Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle trade New Zealand'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Cattle trade New Zealand.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Cattle trade New Zealand"
1
Grace, Neville D., and Scott O. Knowles. "Trace Element Supplementation of Livestock in New Zealand: Meeting the Challenges of Free-Range Grazing Systems." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/639472.
Full textAbstract:
Managing the mineral nutrition of free-range grazing livestock can be challenging. On farms where grazing animals are infrequently yarded, there are limited opportunities to administer trace element supplements via feeds and concentrates. In New Zealand, where the majority of sheep, cattle, and deer graze pasture year round, inadequate intake of cobalt, copper, iodine and selenium is prevalent. Scientists and farmers have developed efficient strategies to monitor and treat these dietary deficiencies. Supplementation methods suited to grazing livestock include long-acting injections, slow-release intraruminal boluses, trace element-amended fertilisers, and reticulated water supplies on dairy farms.
2
Dahlanuddin, Tanda Panjaitan, Scott Waldron, Michael J. Halliday, Andrew Ash, Steve T. Morris, and H. Max Shelton. "Adoption of leucaena-based feeding systems in Sumbawa, eastern Indonesia and its impact on cattle productivity and farm profitability." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)428-436.
Full textAbstract:
Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena has been fed to cattle by the Balinese community in Sumbawa and West Sumbawa districts on Sumbawa Island since the 1980s. However, prior to 2011, this practice was not adopted by the local Sumbawanese farmers. Since then, a model leucaena-based cattle fattening system was developed in Sumbawa and West Sumbawa districts in a collaborative research project between the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP), University of Mataram and The University of Queensland (UQ) funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), followed by a scaling-out project involving collaboration between the University of Mataram and CSIRO (Applied Research and Innovation Systems in Agriculture - ARISA project) funded by DFAT (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) promoting public-private partnerships. Further promotion of leucaena-based fattening systems occurred in Dompu, Sumbawa, through a project with the University of Mataram and Massey University funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT). By the end of October 2018, more than 2,500 farmers on Sumbawa Island were practicing leucaena-based cattle fattening. The main drivers of adoption of cattle fattening with leucaena were: (1) The high growth rates achieved (0.4–0.6 kg/d for bulls fed 100% leucaena and 0.66 kg/d when maize grain was added to the leucaena basal diet) compared with 0.16 kg/d for the traditional system, combined with high profitability; (2) the needs of farmers being met in terms of relevance and cultural appropriateness; (3) field extension staff being well trained and mentored, and respected by the farmers; (4) the local government being highly supportive of leucaena-based cattle fattening; and (5) additional benefits being increased dressing percentage and high carcass quality. The rapid increase in the use of leucaena for cattle fattening in eastern Indonesia is expected to have a significant positive impact on household incomes as well as on regional economic growth.
3
Morris, C. A., R. L. Baker, S. M. Hickey, D. L. Johnson, N. G. Cullen, and J. A. Wilson. "Evidence of genotype by environment interaction for reproductive and maternal traits in beef cattle." Animal Science 56, no. 1 (February 1993): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006176.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA total of 161 bulls from 11 breeds were used to generate crossbred calves from Angus cows in 1973 to 1977 at each of three diverse New Zealand locations, and from Hereford cows at one of the locations in the same years. The bulls comprised four local breeds, Angus, Friesian, Hereford, and Jersey, and seven recently imported breeds, Blonde d'Aquitaine, Charolais, Chianina, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Simmental and South Devon. This paper reports the reproductive and maternal performance of the straightbred and first-cross cows over the first four calvings, with first mating as yearlings at 14 to 16 months of age. A total of 7575 mating records from 2109 cows were analysed. Location differences were greater for reproduction than for growth traits and resulted in genotype × environment interactions for some components of cow performance and particularly the composite traits, weight of calf weaned per cow joined (productivity) and cow ‘efficiency’ (the ratio of productivity to cow weight). At all locations the Friesian-cross cows weaned the greatest weight of calf per head but were matched or surpassed by the lighter Jersey crosses in terms of efficiency of calf production. Most of the European crosses performed relatively much better in the most favourable environment than in the harsh environment and this was particularly marked for the productivity of Simmental crosses. Heterosis as a proportion of the purebred mean was important for cow performance and particularly pregnancy rate (0·12), productivity (0·21) and the efficiency ratio (0·16). Heritabilities for weight and age at puberty were both 0·34 (s.e. 0·08). Repeatabilities and heritabilities for cow reproductive traits were low (0·0 to 0·10) but higher for calf weights up to weaning as a trait of the cow (0·09 to 0·38). In general, the large European breeds which excelled in growth and carcass production produced female progeny which reached puberty at greater ages, had lower reproductive performance (especially in less favourable environments) and larger mature size. Some breed utilization strategies to achieve trade-offs between these genetic antagonisms are discussed.
4
Ash, AJ, and DMS Smith. "Evaluating Stocking Rate Impacts in Rangelands: Animals Don't Practice What We Preach." Rangeland Journal 18, no. 2 (1996): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9960216.
