Journal articles on the topic 'Cattle Germplasm resources Cryopreservation'
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Kim, S. W., C. Y. Choe, D. K. Kim, A. R. Choi, and H. H. Seong. "35 EFFECTS OF THAWING TEMPERATURE OF FROZEN SEMEN ON VIABILITY OF REFROZEN AND THAWED CHICKSO (KOREAN BRINDLE CATTLE) AND KOREAN ALBINO CATTLE SPERMATOZOA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab35.
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Germplasm cryopreservation from a desired species with agricultural and genetic importance would protect them from the risk for extinction. Semen freezing from Korean native cattle would be a good approach for protecting genetic resources due to their limited numbers. It has been known that sperm could resist cryo-damages by freeze-thaw cycles. Thus, we performed 2 refreezing experiments with different initial thawing temperatures using frozen Korean native cattle semen. A total of 5 Hanwoo, Korean Albino, and brindle cattle were used as semen donors. After thawing by using 5°C/2 min or 37°C/40 s with cooling rates, the semen was diluted with the same volume of cryo-media in the first thawing temperature and refrozen. Sperm motilities were determined and compared between animals and groups after rethawing. The mean sperm concentration and motility was 45 × 106 mL–1 (range 2.3 to 89 × 106 mL–1) and 40% (range 13 to 55%). Mean values of motility and viability of sperm that underwent second preservation were significantly higher in 5°C than in 37°C (P < 0.01). However, the activity of viable sperm thawed at 5°C was significantly decreased before refreezing. It is estimated that refreezing of frozen semen from rare Korean native cattle is possible with resistant properties of survived spermatozoa. The higher motility and viability of refrozen semen could be obtained with 5°C thawing procedure for reuse of frozen semen.
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Arcos, Martha Liliana, Faisury Ossa, and Tito Efraín Díaz. "Criopreservación de aislados nativos de la bacteria ruminal Fibrobacter succinogenes." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 5, no. 1 (October 31, 2004): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol5_num1_art:26.
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<p>En el presente trabajo se estandarizó una técnica de criopreservación en nitrógeno líquido, usando como crioprotector dimetil sulfóxido al 5%, para la preservación de aislados nativos bacterianos de <em>Fibrobacter succinogenes</em>. El respectivo protocolo de criopreservación se evaluó determinando la viabilidad bacteriana por el transcurso de un año. La escala de MacFarland, ampliamente conocida en la estimación de poblaciones bacterianas aerobias, fue validada como técnica de estimación de bacterias anaerobias, usando la técnica de conteo bacteriano por <em>roll-tube </em>(R2 = 0.95). Se utilizaron dos aislados nativos, C7 y C9, de <em>Fibrobacter succinogenes</em>, obtenidos del rumen de bovinos en pastoreo de <em>Brachiaria decumbens</em>, en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Quince días después de la exposición de los cultivos al proceso de criopreservación, se apreció una reducción en el número de bacterias viables con relación a la población inicial de cada uno de los aislados (C7 = 9.25 x 108 UFCml-1 vs. 6.15 x 108 UFCml-1 y C9 = 12.51 x 108 UFCml-1 vs. 9.26 x 108 UFCml-1). Sin embargo, no se presentaron diferencias en la población de bacterias viables en los muestreos posteriores (C7 = 6.13 – 6.16 x 108; C9 = 9.26 – 9.35 x 108 UFCml-1). Esta técnica permite mantener la viabilidad bacteriana y puede considerarse como un procedimiento eficiente y de fácil aplicación para la preservación de bacterias ruminales. Además, constituye una herramienta fundamental para el establecimiento de bancos de germoplasma de microorganismos anaerobios ruminales en Colombia. El uso conjunto de las técnicas de criopreservación y la escala de MacFarland, posee ventajas sobre los métodos de preservación y estimación de poblaciones por cultivos activos, por su confiabilidad, eficiencia y bajo costo.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Cryopreservation of native isolates </strong><strong>of ruminal bacteria <em>Fibrobacter </em></strong><strong><em>succinogenes</em></strong><strong>.</strong></p><p>In this study, the technique of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen to preserve native isolates of the fibrolytic bacteria <em>Fibrobacter succinogenes </em>was standardized. The technique efficiency was evaluated by establishing the bacterium viability during one year. The Mac-Farland scale, widely used to estimate aerobic bacterial populations, was validated by the roll tube technique (R2=0.95). Two native <em>F. succinogenes </em>strains, C7 and C9, were used. These strains were obtained from cattle fed on <em>Brachiaria decumbens </em>in the eastern lowlands of Colombia. Fifteen days after the initiation of the cryopreservation process, a reduction in the number of viable bacteria (CFU ml-1) was registered (C7 from 9.25 x 108 to 6.15 x 108 and C9 from 12.51 x 108 to. 9.26 x 108). However, the bacterial populations did not present differences in subsequent samplings (C7=6.13 – 6.16X108, C9=9.26 – 9.35X108 CFU ml-1, range over a year). Results indicated that the standardized cryopreservation technique is an effective and easy procedure to preserve ruminal bacteria, which would be a very useful tool to create a germplasm bank of Colombian ruminal anaerobic microorganisms. The cryopreservation technique, and the MacFarland scale have an advantage over other methods of preserving bacteria and methods of estimating populations of bacteria by active cultures. The procedures used in this research are reliable and economical techniques using minimal storage spaces and laboratory resources.</p>
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Yang, Huiping, and Terrence R. Tiersch. "Concepts, History, Principles, and Application of Germplasm Cryopreservation Technology." EDIS 2020, no. 5 (October 12, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fa223-2020.
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Germplasm are living genetic resources that can serve as bearers of heredity, and include germ cells and their precursors, plant seeds and pollen, animal sperm, oocytes, embryos, and larvae. Cryopreservation refers to the preservation of biological materials at extremely low temperatures, typically using solid carbon dioxide at -80°C or liquid nitrogen at -196°C for freezing, and cryogenic storage in perpetuity. Germplasm cryopreservation is an important technology applied for medical treatment, maintenance of biological diversity, preservation of valuable genetic resources, assistance of breeding programs, and conservation of imperiled species. This extension publication is intended to introduce the basic concepts, history, principles, and applications of germplasm cryopreservation technology.
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NUKARI, A., M. UOSUKAINEN, and V.-M. ROKKA. "Cryopreservation techniques and their application in vegetatively propagated crop plants in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609789267506.
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Cryopreservation protocols have been introduced as techniques for germplasm preservation of vegetatively propagated horticultural and staple food crops. In Finland, cryopreservation has been studied since 1990s, beginning with cryopreservation of forest tree breeding material and since 2004 on cryopreservation of genetic resources of horticultural plants and potato. Priority was given to cryopreservation of raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and the possibility to use cryotherapy in eradication of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) from in vitro cultures were studied on raspberry. Modified droplet vitrification cryopreservation protocols were designed for raspberry and strawberry and cryotherapy combined with thermotherapy was proven to be a successful application to eliminate RBDV from infected raspberries. Cryotherapy method can be applied for a large scale elimination of viruses from plant germplasm and from candidate nuclear stock in a certified plant production scheme. Routine use of cryotechniques in germplasm preservation of vegetatively propagated horticultural plants was started. Besides for long term germplasm preservation, cryopreservation techniques can be applied also for maintenance of mother stocks in certified plant production schemes and in commercial plant production. Cryopreservation of potato shoot tips needs additional detailed research to obtain sufficient recovery and regrowth rates.;
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Liu, Yicun, Tianqi Huang, Shunquan Lin, and Yuanyuan Jiang. "Programmed Cooling and Vitrification Method Applied to the Germplasm Preservation of Eriobotrya Plants." HortScience 58, no. 2 (February 2023): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16816-22.
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Long-term cryopreservation of germplasm is of great importance to maintaining genetic resources. A cryopreservation technology system has not yet been established for Eriobotrya, an important fruit tree in the Rosaceae. In this study, Eriobotrya plants were used as test materials for the following purposes: to study different types of vitrification solution, compare different methods involving programmed cooling vitrification and rapid freezing vitrification; and evaluate the effects of vitrification solution loading time, low-temperature acclimation culture, dark culture, and cryoprotectant use in preculture medium for ultra-low-temperature preservation of Eriobotrya germplasm resources. Plant vitrification solution 1 had the best comprehensive effect on different vitrification solution tests. The programmed cooling and vitrification method yielded a certain survival rate with different vitrification solutions and materials, but the survival rate under the rapid freezing method was 0%. The longer the vitrification solution was loaded, the higher the survival rate. The most suitable time for dark culture of Eriobotrya plants after cryopreservation was 20 days. The preculture medium supplemented with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide resulted in significantly higher preservation than the control medium, and the optimal sucrose concentration was 0.3 mol⋅L−1. A stable, high-survival, and novel cryopreservation procedure for loquat plants was established. The operating procedures are described in a procedural and standardized manner. These findings provide a theoretical basis for research of the cryopreservation of germplasm resources of Eriobotrya plants.
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Shands, Henry L. "The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-004.
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The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) manages the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). The USDA's National Genetic Resources Program was created in 1990, using the NPGS as the model by which other life forms would also be preserved and utilized. While the NPGS is a broadly defined system, ARS has a specific role of acquiring, characterizing, preserving, documenting, and distributing germplasm to scientist users for research and breeding. The NPGS provides genetic resources to users at no cost but with a request to return data to incorporate in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database. The database is available as hard copy, diskette through PC-GRIN, and, for some crops, a CD-ROM disk. Service to users is the primary objective. The NPGS and 40 crop advisory committees exchange technical information on the most important conservation issues. Recent research advances at the National Seed Storage Laboratory provide guidance for storage management of orthodox and desiccation-sensitive seed and vegetative germplasm. Cryopreservation may receive more attention and play a more important role for the vegetative germplasm because improved seed management under conventional refrigerated storage is now possible. Key words: Germplasm, databases, cryopreservation
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Bettoni, Jean Carlos, Zvjezdana Marković, Wenlu Bi, Gayle M. Volk, Toshikazu Matsumoto, and Qiao-Chun Wang. "Grapevine Shoot Tip Cryopreservation and Cryotherapy: Secure Storage of Disease-Free Plants." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102190.
