Journal articles on the topic 'Caucasus – History'
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1
Main, Steven J. "The Caucasus. A History." Europe-Asia Studies 67, no. 4 (April 21, 2015): 685–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1033184.
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Krylov, A. "South Caucasus: Stages of Post-Soviet History." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 2 (2021): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2021-2-147-162.
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The post-Soviet history of the South Caucasus is divided into three stages of different duration, format and character. The first stage (1991-2008) began after the collapse of the USSR and continued until the war in South Ossetia in August 2008. At this time, the formation of independent states took place, the vectors of foreign policy of the new states were determined. The second stage of the post-Soviet history of the South Caucasus (2008-2020) began after a five-day war and Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Russia has strengthened its position in the South Caucasus by building a long-term system of response to potential threats in the southern direction. The Georgian factor has ceased to play an important role, the Armenian direction has become the main one in the policy of the United States and the collective West. To reformat the South Caucasus in American interests, “football diplomacy” was used, and then the second Karabakh war followed. After the end of the second Karabakh war, the third stage of the post-Soviet development of the South Caucasus began. At the end of 2020, Moscow managed to stabilize the situation and bring a contingent of Russian peacekeepers into the conflict zone. Further prospects for the development of the South Caucasus depend on many contradictory factors. The more tense the international situation and Russia's relations with the United States and the collective West will be, the higher the likelihood of the outbreak of new wars and conflicts in the South Caucasus.
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HÜSEYNOV, Gurban. "KARACHAI-BALKAR IN RUSSIAN PERSECUTION." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 8, no. 35 (January 15, 2023): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.819.
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Karachai-Balkar is one of the major Turkish tribes living in the Caucasus region. This people whose history is full of exile and migration lived at first under Ottoman reign and then enters under Russian domination. After they were suppressed by Russians during Ottoman reign, Russian people who captured Caucasia, forced Turkic tribes to escape as they oppessed to Russian people. Hasavk war was the keywar for the Russian to seize the Caucasus region. At the beginning of the war Karachai-Balkar resisted to Russians, later they ceased fired but even so they had their share of Russian cruelty. Karachai-Balkar who fought to survive under Russian pressure began to migrate to Anatolia. The rest of the these people who stayed in the Caucasia were accused of treason and exiled during the World War II. A gradual migration to Anatolia from the Caucasus region started and Karachai-Balkar lived a comfortable life, they didn’t forget their own culture and traditions and have maintained these traditions until today. Many studies have been conducted on the subject before. The purpose of this research is to examine Hasavk War which was a significant milestone in Karachai-Balkar history and tham as sacresan dexiles Russian carried out after the war through compiling studies and articles written on this subject.
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Manafi, Mojtaba, Mehran Arian, Seyed Hashem Tabatabaee Raeesi, and Ali Solgi. "Tethys Subduction History in Caucasus Region." Open Journal of Geology 03, no. 03 (2013): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2013.33026.
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Sosranova, Zalina V., and Zalina M. Basieva. "On the History of the Anglo-Russian Confrontation in the Western Caucasus." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-66-72.
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The article examines the scale and methods of the anti-Russian military-political activity of British emissaries in the Western Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in the work the intelligence activity of British “traveling” agents in the Western Caucasus is subjected to a special study, as an independent, gaining strength way of fighting in international contradictions for the Caucasus. The relevance of the topic of the proposed article seems to us indisputable due to the incompleteness of international rivalry and the eternal Eastern question. Russian Empire in the late 20s — early 30s XIX century. took possession of all legal rights to the North-West Caucasus and outlets to the Black Sea. With its confident military successes and new territorial accessions, Russia threw a serious challenge to the European powers, and especially England, the dominant power on the European continent at that time. One of the most important tasks of England is to nullify all the achievements of Russia in Turkey and prevent its consolidation in the territory of the Western Caucasus. England, adhering to the favorite method of “raking in the heat with someone else’s hands”, and in Circassia is testing its effectiveness. Since the 30s. XIX century. Numerous British agents flooded the Caucasus, turning the Circassians against Russia. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus has become a place of uninterrupted supply of weapons to the mountaineers. As a result of the work, the author comes to the conclusion that the sources considered in the work can represent a scientific basis for confirming the involvement of Britain in anti-Russian agitation in the Western Caucasus. The uninterrupted supply of weapons to the highlanders organized by British agents helped to maintain military tension and a fighting spirit in Circassia.
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Cornell, Svante E. "The Caucasus in Limbo." Current History 110, no. 738 (October 1, 2011): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2011.110.738.283.
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Anchabadze, Iu D., S. A. Arutiunov, and N. G. Volkova. "The North Caucasus." Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 31, no. 4 (April 1993): 12–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959310412.
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Novak, Bohdan. "VASYL IVANYS AND HIS VIEWS ON THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE CAUCASUS." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 30 (November 30, 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-78-83.
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Vasyl Ivanys (1888-1974) is an extraordinary personality of the Ukrainian political and cultural world of the XX century. He was a politician and public figure, engineer, economist, publicist and historian. Exept this, the person of Vasyl Ivanys is interesting because he, as a native of the North Caucasus, directly knew this part of the world, its history, the course of the revolutionary events of 1917-1921, and, unlike other famous figures of Kuban or Ukraine at that time, left a complex idea of the region in the published work «On the problem of the Caucasus». The ideas and views expressed in this publication are the subject of this paper. In addition to «On the problem of the Caucasus», the source base includes the first two volumes of Vasyl Ivanys memoirs of «Paths of Life», publications «Another tragedy of the Cossacks» and «The Kuban struggle for independence». The article pays a lot of attention to the identity of Vasyl Ivanys, which was due to its origin. First of all, he was a Cossack, a native of the North Caucasus, but at the same time he felt his belonging to the Ukrainian cultural space. His publication «On the Problem of the Caucasus» focuses mainly on the ancient history of the region, Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus, the resettlement of the Cossacks in the Kuban, the revolution of 1917-1918 in the North Caucasus and the future of this part of the world. The author of the article concludes that Ivanys views on the history and future of the Caucasus region, expressed in the «On the problem of the Caucasus», due to the origin and its political orientation. The Kuban occupies a central place in the publication, but Vasyl Ivanys covers its history in the general historical context and emphasizes its belonging to the North Caucasus. Although «On the Problem of the Caucasus» is based on extensive bibliographic material, but has a journalistic character. At the same time, Ivanys publication remains one of the few generalizations in Ukrainian historiography that covers the history of the Caucasus from ancient times to the second half of the XX century, gives an idea of the economic and cultural potential of the region and reflects the geopolitical ideas prevailing in Ukrainian politics emigration.
