso de la VCC, independientemente del momento quirúrgico se administró una solución de Ringer Lactato para posteriormente medir nuevamente la VCC y verificar que fueron responsivos a la fluidoterapia.

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Nakamura, Teppei, Miyuki Norimura, Kanako Sumi, Osamu Ichii, Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa, Yasuhiro Kon, Osamu Tatsumi, Hideki Hattori, Tomoji Yoshiyasu, and Ken-ichi Nagasaki. "Slc:Hartley guinea pigs frequently possess duplication of the caudal vena cava." Experimental Animals 68, no. 4 (2019): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1538/expanim.18-0179.

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Santamaría Marín, A., C. Monroy Gómez, and M. Calvo García. "Bocio endotorácico como causa infrecuente de síndrome de vena cava superior." Revista Clínica Española 216, no. 8 (November 2016): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2016.04.014.

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Bélanger, Régine, Cindy L. Shmon, Peter J. Gilbert, and Kathleen A. Linn. "Prevalence of circumcaval ureters and double caudal vena cava in cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 75, no. 1 (January 2014): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.1.91.

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Jaffe, MH, AM Grooters, BP Partington, AC Camus, and G. Hosgood. "Extensive venous thrombosis and hind-limb edema associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in a dog." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-4-306.

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A 10-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of bilateral hindlimb edema and weakness. Abdominal ultrasonography showed increased echogenicity of the lumen of the caudal vena cava from the level of the urinary bladder to the level of the cranial pole of the right kidney. Bilateral saphenous venograms displayed numerous filling defects in the caudal vena cava, right external iliac vein, right femoral vein, and the right common iliac vein. Extensive venous thrombosis was diagnosed, and the animal was euthanized. Necropsy confirmed the presence of venous thrombosis and revealed a right adrenocortical carcinoma that had invaded the caudal vena cava.

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Guillaumot, Pierre J., Dominique Heripret, Bernard M. Bouvy, Gilbert Christiaens, Agnes Poujade, Maxence Delverdier, and Cyrill Poncet. "49-Month Survival Following Caval Venectomy Without Nephrectomy in a Dog with a Pheochromocytoma." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5788.

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An 11 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever was diagnosed with a right adrenal tumor. At surgery, adhesions to the right kidney were dissected, allowing the right kidney to be preserved. The tumor showed extensive invasion into the suprarenal vena cava. It was felt that thrombus removal via venotomy could not be performed. Instead, the vena cava was ligated caudal to the liver and cranial to the right renal vein. The neoplastic gland was then excised en bloc together with the portion of the invaded caudal vena cava. Hind limb edema had developed preoperatively and increased transiently in the first days postoperatively. The animal was discharged 6 days postoperatively with no other clinical disorders, and hind limb edema resolved over time. Histopathology identified a pheochromocytoma. The dog died 49 mo later. A neoplastic thrombus of the vena cava may require venotomy to allow thrombus removal. Occasionally, removal of the thrombus by venotomy may prove impossible. In such a situation, en bloc removal of the concerned portion of the vena cava may be performed with a good long-term outcome provided that gradual occlusion of the vena cava by the thrombus has allowed time for collateral circulation to develop.

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Arnold, P., L. K. von Segesser, and P. M. Montavon. "Chronic peritoneal effusion secondary to partial caudal vena cava obstruction following traumatic pneumothorax in a dog." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 20, no. 04 (2007): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/vcot-06-12-0094.

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SummaryA three-year old, female Boxer Dog was treated initially with thoracocentesis for a right-sided pneumothorax. The dog was re-evaluated after three weeks because of an enlargement of the abdomen. A positive venogram revealed a ventral displacement of the caudal vena cava between the diaphragm and the heart, with a severe reduction of the diameter of the vein. An exploratory thoracotomy showed a displaced accessory lung lobe with an adhesion to the parietal pleura. Inflation of this lung lobe created a dynamic obstruction of the caudal vena cava, which resulted in ascites. Surgery offered successful treatment.

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Ikawa, H., T. Narushima, and T. Kohno. "Bacteriology of caudal vena caval thrombosis in slaughter cattle." Veterinary Record 120, no. 8A (February 21, 1987): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.120.8a.184.

