Journal articles: 'Cattle body composition'

1

Williams, C. B., and T. G. Jenkins. "Predicting empty body composition and composition of empty body weight changes in mature cattle." Agricultural Systems 53, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(96)00039-x.

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Wright, I. A., and A. J. F. Russel. "Body composition changes in cattle during compensatory growth." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010035.

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It is well known that cattle can exhibit compensatory growth following a period of food restriction. The cause of the phenomenon has been attributed to reduced maintenance requirements, increased food intake and changes in the composition of the tissue gained. It is not clear whether changes in the composition of tissue gained occur independently of the other possible causative factors.

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Wright, I. A., and A. J. F. Russel. "Changes in the body composition of beef cattle during compensatory growth." Animal Science 52, no. 1 (February 1991): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005730.

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ABSTRACTForty-two weaned suckled Charolais-cross steers were used to measure changes in body composition during compensatory growth in growing cattle. Six cattle were slaughtered initially and the remaining 36 allocated to either a low level of feeding to 350 kg live weight followed by a high level (LH) or a high level of feeding throughout (HH). Above 350 kg live weight, food intake on both treatments was the same at any given live weight. Six cattle were slaughtered from each treatment at 350, 400 and 450 kg live weight. From initial live weight (259 kg) to 350 kg, live-weight gains were 0·45 and 0·78 kg/day for the LH and HH treatments respectively (P < 0·001). From 350 to 400 kg live weight, live-weight gains were 1·35 and 0·98 kg/day (P < 0·01) for the LH and HH cattle respectively, while from 400 to 450 kg live weight there was no significant difference (1·38 v. 1·20 kg/day). The LH cattle contained less fat in the empty body than the HH cattle at 350 kg (118 v. 153 g/kg; P < 0·05) and 400 kg live weight (117 v. 169 g/kg; P < 0·01), but at 450 kg there was no significant difference between treatments. From 350 to 400 kg live weight the composition of the empty body-weight gain was 663 g water, ' 108 g fat and 216 g protein per kg in the LH cattle and 422 kg water, 311 g fat and 173 g protein in the HH cattle. From 400 to 450 kg live weight the equivalent figures were 491, 291, 156 g/kg for the LH cattle and 744, 67 and 203 g/kg for the HH cattle. The results demonstrate that following a period of food restriction the empty body-weight gain of cattle initially comprises increased proportions of protein and water and a reduced proportion of fat compared with unrestricted cattle when both are given the same amount of food and compared at the same weight. There then follows a second phase in which the proportion of fat increases and the proportions of protein and water decrease.

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Basarab, J. A., M. A. Price, J. L. Aalhus, E. K. Okine, W. M. Snelling, and K. L. Lyle. "Residual feed intake and body composition in young growing cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-065.

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Crossbred steers (n = 176), 7–8 mo of age and from the five BeefBooster strains (M1, M2, M3, M4 and TX), were used to determine the relationships between residual feed intake (RFI) and growth rate, body composition and heat production (HP), and to quantify differences in RFI independent of differences in body composition. Animals with different RFI levels were also characterized for growth, carcass and body compositional traits. Steers from each genetic strain were selected at random and serially slaughtered on 5 pre-selected days of the finishing period. Steers grew at 1.52 (SD = 0.22) kg d-1 and had dry matter intake (DMI) of 8.5 (SD = 1.0) kg d-1 during the last 71 to 183 d before slaughter. Metabolic mid-point weight, average daily gain (ADG), gain in empty body fat and gain in empty body water accounted for 67.9, 8.6, 3.9 and 1.1%, respectively, of the variation in actual feed intake. Similarly, metabolic mid-point weight (68.5%), ADG (8.2%), gain in ultrasound backfat thickness (1.8%), gain in ultrasound marbling score (1.1%) and year (1.3%) accounted for 80.9% of the variation in actual feed intake. Residual feed intake adjusted for differences in estimated composition of gain (estimated gain in empty body fat and water; RFIII) ranged from -2.06 kg d-1 to +1.61 kg d-1 (SD = 0.60 kg d-1). Residual feed intake adjusted for live animal measures of body composition (gain in ultrasound backfat thickness and marbling score; RFIIII) ranged from -2.11 kg d-1 to +1.88 kg d-1 (SD = 0.62 kg d-1). Low RFIIII animals (efficient) had 6.0% lower metabolizable energy intake (MEI), retained 9.3% less energy and had 4.5% lower HP than medium RFIIII animals (P < 0.01). Low RFIIII animals also had 10.2% lower MEI, retained 12.0% less energy and produced 9.3% less heat than high RFIIII animals (P < 0.01). Liver (P <0.01), small and large intestine (P = 0.09) and stomach and intestine (P < 0.01) weights were less in low and medium RFIIII steers compared to high RFIIII steers. There was a trend for low RFIIII steers to have less dissectible carcass fat (P = 0.08), intermuscular fat (P = 0.06), body cavity fat in the butt and loin (P = 0.01), faster accretion rate of empty body water (P = 0.04) and a slower accretion rate of empty body fat (P < 0.01) than medium and high RFIIII steers. A portion of the greater MEI by high RFIIII steer was accounted for by differences in the chemical composition of gain. However, a greater proportion was due to a disproportionate increase in the energy required for maintenance and heat increment of feeding in high RFIIII steers. An attempt should be made to adjust RFI for changes in the chemical composition of gain, possibly by the inclusion of ultrasound backfat thickness and marbling score into the equation for determining RFI. Key words: Cattle, feed efficiency, residual feed intake, remote sensing, GrowSafe System