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Bulaeva, K. B. (Kazima Bagdadovna), Lynn B. Jorde, Christopher Ostler, Scott Watkins, Oleg Bulayev, and Henry Harpending. "Genetics and Population History of Caucasus Populations." Human Biology 75, no. 6 (2003): 837–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hub.2004.0003.
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Pollock, Sean. "Who Spoke for Russia’s Muslims?" Canadian-American Slavic Studies 53, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-05304008.
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Abstract The article examines the ways that historians think about the evidence they use in their accounts of Russian-Muslim relations. It focuses on a neglected type of source that reflects relations between tsarist officials and the peoples of the Caucasus – North Caucasus Turki letters exchanged between members of the native population and tsarist officials. The article considers the extent to which historians of Russian-Muslim encounters discuss primary sources in their work. It draws attention to and considers the consequences of historians’ neglect of Caucasus-related tsarist and Muslim diplomatics. Finally, the article examines an array of Turki letters for what they reveal about Russian-Muslim encounters in the North Caucasus between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The article argues that tsarist officials used correspondence in Turki to claim Caucasus Muslims as subjects. For their part, Caucasus Muslims used Turki to communicate their needs and wants to tsarist officials locally, regionally, and centrally, and to express their willingness to advance Russia’s interests as the tsar’s servants (qullar). The article concludes that tsarist officials and Caucasus Muslims often had compelling reasons to cultivate mutually beneficial relationships, and that their ability to do so, to overcome the myriad internal and external challenges to Russian-Muslim comity, helps to explain the longevity of Russian empire in the Caucasus.
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Kolosovskaya, Tatiana A. "“To Prevent the Destruction of Precious Archives”: The Draft of the Instruction on the Caucasus Military Historical Department Activities (1900)." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 1020–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-1020-1033.
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This is the first publication of the draft of the instruction on Military Historical Department of the Caucasus Military District Stuff activities. It was worked out by the Head of the District Headquarters Major General N.N. Belyavsky in 1900. The document helps to establish the area of responsibility of the institution that was a party in the foundation of the archival fund in the Caucasus region of the Russian Empire. It shows that the main concern of the Military Historical Department was research. Its members collected materials on military history, thus providing the source base for writing academic papers on the history of the Caucasus integration in the Russian Empire. Its areas of work included archiving, museum activities, and publishing. The published document provides valuable data on the problem of perished materials of regional military archives on the example of the Caucasus Military District. It is important that all Caucasus regional military archives were given into the management of the Military Historical Department. According to the instruction its stuff oversaw documents storage, compiling scientific reference apparatus, and destruction of the expired papers. Thus, the Military Historical Department was the institution that was directly responsible for the destruction of old files in the archives of regimens, directorates, and headquarters in the Caucasus Military District. The document may interest those who study the history of military institutions of the Russian Empire or preservation of cultural heritage. The instruction secured to the department such activities as sorting out, description, and control of safekeeping of documents kept in Caucasus military archives, as well as their publication and acquisition, which helped to set the scientific base for Caucasus military history studies. In its functions, the Military Historical Department was the predecessor of the Russian Military Historical Society. The published document is stored in Russian Archive for Military History (Moscow) in the fond of the Imperial Committee for Military Studies.
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Fabian, Lara. "Bridging the Divide: Marriage Politics across the Caucasus." Electrum 28 (2021): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.015.13373.
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The early relationships between the polities of Armenia and K‘art‘li in the South Caucasus and their neighbours in the North Caucasus is a central, but underappreciated, factor in the development of the South Caucasus’ social and political world in the Hellenistic period. Typically, only military aspects of these interactions are considered (e.g., Alan raids and control thereof). Hazy evidence of cross-Caucasus marriage alliances preserved in both the Armenian and Georgian historiographic traditions, however, hints at a far wider sphere of interaction, despite the inherent challenges in gleaning historical reality from these medieval accounts. This paper contextualizes two stories of cross-Caucasus marriage related to foundational dynastic figures in the Armenian and Georgian traditions, Artašēs and P‘arnavaz respectively, within a wider body of evidence for and thought about North-South Caucasus interaction. Taken as a whole, this consideration argues that North-South relationships should be seen as integral to the political development of the South Caucasus.
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Kolesnikova, M. E., and A. V. Tantseva. "LOCAL HISTORY ORGANIZATIONS IN STAVROPOL IN THE 1920S: ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PATRIOTIC LOCAL HISTORY MOVEMENT." History: facts and symbols, no. 4 (December 13, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-33-4-137-146.
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The article studies the history of local history of Stavropol Territory and the North Caucasus in the 1920s, the period of formation of local history in the country. The purpose of the study is to restore the history of the first local history organizations and institutions in the Stavropol Territory based on documents from central and regional archives, museum collections, to identify their role in national history, culture, the development of scientific knowledge, and the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. For the first time, based on documentary heritage the role of the Stavropol Ethnological and Archaeological Commission in the development of the local history movement not only in Stavropol, but also in the North Caucasus is shown. The main activities of the ethnological and archaeological commission for the ethnographic study of the Stavropol province, the Kalmyks, the Nogais, the Turkmens, Russian settlers, German colonists living in it are analyzed; archaeological research of the region in order to identify, fix and register ancient monuments; cultural and protective activities; educational work with the population; archaeographic and archival research. The role of the Stavropol Ethnological and Archaeological Commission in coordinating local lore forces in the study of the North Caucasus region, establishing close scientific contacts with local historians of Krasnodar, Vladikavkaz, Rostov-on-Don, Nalchik, Pyatigorsk is shown. The article introduces the sources related to the activities of G.N. Prozritelev, one of the founders of the Stavropol Museum-Reserve of Local Lore, a well-known public figure and Caucasian scholar of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The study shows how the system of local history organizations took shape in the North Caucasus, the role played by the Central Bureau of Local History (CBLH) formed in 1922, which contributed to the beginning of the ―golden decade‖ in the history of local history.
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Mühəddin qızı Mustafayeva, Leyla. "The south caucasus: stage for a new game between states." SCIENTIFIC WORK 67, no. 06 (June 21, 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/67/50-53.