Full textAbstract:
paper session 29: Molecular biology - forage quality. In: Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress, pp. 1105-6. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. United States Department of Agriculture. (1980). Report and recommendations on organic farming. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. VanTassel, L. W., Heitschmidt, R.K. and Conner, J.R. (1987). Modeling variation in range calf growth under conditions of environmental uncertainty. J. Range. Manage. 40: 310-4. Walker, B.H. (1993). Stability in rangelands: ecology and economics. In: Proc. XW International Grassland Congress, pp. 1885-90. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Walker, J.W. (1994). Multispecies grazing: the ecological advantage. Sheep Res. J. Special Issue: 52-64. Walker, A.B., Frizelle, J.A. and Morris, S.D. (1994). The New Zealand policy framework for sustainable agriculture and some implications for animal production research. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim Prod. 54: 369-72. Walker, J.W., Heitschmidt, R.K., DeMoraes, E.A., Kothmann, M.M. and Dowhower, S.L. (1989). Quality and botanical composition of cattle diets under rotational and continuous grazing treatments. J. Range Manage . 42: 239-42. Whitson, R.E., Heitschmidt, R.K., Kothmann, M.M. and Lundgren, G.K. (1982). The impact of grazing systems on the magnitude and stability of ranch income in the Rolling Plains of Texas. J. Range Manage .35: 526-32. Wight, J.R. and Hanson, C.L. (1993). Simulation models as decision aids for management of rangeland ecosystems. In: Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress, pp. 770-1. Keeling and Mundy Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand. Wilson, A.D., Harrington, G.N. and Beale, I.F. (1984). Grazing management. In: Management of Australia's rangelands (Eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson and M.D. Young) pp. 129-40. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia. Wood, W.R. and Thiessen, T.D. (Eds) (1985). Early fur trade on the Northern Plains: the narratives of John Macdonnell, David Thompson, Francois-Antoine Laraocque and Charles McKenzie. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Manuscript received 4 April 1996, accepted 30 July 1996. Rangel. J. 18(2) 1996, 216-43 EVALUATING STOCKING RATE IMPACTS IN RANGELANDS: ANIMALS DON'T PRACTICE WHAT WE PREACH A.J. Ash1 and D.M. Stafford Smith2 'CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, PMB, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814 2CSIR0 Division of Wildlife and Ecology, PO Box 2111, Alice Springs, NT 0871 Abstract Stocking rate is the most important management variable affecting productivity and stability in rangelands. In this paper we examine the relevance of stocking rate research to the complex and highly variable ecosystems that make up most rangeland enterprises. We review a number of stocking rate experiments that have been conducted in both rangelands and more intensively grazed, improved pastures and demonstrate a fundamental difference in the nature of the stocking rate - animal production relationship between the two environments. Animal production in rangelands is less sensitive to increases in utilisation rate than in improved pastures, at least in the short to medium time frame of most experiments. These differences can largely be explained by factors relating to the much greater spatial and temporal variability of rangelands such as: inter-annual and seasonal fluctuations in vegetation composition and quality; long-term vegetation changes; and spatial and temporal patterns of diet selection in complex vegetation. Together, these factors limit the application of linear stocking rate models to complex rangeland environments for prediction of animal production responses. We suggest that dynamic simulation models, which incorporate the spatial and temporal variability of rangelands, may be the best way of developing simple but useful management principles for setting stocking rates that are more appropriate than simplified regression relationships.
5
Bates, Andrew, Matt Wells, Richard Anthony Laven, and Meg Simpson. "Reduction in morbidity and mortality of dairy calves from an injectable trace mineral supplement." Veterinary Record 184, no. 22 (April 25, 2019): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105082.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of a multimineral preparation on the health and growth of spring born, dairy calves was investigated on four New Zealand pastoral farms. Calves were randomly allocated injections within 24 hours of birth, 35 days and 70 days after birth. Injections contained 40 mg zinc, 10 mg manganese, 5 mg selenium, 15 mg copper and 5 mg chromium per ml (Multimin+Se+ Cu+Cr Cattle, Virbac South Africa) at 1 ml/50 kg body weight. Morbidity, mortality from natural challenge and growth rates were recorded for 140 days. There were no differences in morbidity and mortality within 48 hours of birth for treated calves compared with controls, P=0.192. Morbidity and mortality were highest at 3–35 days (7.5 per cent [95 per cent CI 5.00 to 9.99] treated calves sick and 15.6 per cent [95 per cent CI 12.48 to 18.73] controls sick, P<0.001). For this period, mortality was lower at 4.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 2.49 to 6.41) treated calves and 10.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 7.78 to 13.03) controls, P<0.001. Allowing for potential confounders, the adjusted OR of treated calves scouring between 3 and 35 days was 0.44 (95 per cent CI 0.24 to 0.82, P=0.009). Allowing for potential confounders, from 0 to 140 days a second model predicted treatment approximately halved the probability of morbidity and mortality (P<0.001). There was no difference in the daily rate of gain (0.67 kg/day [95 per cent CI 0.66 to 0.67] for treated calves).
6
Thornton, R. N., E. J. Thompson, and J. P. Duhey. "Neosporaabortion in New Zealand cattle." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 39, no. 4 (December 1991): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1991.35679.
Full text
7
Rolfe, Jim. "New Zealand: Trade, security and morality." Pacific Review 5, no. 3 (January 1992): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512749208718989.
Full text
8
Hazledine, Tim. "New Zealand Trade Patterns and Policy." Australian Economic Review 26, no. 4 (October 1993): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1993.tb00807.x.