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Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most economically important temperate fruit crops. Grapevine breeding programs require access to high-quality Vitis cultivars and wild species, which may be maintained within genebanks. Shoot tip cryopreservation is a valuable technique for the safe, long-term conservation of Vitis genetic resources that complements traditional field and in vitro germplasm collections. Vitis is highly susceptible to virus infections. Virus-free plants are required as propagation material for clonally propagated germplasm, and also for the global exchange of grapevine genetic resources. Shoot tip cryotherapy, a method based on cryopreservation, has proven to be effective in eradicating viruses from infected plants, including grapevine. This comprehensive review outlines/documents the advances in Vitis shoot tip cryopreservation and cryotherapy that have resulted in healthy plants with high regrowth levels across diverse Vitis species.
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Purdy, P. H., C. S. Wilson, S. F. Spiller, and H. D. Blackburn. "Biobanking genetic resources: challenges and implementation at the USDA National Animal Germplasm Program." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 8 (2016): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15399.
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There is adequate infrastructure in the US to identify and acquire germplasm from the major beef and dairy cattle and swine breeds. However, when we venture outside these species, the same tasks become more difficult because of a lack of breed associations, databases that include genotypic and phenotypic data and low numbers of animals. Furthermore, acquisition of germplasm from non-cattle and non-swine species can be difficult because these animals are often not located near the National Animal Germplasm Program, which makes collection and preservation of the samples in a timely manner that much more complicated. This problem is compounded because not all preservation protocols are optimised for field collection conditions or for all types of germplasm. Since 1999, the USDA National Animal Germplasm Program has worked to overcome these obstacles by developing policies, procedures and techniques in order to create a germplasm repository for all agricultural species (wild and domesticated) in the US. Herein, we describe these activities and illustrate them via a case study on how our efforts collecting Navajo-Churro sheep have created a secure backup of germplasm and how we specifically overcome these issues as they relate to rare and minor breeds of agricultural species.
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Silversides, F. G., Y. Song, R. Renema, B. R. Rathgeber, and H. L. Classen. "Cryopreservation of germplasm from chickens kept in Canadian research institutions." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08030.
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Twenty-three genetically distinct lines of chickens are maintained as living populations by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Canada’s eight Faculties of Agriculture. Historically, cryogenic storage of avian genetic material has been difficult, but we have developed techniques of gonadal transplantation to allow recuperation of stored genetic material into living birds. Gonads from 1660 day-old chicks or late-term embryos (810 females and 850 males) from 18 chicken populations from four Canadian institutions were harvested and cryopreserved using dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant. Future efforts will be directed to completing the collection of the populations kept in Canadian publicly-funded institutions that conduct agricultural research. Key words: Chicken, genetic resources, cryopreservation, gonads
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Wang, Min-Rui, Wenlu Bi, Mukund R. Shukla, Li Ren, Zhibo Hamborg, Dag-Ragnar Blystad, Praveen K. Saxena, and Qiao-Chun Wang. "Epigenetic and Genetic Integrity, Metabolic Stability, and Field Performance of Cryopreserved Plants." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091889.
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Cryopreservation is considered an ideal strategy for the long-term preservation of plant genetic resources. Significant progress was achieved over the past several decades, resulting in the successful cryopreservation of the genetic resources of diverse plant species. Cryopreservation procedures often employ in vitro culture techniques and require the precise control of several steps, such as the excision of explants, preculture, osmo- and cryoprotection, dehydration, freeze-thaw cycle, unloading, and post-culture for the recovery of plants. These processes create a stressful environment and cause reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress, which is detrimental to the growth and regeneration of tissues and plants from cryopreserved tissues. ROS-induced oxidative stresses were documented to induce (epi)genetic and somatic variations. Therefore, the development of true-to-type regenerants of the source germplasm is of primary concern in the application of plant cryopreservation technology. The present article provides a comprehensive assessment of epigenetic and genetic integrity, metabolic stability, and field performance of cryopreserved plants developed in the past decade. Potential areas and the directions of future research in plant cryopreservation are also proposed.
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Yu, Xiaoqian, Yingying Liu, Xueqing Liu, Iraida Nikolaevna Tretyakova, Alexander Mikhaylovich Nosov, Hailong Shen, and Ling Yang. "Cryopreservation of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. by Using the Slow Cooling Method." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050773.
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Cryopreservation is an important method for the excellent long-term preservation of plant germplasm. This study explores an optimal cryopreservation technology for the embryogenic callus of Fraxinus mandshurica to effectively maintain its genetic stability and morphogenesis potential. The optimal cryopreservation conditions were assessed using the embryogenic callus of F. mandshurica as the material, and the slow cooling method was optimized for its cryopreservation. The results indicated that the preculture of embryogenic callus in 0.4 mol·L−1 sorbitol solution for 20 h at room temperature, followed by its cryoprotection in 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide solution at 0 °C for 90 min, constituted the optimal material treatment method. The freezing tube was placed in a −80 °C refrigerator for 2 h and then quickly put into liquid nitrogen for frozen storage. During thawing, the cryopreservation tube was taken out from liquid nitrogen, directly placed in a water bath at 40 °C for 2 min, and used for culturing on the woody plant media + 0.1 mg·L−1 6-benzyladenine + 0.15 mg·L−1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. After cryopreservation using the slow cooling method, the highest survival rate of callus cells was 80.82%. The fresh weight reached 1.93 g after 60-day recovery culture. The regeneration rate and the proliferation coefficient of the callus were 100% and 2.79, respectively. The differentiation rate was 56.83%, and the emergence rate was 23.59%. The results provide a scientific basis for the long-term preservation of F. mandshurica germplasm resources.
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Valdés, Yanelis Castilla, Mukund R. Shukla, María Esther González Vega, and Praveen K. Saxena. "Improved Conservation of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Germplasm via Micropropagation and Cryopreservation." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091861.
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Coffee (Coffea spp.) is an important tropical agricultural crop that has significant economic and social importance in the world. The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources through seeds is not feasible due to the sensitivity of coffee seed to desiccation and low temperatures. The cryopreservation of zygotic embryos may allow for an efficient and long-term storage of coffee germplasm. This study describes the cryopreservation methods for conserving zygotic embryos of Coffea arabica L. for the long-term conservation of currently available germplasm. Zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C under controlled environmental conditions with either droplet-vitrification or encapsulation–vitrification protocols without dehydration. Zygotic embryos had the highest regrowth (100%) following droplet-vitrification cryopreservation using the Plant Vitrification Solution 3 (PVS3) for 40 min at 23 °C. In the case of encapsulation–vitrification using PVS3 for 40 min at 23 °C, the embryo regeneration response was 78%. Plantlets were recovered following shoot multiplication using a temporary immersion system (TIS) and in vitro rooting. The prolific rooting of shoots was observed after 4 weeks of culture in the liquid medium with plugs made of the inert substrate Oasis® In vitro Express (IVE) compared to the semi-solid medium. The successful cryopreservation of coffee zygotic embryos using droplet vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification followed by micropropagation in temporary immersion culture system has not been reported earlier and together these technologies are anticipated to further facilitate the initiatives for the conservation and distribution of coffee germplasm.
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Oliveira, Daniela Vasconcelos de, Izulmé Rita Imaculada Santos, Ildeu Soares Martins, and Antonieta Nassif Salomão. "Cryopreservation of Shoot Tips of “Brazilian Ginseng” (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen) by Vitrification." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 11 (July 31, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n11p146.
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Pfaffia glomerata (Amaranthaceae), “Brazilian Ginseng”, is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine. Roots are used as a tonic to restore and enhance wellbeing and for treatment of arthritis, gastritis and rheumatism. Conservation of P. glomerata germplasm is a priority and cryopreservation is the most promising technique for long-term storage of plant genetic resources. Hence, the objective of this work was to develop a cryopreservation protocol for shoot tips of P. glomerata using vitrification techniques. For cryopreservation, shoot tips (ST) from in vitro grown plants were pre-cultured for 19 hr on MS medium containing 0.3 M sucrose, treated with loading and vitrification solutions prior to rapid freezing by direct plunge in liquid nitrogen, rapid thawing on a water bath at 38±2 °C and treatment with a dilution solution. Three vitrification solutions (PVS2, PVS3 and PVS4), three exposure times (20 min., 40 min. and 60 min.) and two temperatures (25 °C and 0 °C) were tested. After cryopreservation, rewarmed shoot tips were inoculated on MS growth medium and the best regeneration percentages were 63%, 42% and 65% for shoot tips treated with PVS2, PVS3 and PVS4, respectively, for 60 min., at 25 °C. The results obtained show that vitrification with PVS2 and PVS4, at 25 °C, for 60 min were the best treatments for successful cryopreservation of shoot tips of in vitro grown plantlets of P. glomerata and that cryopreservation is suitable for ex situ conservation of the germplasm of this medicinal species.
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Duszewska, Anna Maria, Magdalena Baraniewicz-Kołek, Jarosław Wojdan, Katarzyna Barłowska, Wojciech Bielecki, Paweł Gręda, Wojciech Niżański, and Wanda Olech. "Establishment of a Wisent (Bison bonasus) Germplasm Bank." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101239.
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The wisent, or European bison (Bison bonasus), belongs to the same family (Bovidae) as the American bison and domestic cattle. The wisent is the largest mammal in Europe, and is called the “Forest Emperor”. The wisent is listed as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List, and is protected by international law. Achievements in reproductive biotechnology have opened new possibilities for the cryoconservation of the wisent germplasm. Therefore, this research aimed to improve a strategy for the protection and preservation of the European bison through the creation of a wisent germplasm bank, based on the following procedures: isolation and in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes, in vitro fertilization (IVF) of matured oocytes, in vitro embryo culture (IVC), and embryo cryopreservation. Wisent ovaries were isolated from females outside the reproductive season, and eliminated from breeding for reasons other than infertility. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were isolated from follicles greater than 2 mm in diameter and matured for 24 h and 30 h. After IVM, COCs were fertilized in vitro with wisent sperm. The obtained wisent zygotes, based on oocytes matured for 24 h and 30 h, were cultured for 216 h. Embryos at the morula and early blastocyst stages were vitrified and then warmed and transferred to interspecies recipients (Bos taurus). USG and biochemical tests were used to monitor pregnancies. This study obtained embryos in the morula and early blastocyst stages only after oocytes were fertilized and matured for 30 h. On average, per oocyte donor, 12.33 ± 0.5 COCs were isolated, and only 9.33 ± 0.61 COCs were qualified for in vitro maturation (75.68%), while 9.16 ± 0.48 COCs were matured (84.32%). On average, per donor, 5.5 ± 0.34 embryos were cleaved (59.96%) after 48 h post-fertilization (hpf), and 3.33 ± 0.21 achieved the eight-cell stage (36.52%) after 96 hpf, while 1 ± 0.21 morula and early blastocyst stages (10.71%) were achieved after 216 hpf. A total of six embryos (one morula and five early blastocysts) were obtained and vitrified; after warming, five of them were interspecies transferred to cattle (Bos taurus). On day 41 after fertilization, 3 out of 5 pregnancies were detected based on USG, P4, and PAG tests. However, no pregnancy was observed on day 86 after fertilization, indicating embryo resorption. This study shows that obtaining wisent embryos in vitro, and subsequent cryopreservation to create a wisent embryo bank, can be applied and implemented for the wisent protection program.