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The article analyzes the security problems in the South Caucasus and examines the interests of international actors in the region. The article provides detailed analyse of possible impacts of the world states to potitical issues in the South Caucasus region. Paper underscores the geopolitical symbol of South Caucasus as clashing and conflicting centre of the interests of the big players. Throughout history Caucasus was a playground for many regional and global actors with enduring interests. Each actor tries to capitalize on the geostrategic benefits of the region. Though the South Caucasus occupies a small area on the world map, the scale of the interest in the region is much bigger than its geographical size. Key words: security, South Caucasus, geostrategy, states, political interests, policy
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Plieva, Zalina T. "Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-49-56.
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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.
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Дорофеев, Александр Александрович. "CAUCASUS - BLACK SEA - CRIMEA PRACTICE: HISTORY, ORGANISATION, EXPERIENCE." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: География и геоэкология, no. 4(36) (December 27, 2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/2226-7719-2021-4-39-56.
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В статье описаны история, опыт проведения комплексных дальних практик по географии и туризму студентов факультета Географии и Геоэкологии ТвГУ на территории Западного Кавказа, Крыма и российского Причерноморья. Раскрыты главные методические особенности организации практик. Указан состав участников, названы факторы, способствовавшие практикам, описаны логистика, маршруты и посещаемые объекты. Отмечены люди, помогавшие проведению практик. The article gives history, experience of conducting comprehensive long-distance practices on geography and tourism with the students of the faculty of Geography and Geoecology of TSU on the territory of West Caucasus, Crimea and Russian Black Sea region. The main methodological features of the organization of practices are revealed. The list of participants is indicated, the factors contributing to the practices are named, logistics, routes and visited objects are described. People who helped to conduct practices are named.
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Salmin, A. K. "Sapirs/Savirs/Suvars in the History of Caucasus." Naučnaâ mysl' Kavkaza 85, no. 1 (March 2016): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2072-0181-2016-85-1-57-68.
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Suchkov, Maxim A. "The North Caucasus in Contemporary U.S.-Russia Relations: Key Problems and Implications for the Future." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 2 (June 18, 2014): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140206.
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The North Caucasus is a most significant but a least understood problem in contemporary U.S.-Russia relations. The United States as one of the prime pace-setters in the region shaped its own attitude towards Russia’s most volatile region. Over more than twenty years, Washington experienced at least three major stages in its “Caucasus strategy”, and each stage had its impact on the North Caucasus. Since the beginning, the two states stuck to conflicting narratives of developments in the region. With time, some of the assessments were re-evaluated, but some continue to impede cooperation on key security issues. The present article explores these phenomena and examines what implications major events like the 9/11 attacks, the Caucasus Emirate enlistment among top terrorist organisations, the Boston marathon bombings, etc. had for the U.S.-Russia joint efforts in fighting terrorism. It also assesses areas of potential disagreement in the North Caucasus between the two countries.
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Lyapustin, B. S. "The Caucasus, Central Asia." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 2 (1995): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005794x00138.
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Gammer, Moshe. "Separatism in the Northern Caucasus." Caucasus Survey 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23761202-00102003.
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Editors’ note: We publish here posthumously one of the last unpublished articles by the great historian of the Caucasus, Moshe Gammer (1950-2013). Professor in the Department of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University, Gammer specialized in the history of Muslim resistance to Russian rule in the Northern Caucasus, to which subject his best-known works, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan and The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule, were dedicated. The current article was originally written in 2010 for submission to Europe-Asia Studies, but could not be completed for health reasons. The text has been left unabridged, and the author’s original preferences in terminology and toponymic spellings have been retained. The editors thank Ruth Frankl-Gammer and Dr Chen Bram for their kind assistance in publishing this article.
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Ryabogina, Natalia, Idris Idrisov, Eleonora Nasonova, and Alexandr Borisov. "Environmental dynamics, population history and the terraced agro-landscapes of mountainous Dagestan." Scientific Bulletin 3 (2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/xtxg4102.
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The mountainous Dagestan region of the North-Eastern Caucasus has a unique historical development based in independent cereal domestication and terraced agriculture. However, there is little to no data on the nature and timing of environmental changes throughout the settlement history of this region. In contrast to the much-studied neighboring Caucasus regions, Dagestan remains mostly unexplored from the standpoint of paleoecology. In 2017, we investigated a detailed radiocarbon-dated 185 cm peat sequence from the Shotota swamp located in the mountainous zone of the Dagestan. Sediments of the swamp span most of the Holocene (about 9000 years) from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages, and let us, for the first time, study Holocene vegetation history of the Eastern Caucasus. The results of the study showed significant discrepancies in the timing and sequence of the expansion of tree species in the Holocene in comparison with Transcaucasia and the Western Caucasus. According to data from the second swamp, Arkida, we found that the vegetation of the adjacent flat parts of Dagestan was dry and treeless for the last four thousand years. With the data obtained on the environmental dynamics of vegetation, we conducted a coupled analysis of climate dynamics in Dagestan. One of the phenomena of the ancient development of mountainous Dagestan is the largescale terracing of slopes, which from the Middle Ages completely transformed the territory into agro-landscapes.
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Anoikin, Anton A. "East Caucasus in the Late Eopleistocene (Calabrian): Palaeogeography and Archaeology." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 3 (2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-3-46-56.
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Purpose. The results of the archaeological work in the Caucasus in the 21st Century indicate that it has been intensively populated since the beginning of the Quaternary Period. The problems of the natural environments in the Early Pleistocene and the material culture of the early Homo are fundamental for understanding the ancient history of the Caucasus. The Late Eopleistocene (Calabrian) in the East Caucasus corresponds to the Apsheron stage of the history of the Caspian Sea (1.7–0.8 Ma). The palaeolandscape of the southeast of Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Caucasus, during this period is comparable to the modern open landscapes in Africa. Palynological data show that in the East Caucasus, the high-altitude zonation of vegetation was already present in the Apsheron; its formation was associated with the tectonic uplift of the Greater Caucasus. The wildlife is characterized by the Taman complex, indicating the adaptation of the steppe fauna to the fall of temperature and increasing humidity of the climate, as well as expansion of the forested areas. Sites of the Apsheron time have been found in several districts of the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia: Central Dagestan (Akusha group of sites), Kurinskaya Depression in Azerbaijan (Garadzha), Lori Plateau in Armenia (Muradovo, Kurtan), South-Georgian Highlands (Amiranis-Gora), Taman Peninsula (Bogatyri, Rodniki-1-4). Results. For the Calabrian, several stone industries are known in the Caucasus – Oldowan/pebble-flake, Early Palaeolithic small tool industry and Early Acheulean. The most expressive early complexes with bifaces date to the end of the Apsheron period and contain a significant number of Oldowan elements (Garadzha). Conclusion. Analysis of the natural conditions and fluctuations of the Caspian palaeobasin shows that the development of archaeological cultures in the eastern part of the Caucasus occurred during stable and favourable natural conditions, and it was of a weak evolutionary character.