Full text
9
Bryant, J. R., N. López-Villalobos, J. E. Pryce, C. W. Holmes, D. L. Johnson, and D. J. Garrick. "Environmental Sensitivity in New Zealand Dairy Cattle." Journal of Dairy Science 90, no. 3 (March 2007): 1538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71639-9.
Full text
10
Thompson, J. C., R. N. Thornton, S. N. Bruere, and R. S. Ellison. "Selenium reference ranges in New Zealand cattle." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, no. 2 (April 1998): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1998.36058.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cattle trade New Zealand"
1
Kakwaya, Damian Saranga Muhongo. "Canadian/New Zealand genotype-environment interaction trial : comparison of growth traits of Canadian and New Zealand dairy cattle in Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29883.
Full textAbstract:
This study, being part of a larger project - "Canadian/New Zealand GxE Interaction Trial" - is comparing Canadian and New Zealand sired heifers for growth traits within Canada, since differences for growth traits were found in the Polish strain comparison (Jasiorowski et al., 1987) and due to selection programs in the two countries.
Twenty Canadian Holstein and twenty New Zealand Friesian progeny tested, A.I. bulls were randomly mated to over 1,000 cows in 10 Canadian herds. 3,539 records of weight and wither height from 475 heifers (i.e. 241 Canadian and 234 New Zealand sired) were generated. Subsets of the data for different stages of heifer maturity were analyzed separately. Herd and strain effects least squares means were estimated using analysis of variance. Genetic and phenotypic and correlations and heritability for weight and wither height were estimated by a Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) algorithm and an animal model (AM).
No differences were found between sire strains for weight except at 15 and 18 months where sib groups of Canadian (CN) sires were heavier than their New Zealand (NZ) contemporaries (393 vs 386 kg and 447 vs 445 kg,
respectively). CN sired heifers were taller at all ages except at birth, 3 and 9 months of age. At 24 months CN heifers were 136 cm while NZ heifers were 133 cm.
Heritability estimates for weight at birth was 0.62 for the CN strain and 0.59 for the NZ strain. CN estimates (3 to 6 months) and NZ estimates (3 to 9 months) were close to zero. Between 9 to 24 months CN strain estimates ranged from 0.44 to 0.69 while NZ estimates were 0.17 to 0.51. The joint estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.66.
Heritability estimates for wither height for CN strain at birth and between 9 to 21 months were between 0.34 to 0.66 and close to zero between 3 to 6 and at 24 months. The NZ estimates at birth, 18, 21 and 24 months were between 0.36 to 0.93 but close to zero between 3 to 15 months. The joint estimates ranged from 0.32 to 0.75 between 12 to 24 months.
Genetic correlations between weight and wither height ranged from 0.62 to 1.0 for CN strain and from -0.04 to 0.91 for NZ strain between 4.5 to 21 months. At six months of age the genetic correlation for CN strain was -0.01 and NZ strain was 0.54. At birth, both sire groups had a genetic correlation of 1.0.
At 24 months NZ strain had a genetic correlation of 0.84 while that of the CN strain was 0. Genetic correlations for the joint analysis ranged from 0.61 to 1.0 for all ages except at 6 months (0.18).
Phenotypic correlations between weight and wither height were between 0.33 to 0.60 for CN group and 0.33 to 0.62 for NZ group. The joint estimates were 0.36 to 0.61.
There were no differences in the phenotypic variances except at 9, 12 and 15 months. Genetic variances were different at all ages except at birth for weight.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
2
Gollan, Hugh. "The New Zealand dairy industry--international trade & industry structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13343.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1991.Title as it appears in the June, 1991 M.I.T. Graduate List: International trade in dairy products and the New Zeland industry.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Hugh Gollan.
M.S.
3
Chu, Shiou-Yen Ni Shawn. "Macroeconomic trade-offs in small open economies." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6887.
Full textAbstract:
Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 24, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Shawn Ni. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
4
Chang, Jiang. "Strategic responses to New Zealand-China free trade agreement : a case study of New Zealand natural health products industry : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce and Administration in International Business /." ResearchArchive e-thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1131.
Full text
5
Chetty, Kamala (Sylvie). "International trade performance of New Zealand manufacturing: An industry and enterprise-level study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4321.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis attempts to establish the key factors influencing trade performance at both industry and enterprise-level. The underlying purpose is to consolidate the diverse literature in International Marketing as well as provide new insights. For the industry-level study, trade performance models are developed and tested to explain changes in exports and imports for a cross-section of New Zealand manufacturing industries between 1985 and 1990. Increased exports are associated with larger firm sizes, lower levels of advertising intensity and least trade protection (by either tariff or export subsidy). The largest increases in imports have been in those industries which are relatively highly concentrated, with higher R&D intensities, and higher levels of tariff protection and foreign ownership. The key to raising the export performance of manufacturing in general, seems to lie with increasing the quantity and improving the quality of product-related R&D carried out in New Zealand.
A meta-analysis of 111 studies on export performance conducted during the period 1978-1991 was done to identify the key variables at enterprise-level. A multi-case study of 12 small to medium-sized firms, six from the timber processing industry and six from the electrical industrial machinery industry, was conducted to gather data for this section. The key variables identified in the meta-analysis are confirmed. The findings show that firm size drives export growth at both industry and enterprise-level. The study provides new insights on how the export behaviour process operates. Enterprises in both industries behave in a similar manner but there are significant differences in the behaviour between exporters and non-exporters. There is considerable overlap within export strategies among the group of eight exporters thus ruling out export strategy as an explanation for export performance.