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Holland, Ben P. "88 How can Industry Use Energy and Body Composition Predictions to Achieve Production Expectations?" Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.080.

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Abstract Cattle feeders and consulting nutritionists must weigh numerous data points when making decisions. Each operation must define success in production and set expectations. Then considering inputs, such as cattle genetic potential, production technologies, feeder and fed cattle market conditions, grid premiums and discounts, and ingredient pricing and nutrition composition, they must design systems that are capable of achieving these expectations. Models have been developed for the projection of cattle growth, retained energy, and body composition and can be helpful in designing feeding and management programs. However, intricacies available in models that can lead to improved prediction can be difficult to implement. As a result, data may be underutilized, and decisions are often made based on limited information. This presentation will attempt to consider the dynamic conditions involved in making such decisions as choosing days on feed and determining marketing dates and provide context that can be used by research and industry when developing and applying models in cattle feeding.

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Neves, Maria Luciana Menezes Wanderley, Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza, Robson Magno Liberal Véras, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, Marcos Inácio Marcondes, Gabriel Santana da Silva, Lígia Maria Gomes Barreto, Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira, and Antonia Sherlânea Chaves Véras. "Can the body composition of crossbred dairy cattle be predicted by equations for beef cattle?" Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0876.

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Aubakirova, A. K., A. E. Zhunusov, D. E. Il, E. N. Il, and A. V. Chereshko. "BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD PARAMETERS OF IMPORTED CATTLE." Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, no. 3 (52) (April 25, 2022): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2309-6977-2021-3-127-130.

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Blood refers to the fluids of the internal environment of the body and is one of the integrating systems of the body. Various deviations in the state of the body and individual organs lead to changes in the blood system and vice versa. Blood responds to various pathological processes occurring in the body by changing the amount and constituent elements. Thus, a versatile study of the biochemical composition of blood is important for recognizing diseases, for understanding the essence of the most important pathological processes.

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Aubakirova, A. K., A. E. Zhunusov, D. E. Il, E. N. Il, and A. V. Chereshko. "BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD PARAMETERS OF IMPORTED CATTLE." Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, no. 3 (52) (April 25, 2022): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2309-6977-2021-3-127-130.

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Blood refers to the fluids of the internal environment of the body and is one of the integrating systems of the body. Various deviations in the state of the body and individual organs lead to changes in the blood system and vice versa. Blood responds to various pathological processes occurring in the body by changing the amount and constituent elements. Thus, a versatile study of the biochemical composition of blood is important for recognizing diseases, for understanding the essence of the most important pathological processes.

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9

France, J., M. Gill, J. H. M. Thornley, and P. England. "A model of nutrient utilization and body composition in beef cattle." Animal Science 44, no. 3 (June 1987): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100012307.

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ABSTRACTA simple dynamic model of metabolism in growing beef cattle is described; the scheme is based on carbon and nitrogen fluxes. There are six state variables, three relating to blood metabolite levels and three to body composition. The blood metabolite variables are acetyl-coenzyme A equivalents, glucose equivalents and amino acids, and the body composition ones are ash, lipid and protein. The fluxes in the model are based on nine biochemical transactions, six of which are catabolic and three biosynthetic. The model simulates changes in carcass composition in response to changing nutrient input and gives a measure of agreement with comparative slaughter data. It also highlights the need for more complete data on profiles of nutrient absorption in association with comparative slaughter experiments.