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Hacijeva, Ulvia Sh. "ABOUT THE CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE HISTORICAL SOURCE (Review on the article: Hakobyan H.E., Khapizov Sh.M. “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries // History, archeology and ethnography of the Caucasus. Vol. 16. No. 1. 2020. P. 76-84)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 16, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch163830-841.
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This publication is a response to the article by H.E. Hakobyan and Sh.M. Khapizov “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries”. The information given in the article refers exclusively to ethno-political events in the South Caucasus at the end of the 18th century, which does not allow us to evaluate the work of Odznetsi as “an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries.” The authors consider this source outside the historical geography of the region of the 18th century, when a number of khanates and sultanates existed in the eastern part of the South Caucasus, headed until the beginning of the 19th century Azerbaijani Turkic dynasties, and the territory of historical Armenia was the region of Ottoman Turkey in Anatolia.
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Mamedov, Mikail. "The Russian Empire’s Changing Views of the Caucasus (1801–1864)." Russian History 41, no. 2 (May 18, 2014): 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04102003.
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The Russian empire annexed Georgia and moved further into the Caucasus for reasons that were typical for the period; that is, the European idea of a civilizing mission. Later, toward the mid-1820s, Russia attempted to use the region as its colony. The Russian advance towards the borders of Iran and Turkey alarmed the British and aggravated Russia’s relations with the European powers. Meanwhile, Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War gave rise to the idea of the Caucasus as a bulwark against a hostile Europe. None of the previous ideas disappeared completely: they co-existed during almost all of the nineteenth century. Thus, the image of the Caucasus in the Russian imperial consciousness was dynamic and flexible, reflecting Russia’s changing history, the political situation in the empire, and threats to the country from outside.
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Inozemtseva, Elena. "On the History of Slave-Trade in Dagestan." Iran and the Caucasus 10, no. 2 (2006): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338406780346023.
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AbstractSlave-trade was one of the main factors in the system of complicated and contradictory interactions between the peoples of the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and Russia. Everlasting inter-ethnic clashes and wars, political instability, great demand and high prices for 'human commodities' strongly promoted the growth of this business in Dagestan and in the North Caucasus in general. The feudal lords used to organise "commercial" campaigns, aimed at capturing people and getting ransom. For centuries, this cruel industry had remained one of the dominating elements in the economy of this multi-ethnic region. The paper, based mainly on the archive documents, offers a short history of slave-trade in Dagestan up to its final abolishment in the 60-s of the 19th century.
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Dadashov, Kanan. "History of Formation and Development of Relations between the South Caucasus States and the EU." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080019380-5.
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The article examines the history of the formation and development of relations between the states of the South Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan) with the European Union. Methods: system analysis, forecasting, comparison. In the course of the research, special attention is paid to the conditions and determinants of the formation of the European vector of development of the countries of the South Caucasus region at the turn of the 20–21 centuries. The results obtained in the course of the study led to the conclusion that in the 1990s, the European Union largely viewed the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia) through the prism of Moscow, taking into account the fact of Russia's presence in the region and its active actions. The situation changed in the 2000s, when the EU’s interests and its interaction with the region intensified, as well as after the armed conflict in Georgia, when Europe became concerned about the need to respect and strengthen security in the region. Subsequently, the security policy was supplemented with new dimensions in cooperation, namely: political, economic, humanitarian. It should be noted that today the states of the South Caucasus region are much more fragmented than ever, and the only integration projects that have taken place are related to external actors. Therefore, in order to intensify cooperation with the EU and achieve real tangible results, the South Caucasus republics should balance their foreign policy, clearly define development priorities, overcome socio-political confrontation within the country, and achieve a peaceful settlement of “frozen” conflicts.
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Kudryavtsev, Alexander. "Ancient Derbent in the History of the Early Christian World." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 910–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.314.
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Derbent has gone down in history as an outstanding monument of world fortification erected in the 5th–7th centuries AD to protect against the invasions of nomads of Eurasia. Extensivearchaeological research of Derbent, under the guidance of the author, revealed completely new stages of the city’s existence, and Derbent emerged not only as the main military and political stronghold of the world powers of the medieval East in the Caucasus but also as the largest economic and religious center of the region, where Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism penetrated and developed early. Derbent acquired a special significance in the history of the Christian world of the Caucasus during the reign of the Sasanian kings Yezdegerd II (439–457) and Peroz (459–484), ardent opponents of Christianity, when the struggle of the peoples of the Caucasus with the “teaching of magicians” severely aggravated. The Derbent fortifications began to play an important role in the anti-Iranian uprisings of the Caucasian rulers who relied on the nomads and mountaineers of the North Caucasus in their fight against the Sasanians. It was in the 60s of the 5th centuries, as our excavations have shown, that a cruciform temple was erected in the citadel of Derbent, which was transformed at the beginning of the 17th century into a reservoir. The most recent geophysical research, conducted in 2020, using georadar and laser scanning and photogrammetry confirmed the data obtained during the excavations about the religious purpose of the cross-domed structure in the citadel and its identification with the Christian temple of the 5th century, one of the oldest in Russia.
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Volkhonskiy, Michael A. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF MILITARY-PEOPLE’S ADMINISTRATION IN THE CAUCASUS UNDER ALEXANDER III IN 1882–1888." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-178-187.
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Introduced in the 1850s, the military-public administration, along with the institute of viceroyalty, was one of the main distinguishing features of the special administrative status of the Caucasus as part of the Russian Empire. Various aspects of this system have been the object of historians’ research many times. However, the period from the 1880s to 1917 is still poorly studied. The article is devoted to the analysis of the circumstances of the discussion, development and implementation of projects for the transformation of the military-people’s administration in the Caucasus Region in the 1880s. The process of developing the reform in 1882 was initiated by the Minister of War in connection with the planned general transformation of the administration system of the Caucasus. The reform project was developed by the new chief of the Caucasus, Prince A. M. Dondukov-Korsakov, who opposed the abolition of the military-public administration. Of the two projects submitted by him to St. Petersburg in 1883 and 1885, only the former was implemented. The project included: the abolition of the Central Caucasian military-people’s administration in Tiflis; subordination of local military-people’s administrations to military governors; annexation of the districts of the Batumi region and the Sukhumi district, where the military-people’s administration was maintained, to the Kutaisi province.