6
Churton, Wade Ronald. "Alternative music in New Zealand,1981-2001 definitions, comparisons and history." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1030.
Full textAbstract:
Alternative music was a cultural practice, which became a significant feature of New Zealand's local and national history over the last two decades of the twentieth century. Features of technology, economics and music culture influenced the creation and course of local independent music scenes, along with factors such as cultural remoteness. This thesis isolates and collates key factors and time periods of international music industry history, and refracts the information through alternative music in general, providing a coherent definition of the term. The history and definitions of New Zealand's alternative music history are then assessed for the period 1981-2001, with especial reference to the Flying Nun label and 'Dunedin Sound'.
7
McPherson, Angus J. "Market opportunities and strategies for New Zealand grown radiata pine in the UK." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333689.
Full text
8
Chellew, Brittany. "How Effectively does New Zealand Export to the European Union? A Multidisciplinary Approach." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2679.
Full textAbstract:
For a small state such as New Zealand, trade and economic partnerships are extremely important for economic survival. However, the tyranny of distance complicates this somewhat. Historically, New Zealand has always been dependent on exporting agricultural products. There are examples in New Zealand’s history of innovative ideas being utilised to New Zealand’s economic advantage, such as the advent of refrigerated shipping to the United Kingdom.
An important economic partner for New Zealand is the European Union. The European Union is the world’s largest trade power, a formidable partner for a small state, such as New Zealand, to contend with in trade related matters. The agricultural protectionist policies of the European Union are an issue for New Zealand to work around. However, the European Union is also a welcoming market for high quality products that New Zealand should supply. New Zealand’s small size means that the country has to focus on producing high quality products rather than mass production. This thesis proposes to make recommendations for the types of products New Zealand should export to the European Union, in what quantities, and by which methods. This is important for New Zealand producers and exporters to take into account if New Zealand is to expand its exports to the European Union.
9
Wirawan, Ruth E., and n/a. "An investigation into the antimicrobial repertoire of Streptococcus uberis." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070312.142108.
Full textAbstract:
Streptococcus uberis, an environmental organism also associated with dairy animals, is a common and persistent cause of bovine mastitis. New approaches to control these infections need to be identified. One such strategy may be the application of bacteriocins; proteinaceous antimicrobials elaborated by bacteria that typically inhibit the growth of strains closely related to the producer organism. The well-characterized lactococcal bacteriocin nisin is the active ingredient in two commercial products currently in use for the prevention of mastitis. However, reports of resistance development have prompted the investigation of alternative bacteriocins to be used in conjunction with nisin in 'bacteriocin cocktails' designed to have more comprehensive inhibitory activity against mastitis pathogens. The bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria have been divided into four distinct classes: (I) lantibiotics, (II) non-lantibiotic peptides, (III) large proteins, and (IV) circular peptides.
Although it has been known for more than twenty years that S. uberis commonly produce bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS), none had been characterised prior to the present study. The first step in the current investigation was a survey of the BLIS activities of a set of fifteen S. uberis and S. bovis strains against a set of standard indicators as well as common gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Additional tests using a deferred antagonism agar plate-based assay showed that some of the BLIS activities were heat-sensitive and their production was influenced by the presence of either blood or a fermentable carbohydrate source in the test medium. On the basis of the results obtained from these tests it became apparent that S. uberis and S. bovis may commonly produce more than a single inhibitory agent.
S. uberis 42 became the focus of this study because (a) it had broad inhibitory activity against mastitis-associated bacteria, (b) it did not display cross-resistance to nisin, and (c) from the preliminary screening results it appeared to produce both heat-stable and heat-labile inhibitory agents. Acid extracts of S. uberis 42 cells yielded inhibitory activity that, when fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC, yielded a peptide of 3029 Da. Although this peptide was blocked to Edman degradation at position 2, following propanethiol-modification a 20-amino acid sequence was obtained. Degenerate primers to lantibiotic biosynthesis gene homologs were used to initiate inverse PCR and primer walking, ultimately yielding a 15-kb contiguous sequence encompassing 11 genes typical of those involved in lantibiotic synthesis, regulation and immunity. Due to the close similarities to nisin of the S. uberis 42 lantibiotic precursor (78%), and the organisation and composition of the locus, this inhibitor was named nisin U. Nucleotide sequences homologous to insertion sequences were detected in the vicinity of the nisin U locus, and indicate a possible mechanism of acquisition of this locus by S. uberis. The locus was detected in ten other S. uberis, and also in two S. agalactiae and two S. thoraltensis strains, and in one S. porcinus and one S. pluranimalium strain. The amino acid sequences of some of these differed in one or two amino acids, and these variants were named nisin U2 and nisin U3 accordingly. Nisin U, the two nisin U variants, and nisin A exhibited cross-immunity (i.e. all of the producer strains were insensitive to each form of nisin) and cross-inducibility (i.e. all of the producer strains displayed enhanced production when exposed to each form of nisin).