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Priyanka, Veerala, Rahul Kumar, Inderpreet Dhaliwal, and Prashant Kaushik. "Germplasm Conservation: Instrumental in Agricultural Biodiversity—A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126743.
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Germplasm is a valuable natural resource that provides knowledge about the genetic composition of a species and is crucial for conserving plant diversity. Germplasm protection strategies not only involve rescuing plant species threatened with extinction, but also help preserve all essential plants, on which rests the survival of all organisms. The successful use of genetic resources necessitates their diligent collection, storage, analysis, documentation, and exchange. Slow growth cultures, cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, botanical gardens, genetic reserves, and farmers’ fields are a few germplasm conservation techniques being employed. However, the adoption of in-vitro techniques with any chance of genetic instability could lead to the destruction of the entire substance, but the improved understanding of basic regeneration biology would, in turn, undoubtedly increase the capacity to regenerate new plants, thus expanding selection possibilities. Germplasm conservation seeks to conserve endangered and vulnerable plant species worldwide for future proliferation and development; it is also the bedrock of agricultural production.
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Forsline, Philip L., Leigh E. Towill, John Waddell, and Loren Wiesner. "Development of a Base Collection of Malus Germplasm with Cryopreserved Dormant Buds." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 872B—872. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.872b.
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The USDA/ARS collection of Malus is held by the Plant Genetic Resources Unit in Geneva, N.Y. The collection comprises ≈2500 accessions, most of which must be maintained as clones in the field to provide propagating material for distribution to the user community. Field maintenance of replicated accessions places the collection at risk from weather extremes, pests, diseases, etc. and is extremely costly. Cryopreservation of dormant buds in a base, or backup, collection could reduce risks and decrease maintenance costs. Since 1988, we have developed and implemented protocols to cryopreserve dormant apple buds at the National Seed Storage Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colo. More than 500 accessions have been placed in cryogenic storage. Buds have been successfully recovered by grafting from >70% of the first 250 accessions cryopreserved. These results, and those from ongoing recovery tests, indicate cryopreservation may be a safe, cost-effective approach to back up collections of tree fruit germplasm. It also may be used to enhance management of the active collections of Malus, Vitis, and Prunus at Geneva.
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Forsline, Philip L., Warren F. Lamboy, James R. McFerson, and Cecil Stushnoff. "Desiccation Tolerance of Dormant Grape Buds from Germplasm Accessions in the Cold-Hardy Vitis Core Subset Collection." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 646a—646. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.646a.
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The USDA–ARS germplasm collection of cold-hardy Vitis held at the Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Geneva, N.Y., has over 1300 clonal accessions maintained as field-grown vines. Security back-up using field-grown or potted vines at remote sites or via in vitro methods is costly. Cryopreservation offers a safe, cost-effective alternative. While we routinely employ cryogenic storage of dormant buds of Malus, dormant buds of Vitis generally do not appear to tolerate the desiccation levels required by our current cryopreservation protocol. Since tolerance to desiccation and cold appear to be correlated in Vitis, we tested desiccation tolerance of 60 germplasm accessions selected from the core subset to represent a range of cold hardiness. Budwood was collected in December 1995 in Geneva, stored at –4°C in sealed bags, and systematically desiccated to 30% and 20% moisture. In some treatments, additional desiccation was imposed by slow freezing to –25°C. Microscopic examination of rehydrated buds indicated 60% of accessions tolerated desiccation as low as 20% moisture. Freeze-desiccation at –25°C after desiccation at –4°C neither increased nor decreased viability in these accessions. Only slight modification so current protocols should be necessary for cryopreservation of this class. Of the remaining accessions, 25% tolerated desiccation to 30% moisture, but 15% were intolerant to any desiccation level tested. Techniques must be developed to successfully cryopreserve both these classes of accessions.
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HERVANI, DINI, DARDA EFENDI, M. RAHMAD SUHARTANTO, and BAMBANG S. PURWOKO. "The preservation of somatic embryos of papaya derived from papaya lateral shoots after being stored in cryopreservation to maintain plant genetic information in the future." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190303.
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Hervani D, Efendi D, Suhartanto MR, Purwoko BS. 2018. The preservation of somatic embryos of papaya derived from papaya lateral shoots after being stored in cryopreservation to maintain plant genetic information in the future. Biodiversitas 19: 724729. Germplasm storage of papaya is very important because this plant easily adapts to genetic changes due to environmental conditions and open system pollination, so it is necessary to retain the current genetics resources in order to conserve the genetic information. The storage of the vegetative part of the plant with cryopreservation is expected to retain the plant's genetic information in the future. Cryopreservation is the method for germplasm storage using liquid nitrogen at temperature of -196oC This experiment aimed to obtain the growth ability of papaya lateral shoots to produce somatic embryos after being stored by cryopreservation. The experiment was designed in factorial by Completely Randomized Design with two factors.The first factor was the immersion time duration in PVS2 as cryoprotectant solution with 5 treatments of immersion duration of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. Second factor was culture medium for cultivated the lateral shoot which was added with plant growth regulators such as BA (benzyl adenine) and NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) at levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg l-1, respectively. The results showed that the immersion of lateral shoot in cryoprotectants for 10 and 20 minutes gave the better plantlet survival rate after discharge from liquid nitrogen, while the treatment of culture media had not been significant difference.
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Kaur, Saranjeet. "Cryopreservation of Orchids – A Review." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 13, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666181127143058.
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<P>Background: The orchids are one of the beautiful creations of nature which stand apart from any other assemblage of flowering plants. They are highly evolutionary and ecologically significant group of plants that have effectively occupied almost every habitat on the earth. Indiscriminate collections and extermination of their natural habitats have threatened many species of orchids with extinction, resulting in a severe reduction of their genetic resources in nature according to recent patents. It is necessary to adopt sound scientific protocols for the preservation of orchid species.Method:This cost-effective technique provides large storage time for the conservation of germplasm. Presently, efforts have been made to explore various cryopreservation techniques utilized so far and factors affecting the longevity of the propagules (in vivo and in vitro) while cryopreserving them. The sample to be cryopreserved is freeze-preserved in two ways, a) stepwise at two different subzero temperatures and b) in the rapid method, the samples are placed directly in the liquid nitrogen. </P><P> Results: The orchid seeds and pollen are the most suitable propagules for cryopreservation of orchids due to their minute size and less space requirement.Conclusion:Among the tissues (such as seeds, pollen, protocorms etc.) seeds are the most reliable. The present article reviews the cryopreservation techniques and factors effecting the cryopreservation, for in vitro conservation of orchid gene pool.</P>
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Bae, Jinjoo, Yunseo Choi, Jae-Young Song, Jung-Ro Lee, Munsup Yoon, and Young-Yi Lee. "Genetic Stability Assessment of Six Cryopreserved Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Accessions by Phenotypic and Molecular Studies." Biology 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121746.
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For the long-term preservation of genetic resources, cryopreservation techniques have been developed for strawberry germplasm, mainly using in vitro-grown shoot tips. In this study, genetic stability was tested under greenhouse conditions for six strawberry accessions (IT232511, PHS0132, IT245810, IT245830, IT245852, and IT245860) derived from the following procedures: (1) conventional propagation (GH: greenhouse maintained); (2) in vitro propagation (TC: tissue culture); (3) pretreatment before cryopreservation (−LN: non-liquid nitrogen exposure); and (4) cryopreservation (+LN: liquid nitrogen exposure). To test the performance of phenotypic traits, we measured six vegetative and five fruit traits. There were no distinct differences in most of the characteristics, but a few traits, such as sugar content and pH of fruits in three accessions, showed higher values in +LN compared to GH. However, the differences disappeared in the first runner generation. To test genetic variations, a total of 102 bands were generated by twelve inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. A few polymorphic bands were found only in plants derived from TC of IT245860, which was not cryopreserved. The sequencing analysis of four polymorphic bands produced by ISSR_15 showed that none of these sequences matched the characterized genes in NCBI. Phenotypic abnormality was not observed across all plants. This study indicates that cryopreserved plants of the six strawberry accessions are phenotypically and genetically stable. Therefore, the results of this study can help to implement cryobanking of strawberry germplasm.
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Varga, Zoltán M., and Terrence R. Tiersch. "Workshop and panel discussion: High-throughput cryopreservation of germplasm as an exchange currency for genetic resources." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 155, no. 1 (January 2012): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.06.008.
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Forsline, Philip L., Margie Luffman, John Warner, and Leigh E. Towill. "Cooperative Cryopreservation of Dormant Apple Buds from the Canadian Clonal Gene Bank." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 646b—646. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.646b.
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Based on protocols developed by the Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU), Geneva, NY and the National Seed Storage Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colo., nearly 40% of the 2500-accession USDA–ARS Malus germplasm collection has been preserved cryogenically. Recent program changes require the entire Canadian Malus collection of 700 accessions at the Canadian Clonal Genebank, Trenton, Ont., be moved to a new location in Harrow, Ont., by the end of 1996. This provided an opportunity to utilize cryogenic storage during repropagation and reestablishment to develop a security backup for the collection. In a cooperative experiment, dormant buds of four Canadian Malus accessions were collected in Trenton and cryopreserved in Geneva in February 1995. Field-level moisture of dormant buds ranged from 45% to 50%. Three levels of bud desiccation were tested: 25%, 30% (current standard), and 35%. The desiccated buds were containerized and slowly frozen to –30°C, plunged into liquid nitrogen, and held for one month at Geneva prior to recovery testing by bud-grafting at Geneva and Trenton. Results were identical at both sites. We obtained 60% recovery at 30% and 35% moisture levels and 80% recovery at 25% moisture across all four accessions. Further studies on a broader range of germplasm will determine if desiccation to the 25% level is superior to the 30% level. Meanwhile, we have initiated a cooperative project to cryopreserve 350 accessions unique to the Canadian collection at Ft. Collins.