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Ter-Abrahamian, Hrant. "Islamism in the South Caucasus." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 1 (2007): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x224969.
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AbstractThe article is dedicated to Islamism and its specific forms of manifestation in the South Caucasus (in Georgia and Azerbaijan Republic in particular). Making no attempt to a full-scale coverage of the subject, the author aims at identifying and displaying the specific targets of a complex study of Islamism, indicating its primary and secondary geographic, social and other points, as well as specifying the basic tendencies for each point thus identified. A special attention is paid to the Internet forums and blogs as more relevant sources for specifying the lines of conflict within diverse trends of Islam and Islamism in the South Caucasus.
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Rossi, Adriano V. "Iran, the Caucasus and Europe." Iran and the Caucasus 17, no. 1 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130102.
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The paper is an updated version of the Keynote speech delivered at the opening ceremony of the International Conference on the “Autochtonous Peoples of the Caucasian-Caspian Region” (Yerevan State University, 5 October 2012), and emphasises the role of the Caucasus cultures as a whole since pre-Achaemenid times to modern times, conceived as a bridge between the Iranian world and Europe.
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Akkieva, Svetlana. "The Caucasus: One or Many? A View from the Region." Nationalities Papers 36, no. 2 (May 2008): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990801934348.
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For all its geographical, cultural and political uniqueness, the definition of the Caucasus as a region is problematic. Geographers, geologists, political scientists, anthropologists and historians—all have disagreements between themselves and each other about such issues as what constitutes its borders, and what are the features of both its homogeneity and heterogeneity. Often, the use by representatives of one discipline of the conclusions and terminology from other disciplines in order to substantiate their positions complicates the problem even further. In any case, in general geographical terms the Caucasus is the territory between the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas, extending from the Kuma-Manych depression in the north to Georgia's and Armenia's borders with Turkey, and Azerbaijan's borders with Iran in the south. In physical-geological terms the Caucasus is predominantly a mountainous region which is shaped by the trajectories of the two mountain ranges, namely the Greater and Lesser Caucasus. The trajectory of the Greater Caucasus represents a diagonal stretching from the north-west to the southeast, while the trajectory of the Lesser Caucasus forms an ellipsoidal bow. At the Suram Passage the Lesser and Greater Caucasus practically merge. The Caucasus mountain range is divided lengthwise into the western Caucasus which stretches to Elbrus; the central Caucasus, which is between the Elbrus and Kazbek mountains; and the eastern Caucasus, which is to the east of the Kazbek.
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Alikberov, A. K. "Milestones of the Formation of Islamic Tradition in the North-Eastern Caucasus." Islam in the modern world 15, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2019-15-3-111-120.
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The purpose of this article is to show the dynamics of Islam using the history of Islam in the North-East Caucasusas an example. The Islamic tradition has never remained static; it has historically changed in accordance with the requirements of the time and rational expediency. Using the example of the history of Islam in the Caucasus and especially in Dagestan, we can trace the logic of the complex interaction of various factors of history, primarily political, ethnic and religious, which have most influenced the multiple social transformations in this region. The question of the cultural complexity of socio-political and ethno-confessional processes in heterogeneous societies that have experienced numerous influences at various stages of Islamization, starting from the period of early Islam, is connected with the question of the political expediency of disseminating certain ideological and worldview interpretations of the Muslim religion.
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Pierzynska, Justyna. "‘New History—the New Ways of Knowing and Remembering the Caucasus in Poland’." Central and Eastern European Review 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 2–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caeer-2017-0001.
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Abstract This paper aims to reconstruct the knowledge claims and memory politics in Polish public discourse about the Caucasus. As it highlights the importance of history and a production of a ‘New History’ for political use, it illuminates the role of the visual dimension in the symbolic politics of memory in Poland. The special example of the Caucasus, particularly the places of Georgia and Russia, serves to show how peripheral regions can gain prominence in the knowledge struggles and strategies of self-representation and othering of particular nations, regions and states on the geopolitical plane.
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Melnikov, D. G. "Overview of species of the Clinopodium sections Calamintha and Ellementha (Lamiaceae) in the flora of the Caucasus and adjacent territories." Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium, no. 51 (2020): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/novitates/2020.51.79.
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The article briefly discusses the history of the study of species from the relationship Clinopodium calamintha (L.) Kuntze s. l. in the Caucasus, now included in the sections Calamintha (Mill.) Melnikov and Ellementha Melnikov. A number of new morphological traits to distinguish the species of these sections are presented, and a classification of the trichome types found in this group is given. 17 new species and 4 new varieties are described. For the flora of the Caucasus, 16 species are recorded, and 3 more species are possible to find growing in the regions adjacent to the Caucasus (in Turkey and Iran). A key has been compiled to identify the species and varieties of these two sections in the Caucasus.
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Lysenko, T. M., V. Yu Neshatayeva, and Z. V. Dutova. "Geobotanical studies at the Caucasus: a review of materials of the International Conference “Flora and conservation in the Caucasus: history and current state of knowledge” (Pyatigorsk, May 22–25, 2019)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 36 (October 12, 2019): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2019.36.91.
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The International conference “Flora and conservation in the Caucasus: history and current state of knowledge” dedicated to the 130-year anniversary of the Perkalsky Arboretum took place at 22–25 of May 2019 in Pyatigorsk (Stavropol Territory) on the base of the Pyatigorsk Museum of local lore and natural history. The participants were from 11 cities of Russia and 7 Republics of the Caucasus and represented 14 institutions. Proceedings of the conference were published by the beginning of the meeting the book of abstracts includes 49 papers on the study of vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens and fungi, plant communities, as well as the protection of rare and endangered species, unique plant communities, and ecological problems in the Caucasus. The following geobotanical topics were highlighted in 13 papers: forest communities (3 reports), meadow and steppe vegetation (2), xeric open forests (2), communities of ecotone areas (1), structure of populations of rare plant species (3), as well as the history and current status of nature protected areas (2). The great emphasis has been focused on the study of floristic composition and plant populations. Thus, the conference showed that very few studies от vegetation are currently carried out in the Caucasus, and a lot of districts are not affected by the research. The greatest attention is paid to forest vegetation while meadow, steppe, alpine heath and xerophytic communities are studied rather poorly. Besides, there are “white spots” — mire, floodplain and aquatic vegetation. In nowadays, when the anthropogenic impact on the plant cover of the Caucasus is intensively increasing, it is especially important to study natural undisturbed communities preserved in protected natural areas. Another important issue is the conservation of the unique vegetation cover of the whole Caucasus. Thus, the study of vegetation of this region opens a wide field for researchers using various methods of modern plant science.