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Mahgoub, O., F. H. Olvey, and D. C. Jeffrey. "Growth and composition of the Omani Dhofari cattle 1. Body weight growth and carcass composition." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 8, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1995.611.

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Sarlo Davila, Kaitlyn M., Heather Hamblen, Peter J. Hansen, Serdal Dikmen, Pascal A. Oltenacu, and Raluca G. Mateescu. "Genetic parameters for hair characteristics and core body temperature in a multibreed Brahman–Angus herd1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 8 (June 19, 2019): 3246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz188.

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Abstract Thermal stress in hot humid conditions limits cattle production. The objectives for this study were to estimate genetic parameters for hair characteristics and core body temperature under low and high temperature humidity index (THI) conditions. Hair samples were collected and measured for length and diameter. Core body temperature was measured as vaginal temperature every 15 min over a 5-d period using an iButton temperature measuring device implanted in a blank CIDR in 336 heifers from the University of Florida multibreed herd (ranging from 100% Angus to 100% Brahman). Restricted maximum likelihood procedures were used to estimate heritabilities from multiple bivariate animal models using the WOMBAT program. Estimates of heritability for hair diameter, undercoat length, topcoat length, body temperature under low THI conditions, and body temperature under high THI conditions were 0.50, 0.67, 0.42, 0.32, and 0.26, respectively. The genetic parameters estimated in this study indicate a large, exploitable genetic variance which can be selected upon to improve tolerance in cattle. Breed effects for differing compositions of Brahman and Angus were also estimated. As Brahman breed composition increased by 25% undercoat length, topcoat length, body temperature under low THI conditions, and body temperature under high THI conditions decreased by 1.32 mm, 2.94 mm, 0.11 °C, and 0.14 °C, respectively. Under both low and high THI conditions, cattle with 25% Brahman breed composition or greater maintained a significantly lower body temperature than the 100% Angus breed group. The incorporation of Brahman germplasm is recommended for herds that often experience heat stress conditions in order to increase resilience to heat stress.

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Gomes, R. A., G. R. Monteiro, G. J. F. Assis, K. C. Busato, M. M. Ladeira, and M. L. Chizzotti. "Technical note: Estimating body weight and body composition of beef cattle trough digital image analysis1." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 5414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0797.

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13

Ryan, WJ, IH Williams, and RJ Moir. "Compensatory growth in sheep and cattle. II. Changes in body composition and tissue weights." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 7 (1993): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931623.

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Compensatory growth can be due to increased protein deposition, reduced maintenance and greater feed intake. However, the contribution to and interaction between these mechanisms during compensatory growth is not clear. It was hypothesized that initial compensatory growth was due to reduced maintenance requirement and greater deposition of protein, after which compensatory growth was due to greater feed intake. Changes in the composition of sheep and cattle were measured during nutritional restriction and subsequent compensatory growth, and compared with the changes in control animals fed ad libitum throughout. At the end of the experiment the restricted cattle had compensated completely, and there was no difference in the body composition of the restricted and the control cattle. The restricted sheep did not compensate completely and were leaner than the control sheep. During nutritional restriction there was differential weight loss of carcase tissues in both the sheep and the cattle. The greatest losses were in the liver and the digestive tract in both species and in the skin of the sheep. It was concluded that the loss of these tissues reduced the maintenance requirement of the restricted animals and that the lowered maintenance requirement persisted during re-alimentation until these tissues had been fully repleted. Further, the repletion of these tissues required an increase in protein deposition, and it was a combination of these two mechanisms that was responsible for compensatory growth during the first 12 weeks of re-alimentation.

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Marcondes, Marcos Inacio, Luís Orlindo Tedeschi, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, Luiz Fernando Costa e Silva, and Alex Lopes da Silva. "Using growth and body composition to determine weight at maturity in Nellore cattle." Animal Production Science 56, no. 7 (2016): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14750.