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Huene, Aidan L., Jack C. Koch, Lucía Arregui, Yue Liu, Matthew L. Nicotra, Virginia M. Weis, and Terrence R. Tiersch. "Cryopreservation of Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus Sperm to Support Community-Based Repository Development for Preservation of Genetic Resources." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 2537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192537.
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Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus is an emerging model organism in which cutting-edge genomic tools and resources are being developed for use in a growing number of research fields. One limitation of this model system is the lack of long-term storage for genetic resources. The goal of this study was to establish a generalizable cryopreservation approach for Hydractinia that would support future repository development for other cnidarian species. Specific objectives were to: (1) characterize basic parameters related to sperm quality; (2) develop a generalizable approach for sperm collection; (3) assess the feasibility of in vitro fertilization (IVF) with sperm after refrigerated storage; (4) assess the feasibility of IVF with sperm cryopreserved with various sperm concentrations; (5) evaluate feasibility of cryopreservation with various freezing conditions, and (6) explore the feasibility of cryopreservation by use of a 3-D printed open-hardware (CryoKit) device. Animal husbandry and sperm collection were facilitated by use of 3-D printed open hardware. Hydractinia sperm at a concentration of 2 × 107 cells/mL stored at 4 °C for 6 d were able to achieve 50% fertilization rate. It appeared that relatively higher sperm concentration (>5 × 107 cells/mL) for cryopreservation could promote fertilization. A fertilization rate of 41–69% was observed using sperm equilibrated with 5, 10, or 15% (v/v) cryoprotectant (dimethyl sulfoxide or methanol) for 20 min, cooled at a rate of 5, 10, or 20 °C/min from 4 °C to −80 °C, at a cell concentration of 108/mL, in 0.25 mL French straws. Samples cryopreserved with the CryoKit produced a fertilization rate of 72–82%. Establishing repository capabilities for the Hydractinia research community will be essential for future development, maintenance, protection, and distribution of genetic resources. More broadly, these generalizable approaches can be used as a model to develop germplasm repositories for other cnidarian species.
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Jiroutová, Petra, and Jiří Sedlák. "Cryobiotechnology of Plants: A Hot Topic Not Only for Gene Banks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 4677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134677.
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Agriculture has always been an important part of human evolution. Traditionally, farming is changing and developing with regard to challenges it faces. The major challenges of modern agriculture are food and nutrition safety for the growing world population. Promoting species and genetic diversity in agriculture appears to be an important approach to dealing with those challenges. Gene banks all around the world play a crucial role in preserving plant genetic resources for future crop improvements. The plant germplasm can be preserved in different ways, depending on the species or form of stored plant tissue. This review focuses on a special preservation method—cryopreservation. Cryopreservation is an effective technique for storing living systems at ultra-low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen or its vapor phase. This conservation method is crucial for plants that do not produce seeds or that produce non germinating seeds, as well as for plants that propagate vegetatively. Moreover, based on the cryopreservation method, a novel plant biotechnology tool for pathogen eradication called cryotherapy has been developed. The use of liquid nitrogen eliminates plant pathogens such as viruses, phytoplasmas, and bacteria. Our article reviews recent advances in cryo-biotechnologies such as cryopreservation and cryotherapy, with special focus on studies concerning fruit plants.
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Priyono, Priyono, and Dwi Priyanto. "Partnership Program on Bali Cattle Fattening Based on Local Resources in the Suboptimal Land Area of Nusa Tenggara Timur." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i2.1652.
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Bali cattle is one of the Indonesian germplasm that well adapted to suboptimal areas including East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Difficulties in accessing capital became one of the factors that hamper effort the development of Bali cattle in larger scale. One alternative to access capital is through partnership model of Bali cattle fattening based on local resources. Partnership model of Bali cattle fattening was intiated by village cooperative centre (<em>pusat koperasi unit desa</em> =PUSKUD) since 2002 in Kupang District, South Central Timor District, North Central Timor District, and Belu District. Profit sharing in this program is 70% for farmers and 30% for PUSKUD NTT. The partnership program has been performing well and growing rapidly. On the other hand, some problems occurred such as cattle death and forced sale due to lack of feed, especially during dry season. In its development, the partnership model has resulted in empowering farmers through increasing income and employment.
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O’Brien, Chris, Jayeni Hiti-Bandaralage, Raquel Folgado, Alice Hayward, Sean Lahmeyer, Jim Folsom, and Neena Mitter. "Cryopreservation of Woody Crops: The Avocado Case." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050934.
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Recent development and implementation of crop cryopreservation protocols has increased the capacity to maintain recalcitrant seeded germplasm collections via cryopreserved in vitro material. To preserve the greatest possible plant genetic resources globally for future food security and breeding programs, it is essential to integrate in situ and ex situ conservation methods into a cohesive conservation plan. In vitro storage using tissue culture and cryopreservation techniques offers promising complementary tools that can be used to promote this approach. These techniques can be employed for crops difficult or impossible to maintain in seed banks for long-term conservation. This includes woody perennial plants, recalcitrant seed crops or crops with no seeds at all and vegetatively or clonally propagated crops where seeds are not true-to-type. Many of the world’s most important crops for food, nutrition and livelihoods, are vegetatively propagated or have recalcitrant seeds. This review will look at ex situ conservation, namely field repositories and in vitro storage for some of these economically important crops, focusing on conservation strategies for avocado. To date, cultivar-specific multiplication protocols have been established for maintaining multiple avocado cultivars in tissue culture. Cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos and somatic embryogenesis have been successful. In addition, a shoot-tip cryopreservation protocol has been developed for cryo-storage and regeneration of true-to-type clonal avocado plants.
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Gusti, Rahwi Salma, Amanatuz Zuhriyah, Aminah Happy Moninthofa Ariyani, and Elys Fauziyah. "CATTLE FARM INTEGRATION MODEL IN WARU BARAT VILLAGE IN THE CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM." Journal of Integrated Agribusiness 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jia.v4i1.2842.
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Madura cattle are a type of local Madura cattle based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture which is used as a form of germplasm conservation. Besides playing a role in contributing to the beef cattle population in Indonesia, Madura cattle can also play a role as a source of economic, social, and cultural resources for the people of West Waru Village. Madura cattle management is done traditionally by utilizing the resources in the village but has not been implemented optimally. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile, input, and output of Madura cattle farms in Waru Barat Village, as well as to create an integration model that occurs between the components of Madura cattle and other potential components. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with the Miles and Huberman model to describe the profile, input, and output of Madura cattle farms. The results showed: (1) the profile of Madura Cattle farms dominated by cattlemen with an age range of 30 to 64 years, with elementary school education, experience in raising livestock for 10 to 30 years, main occupation as a farmer, livestock business orientation as savings, has 1 to 2 cattle, and intensive maintenance; (2) inputs from Madura cattle include feed, drink, medicines, and labor; (3) the output of Madura cattle is manure; and (4) the integration model includes 3 main components, namely the human component, the plant component, and the cattle component.
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Purdy, Phillip H. "174 What Quality and Fertility Should We Expect When Using Semen Cryopreservation and AI with Livestock? a Comparison Across Species." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.186.
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Abstract Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can be used across most agricultural species and will result in some degree of fertility when employed correctly. Still, conversations with agricultural producers and scientists (corporate, academic, governmental) repeatedly reveal that they do not know what success rates they should anticipate when using some ARTs, specifically semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination, with agricultural species (beef and dairy cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, sheep). These perceptions hinder ART application within the agricultural and scientific communities. Understanding these expected results is a critical component that is used to guide the USDA National Animal Germplasm Program laboratory operations for collecting, freezing and using germ plasm (semen, eggs, embryos, DNA, tissues, organs, cells), has consequently resulted in growth of the national collection, and provided tools, technologies, and educational opportunities for agricultural producers with documented success. Therefore, the intent of this presentation is to provide an overview of what results should be expected when using semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination across livestock species, explain the factors that influence successful use of these ARTs, which should encourage a more broad acceptance of their use with all agricultural species, and discuss opportunities for research and optimization that will improve fertility when using these technologies.
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Pons Batugal. "International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT): Its history and achievements." CORD 21, no. 02 (June 1, 2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v21i02.408.
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The International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) is a global research network organized by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) in 1992 with support from member countries, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), partner institutions, donor agencies, and by regional and international development organizations.
In the last 12 years, COGENT has been fully operational with 38 member coconut producing countries in five regions (South Asia; Southeast and East Asia; South Pacific; Africa and the Indian Ocean; and Latin America and the Caribbean). It has successfully developed and disseminated to coconut breeders and curators worldwide the International Coconut Genetic Resources Database (CGRD). The CGRD contains characterization data and some pictures of 1,416 accessions which are conserved by national programmes in 28 sites in 23 countries. To further secure conserved germplasm, a COGENT multi-site International Coconut Genebank has been established to conserve 200 important accessions in each region. Coconut varieties with multi-purpose uses are being identified, documented and promoted. The performance of promising 38 high-yielding hybrids are being evaluated in a multilocation trial involving four African and three Latin America/Caribbean countries to identify suitable varieties and hybrids for resource-poor farmers. Farmers’ varietal preferences in 15 countries are being evaluated. Diversity-linked income-generating activities are being used as a strategy to promote in situ and on-farm conservation and germplasm utilization have been initiated in 15 countries. Protocols for in vitro embryo culture, cryopreservation, morphometric and molecular marker-based methods for locating and characterizing diversity; pest risk assessment and germplasm health management are being developed, tested and upgraded. Strategies and techniques for farmer participatory research, collecting, characterization and ex situ and in situ conservation are being refined.