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Cheterian, Vicken. "The ghosts of freedom: a history of the Caucasus." Central Asian Survey 29, no. 1 (March 2010): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634931003765613.
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Hopkin, D. "Legends of the Caucasus, by David Hunt." English Historical Review 128, no. 535 (November 9, 2013): 1598–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cet271.
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Hakobyan, Hayk. "“LOCAL HISTORY” AS A POPULAR GENRE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN THE CAUCASUS." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 15, no. 4 (January 6, 2020): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch154811-816.
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Creating a true and objective picture of the historical development of any country is impossible without identifying and studying the characteristics and uniqueness of its various regions. Thus, the study of "Local history" (regional history) is one of the ways to deepen the understanding of historical processes and to identify regional differentiation within the framework of a single historical process in Dagestan, the Caucasus and in the broader framework. For example, as Russian orientalist V. Bobrovnikov writes, "the historical ethnography of Dagestan's villages has made a significant contribution to the development of community theory in the Caucasus and in the world" [1, p. 5].
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Kolosovskaya, Tatyana A. "D.A. MILYUTIN AND HIS CAUCASUS PAPERS. ON EARLY ATTEMPTS OF FORMING THE CAUCASUS MILITARY AND POLITICAL HISTORY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series History. Philology. Cultural Studies. Oriental Studies, no. 1 (2017): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6355-2017-1-9-19.
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Mkhoyan, Anna. "South Caucasus from 1918 to 1921: history and historical parallels with the contemporary era." Nationalities Papers 45, no. 5 (September 2017): 910–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1297782.
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The republics that make up the South Caucasus today gained brief independence after the fall of the Tsarist Empire, before the integration of the region into Bolshevik Russia. This period, even though short, gives interesting historical background to understand the present. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to study the South Caucasian republics from 1918 to 1921 at the regional and international levels, paying particular attention to the historical continuities with the contemporary era (since 1991). The results of the study show three main parallels between the early twentieth century (1918–1921) and the present. First, the region is still internally divided (e.g. the unresolved conflicts). Second, externally, it is torn between sometimes opposing powers (e.g. Russia and the Western powers). Finally, third, the partnerships with international or regional powers still remain asymmetrical; consequently, the need to cooperate with Russia exceeds the aspirations of the Western powers toward the South Caucasus. Based on archival research, this study contributes to the historiography of the region and gives a framework for understanding the South Caucasus in contemporary international relations.
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Валентинович Пилипчук, Ярослав. "About military-political history of Vainakh people in Ancient Times and Middle Ages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 21, 2021): 32–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/32-69.
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This paper is dedicated to the reconstruction of ethnic and political history of the Nakhs in the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Several Nakh tribes were known mainly to Georgians and Armenians. Nakhs were the main population of Georgia until the 4th century BC. The formation of the Iberian kingdom (Kartli) was closely connected with the interaction of the Kartvelian peoples with the nakhs of the South Caucasus, which appeared in Georgian sources under the name Durdzuks. The Nakhs were confronted with Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans n the North Caucasus. Therefore, Nakhs were better known in the South Caucasus. The most notable of the Durdzuk cluster was the tribe of the Tsanars. During the VIII-IX centuries Tsanars actively resisted the Arabs. The Tsanar chorebishop was one of the titles of the king of Kakheti and they actively participated in the Kakheti wars with the Abkhaz, Kartli, and Tao-Klardzhet kings. The final Kartvelization of the tsanars dates back to the XI century. Tushins, Pshavs, Khevsurs were kartvelized in the end of the XII century. Only the Batsbians retained the Nakh identity. Ethnonym Dzurzuk from the XIII century ceased to denote the Nakh population of the South Caucasus, which began to be designated by Kistins and Batsbians. Durdzuks from the XIII century these are the nakhs of the North Caucasus. The North Caucasian nakhs were ruled by the Alan kings in the XI-XIII centuries. Mongol invasion in XIII century weakened the power of the Alans over the North Caucasus. The territory of Chechnya united the Nakh state of Simsim in the middle of the XIV century, which at the end of the XIV century attacked by the Chagatays of Timur. Establish Georgian power over the highlanders in the middle of the fourteenth century. And in the 30s. XVII century Georgian kings Giorgi V and Teymuraz tried. Their real power was only over Georgian highlanders (Pshavs, Khevsurs, Tushins) and Batsbians. Kabardinians made a big campaign against the Nakhs in the middle of the XVI century. Temruk Idarov during the campaign of 1563 used the help of Nogays and Russians. Kabardinians entered the Sunzha region and drove the Ingush into the mountains. In the mountains was the possession of the Ingush Lars. The first of the Chechens to contact the Russians were the rulers of Aukh (Okoks of Russian sources). Some part of the Okoks in the XVII century evicted from Aukh on a plane to the area of Terek and Sunzha. The population of the Chechen possession obeyed the princes Turlovs from Gumbet. The people of Nokhch-Mokkh often opposed the Russians in the XVII century. There are some reasons to believe that they depended on the Kumyk rulers of the Andirean beilik. Avars and Kumyks also contributed to the penetration of Islam to the Chechens. Shibutians (Shatoys) and Chantiyans actively contacted Russians. Russian influence until the middle of the XVIII century it was rather nominal and was manifested in the presence of Cossacks and Streltsy on the Terek and Sunzha and in the exchange of embassies with Georgia. Not a single regional state such as the Safavid state or the Crimean Khanate has succeeded in establishing its power in the Central Caucasus. Chechens used vassality from the Russians as a counterweight to the influence of the Crimean Khanate and the Afshar state in the first half of the XVIII century, but this did not interfere with their situational alliances with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars against the Russians. Chechens actively supported Islamic fanatics. Strengthening Russian power in the North Caucasus in the second half of the XVIII century led to the fact that the Ingush took Russian citizenship. There have been social changes in Chechnya. Societies drove out their princes. In this situation, the Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus made an attempt to unite Sheikh Mansur. An attempt to unite Chechnya was also undertaken in the XIX century by Beibulat Taimiev. Key words: Vainakhs, Durdzuki, Chechens, Ingushes, Chechen domain, Georgia, Minor Kabarda, free societies
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Shebzukhova, Tatyana. "Academician Yu.A. Poliakov on the peculiarities of the integration process of the North Caucasus region into the Russian civilization space." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-2 (May 1, 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi54.