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Nogueira, Thaís A., and Luciana F. de Oliveira. "Superior vena cava syndrome idiopathic: case report." Medicina (Ribeirao Preto. Online) 48, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v48i4p408-411.

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A Síndrome da Veia Cava Superior(SVCS) é um conjunto de sinais e sintomas decorrentes da estase venosa gerada pela obstrução da veia cava superior(VCS), seja por trombose, compressão extrínseca ou invasão direta da veia. As causas mais comuns de SVCS são malignas, sendo o câncer de pulmão a principal causa. Existem poucos relatos na literatura sobre SVCS de etiologia benigna. Descrevemos um caso de SVCS de origem Idiopática, onde o autor estudou e excluiu todas as etiologias benignas de SVCS, até chegar ao diagnóstico etiológico.

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Machida, Takafumi, and Noboru Machida. "Invasion of Pheochromocytoma from the Caudal Vena Cava to the Right Ventricular Cavity in a Dog." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2020 (February 11, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5382687.

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Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-secreting tumors that are composed of neuroectoderm-derived chromaffin cells. An 8-year-old miniature dachshund with abdominal distension was diagnosed with a neuroendocrine tumor with invasion from the caudal vena cava to the right ventricular cavity. The dog died due to hypotensive shock from the vagal reflex, and on autopsy, an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma (paraganglioma) was diagnosed in the caudal abdomen. At autopsy, the tumor plug of the caudal vena cava was confirmed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report that echo-captured the extension of pheochromocytoma in the right ventricle and shows it in a figure and video file.

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Cabrera Frola, Juan A., Andrés Berke, María Ignatov, and Gustavo Armand Ugón. "VARIANTES ANATÓMICAS DEL SISTEMA ÁCIGOS." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 12, no. 2 (July 19, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v12.n2.28137.

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Introducción: la conformación del sistema venoso ácigos es variable, lo forman las venas ácigos, la hemiácigos y la hemiácigos accesoria. Dispuesto en paralelo respecto a las venas cavas, reviste importancia como vía alternativa, para el retorno venoso hacia el corazón. Materiales y método: 12 cadáveres adultos formolados y 12 tomografías computadas de pacientes adultos de ambos sexos. Se registró: tipo de sistema ácigos (según clasificación de Anson), calibre en origen y terminación de vena ácigos y hemiácigos, nivel vertebral de terminación de cada una. Resultados: 14(58%) casos femeninos, 10(42%) casos masculinos. El tipo II se halló en 14 (58%) casos, distribuido en 9 (38%) casos del subtipo 2A, 3 (12%) casos del subtipo 2B, 1 (4%) caso del subtipo 2D, 1 (4%) caso del subtipo 2C. El tipo III fue encontrado en 9 (38%) casos. Se encontró 1 (4%) caso tipo I. El calibre promedio del origen de vena ácigos fue 4,2mm (2mm-7,7mm), y de la vena hemiácigos fue de 3mm (2mm-6,9mm). El calibre de terminación de la vena ácigos fue 8,3mm (4,2mm-10,3mm), Para la vena hemiácigos fue de 4,9mm (3,3mm-7,2mm). El nivel vertebral de terminación medio de la vena ácigos fue T4 con 14 (58%) casos y de la vena hemiácigos T8 con 8 (28,5%) casos. Conclusión: el tipo de sistema ácigos es variable, y no se correlaciona con lo descrito por autores clásicos, pero si con autores contemporáneos. Hay gran correlación con distintos autores sobre los niveles vertebrales de terminación de vena ácigos, hemiácigos y hemiácigos accesoria.

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Butler-Howe, Lisa M., Harry W. Boothe, Dawn M. Boothe, Glen A. Laine, and James A. Calvin. "Effects of vena caval banding in experimentally induced multiple portosystemic shunts in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.10.1774.