To strengthen the coconut research capability of COGENT member countries, the COGENT Secretariat and IPGRI have organized 39 country need assessment missions and conducted 41 workshops and meetings involving 994 coconut researchers to share information and technologies, discuss issues and common problems and opportunities and how to address them; conducted 40 training courses involving 765 participants from 41 countries; supported 274 research and training/capacity building activities in 30 countries; and led the establishment of the Global Coconut Research for Development Programme (PROCORD). IPGRI and COGENT's current priority involves the further promotion of more effective conservation and use of coconut genetic resources, both regionally and globally.
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Marques, J. R. F., M. R. Costa, A. A. Egito, A. Mariante da S., and M. S. M. Albuquerque. "Conservation of genetic resources of the small populations of domestic animal of the Amazon Region in Brazil." Animal Genetic Resources Information 33 (April 2003): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001619.
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SummaryThe Brazilian Amazon is a wide territory totalling 60 percent of the country's area. Of this area, 600 000 km2 is occupied by humans and related activities. This, among other factors, leads to the destruction of the Amazon's natural resources. The area of cut down and degraded forest may range from 5 to 12 percent of the total area. Therefore, many of the Amazon species are at risk of extinction. However, it is deemed urgent to investigate and preserve the threatened animal species.The total number of mammal species in the world is recorded at 4 629 and there is a great diversity of them in the Amazon, including animals that live on land, water or those that fly. Despite this huge biodiversity, the most relevant species for the human population, are the domestic species, brought to the continent by the first settlers: Portuguese and Spanish.The most important livestock in the Amazon region are cattle, horses, buffaloes, sheep and goats. They occupy all Amazon ecosystems and are of very important consideration for the opening of agricultural frontiers and for influencing the natural ecosystems, since the main reason for the cutting down of large forest areas has been to use them for pastures. This has resulted in an artificial ecosystem of degraded natural environment.The Animal Germplasm Bank of East Amazon (BAGAM) is the animal germplasm bank for the conservation of animal genetic resources of Embrapa East Amazon, and is part of the research project entitled “Animal Genetic Resources of East Amazon”. The project is formed by two sub-projects: “Germplasm bank of animals of interest to the East Region of the Brazilian Amazon” and “Genetic characterisation of buffaloes in the Brazilian Amazon, through the use of molecular markers”. These two sub-projects are linked to the research programme led by CENARGEN, called Conservation and Utilisation of Animal Genetic Resources.
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Blackburn, Harvey D., Samuel R. Paiva, Potira Hermuche, and Concepta McManus. "PSXII-6 Landscape genetics used to identify gene bank beef cattle collection completeness and gaps." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.457.
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Abstract Gene banks (GB) primary goal is to capture genetic diversity among livestock breeds. Genetic diversity assessments by US GB have used pedigrees and genetic markers. Landscape genetics (LG), is a third approach for evaluating germplasm collections and genetic resources. We evaluated the GB’s beef collection using LG for the purpose of assessing collection gaps/completeness by using geographic information systems. The current beef cattle collection contains 3,916 animals from 11 Bos indicus (including composite, BI), and 40 Bos taurus British (BTB) and Bos taurus continental (BTC) breeds. Each GB animal was georeferenced by latitude and longitude. In addition, county level satellite imagery of the continental US was obtained and included: temperature, humidity, precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Temperature–humidity index (THI) was computed from temperature and humidity by county. In addition, USDA beef cattle statistics by county were used in mapping overlays. There was a high correspondence between in-situ cattle density and GB collection throughout the mid-west and extending to both borders. Evaluating genetic groups demonstrated that BI were derived from the Gulf Coast region, while BTB and BTC shared a distribution throughout the mid-west. The collection’s BTB were also sourced from the inter-mountain west. All environmental parameters were combined to identify similar environmental conditions where germplasm had already been collected. Through this process future geographies for sampling genetic groups were apparent. New collection areas should include the Great Basin, west Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Further BI collections should be performed in low THI score areas and BTB and BTC collections in high THI areas is needed. Using GIS/LG adds a new perspective and resolution for future collections to ensure cattle that are adapted to a particular environment are added to the collection.
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Matassino, D., A. Cappuccio, T. Grasso, and Marisa Palazzo. "CONSERVATION OF ANIMAL GERMPLASM AT RISK OF EXTINCTION IN ITALY: THE CENTRE FOR THE DEFENSE OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF CIRCELLO." Animal Genetic Resources Information 12 (April 1993): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004417.
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SUMMARYAfter a rapid review of the sociocultural aspects justifying that rare breeds be protected, of the aim of a conservation programme. and of the possible strategies, this paper describes in details the activities implemented at the National Centre for the preservation of germplasm of animals at risk of extinction, at Circello, in the south of Italy. In this centre, established on 310 ha, are presently raised 281 animals of more than 30 different breeds, among which 11 cattle breeds, 7 sheep breeds and 10 goat breeds. Activities of the centre include preservation, description, multiplication, improvement and use of the breeds at risk. Collaboration with other insttitutions within the Mediterranean region are listed.
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Nazif, Muhammad Sohail, Zia ur Rehman, Humayun Khan, Farhan Anwar Khan, Tarique Hussain, Adnan Ahmad, Farmanullah, et al. "Glycine Improved Cryopreserved Spermatozoa Quality in Achai Bull." BioMed Research International 2022 (August 4, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8282387.
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Achai is a small size cattle breed, resilient to harsh and cold environment. Cryopreservation of Achai bull semen may help to improve its genetics and preserve the germplasm. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects the structural and functional integrity of the spermatozoa. During freezing and thawing processes, the ROS make changes in the spermatozoa quality parameters and reduce total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of semen that is considered as marker of oxidative stress. This study was designed to determine the effect of glycine along with vitamin E on post-thawed spermatozoa quality and total antioxidant capacity in Achai cattle. The semen collection was done twice a week from four mature fertile Achai cattle bulls ( n = 4 ). The glycine was utilized as 0 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM along with vitamin E @ 2.3 mM added constantly in each concentration. The control group contained all extenders except glycine. The results revealed that post-thawed spermatozoa motility was found significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) at 10 mM as compared to 5 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM. Compared with control group, glycine concentration at 10 mM and other concentrations increased progressive and fast motility (%), curvilinear, straight line, and average path velocity (μm/s). Moreover, beat cross frequency (Hz) was higher ( P < 0.05 ), and post-thaw viability (%), plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) at 10 mM of glycine concentration in comparison to control and other glycine concentrations. Besides, acrosome integrity (%) and DNA integrity (%) as well as post-thawed T-AOC were also significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) at 10 mM of glycine concentration as compared to other glycine concentrations and control group. It is concluded that 10 mM of glycine along with vitamin E @ 2.3 mM improved cryopreserved semen quality of Achai bull.
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Castillo, Javier, Juan Benavides, Juan Vargas, Yesid Avellaneda, and Gustavo García. "Applied research on dairy cattle feeding systems in Colombian high tropics." Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas 36, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.193602.122.
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Sustainable intensification of dairy production is a strategy to consolidate a competitive sector. However, technologies adoption is limited due to the difficulty to accessing to research results. The objective of this document was to review a compilation of research works carried out mainly by the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation (Agrosavia) in specialized dairy feeding systems of Colombian high tropics. In soils issue, research has been carried out on soil recovery and grassland renewal. Recently, the growth of grasses has been evaluated under different environmental conditions to generate efficient forage management schemes. In 2018 was registered Altoandina oat to forage use, but, in Colombian high tropic, there is a limited offer to forages due to absence of breeding program and evaluation of germplasm. Integrated management of Collaria scenica has been developed. Characterization and use of tree and shrub species have been carried out to silvopastoral systems (SSPs). In feeding systems, Agrosavia has been working on determining chemical and nutritional compositional of feed resources and design of supplementation schemes to improve animal response. Methane production increases when mature forage species are used, contrary a balanced diet or grazing in SSPs reduces methane emissions. Finally, research developments must incorporate and recognize the production costs of the system to ensure the adoption of technologies.
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Entensa, Ysmel, Abel González-Morales, Claudia Linares, José Gerardo Vázquez, Marcos Edel Martínez-Montero, Byron E. Zevallos-Bravo, Elliosha Hajari, Monika Höfer, Ariel Villalobos-Olivera, and José Carlos Lorenzo. "Cryopreservation of Seeds of the Highly Valued Tropical Timber Species Swietenia Mahagoni ." Cryoletters 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2022): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr22610110412.
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BACKGROUND: Swietenia mahagoni wood is one of the most valuable in world trade and, as a result, natural populations have been decimated due to unsustainable harvesting. The decline in natural population levels is being exacerbated by climate change. In order to ensure the preservation of valuable genotypes, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to conserve the genetic diversity present within this species. At present, cryopreservation is the most viable option for the long-term storage of plant germplasm, particularly for long-lived species which are challenging to maintain in the field. OBJECTIVE:To cryopreserve intact seeds of S. mahagoni, with the dual goal of retaining the biosynthetic capacity of plants, which is critical since this species is highly valued for medicinal purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seeds at a moisture content of 6% were immersed in liquid nitrogen (LN) before warming and recovery. Plantlet establishment and growth were assessed over a period of 70 days and anthraquinone synthesis was determined in roots, stems and leaves. RESULTS: The results showed an initial lag in the germination rate of cryopreserved seeds compared with control seeds; however, this difference disappeared over time. The lag in seedling emergence observed in cryostored seeds was also evident in the plant characteristics measured following 30 days of culture when all plant parameters measured were significantly higher in plants produced from control than cryostored seeds. However, after 70 days of growth, these differences were no longer apparent. Anthraquinone levels were also initially lower (at 30 days) in plants regenerated from cryopreserved seeds than those from control seeds, however, this difference was substantially reduced by 70 days thereby indicating the ability of these plants to accumulate secondary metabolites, albeit at a reduced rate, during the early stages of development. CONCLUSION: In S. mahagoni, the delay in anthraquinone production in plants regenerated from cryostored seeds during the early stages of development may have occurred as a consequence of the preferential allocation of resources towards the initiation of recovery processes in response to the stresses imposed by cryopreservation. Once the stresses were overcome and plant growth resumed, resources could be directed to secondary processes such as anthraquinone synthesis.
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Trotskyi, P. A., O. V. Shcherbak, and S. I. Kovtun. "Application of nanomaterial for maturation in vitro of cattle embryos." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 28 (August 31, 2021): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v28.1385.