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The article is devoted to the problem of studying the features of the integration processes of the North Caucasus region into the Russian civilizational space. This problem is reflected in the scientific heritage of the famous Russian scientist-historian, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Alexandrovich Polyakov. In the research of Yu. A. Polyakov, the essence of the concept of “civilization” is revealed, the specifics of the actual and controversial characteristics of civilization are analyzed, its criteria are determined in the context of the civilizational status of the North Caucasus. The fundamental provisions formulated by Yu. A. Polyakov on the general historical significance of the North Caucasus are particularly significant from a methodological point of view.
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Tkachenko, Dmitry. "Russian Militaries at the Commencement of the Caucasus Studies: from the Region Pacifying to Its Survey (19th — Early 20th Centuries)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016846-9.
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The paper focuses on the issues of the militaries' impact on the foundation of the Russian Empire Caucasus studies in 19th — early 20th centuries. Based on the vide mass of primary sources from archive vaults and published papers of the military investigators the authors conclude that the officers of the Caucasus Corpus (later Caucasus Army and Caucasus Military District) were at the base of the regional scientific researches in Statistics, Geography, Cartography, ordinary law, Ethnography, Archeology together with the indigenous tongues studying. They had either offered key ideas of the Imperial concept of the “Caucasus Conquest” — steadily extension of Russian rule on the ethnic territories. The paper concerns the idea of an important practical role for the Militaries survey. Its plot was contested with the solvation of some practical necessities in running the actual military or administrative tasks. But for a lot of investigators regional studies meant more than just dealing with an official assignment. Due to their personal traits and strong convincement in the utter necessity of Russian cultural activity in the regional ethnic environment, their scout survey grew into the part of the Caucasus Studies that was coming into life then.
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Nevskaya, Tatiana, and Alla Kondrasheva. "The History of the Country through the Course of Life. Professor Valentina Pavlovna Nevskaya (1919-2009)." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i1.10.
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The article is dedicated to the prominent Russian scientist, ethnographer and historian Valentina Pavlovna Nevskaya (1919-2009), who received international recognition for the outstanding achievements in the development of the history of antiquity and world Caucasian studies. The biography of the scientist, which reflected many of the most important events of Soviet history (Civil War 1918-1922, economic experiments of the Bolsheviks of the 1920-1930s, the tragedy of the "great terror" policy of 1937-1938, mass repressions, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 years of the Cold War, etc.). The fate of Valentina Pavlovna was quite typical for the representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia: the choice of her major, as well as the choice of work, was determined by the status of "member of the family of the enemy of the people." Since ancient history was the least politicized branch of Soviet historical science, V.P. Nevskaya chose the history of Byzantium for her thesis topic. The book, written based on the aforementioned thesis, was translated into German and Japanese. The scientific studies conducted by V.P. Nevskaya, who left a big mark in the historical science of the North Caucasus (including taking part in a large-scale academic project of the Soviet era - "History of the peoples of the North Caucasus (end of XYIII in - 1917"). Nevskaya V.P. is the editor and author of the main overview works on history of particular areas and peoples of the region. Particular attention is paid to the works of a scientist on the history of Karachay-Cherkessia (from ancient times before the Bolsheviks came to power), in which, on the basis of numerous personally collected materials, including ethnographic and archaeological proof, the history of the region (population, social, family, land and legal relations, way of life, folklore, traditions, etc.) was recollected and restored. Valentina Nevskaya, having carefully studied the very complex social structure of the hereditary relations of the mountain peoples, came to the conclusion that these peoples were at the feudal stage of development, determining that at the turn of the XVIII - XIX centuries. These relations took place and were firmly fixed in the adatas, the customary law of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Particular attention in the writings of V.P. Nevskaya was given to the Karachais, a small Turkic people living high in the mountains of the Western Caucasus. After analyzing a large number of diverse sources, the researcher concluded that feudalism in Karachai developed directly from the general system, and land relations determined the nature of the relationship of Karachais with neighboring peoples, in particular, with Kabardians as a “military-political confederation”. Her experience teaching as a professor at the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute (now the North Caucasus Federal University), where she headed the department of general history, is described. Valentina Nevskaya taught ancient history, continued her research on the history and ethnography of the North Caucasus and prepared a number of candidates of historical sciences. It is emphasized that the works of V.P. Nevskaya are currently important sources for writing disserta-tions, monographs, and articles on topical issues in the history of the North Caucasus. The texts of her books and articles testify to the highest level of professional skill, versatile erudition, the steady observance of ethical standards, and the awareness of the scientist’s moral responsibility.
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Трифонов, В. А., Е. Б. Прохорчук, and К. В. Жур. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ANCIENT POPULATIONS IN THE CAUCASUS AND THE ADJACENT STEPPES DURING THE ENEOLITHIC-BRONZE AGE (V-II mill. BC): MAIN RESULTS AND ISSUES OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 262 (November 15, 2021): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.262.95-114.