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Summary Effects of vena caval banding on portal venous and vena caval hemodynamics were examined in 6 control dogs and in 10 dogs that had undergone attenuation (banding) of the abdominal part of the caudal vena cava and had dimethylnitrosamine-induced multiple portosystemic shunts (pss). Additionally, indocyanine green (icg) extraction and clearance after infusion to steady state were used to calculate hepatic plasma flow in these dogs. Sixteen dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups: control (n = 6) or diseased(n= 10). Diseased dogs were administered dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg, po, twice weekly) until multiple pss developed, as assessed by results of clinical laboratory tests, ultrasonography, and hepatic scintigraphy. Shunts were confirmed visually at celiotomy and by contrast portography. Venous pressures (caudal vena caval, portal, and hepatic) were recorded before and after vena caval banding for up to 7 days in dogs from both groups. Peritoneal cavity pressures were recorded in all dogs after closure of the body wall. To determine icg extraction and clearance, a bolus injection of icg (0.5 mg/kg, iv) was administered, followed by steady-state infusion of 0.097 mg/min. Extractions and clearances of icg were measured, and from these, hepatic plasma flow rates were determined immediately before and after banding and at 6 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days after banding. The gradient (caudal vena caval pressure within 1 to 2 mm of Hg of portal pressure) between caudal vena cava and portal venous pressures established at banding was maintained after the first hour in both groups. Caudal vena cava pressures established at banding were maintained throughout the study, with the exception of the first hour in diseased dogs. Extraction ratios were higher in control dogs at all times, except at 48 hours. Clearance was higher in control dogs at all times. Hepatic plasma flow did not differ between groups, except immediately after banding, when flow was greater in diseased dogs, and differences were not found over time in either group. This study indicated that vena caval banding in this model of experimentally induced multiple pss increases and maintains caudal vena cava pressure, relative to portal venous pressure (after the first hour) for 7 days, and that calculated hepatic plasma flow is not persistently improved by vena caval banding.

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Costas, Anton, Pierantonio Battiato, Carolina Magro, and Vicente Cervera. "CT findings of an incidental segmental aplasia of the caudal vena cava with azygos continuation in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)." Open Veterinary Journal 14, no. 4 (2024): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i4.15.

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Background: Segmental aplasia of the caudal vena cava with azygos continuation is a congenital malformation macroscopically described in mammals including humans, dogs and rodents. It is usually detected as an incidental finding and the final diagnosis is reached by computed tomography, fluoroscopy or post-mortem dissection. Case Description: A 3-year-old guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) presented with subacute dyspnea. A computed tomographic exam was performed for the evaluation of subtle pulmonary changes previously suspected on conventional radiography, and a segmental aplasia of the caudal vena cava with azygos continuation was identified as an incidental finding. Conclusion: According to database negative results, this is the first report describing a segmental aplasia of the caudal vena cava and azygos continuation in a guinea pig by computed tomography.

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Tobias, Karen M. Swalec, and Thomas E. Besser. "Evaluation of leukocytosis, bacteremia, and portal vein partial oxygen tension in clinically normal dogs and dogs with portosystemic shunts." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, no. 6 (September 15, 1997): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.211.06.715.

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Objective To assees the relationship of WBC counts and partial oxygen tension in the portal vein and caudal vena cava with portal bacteremia, bacteria in the liver, and postoperative morbidity and mortality in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Design Prospective study. Animals 12 clinically normal dogs and 15 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts. Procedure Blood was collected from the portal vein and caudal vena cava for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, WBC count, and measurement of partial oxygen tension. Samples of liver tissue, indwelling catheters, and fluids administered IV were also obtained for bacterial culture. Results Bacteria were cultured from samples obtained from the portal vein and caudal vena cava of 1 dog with a shunt and from the caudal vena cava of 1 clinically normal dog; neither dog had postoperative complications. In dogs with shunts and in clinically normal dogs, partial oxygen tension in the portal vein was significantly greater than that in the caudal vena cava. Postoperative complications were identified in 33% of dogs with shunts. Partial oxygen tensions of dogs with shunts with postoperative complications did not significantly differ from those of all dogs with shunts or dogs with shunts without complications. Significant differences in WBC counts were not found when comparing dogs with shunts with and without complications. Anaerobic bacteria were not cultured from the liver of any dog. Clinical Implications Leukocytosis, portal bacteremia, and portal hypoxemia were not notable findings in dogs with shunts and were not correlated with postoperative morbidity or mortality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:715–718)

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Hoving, L. L., S. M. Haen, B. F. A. Laurenssen, O. A. T. Peltoniemi, B. Kemp, and N. M. Soede. "Caudal vena cava progesterone and LH release patterns on Day 14 of gestation in primiparous sows." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 3 (2017): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15016.