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Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of nanomaterial in the environment for the further development of in vitro embryos derived from frozen-thawed oocytes in the system of conservation of genetic resources of animals at the cellular level. Methods. Biotechnological, cryobiological, morphological, cytogenetic, and statistical methods, as well as methods of statistical data processing were used in the research. Results. Oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) of cows were divided into four groups: three experimental, in which the maturation was performed in a medium containing 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001% UFS/sucrose and control - without the addition of nanobiomaterial. In vitro fertilization of pre-mature frozen-thawed ova of cows and subsequent maturation of embryos in the medium with the addition of UFS/sucrose (0.001%) showed an increase in the number of embryos by 16.7-22.1% compared with the addition of 0.1; 0.01% and 13.1% compared to the control group. It was found that the fragmentation rate of 2-cell cattle embryos decreased from 65.0 to 39.8% with a decrease in the concentration of UFS/sucrose from 0.1 to 0.001%. The most stable indicators of the fragmentation index from 78.4 to 50.0% were observed on the fourth day of embryo cultivation in experimental group B. Conclusions. Reducing the concentration of UFS/sucrose from 0.1 to 0.001% in the composition of the medium for in vitro maturation of cattle embryos leads to an increase of 16.7-22.1% in the number of embryos obtained.
Keywords: oocyte-cumulus complex, cryopreservation, nanomaterial, in vitro maturation, embryo.
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SHARMA, HIMANI, REKHA SHARMA, SONIKA AHLAWAT, P. J. DAS, S. JAYAKUMAR, and M. S. TANTIA. "Cattle microsatellite markers successfully established diversity status of Arunachali yak (only registered yak breed of India)." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 9 (September 26, 2018): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i9.83553.
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Yak diversity of the country has remained predominantly unexplored for a long time. Among the 169 registered livestock breeds of India, the sole representation from yak genetic resources is the Arunachali yak. This study for the first time investigated genetic diversity status of Arunachali yak using 26 bovine microsatellite markers. All the markers recommended for cattle except one (ILSTS05) amplified with yak genome. Allelic genotype pattern overlapped between yak and cattle across 25 microsatellite loci and a total of 233 alleles were detected in yak. The number of observed alleles across loci ranged from 3–16 with an average of 9.32±0.70. Observed heterozygosity (0.552±0.04) was less than the expected heterozygosity (0.648±0.035) pointing towards heterozygote deficiency in the population. In addition, positive value of FIS index (0.143±0.043) suggested considerable inbreeding. There was no indication of a recent bottleneck event in this population based on heterozygosity excess tests as well as mode-shift analysis. In summary, bovine microsatellite markers proved to be a valuable tool for characterization of Indian yak population. Arunachali yak represents an interesting gene pool with moderate level of diversity. Inbreeding in population calls for sincere efforts to formulate breeding policy so that this precious germplasm is conserved with substantial genetic diversity.
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Mariante, A. da S., M. do S. M. Albuquerque, A. A. do Egito, and C. McManus. "Advances in the Brazilian animal genetic resources conservation programme." Animal Genetic Resources Information 25 (April 1999): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003497.
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SummaryBrazil has various species of domestic animals which developed from breeds brought by the Portuguese settlers soon after the discovery. Over the last five centuries, these breeds have been submitted to natural selection in particular environments and therefore today, they present characteristics adapted to the specific environmental conditions. From the beginning of this century, some exotic breeds, selected in temperate regions, have begun to be imported. Although more productive, these breeds lack adaptation traits, such as resistance to disease and parasites found in breeds considered to be“native” but even so, little by little, they have substituted the native breeds to such an extent that the latter are, today, in danger of extinction. To avoid the loss of this important genetic material, Brazil created an Animal Genetics Resource Conservation Programme, coordinated by the National Research Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMPRAPA). The conservation has been carried out by various Research Centres of EMPRAPA, Universities, State Research Corporations, as well as by private farmers, with a single coordinator at national level, Cenargen. The conservation is being carried out through Conservation Nuclei, situated in the habitats where the animals have been subjected to natural selection (in situ), and by the storage of semen and embryos (ex situ). The recently created Animal Genetics Laboratory of Cenargen allowed genetic characterisation studies on cattle and horse breeds to begin, and, in the near future, work with asses, buffalo and sheep will be conducted‥ From the results of this research it will be possible to compare the native breeds and estimate genetic distances between them. The harmonisation of chosen micro-satellites with those which have been used in other Latin America and Iberian Peninsula countries will be extremely useful for comparative studies and will allow future exchange of germplasm between countries.
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Gao, Fang, Chunxue Peng, Hao Wang, Iraida Nikolaevna Tretyakova, Alexander Mikhaylovich Nosov, Hailong Shen, and Ling Yang. "Key Techniques for Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration of Pinus koraiensis." Forests 11, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090912.
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Korean pine is the dominant species of Korean pine forests. It is an economically valuable species that yields oil, high-quality timber and nuts, and it offers great prospects for further development. Complete regenerated plants of Korean pine were obtained via somatic embryogenesis using megagametophytes as the explant. The seeds of 27 families of Korean pine were collected to induce embryogenic lines. We compared the effects of explant collection time, family and medium components (concentrations of sucrose, plant growth regulators and acid-hydrolyzed casein) on embryogenic lines induction. The effects of plant growth regulators and L-glutamine contents on the proliferation and maturation of embryogenic cell lines were studied, and the germinating ability of different cell lines was evaluated. The embryogenic lines induction percentage of Korean pine reached 33.33%. When 4.52 μmol·L−1 2,4-D and 2.2 μmol·L−1 6-BA were added to the medium of embryogenic lines proliferation, the ability of embryo maturation was the best (cell line 001#-100 was 135.71·g−1 fresh weight). Adding 1–1.5g L−1 L-glutamine to the proliferation medium can improve the ability of embryo maturation (cell line 001#-100 was 165.63·g−1 fresh weight). The germination percentage of the three cell lines tested was significant, and the highest was 66%. We report on successful regeneration and cryopreservation methods for somatic embryos of Korean pine. This technology could be used to propagate the excellent germplasm resources of Korean pine and to establish multi-varietal forestry.
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Heffernan, Kathryn R., R. Mark Enns, Harvey D. Blackburn, Scott E. Speidel, Carrie S. Wilson, and Milton G. Thomas. "Case study of inbreeding within Japanese Black cattle using resources of the American Wagyu Association, National Animal Germplasm Program, and a cooperator breeding program in Wyoming." Translational Animal Science 5, Supplement_S1 (November 30, 2021): S170—S174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab181.
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Entensa, Ysmel, Abel González-Morales, Claudia Linares, José Gerardo Vázquez, Marcos Edel Martínez-Montero, Byron E. Zevallos-Bravo, Elliosha Hajari, Oscar Vicente, Ariel Villalobos-Olivera, and José Carlos Lorenzo. "Exposure Of Calophyllum Antillanum Seeds To Liquid Nitrogen Delays Seedling Emergence And Decreases Leaf Anthraquinones." Cryoletters 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr22110110812.
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BACKGROUND: Trees within the Calophyllum genus are multi-use trees that produce valuable wood, phytochemicals with a range of biological activities, and seed oil as a source of biodiesel. As a consequence of climate change, there is a need to develop strategies to preserve valuable plant genetic resources. Cryopreservation represents the most suitable option for the long-term storage of germplasm with minimal space and maintenance requirements. OBJECTIVE: To determine appropriate methods to cryopreserve seeds of Calophyllum antillanum and maintain secondary compound production. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seeds at a moisture content of 6% were used to evaluate two treatments: seeds immersed in liquid nitrogen and control seeds. Biosynthetic pathway efficiency was assessed post-cryo by determining anthraquinone contents in roots, stems and leaves following 30 and 75 d of seedling growth. RESULTS: The results indicated that exposure to liquid nitrogen delayed germination and seedling emergence for a period of up to 45 d after seed sowing. By 60 d of cultivation, no significant differences in plant growth were observed for cryostored and control seeds. The levels of anthraquinones, which were also measured in seeds and seedlings, were lower in plants regenerated from cryostored seeds following 30 d of growth, but there were no differences in roots and stems by 75 d of growth. Furthermore, the difference in leaf anthraquinone levels for cryopreserved and control seeds at 75 d was much smaller than at 30 d. CONCLUSION: The low initial anthraquinone levels in emerging seedlings correlated with the initial slow growth of cryopreserved seeds.
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Rhodes, Ian, and K. Judith Webb. "Improvement of White Clover." Outlook on Agriculture 22, no. 3 (September 1993): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709302200310.
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The need to reduce economic and environmental costs of livestock agriculture has led to a resurgence of interest in forage legumes, particularly white clover, However, despite a recognition of the benefits accruing from its high herbage quality and the nitrogen fixation from its symbiosis with the Rhizobium bacterium, the widespread use of white clover by farmers has been inhibited by several perceived Problems. Foremost amongst these have been a reputation for unreliable yield, lack of persistency under intensive grazing and propensity to cause bloat in cattle. Conventional breeding techniques coupled with extensive genetic resources and a growing understanding of the physiological basis of variation in yield and persistency have already resulted in the development of new reliably productive varieties. These varieties will provide a cornerstone for sustainable livestock agriculture in upland and lowland areas of the UK and Europe. The successful application of techniques of biotechnology to white clover has accelerated in recent years. An array of approaches is now available which will open the way for its genetic manipulation and subsequent germplasm enhancement. These approaches range from the routine maintenance and propagation of plants in vitro to the production of transgenic plants, and offer possibilities of altering radically the nature of white clover in the future.
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Romadanova, Natalya, Мoldir Malikovna Aralbayeva, Nurgul Rymkhanova, Damirzhan Baigaraev, Alibek Ramazanov, Margarita Ishmuratova, and Svetlana Kushnarenko. "Криоконсервация как способ повышения лабораторной всхожести и энергии прорастания семян." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 105, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg1/86-95.