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В статье представлен обзор новейших результатов анализа ДНК древних народов Кавказа и сопредельной степи в эпоху энеолита - бронзы (V-II тыс. до н. э.) и рассматриваются проблемы их культурно-исторической интерпретации. Выделено семь особенностей общей палеогенетической картины региона: 1. Формирование генотипа кавказских охотников-собирателей не позднее XII тыс. до н. э. и его раннее распространение за пределы Кавказа; 2. Существование на Кавказе непрерывной генетической преемственности с эпохи верхнего палеолита; 3. Раннее, не позднее VI тыс. до н. э., появление кавказского и связанного с ним переднеазиатского (иранского и анатолийского) генетического компонента в степном генетическом пуле; 4. Сохранение генетических различий между населением Кавказа и открытой степи на протяжении всей эпохи энеолита - бронзы; 5. Существование вдоль северных склонов Кавказа генетической буферной зоны, которую, в зависимости от исторических и климатических условий, занимали степняки или кавказцы; 6. Односторонняя проводимость потока генов через Кавказ только в направлении с юга на север; 7. Преобладание культурного разнообразия над генетическим. Отмечается, что проблемы культурно-исторической трактовки генетических данных связаны в разной степени с несогласованностью между генетической и археологической таксономиями, недооценкой генетиками археологического контекста и наивной интерпретацией археологами различий в ДНК как культурных атрибутов. The paper provides an overview of the recent DNA analysis of the ancient populations of the Caucasus and the adjacent steppes during the Eneolithic-Bronze Age (V-II mill. BC) and explores the issues of cultural and historical interpretation of the results. Seven specific features of the general paleogenetic picture of the region have been singled out: 1. Development of the genotype of the Caucasian hunters-gatherers not later than 12 000 years ago and its early spread beyond the Caucasus; 2. Existence of genetic continuity in the Caucasus starting from the Upper Paleolithic; 3. Early appearance of the Caucasus and the related Near East (Iranian and Anatolian) genetic component in the steppe genetic pool, not later than VI mill. BC; 4. Preservation of genetic differences between the population of the Caucasus and the steppe population throughout the entire Eneolithic-Bronze Age; 5. Existence of a genetic buffer zone along the northern slopes of the Caucasus occupied either by the steppe population or the Caucasian population depending on historical and climatic conditions; 6. One-way gene flow across the Caucasus only from the south to the north; 7. Predominance of cultural diversity over genetic diversity. It is emphasized that the issues of the cultural and historical interpretation of genetic data are related, in varying degrees, to inconsistency between genetic and archaeological taxonomies, overlooking of the archaeological context by genetic scientists and naive interpretation of differences in DNA as cultural attributes by archaeologists.
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Feferman, K. M., and B. N. Kovalev. "Turkey and Pan-Turkism as Factors in Nazi Germany’s Strategy in the Struggle Against the Soviet Union. Between Politics and Propaganda." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 3 (2022): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.301.
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The article examines the evolution of Nazi Germany’s approaches towards Turkey and pan-Turkism in the German struggle against the Soviet Union. Particular attention is paid to political and diplomatic considerations, as well as propaganda guidelines adopted in Germany after the invasion of the Soviet Union. Geographically, a special emphasis is laid on the North Caucasus. Turkey was linked with the Caucasus in general and with the North Caucasus in particular through centuries-old cultural and religious ties that flowed naturally from geographical proximity, often supplemented by ethnic and religious affinities between Turkey and the Caucuses, including the North Caucasian peoples. Turkish influence was historically associated with pan-Turkism, a trend that emphasized the spiritual closeness of all people of Turkic origin, regardless of existing borders. In this respect, the German policy towards Turkey was unique, as this was a neutral country with whom Germany played a rather uncharacteristic subtle diplomatic and propaganda game. Its purpose was to tie Turkey to the Third Reich, giving it a role as “subcontractor” to control regions inhabited by peoples who historically gravitated towards Turkey. If this turned out to be impossible in the present or near future, even then the region should have been governed by Germany, with an eye to the interests of an important “shadow” player (Turkey). Germany’s flirtation with Turkey and attempts to win over Soviet Turkic peoples, including those in the Caucasus, were indicative of the desperate search for allies. This, in turn, resulted from the German realization that the Wehrmacht was firmly bogged down in the course of Operation Barbarossa.
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Yaşar, Murat, and Chong Jin Oh. "The Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate in the North Caucasus: A Case Study of Ottoman-Crimean Relations in the Mid-Sixteenth Century." Turkish Historical Review 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00901005.
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Focusing on Ottoman and Crimean policies and their involvement in the North Caucasus in the second half of the sixteenth century as a case study, this paper sheds light on the nature of the political arrangement between the Ottoman empire and the Crimean khanate in this period. Agreeing with scholars who argue that the Crimean khanate’s relationship with the Ottoman empire cannot be classified as vassalage, the present article treats the North Caucasus as a newly emerging borderland and a ‘micro north’ to better understand the framework in which the Crimean khanate functioned as a unit within the Ottoman system.
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Tatiana, Kolosovskaya. "A case study for the institutional management of the Caucasus studies in Russian Empire." Kavkazologiya 2022, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-2-55-68.
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This article discusses the history of the scientific institutions functioning established in the second half of the XIX century in Caucasus to study it. Particular attention is paid to the role of the mili-tary department in the construction of the institutional space in Caucasian studies, which is little studied in historiography. Attention is drawn to the participation of the military in the work of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (IRGO), as well as to the main directions and results of the Military History Department activities at the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District. Based on the works of pre-revolutionary authors, as well as docu-ments from the Russian State Military Historical Archive, it is concluded that the military admin-istration of the Caucasus took an active part in organizing the scientific study of the region. Rep-resentatives of the local headquarters occupied leading positions in the Caucasian department of the IRGS. Some military men became active participants in the geographical, ethnographic and linguistic study of the Caucasus, including I.I. Khodzko, I.I. Stebnitsky, P.K. Uslar, A.V. Komarov. Created at the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District, the Military History Department gained the status of an important scientific and educational center on the Caucasian outskirts of the empire. His research practices formed an empirical basis for further scientific study of the military past of the Caucasus.
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Matiev, Timur. "The Policy of the White Movement in the North Caucasus in 1919—1920 in the Assessments of the Leaders of the Mountain National Movement (Based on the Materials of the Mountain Émigré Press)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017092-0.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the folding and evolution of the attitude of mountain democratic leaders to the policy and practice of the White Guard political and military leadership, as well as to the actions of the troops of the Volunteer Army in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus. Particular attention is paid to such moments as the position of the white movement on the rights of nations to self-determination; the relationship of whites with the Union of the United Highlanders of the North Caucasus and Dagestan, and after that — with the Mountain Republic; their position in relation to the land and national question in the North Caucasus. The evolution of views and assessments of highland emigration is traced both on the role and place of the White movement in the recent history of the region, and on the past and future of historical ties between the North Caucasus and Russia. An attempt is made to analyze the changes in a number of accents in these assessments over time and under the influence of the development of the situation in the Caucasus, the USSR and the world as a whole.
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Grishchenko, Alexey. "Don historian P.G. Chernopitsky: “The main thing for him was the truth”." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2020): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi12.
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The article tells about the life path and research work of the Don agricultural historian P.G. Chernopitsky. The stages of scientific creativity are determined, the main scientific works in the context of the era are considered, its position on the debatable problems of the Don and North Caucasus history, in particular, on the essence and stages of decossackization is determined. The contribution of P. G. Chernopitsky to the study of the socio -economic history of the Soviet pre -collective farm village, collectivization, the famine of 1932-1933 in the North Caucasus, the history of the Don Cossacks in the Soviet period is demonstrated. Relations with colleagues at Rostov State University are highlighted.