Nisin U did not contribute to the entire spectrum of inhibitory activity of S. uberis 42. Freeze thaw extracts of S. uberis 42 agar cultures yielded heat-labile inhibitory activity that was inhibitory to L. lactis A5, a producer of nisin Z. Subsequent purification by cation-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and reversed-phase HPLC yielded a peptide of mass 7048 Da, which was resistant to Edman degradation. Digestion with chymotrypsin released an 819 Da peptide fragment of sequence NH₂-KAQAVIW-COOH. Tn916 mutagenesis of S. uberis 42 enabled the identification of the genetic locus of the inhibitor, comprising six genes potentially involved in its biosynthesis and immunity. The detection of a pair of flanking 159-bp direct repeats indicates possible acquisition of the locus by 'long target duplication'. The inhibitor was inferred to be a circular peptide, on the basis of its behaviour to Edman degradation, and by comparison of its locus with that of other circular bacteriocins. On the basis that the purified peptide appears to induce lysis in sensitive bacteria, although by an as-yet unidentified mechanism, the inhibitor was named uberolysin. The uberolysin structural gene was detected in eight other strains of S. uberis, however not all of these appeared to be producing active inhibitor.
No bacteriocins closely resembling the two reported in this thesis have been demonstrated previously to be produced by members of the genus Streptococcus. The remarkable diversity in the structures, activity spectra and basic modes of action of these two bacteriocins produced by a single strain of S. uberis, combined with the observation of apparent greater heterogeneity in properties of a preliminary sampling of BLIS-producing strains, indicates that these bacteria may be an important source of novel antimicrobials of potential value for the treatment of mixed bacterial infections and for minimising potential resistance development.
10
Negro, Sandra Silvia. "Reproductive ecology and life history trade-offs in a dimorphic polygynous mammal, the New Zealand fur seal." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2505.
Full textAbstract:
Polygyny is the most common mating system in mammalian species (95%), yet our understanding of polygynous systems and microevolutionary processes is still limited. Pinniped mating systems range from extreme polygyny (e.g. elephant seals) to sequential female defence by males and hence have often been used as models for mating system studies. Parentage analysis has enabled the examination of mating success, the identification of pedigrees, and the elucidation of social organisation, greatly enhancing our understanding of mating systems (Chapter 1). However, such analyses are not without pitfalls, with erroneous assignments common in open systems (i.e. when parental and offspring samplings are incomplete). We investigated the effects of the user-defined parameters on the accuracy of parental assignment using two commonly used parental allocation programme, CERVUS and PASOS (Chapter 2). We showed that inaccurate user-defined parameters in CERVUS and PASOS can lead to highly biased output e.g. the assignment rate at 95% CL of offspring with a sampled known mother to sampled males decreased from 58% to 32% when the proportion of candidate males sampled in the parameter options decreasing 4-fold. We found that the use of both CERVUS and PASOS for parentage assignment can increase the likelihood of correctly allocating offspring to sampled parents to 97% in our study system. Incorrect parental assignment can bias estimates of various biological parameters, such as lifetime reproductive success and mate choice preference, and hence bias ecological and evolutionary interpretations. Here, we propose solutions to increase the power of parentage assignment and hence decrease the bias in biological parameter estimates. In addition, we analysed the effects of the intrinsic bias in likelihood assignment approaches towards assigning higher probability of parentage on individuals with rare alleles and those with heightened offspring-parent matches, which increase with the number of homozygous loci (Chapter 3). We showed that, as a consequence of the algorithms employed in the programmes CERVUS and PASOS, heterozygote males with rare genotypes are assigned higher rates of parentage than males with common alleles. Consequently, where two males could both be biological fathers of a given offspring, parentage assignment will more often go to the male with the rarer alleles (most often in heterozygous loci). Thus, the commonly used parentage assignment methods may systematically bias the results of parentage analyses towards supporting the notion that females prefer more genetically unusual, most often heterozygous, males. Such a bias may sway investigators towards incorrectly supporting the concept that females choose genetically more unusual males for heterozygosity fitness benefits that underpin the good genes hypothesis, when in fact no such relationship may exist. In polygynous mammals, successful males mate with multiple females by competing with and limiting the access of other males to females. When the status of many males (age, size, health, genetic etc.) prevents them from achieving the primary mating tactic, theory predicts selection for a diversification of male mating tactics. Recent studies in pinnipeds have shown that observed male mating success was correlated to male paternity success in some species (elephant-seals), but not in others (grey seals). The existence of alternative mating strategies can explain those discrepancies. Chapter 4 implemented the guidelines provided in Chapter 2 and 3 and focused on the polygynous New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri, predicting that 1) competition for females is likely to cause a diversification of male mating tactics; and 2) that alternative tactics can yield reproductive success. Our results indicated three male behavioural profiles; one corresponded to large territorial males and two illustrated a continuum of alternative tactics employed by non-territorial subordinate males. Our study highlights that holding a territory is not a necessary condition for reproductive success in a population of otariids. The degree of sexual size dimorphism in polygynous species is expected to increase with the degree of intra-sexual competition and in turn with the degree of polygyny. The life history of an individual is the pattern of resource allocations to growth, maintenance, and reproduction throughout its lifetime. Both females and males incur viability costs of mating and reproduction. However, male viability costs due to increase growth and male-male competition can be greater than female viability costs of mate choice and reproduction. Although an abundant literature on sexual dimorphism in morphology, physiology, and parasite infections is available, little is known on the intra-sexual differences in physiology and parasite infections associated to the reproductive success of different mating strategies in mammalian species. Chapter 5 examined the reproductive costs between territorial and subordinate males New Zealand fur seal related to their relative reproductive success using a multidisciplinary approach (behaviour, genetics, endocrinology, parasitology). We found that dominant New Zealand fur seal males endure higher reproductive costs due to the direct and indirect effects of high testosterone levels and parasite burdens. Our study highlights that holding a territory confers a higher reproductive success, but induces higher costs of reproduction that may impair survival. Understanding microevolutionary processes associated to polygynous systems is fundamental in light of the ongoing anthropogenic alteration of the environment through climatic variations and habitat reduction which ultimately affect opportunity for sexual selection and shape the life history trade-offs.