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n all across the world, including Kazakhstan, there is a problem of loss of plant resources biodiversity. Therefore, work is underway to create cryogenic banks, in which long-term storage of plant germplasm is carried out at an ultra-low temperature of –196 °C. For seeds stored in cryogenic banks, it is necessary to study their dormant state and the action of substances that could stimulate their germination. Medicinal plants are important objects for research since the Republic lacks a well-functioning system of industrial cultivation of medicinal plants and the production of pharmaceuticals based on local raw materials. Consequently, scientific information is required on the long-term maintenance of viable seed material and methods of stimulating seed germination. As a result of the experiments, the positive effect of gibberellic acid (GA) and liquid nitrogen (LN) on the increase in the percentage of germination energy (GE) and laboratory germination (LG) of medicinal plants seeds were revealed. On average, after LN exposure to seeds, the percentage of GE increased by 1.4 and LG by 1.5 times. After the exposure to GA, the percentage of GE increased by 1.2 times, and LG by 2.9 times. It was found that, to stimulate GE and LG, it is sufficient to treat seeds with one of the reagents, GA or LN. It was found that the seeds of Silybum marianum lose their germination after storage at a temperature of 1±1 °C for 9 months. The stimulation of GE and LG may require the treatment of freshly harvested seeds with chemical reagents. The effectiveness of the exposure of LN on in vitro seeds GE of Valeriana officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla variety Karagandinskaya by 4.5 and 1.8 times, respectively, was noted. The LG percentage of Valeriana officinalis after exposure to LN increased by 1.3 times, while the effect of LN on the LG of Matricaria chamomilla variety Karagandinskaya seeds was not observed.
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Hladiy, M. V., Yu P. Polupan, S. I. Kovtun, S. V. Kuzebnij, L. V. Vyshnevskiy, K. V. Kopylov, and О. V. Shcherbak. "SCIENTIFIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF GENERATION, GENETICS, REPRODUCTION BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PROTECTION OF THE GENOFONDS IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.01.
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The article highlights the main achievements, problems and directions of the further development of the landing stock of Ukraine, the prospects of scientific research of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of the NAAS in the areas of breeding, genetics, biotechnology of reproduction and preservation of the gene pool of farm animals. Institute is the initiator of four dairy herds (Ukrainian Red-and-White, Black-and-White, Red and Brown dairy bread) and four meat (Ukrainian, Volyn, Polissya and Southern meat) breeds of cattle. Its employees carry out scientific support of regional livestock development programs, development of systems for the creation and management of commercial herds of dairy and beef cattle, which contributes to solving the global food problem, and to ensure the nutrition security of Ukrainian population. The newly created Ukrainian Black-and-White, Red-and-White and Red dairy breeds for the predominantly intra-species breeding improvement and limited access to the gene pool of the Holstein breeding breed should remain the main areas of the breeding improvement of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The existing breeding system in cattle in Ukraine does not meet international standards and practically does not work in a complex way, and it threatens the final destruction of domestic breeding livestock, a significant dependence of the country on the import of breeding resources. To solve the problem, a new structure of the breeding service with a clear definition of the organizational basis for the management of tribal affairs and functional responsibilities of the subjects of its implementation was proposed, the formation of a centralized national information base for the identification, registration, origin and performance of animals, the keeping of state books of breeding animals as the basis estimation of their genetic value, and its realization is entrusted to the state enterprise created at the institute on Main scientific-production informational-elective center in livestock. Promising areas for farm animal breeding research are grouped into gene identification and the degree of development of quantitative attributes (QTL), early prediction and evaluation of breeding value of animals using markers (MAS). Research on molecular genetics is aimed at improving genetic analysis methods at individual and population levels, monitoring herds of cattle according to different types of genetic markers. Genetic systems for testing animals in 9 loci quantitative attributes, which are involved in the formation of qualitative indicators of dairy and meat productivity. A work is under way to test animals for the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene of the major histocompatibility complex in animal populations for resistance to or susceptibility to mastitis. Biotechnology research focuses on reproductive biology methods, first of all, manipulations with gametes of farm animals, in vitro fertilization of pre-matured oocytes of cows and pigs, and others. The technology of obtaining oocyte cumulus complexes from ovaries of animals, the conditions of their storage, cultivation and fertilization out of the organism, which allows receiving a much larger number of embryos for both scientific and practical purposes, is developed. A separate direction is the work to improve the biotechnological methods of reproduction of farm animals using nanomaterials. It is based on the application in cryopreservation and sperm production of sperm and ovules of various variants of biologically active substances that are applied to highly dispersed silica molecules (albumin of blood serum of cattle, N-acetylneuramic acid – UFS / BSA / NANA). In order to monitor and preserve the diversity of genetic resources of agricultural animals in Ukraine, a complex of works under NAAS scientific program "System of work in populations and preservation of biological diversity of genetic resources of farm animals" ("Preservation of gene pool of breeds") with a coordination center on the basis of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. The research resulted in the development of the Program for the preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2017–2025, in which the methodological bases for preservation of the gene pool were generalized, animal breeds were classified according to the criteria of risk, the minimum sizes of herds (real and virtual) of faulting species were substantiated, the minimum the size of subsidies for the proper functioning of small-numbered breeds, general methodological approaches to assessing the specificity of genetic resources are specified.
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Vyshnevsky, L. V., M. G. Porhun, O. V. Sydorenko, and P. Р. Dzhus. "BANK OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF INSTITUTE OF ANIMALS BREEDING AND GENETICS ND. A. M.V.ZUBETS OF NAAS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 53 (April 27, 2017): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.53.03.
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Introduction. Conceptual framework system biodiversity in livestock include a combination of a set of measures aimed at the conservation and repopulation animals - the preservation of genetic diversity in situ in vitro and preservation of genetic diversity through the accumulation of genetic material and its cryopreservation as germ and somatic cells, zygotes, tissues (ex situ in vitro). Gene pool facilities require maintenance system to produce the required number gene pool products, the main criterion of evaluation which is playing the typical breed characteristics and features. The unifying element in the system of biodiversity - a Bank of Animals of genetic resources of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS, which is attributed to objects of national heritage.
Relevance of the creation and operation of the bank animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS teeth caused by rapidly narrowing biodiversity in general and the diversity of farm animals in particular. According to the ratified November 29, 1994 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "Convention on Biodiversity" Pan-European strategy and objectives of conservation of biological and landscape diversity Bank animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS performs the task of enhancing the role of agriculture in maintaining biodiversity and fostering international cooperation for the conservation of genetic material of small species and endangered species according to the objectives of science and technology program number 37 "The system works in populations and biodiversity conservation of genetic resources of agricultural animals" ("Saving gene pool breeds").
It operates as a scientific and technological structure that provides storage and preservation of national and global gene pool of small, local and endangered species, populations and genotypes of rare farm animals. According to current trends driving the selection and breeding of livestock Ukraine and focusing on the short term, bank of sperm Institute also provides storage and rational use of better breeding material in the framework of breeding programs and improving the genetic potential productivity of animals.
The purpose of this study was to conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis of genetic material stored in the bank of Animal of Genetic Resources of Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
Material and methods of research. A description of the genetic material that is deposited in the bank of animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS the results of the inventory on January 1, 2017 and acts of reception and transmission. Analyzed information forms the primary account (1-mol and 1-beef) and certificates of origin bulls.
To characterize the gene pool of animals breeding materials included books of evaluation on the quality sires and progeny data directory bulls allowed to use in the selection process.
Results. Bank Animal of Genetic Resources was formed on the basis of the Republican gene pool bank of sperm, which was established in 1976 under former Ukrainian Research Institute Breeding and Artificial insemination of cattle (now the Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
Forming of animal genetic resources IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS was due to tribal enterprises, which sperm came from almost all regions of Ukraine. Since the gene pool of the National Bank of sperm of animal genetic resources deposited 26.043 thousand sperm doses of 44 bulls who participated in developing Ukrainian Beef breed, and founder of the Ukrainian Beef breed lines. The bank remains Institute of semen sires - the pioneers of related groups sperm are used to display the Ukarainian Beef breed: 81 Eoiziano, 2317 Eymo, 274 Desant and 382 Eufemio (Chianina), 5203 Juncker, 8574103527 Zheriko (Charolais) and founder of the factory line - 0988 Anchar (Ukrainian Beef). Also, the bank laid sperm factory line Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle - 897 Elbrus.
Now bank of sperm of Institute holds more than 145.3 thousand sperm doses outstanding bulls 16 dairy and 14 beef breeds in the number of 87.4 thousand doses of 116 sires and 38.6 thousand. Doses from 77 bulls beef breeds which is intended for use directly in selection and breeding work with breeds. To implement the program "Preservation of the gene pool of breeds" in the Bank of animal genetic resources generative cells remain in an amount of 19.5 thousand sperm doses of 27 bulls and four local endangered breeds (Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Lebedyn, Ukrainian Gray and Carpathian Brown). If necessary, use genetic material of these species in gene pool herds in the future will make it possible to recover the lost line.
During 2011- 2013 the specialists studied indicators mobility, dynamic characteristics of movement and survival defrosting bull sperm stored in a bank animals genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS using computer analyzer Sperm Vision company «Minitub» (USA). Indices straight-forward motion and absolute bull sperm survival rate for different shelf life.
The Institute staff conducted molecular genetic evaluation of genotypes bulls for loci QTL (k-Cn, βLG, GH (dairy and cattle breeds) TG, CAPN1 530, MSTN), ISSR-markers using a as being primers for fragments of dinucleotide and trinucleotide microsatellite locus (ACC) 6G, (GAG) 6C, (AG)9C, (GA)9C and microsatellite markers that are included in the list of recommended ISAG (BM1824, BM2113, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA126, TGLA227, ETH10, ETH225 and ETH3). The information for the studied markers allows you to make more detailed description of the genetic diversity of planted material stored in a bank of genetic resources of animals IABG.
The staff of the Institute and other academic Institutions in the system of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which performs research program NAAS "Saving gene pool breds" continues to work to build a bank of animal genetic resources.
Also, the Institute formed DNA bank of somatic cells and tissues of various farm animals, with appropriate breeding and genetic characteristics of genetic material.
To enhance the role of the bank of Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS in the management of genetic resources and conservation of biodiversity in the future of its formation should be based on the basis that from commercial breeds of farm animals lay biological material only from their greatest representatives, and for indigenous, local and endangered breeds - representatives from the widest possible range of different genealogical structure that will characterize the entire population.
Conclusions. Formation of the bank and its functioning is not only the accumulation and cryopreservation of genetic material of all kinds of animals, and in ensuring the implementation of scientific programs to maintain the diversity and specificity of gene pool facilities and breeding, biotechnology and other scientific research.