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The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between systemic and local progesterone secretion and LH pulsatility during implantation in the pig. Differences in progesterone concentrations measured locally in the caudal vena cava and systemically in the jugular vein were studied in eight primiparous sows on Day 14 of pregnancy. LH pulsatility was analysed for its effects on the local progesterone-releasing pattern. Mean (± s.d.) progesterone concentrations in the vena cava (65.5 ± 19.8 ng mL–1) were approximately double basal concentrations (33.6 ± 13.1 ng mL–1). Basal concentrations of progesterone and LH were calculated as the average of the lowest six values. Basal caudal vena cava and mean jugular (27.6 ± 1.5 ng mL–1) progesterone concentrations did not differ significantly. Pre- and postprandial jugular progesterone concentrations were significantly different in the morning and afternoon (P = 0.025 and 0.023). Mean LH ranged from 0.24 to 0.43 ng mL–1 and was approximately double as high as basal LH in individual sows. In 60.8% of cases, LH pulses were followed by a progesterone pulse within 1 h. In conclusion, the present study showed that corpus luteum function appears to respond to LH pulsatility on Day 14 of pregnancy. However, the response varies at the level of individual sows. In addition, systemic postprandial decreases in progesterone were confirmed on Day 14 of pregnancy.

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Terada, N., and T. Takeuchi. "Postural changes in venous pressure gradients in anesthetized monkeys." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): H21—H25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.1.h21.

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We examined the hypothesis that head-up and head-down tilt produce a symmetrical hydrostatic load on the veins. Venous pressure was measured in anesthetized monkeys with a transducer-tipped catheter. Changes in venous pressure gradients during head-up tilt corresponded to changes in hydrostatic load. However, changes in venous pressure gradients during head-down tilt were not symmetrical to those during head-up tilt. During head-down tilt, venous pressure in the superior vena cava rose, venous pressure around the right atrium did not change, and venous pressure in the inferior vena cava on the caudal side of the diaphragm rose considerably. The venous pressure of the inferior vena cava caudal to the renal vein then gradually decreased. The inferior vena cava passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. Thus, during head-down tilt, the gravitational shift of venous blood is impeded by this anatomic structure, and venous pressure around the hepatic vein increases significantly. These data disproved our hypothesis that head-up and head-down tilt induced symmetrical but opposite influences on vena caval pressures.

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Bravo Yépez, Cristian Vinicio, José Enrique Bombón Chico, Lizbeth Carolina Peña Criollo, María Solangge Pazmiño Ordoñez, Samia Alexandra Agua Naranjo, and Gissela Elizabeth Arévalo Reinoso. "Manejo del Síndrome de Klippel–Trenaunay: reporte de caso." Revista Vive 6, no. 16 (February 14, 2023): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v6i16.214.

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El Síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay se constituye en una malformación vascular compleja con una incidencia de 2 a 3 casos por cada 100.000 nacidos vivos, clínicamente presenta una triada clásica: manchas cutáneas en vino de Oporto, venas varicosas de localización atípica e hipertrofia ósea y de tejidos blandos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 33 años, sin antecedentes patológicos o quirúrgicos de importancia quien acude a consulta por aumento de volumen de la extremidad derecha, mancha violácea ipsilateral, además de dolor y parestesias. Al examen físico se evidencia aumento longitudinal de miembro inferior derecho, nevus hiperpigmentario en cara lateral de pierna derecha y muslo que se extiende al glúteo ipsilateral además de venas varicosas atípicas. Se practica ecografía Doppler venosa con transductor lineal que reporta incompetencia de vena Safena Mayor y perforantes suprageniculares. Se realizó manejo quirúrgico mediante safenectomía, corrección de deformidad y referencia a dermatología para terapia láser por el nevus hiperpigmentario. La paciente mostró evolución clínico – quirúrgica favorable con remisión de la sintomatología que motivó su consulta.

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Lee, In, Soo-Young Choi, Ki-Ja Lee, Ho-Jung Choi, and Young-Won Lee. "Computed Tomographic Findings of Segmental Caudal Vena Cava Aplasia in Two Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Clinics 32, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.17555/jvc.2015.04.32.2.196.

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