Books on the topic "Cattle trade New Zealand"
1
New Zealand Veterinary Association Sheep and Beef Cattle Society . Seminar. Trace elements in ruminants: Proceedings of the 22nd Sheep and Beef Cattle Seminar, New Zealand Veterinary Association, June, 1992, Rotorua : incorporating the NZVA Conference. Palmerston North (New Zealand): Massey University, 1992.
Find full text
2
Meadows, Graham. The New Zealand guide to cattle breeds. Auckland: Reed, 1996.
Find full text
3
Bushuk, Walter. Wheat New Zealand, 1769-4994. Christchurch, N.Z: New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research, 1995.
Find full text
4
O'Rourke, A. Desmond. New Zealand apples--formidable competitor. Pullman: International Marketing Program for Agricultural Commodities & Trade, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1990.
Find full text
5
New Zealand. Ministry of Economic Development. Explore New Zealand: Petroleum. Wellington, N.Z.]: Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development, 2000.
Find full text
6
Hazeldine, Tim. Taking New Zealand seriously. Auckland: HarperCollins Publishers (NZ)Ltd, 1998.
Find full text
7
Trade policy, processing, and New Zealand forestry. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2000.
Find full text
8
Peter, Thomas. United we stand: Trade unions in New Zealand. Auckland, N.Z: Longman Paul, 1986.
Find full text
9
Lang, Kevin. Trade liberalisation and the New Zealand labour market. Thorndon, Wellington, N.Z: New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, 1989.
Find full text
10
Lang, Kevin. Trade liberalisation and the New Zealand labour market. Wellington: NZ Institute of Economic Research, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cattle trade New Zealand"
1
Hall, David. "Trade Agreements." In Agricultural Economics and Food Policy in New Zealand, 391–407. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86300-5_25.
Full text
2
Fearnley, Clare. "New Zealand: A Trade-Led Economic Recovery." In China and Globalization, 117–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8086-1_15.
Full text
3
Firth, Alison. "Reception of EU Trade Mark Law in New Zealand." In Importing EU Norms, 169–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13740-7_11.
Full text
4
Zhang, Yanyan, and Qianhong Zhang. "Study on the Trade Effect of China-New Zealand Free Trade Area." In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management, 1503–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93351-1_118.
Full text
5
Roberts, Paul R. "New Zealand Fishery: Background, Management Issues, and Groundfish Data." In Econometric Modelling of the World Trade in Groundfish, 487–505. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3160-5_31.
Full text
6
Beal, Tim. "Trade with the People’s Republic of China—The Early Years." In China, New Zealand, and the Complexities of Globalization, 73–101. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51690-9_3.
Full text
7
Frankel, Susy, and Megan Richardson. "Limits of Free Trade Agreements: The New Zealand/Australia Experience." In MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 315–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30888-8_11.
Full text
8
Fukuda, Tomoko. "Used Vehicles and Auto Parts Trade in New Zealand and Pacific Island Countries." In International Trade of Secondhand Goods, 91–129. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55579-5_5.
Full text
9
Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Sheep, Pastures, and Demography in Australia." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Succeeding phases of British economic growth prompted strikingly different imperatives for expansion, for natural resource exploitation, and for the social organization of extra-European production. In the eighteenth century, sugar, African slaves, and shipping in the Atlantic world provided one major dynamic of empire. But in the nineteenth century, antipodean settlement and trade, especially that resulting from expanding settler pastoral frontiers, was responsible for some of the most dramatic social and environmental transformations. Plantations occupied relatively little space in the new social geography of world production. By contrast, commercial pastoralism, which took root most energetically in the temperate and semi-arid regions of the newly conquered world, was land-hungry but relatively light in its demands for labour. The Spanish Empire based in Mexico can be considered a forerunner. By the 1580s, within fifty years of their introduction, there were an estimated 4.5 million merino sheep in the Mexican highlands. The livestock economy, incorporating cattle as well as sheep, spread northwards through Mexico to what became California by the eighteenth century. Settler intrusions followed in the vast landmasses of southern Latin America, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Australia was one of the last-invaded of these territories, and, in respect of the issues that we are exploring, was in some senses distinctive. Unlike Canada and South Africa, there was no long, slow period of trade and interaction with the indigenous population; like the Caribbean, the Aboriginal people were quickly displaced by disease and conquest. The relative scale of the pastoral economy was greater than in any other British colony. Supply of meat and dairy products to rapidly growing ports and urban centres was one priority for livestock farmers. Cattle ranching remained a major feature of livestock production in Australia. Bullock-carts, not dissimilar to South African ox-wagons, were essential for Australian transport up to the 1870s. But for well over a century, from the 1820s to the 1950s and beyond, sheep flooded the southern lands. Although mutton became a significant export from New Zealand and South America, wool was probably the major product of these pastoral hinterlands—and a key focus of production in Australia and South Africa. The growth in antipodean sheep numbers was staggering.