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Shedova, E. N., G. N. Singina, V. A. Bagirov, and N. A. Zinovieva. "147 THE DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED CATTLE-WISENT (BOS TAURUS-BISON BONASUS) HYBRID EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab147.
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Interspecies hybrids are important resources for research and agriculture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate development, quality, and viability of embryos produced in vitro using cattle (Bos taurus) oocytes and European bison (Bison bonasus) epididymal sperm. The epididymes were obtained following a forced slaughter of one bull aged 7 years. The sperm was collected by scraping the inner surface of the epididymes, diluted with the cryopreservation medium, and equilibrated for 4 h at 4°C. Thereafter, sperm aliquots (0.2 mL) were frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor for 5 min and then plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage. Prior to fertilization, frozen semen was thawed in pre-warmed medium for 1 min at 37°C and prepared by the swim-up method. The frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm from the Russian Black Pied bulls was used as a positive control. Slaughterhouse-derived cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured for 24 h in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% FCS, 0.2 mM sodium pyruvate, 10 μg mL−1 porcine FSH, and 10 μg mL−1 ovine LH. Matured oocytes (35–40 oocytes per group) were co-incubated for 18 h with homologous (n = 266 oocytes) or heterologous (n = 292 oocytes) sperm (spermatozoa/mL) in 500 µL of TALP containing 10 μg mL−1 heparin, 20 μM penicillamine, 10 μM hypotaurine, 1 μM epinephrine, and 0.1% minimal essential medium nonessential amino acids. After IVF, the oocytes were cultured in CR1aa medium (Rosenkrans 1994 J. Anim. Sci. 72, 434–437) to the blastocyst stage. All the cultures were performed at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in humidified air. At Days 2 and 7 after insemination, the cleavage and blastocyst rates were determined. In addition, a part of obtained blastocysts was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and the total cell number and apoptotic cell ratio were determined by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and TUNEL staining. The remaining blastocysts were cultured up to Day 10, and the hatching rates were assessed. The data (3–5 replicates) were analysed by ANOVA. The cleavage rates did not differ among both male species (72.4 and 77.1%). Furthermore, no significant effects of interspecies fertilization on the blastocyst rate or total cell number per blastocyst were found (27.4 ± 1.6% and 77.0 ± 5.7 for cattle embryos and 26.2 ± 1.9% and 83.1 ± 8.9 for cattle-wisent hybrid embryos). On the other hand, the significant differences between homologous and heterologous fertilization were detected in the rate of hatched blastocysts (60.3 ± 5.1 v. 38 ± 2.9, P < 0.05) and apoptotic cell ratio 7.3 ± 0.8 v. 11.6 ± 1.04, P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that hybrid embryos produced by IVF of bovine oocytes with the epididymal sperm of European bison can be developed up to advanced blastocyst stages. However, the hybrid embryos have a lower quality and viability than cattle embryos. Research was supported by the Program of Presidium of the Russian Academy of Science, project no. IV.13.3.
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ABBERTON, M. T., and A. H. MARSHALL. "Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005101.
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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) and red clover (T. pratense L.) are the most important legumes of temperate pastures. The former is used largely in systems based around sheep or cattle grazing and is grown together with a companion grass. Breeding aims to optimize the white clover contribution to the sward. This means that yield per se is not the aim but rather to take full advantage of the benefits of white clover; in particular, nitrogen fixation, high protein content, digestibility, mineral content and high intake. The objective is an agronomically and, as far as possible, nutritionally balanced sward, thus persistence of white clover and yield stability over a number of years are key goals. A considerable focus of germplasm improvement has therefore been overcoming biotic and abiotic stresses to clover performance. The former include not only pests and diseases but also the impact of the ruminant animal and the competitive interaction with the companion grass, while abiotic stress could be loosely defined as ‘winter hardiness’ and ‘summer survival’ depending on the site. In recent years the focus of many breeding efforts has shifted to give more consideration to the effects of variation within white clover germplasm on animal performance and the environment. Beneficial effects on productivity have been known for many years, but recent studies of the impact of forage diets on meat and milk quality have opened up new opportunities for improvement. Diffuse pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural sources is high on the environmental protection agenda of many governments. Breeding efforts are now being made to reduce the contribution of clovers to both direct (leaching) and indirect (through animal returns) pollution. In particular, recent insights into mechanisms affecting protein breakdown in the rumen and silo offer new prospects for breeding interventions to reduce environmental impacts.Molecular marker methods are being developed in white clover and the transfer and use of resources and information accumulating in the model legumes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus is likely to be a major route by which the power of genomic approaches is translated into forage legume improvement. Hybrids of white clover and related species have been developed to introgress key traits; namely, drought tolerance, grazing tolerance of large leaf types and enhanced seed yield, for which only limited genetic variation is present within the white clover gene pool.Red clover is less persistent than white clover, is typically cut three or more times in a season and is used to make silage for winter feed. Although it is often grown with a companion grass, monocultures are common and yield per se as well as persistency and pest and disease resistance are major breeding aims. Fewer agronomic studies and less germplasm improvement have been carried out in this species and molecular studies are not as well advanced although, as with white clover, future developments are likely to benefit greatly from a close relationship to model legumes. Red clover brings considerable benefits in terms of animal production and meat and milk quality. These aspects, alongside approaches to reduce nitrogenous pollution from the silo, represent considerable opportunities for variety development.
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Goncharenko, I. V., and Yu S. Pelykh. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SEXED AND TRADITIONAL SEMEN OF HOLSTEIN BULLS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.31.
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Holstein dairy cattle are characterized by many outstanding qualities such as exterior constitutive type, level of milk yield per lactation and during the period of economic use, well developed udder in size and shape, adapted to machine milking and others. However, there are some negative aspects at the breeding of animals of this breed. This is a short period of practical use (2-2,5 lactation) and decreased fertility of breeding stock (67-72% – in the farms with intensive-industrial technologies). At high intensity of herd selection – 30-33%, it is practically impossible to obtain the expanded reproduction of a herd from its own resources. Therefore, it always has to depend on the import of heifers and feeder heifers. These circumstances may necessitate the development of special breeding activities which eliminate these problems.
The science developed technology and laboratory equipment for sexed bull sperm and use of frozen-thawed sexed sperm relatively recently. Production test confirmed high efficiency of separation of spermiums by sex (bulls: heifers) – up to 92%. However, the high cost of sexed sperm and reasonable doubts of scientists and geneticists on the biological "harmlessness" of the proposed technology require further research in the future.
The aim of our work was to conduct a comparative assessment of sexed and traditional sperm quality of the same Holstein bulls, which comes in straws and proposed for using in farms of Ukraine.
Sexed and traditional (not sexed) sperm of Holstein sires of Canadian selection from "Simex Alliance Ukraine" LTD was used for research. The sperm of 4 sires: Benjamin CANM 7866444, Ardent HOUSAM 137922325, Mathys CANM 103439288, Vioris Sleeman HOCANM7817774 was taken for the analysis; each of the bulls had 3 sexed sperm doses and 3 traditional sperm doses. Total 24 sperm doses were studied.
Thaw-frozen bull sperm was studied in the cryopreservation laboratory SPC "Zahіdplemresursy" Ltd., Lviv region using the technological equipment of the German company «Minitube» according to the software package CASA (Computer Assisted Semen Analysis) – Sperm Vision. Assessment of semen quality was conducted on indicators: concentration of sperms in 1ml, motility after thawing, number of sperms with rectilinear reciprocating movement (RRM), circular motion and stationary, and after incubation at 37 ° C after 60, 120, 180 minutes; acrosome intactness, level of microbial contamination.
It has been established that motility and survivability of the sexed sperms were15-20% lower compared with these indicators of traditional sperm. Irrespective of the division of sperm by sex, we had the highest activity of the sperms of bull Vioris Sleeman HOCANM7817774. This indicates the possibility of bull selection by this indicator of quality sperm.
The experimental results should not be assessed pessimistically. The similar problems occurred at the early stages of development and adopting of freezing and thawing technology of native bull sperm. We know that these issues have been successfully resolved.
Therefore, the experimental results indicate necessity of improving the technology of freezing and thawing sexed bull sperm and preparing specialists of required qualification for the breeding centres laboratories and breeding enterprises in Ukraine.
The genotype of a number of generations of progeny, obtained using sexed sperm should be systematically studied in the future.
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Trzcińska, Monika, and Marcin Samiec. "Ex situ conservation and genetic rescue of endangered Polish cattle and pig breeds with the aid of modern reproductive biotechnology." Annals of Animal Science, June 28, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2021-0046.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The development and optimization of reproductive biotechnology – specifically semen cryopreservation, spermatological diagnostics, and intraspecies cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) – have become essential techniques to conserve the genetic resources and establish genetic reserves of endangered or vanishing native Polish livestock breeds. Moreover, this biotechnology is necessary for perpetuating biological diversity and enhancing genetic variability as well as for restoring and reintroducing breeds into anthropogenic agricultural ecosystems. On the one hand, the purpose of our paper is to interpret recent efforts aimed at the ex situ conservation of native cattle and pig breeds. On the other, it emphasizes the prominent role played by the National Research Institute of Animal Production (NRIAP) in maintaining biodiversity in agricultural environmental niches. Furthermore, our paper provides an overview of the conventional and modern strategies of the banking and cryopreservation of germplasm-carrier biological materials and somatic cell lines, spermatological diagnostics, and semen-based and SCNT-mediated assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). These are the most reliable and powerful tools for ex situ protection of the genetic resources of endangered breeds of livestock, especially cattle and pigs.
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Kavya and V. K. Deshpande. "A Review on the Effectiveness of Cryopreservation as a Germplasm Management." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, June 28, 2022, 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-5322.
Full textAbstract:
Germplasm management is one of the best methods of conserving wildlife species for future use and to protect extinction of wildlife resources such as trees, animals and plants. The use of cryopreservation has been noted as one of the best options because all resources kept under this method can be used after many years without any problem. Many countries have opted this method compared to keeping of live plant and animals. The only major challenge faced in the use cryopreservation is the effect of climatic changes and mutations which may take place and affect the resources. Some Germplasm resources such as seeds have life span and after that time they may fail to germinate or fail germinate but fail to suit to the climatic conditions due to climate change which causes mutation from live genetic resources. There is need to come up with a viable option of way of making cryo preserved resources suit the climatic conditions after climate change.