10
"New Zealand." In Trade Profiles, 125. WTO, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/279fa8d1-en.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Cattle trade New Zealand"
1
Manishkumar Patel, Kenil, and Shahid Ali. "A Study of Regression Testing for Trade me Website." In 9th International Conference of Security, Privacy and Trust Management (SPTM 2021). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.110505.
Full textAbstract:
Regression testing plays a critical role to verify the functionality testing of a product. Trade Me is New Zealand based website. It is one of the major websites in New Zealand dealing in buying and selling online. The aim of this research is to find out the functionalities of Trade Me website after injecting new features. Automation regression suite is used to execute test scripts which helped the company to save time and cost compared to manual testing. Automation regression test suite also helped to prioritize test cases are designed in such a way that it can maximize the fault detection. For research analysis scrum methodology is used to meet the ultimate desires of software development companies and to increase the client satisfaction.
2
Evelin, Evelin, Firman Rosjadi, and Aluisius Hery Pratono. "Dispute Settlement on Trade-Restriction of the Horticultural and Animal Products (Case study of Indonesia, New Zealand, and USA)." In Proceedings of the Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sores-18.2019.129.
Full text
3
Sva¨rd, Solvie Herstad, Stig Backman, Anders Kullendorff, Hans-A˚ke Tilly, Leo Virta, and Egon Sternga˚rd. "Co-Combustion of Animal Waste in Fluidised Bed Boilers: Operating Experiences and Emission Data." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-135.
Full textAbstract:
Crushed animal waste, given the trade name Biomal, has successfully been combusted in Fluidized Bed Boilers with low emission data. About 500 tons of Biomal were co-combusted in full scale tests in commercial boilers with wood chips, peat and sorted municipal waste. The mixing ratios varied between 30% and 65% depending on the fuel mix. In order to minimize the spread of BSE-infection among cattle a new EU legislation became effective in October 2000. This regulation stipulates that animal waste such as carcasses and SRM (Specific Risk Material) from slaughterhouses has to be destroyed by combustion. The company Konvex AB, which in Sweden is responsible for taking care of this type of animal waste, has together with S.E.P. (Scandinavian Energy Project AB) developed a cost effective concept for using animal waste as a fuel without first processing it into fat and meat meal. The Biomal fuel has been continuously co-combusted for 7 days in a 12 MWth bubbling fluidized bed boiler and for 3 days in a 40 MWth circulating fluidized bed boiler with very good operating performance. During the test periods ordinary emission data such as CO, SO2, NOx, TOC etc. as well as specific compounds such as Dioxins and heavy metals were measured recorded. All data including operating parameters in the EU regulation for co-combustion of waste, EU 2000/76/EG, were met. The CO-levels were below 50 mg/m3n and the TOC-levels were most of the time undetectable and well below 10 mg/m3n. • Despite a much higher nitrogen content in the Biomal fuel compared to wood chips the NOx-emissions were unaffected or in some chases reduced by up to 50% while firing Biomal. • No increased Dioxin emission where measured.
4
Henjo, John Ken. "Enhancing Professional Skills of Staff at Ituani VCT through the TVET Professional Development Toolkit for the Pacific." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.8802.
Full textAbstract:
Informal studies in Vanuatu indicate that ICT training is promoted but centralized in the urban areas (Port Vila and Luganville), with 70 % of the population coming from rural communities to the urban areas just to access the ICT services. ltuani Vocational Skills Centre (VSC) was established in 2015 to take ICT services and training to rural and remote communities, targeting orphans; girls and women; and people with disabilities. Ituani VCT is the first rural training centre to be registered under the Vanuatu Qualification Authority (VQA) to deliver accredited computer courses through outreach program to target rural schools and communities called ICT to schools and communities. // The major challenges experienced in the outreach programme is the travelling situations, since the provinces and islands are scattered in six different provinces, making it difficult and costly to travel by air, sea, and land due to the bad conditions of the roads and sea. To address these challenges, blended learning approaches was identified as key ensure that the rural communities access the digital skills. Given that the trainers at Ituani did not have relevant skills for blended learning, the TVET Professional Development Online Toolkit for the Pacific was used as a basis for upskilling the staff. The Toolkit was developed through collaboration between the Commonwealth of Learning (COL) and the Pacific Centre for Flexible and Open Learning for Development (PACFOLD) with funding from the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. // Project team was set up, project design workshop was held to develop a detailed project plan, relevant stakeholders were identified and included in project activities. The Toolkit was used to identify training gaps among trainers and develop strategies for upskilling the trainers. Baseline data was collected, five(5)trainers including three(3) males and two (2) females were upskilled with support from COL consultants, the trainers conducted training to fifthy (50) learners including thirty (30) women/girls and twenty (20) men/boys using the knowledge and skills acquired for blended learning, and endline data was gathered, and the Vanuatu VQA recognized skills acquired through the outreach programme.
5
Muthu, Madhan, and Tony Mays. "Structured Access to Curated Open Educational Resources Aligned to National School Curricula: An Experiment in the Commonwealth Member States in the Pacific Region." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.7674.
Full textAbstract:
We have been witnessing a global experiment in delivering emergency remote teaching using distance learning, internet, web and related technologies, since the World Health Organization announced its assessment that ‘Covid-19 can be characterized as a pandemic’ on 11 March 2020. // The shift to digital has made more teachers and institutions realise the importance of structured access to open educational resources (OER) – learning materials having open licenses. However, availability of OER in a structured way alone, though important, may not increase the use and re-use by teachers and learners. Research evidence suggests that OER use is maximized when they are contextualised for local needs. A survey conducted by COL and the OER Foundation in 2020 highlighted the need for curated OER aligned to national and institutional curricula. // Since much before this unprecedented situation, the Commonwealth of Learning (COL) has been promoting the use of open and distance learning (ODL) to help build more resilient education systems. With a view to helping teachers and learners in the Commonwealth member states in the Pacific region have access to curated OER collections aligned to their national curriculum, COL and PACFOLD with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand created a platform using EPrints – open-source software developed by the University of Southampton. The platform hosts nationally-defined OER collections with the flexibility of having choices of access points based on the local curriculum taxonomy. At the same time, by defining individual OERs in the collections using structured metadata schema, the national level collections ensure metadata level interoperability. // This paper presents the preliminary findings from a pragmatic attempt to support engagement with OER in the Commonwealth member states in the Pacific region. It also provides insight into the underpinning principles and architecture of the platform, the choices of access points associated with the OER collections, and the metadata schema used to define the collections. The authors of this paper discuss how teachers in the region can use or adapt the OER in the collections in their teaching, and share OER developed by them with all possible users as they respond to the Covid-19 pandemic by moving to remote, blended and/or online teaching. The authors also present the case of the Ministry of Education in Fiji which has started using the platform to organise a collection based on its national curriculum framework.
Reports on the topic "Cattle trade New Zealand"
1
Bracke, Marc B. M., Herman M. Vermeer, and Rick A. van Emous. Animal welfare regulations and practices in 7 (potential) trade-agreement partners of the EU with a focus on laying hens, broilers and pigs : Mexico, Chile, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey and the Philippines. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/475497.
Full text
2
Baszler, Timothy, Igor Savitsky, Christopher Davies, Lauren Staska, and Varda Shkap. Identification of bovine Neospora caninum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for development of peptide-based vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695592.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of the one-year feasibility study was to identify specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes to Neosporacaninum in the natural bovine host in order to make progress toward developing an effective peptide-based vaccine against bovine neosporosis. We tested the hypothesis that: N. caninum SRS2 peptides contain immunogenicCTLepitope clusters cross-presented by multiple bovine MHC-I and MHC-IIhaplotypes. The specific objectives were: (1) Map bovine CTLepitopes of N. caninum NcSRS-2 and identify consensus MHC-I and class-II binding motifs; and (2) Determine if subunit immunization with peptides containing N. caninum-specificCTLepitopes cross-reactive to multiple bovine MHChaplotypes induces a CTL response in cattle with disparate MHChaplotypes. Neosporosis is a major cause of infectious abortion and congenital disease in cattle, persisting in cattle herds via vertical transmission.5 N. caninum abortions are reported in Israel; a serological survey of 52 Israeli dairy herds with reported abortions indicated a 31% infection rate in cows and 16% infection rate in aborted fetuses.9,14 Broad economic loss due to bovine neosporosis is estimated at $35,000,000 per year in California, USA, and $100,000,000 (Australian) per year in Australia and New Zealand.13 Per herd losses in a Canadian herd of 50 cattle are estimated more conservatively at $2,305 (Canadian) annually.4 Up to date practical measures to reduce losses from neosporosis in cattle have not been achieved. There is no chemotherapy available and, although progress has been made toward understanding immunity to Neospora infections, no efficacious vaccine is available to limit outbreaks or prevent abortions. Vaccine development to prevent N. caninum abortion and congenital infection remains a high research priority. To this end, our research group has over the past decade: 1) Identified the importance of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, particularly IFN-γ responses, as necessary for immune protection to congenital neosporosis in mice,1,2,10,11 and 2) Identified MHC class II restricted CD4+ CTL in Neosporainfected Holstein cattle,16 and 3) Identified NcSRS2 as a highly conserved surface protein associated with immunity to Neospora infections in mice and cattle.7,8,15 In this BARD-funded 12 month feasibility study, we continued our study of Neospora immunity in cattle and successfully completed T-lymphocyte epitope mapping of NcSRS2 surface protein with peptides and bovine immune cells,15 fulfilling objective 1. We also documented the importance of immune responses NcSRS2 by showing that immunization with native NcSRS2 reduces congenital Neospora transmission in mice,7 and that antibodies to NcSRS2 specifically inhibition invasion of placental trophoblasts.8 Most importantly we showed that T-lymphocyte responses similar to parasite infection, namely induction of activated IFN-γ secreting Tlymphocytes, could be induced by subunit immunization with NcSRS2 peptides containing the Neospora-specificCTLepitopes (Baszler et al, In preparation) fulfilling objective 2. Both DNA and peptide-based subunit approaches were tested. Only lipopeptide-based NcSRS2 subunits, modified with N-terminal linked palmitic acid to enhance Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR2-TLR1), stimulated robust antigen-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and serum antibody production across different MHC-IIhaplotypes. The discovery of MHC-II cross-reactive T-cellinducing parasite peptides capable of inducing a potentially protective immune response following subunit immunization in cattle is of significant practical importance to vaccine development to bovine neosporosis. In addition, our findings are more widely applicable in future investigations of protective T-cell, subunit-based immunity against other infectious diseases in outbred cattle populations.