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The aim of the present study was to estimate the relationships among water, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and ash in the empty bodyweight (EBW), and the soft tissue and bone and, moreover, to determine an objective method to define weight at maturity in Nellore cattle. A dataset containing carcass and body compositions of 249 animals from 11 experiments was developed. There were 63 bulls, 105 steers, and 81 heifers where all animals were purebred Nellore, aged between zero and 24 months. The contents of water, CP and ash in the EBW were predicted by non-linear regressions, whereas an exponential model was used to predict EE. In addition, the content of CP was predicted on a fat-free dry matter (FFDM) basis, and maturity was defined as the point when no significant accretion of CP in the FFDM was observed. The soft tissue water (STW) was regressed on logistic Gompertz functions, and segmented regression models, whereas the analysis of bone chemical composition in the EBW was conducted using an exponential model. The gender effect was not significant (P > 0.05) for EBW and EE; therefore, this effect was not included in the analysis of FFDM. The exponential model suggests that Nellore cattle reached maturity at ~445 kg and the segmented regression model suggested that maturity was reached at 429 kg. A significant relationship between the concentration of STW and soft tissue EE (STEE) was observed (STEE = 0.920 – 1.147 × STW; r2 = 0.96, mean square error = 1.01), but the soft tissue was not a good predictor of maturity, because it is dependent on the diet. Analysis of bone chemical composition showed that EE, water and ash become constant between 400 and 500 kg of EBW, and that CP in bones was constant at 19.1% of EBW. These data also suggested that bone composition could be a good predictor of maturity; however, with the high variability in our dataset, it was not possible to determine an EBW at which these components became constant with a reliable precision. We concluded that Nellore cattle reach maturity at ~437 kg of EBW and that CP in the FFDM and CP, water and ash in bones are good predictors of maturity, whereas soft tissue composition is not a useful predictor of maturity.

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Marshall, D. M. "Breed differences and genetic parameters for body composition traits in beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1994.72102745x.

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Hocquette, J. F. "Endocrine and metabolic regulation of muscle growth and body composition in cattle." Animal 4, no. 11 (2010): 1797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731110001448.

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SCHLECHT, E., M. SANGARÉ, A. SUSENBETH, and K. BECKER. "Supplementation of Zebu cattle grazing Sahelian pasture. II. Development of body mass and empty body composition." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 1 (August 1999): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699006668.

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Sales, Maykel Franklin Lima, Mário Fonseca Paulino, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, Marlos Oliveira Porto, Victor Rezende Moreira Couto, and Pedro Veiga Rodrigues Paulino. "Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40, no. 2 (February 2011): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982011000200026.

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The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.

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Lancaster, Phillip A. "214 Assessment of Equations Relating Empty Body Chemical Components in Growing/Finishing Cattle." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.175.

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Abstract Existing equations to estimate empty body chemical composition were developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from then to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring empty body chemical composition by proximate analysis resulting in 198 treatment means from 25 experiments since 1976. Three sets of equations were used to compute empty body chemical composition assuming empty body water was known: 1) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811), 2) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x), and 3) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x). Mean (SD) empty body water, fat and protein were 59.91 (6.32), 17.58 (7.89), and 18.24 (2.02) % of EBW, respectively. For all equations, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to zero and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for fat, protein, ash and energy were different than zero and one, respectively. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was high (> 0.85) for fat and energy, but low (< 0.50) for protein and ash for all equations. Mean bias for fat, protein, ash, and energy ranged from -19.58 to -3.50%, 1.62 to 15.84%, -2.22 to 14.15%, and -6.09 to -0.63%, respectively, with Eq. 1 having the MB closest to 0 for protein, and Eq. 3 having the MB closest to 0 for fat, ash, and energy. Publication year as a continuous variable was a significant predictor of the difference between observed and predicted values for all components. Fat and energy had greater overpredicted whereas, protein and ash had greater underprediction in more recent publications. In conclusion, existing equations provide similar precision, but differ in accuracy to predict empty body chemical composition. The trend for greater bias in more recent publication years indicates the need to reevaluate relationships among empty body chemical components using current cattle genetics.

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Yan, T., R. E. Agnew, and D. C. Patterson. "Prediction of body weight and composition in lactating dairy cows: Prediction of empty body weight and carcass weight." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010917.

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Empty body (EB) weight (EBW) is used to estimate the energy and protein requirements for maintenance for dairy cattle. It is predicted from live weight (LW), but the prediction can be influenced by a number of factors, e.g., feed and water intake, pregnancy and body condition. The objective of the present study was to develop prediction equations for EBW and carcass weight in lactating dairy cows using LW and other live animal data.

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Mottin, Camila, Mariana Garcia Ornaghi, Rodrigo Augusto Cortez Passetti, Juliana Akamine Torrecilhas, Tatiane Rogélio Ramos, Ana Guerrero, Ana Maria Bridi, and Ivanor Nunes do Prado. "Lipid composition of raw and grilled beef cattle slaughtered at four body weights." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2020): e1109108351. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8351.

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The fatty acid composition of beef can be altered by factors related to the animal, management, processing and preparation. The effect of body weight and cooking of meat on the composition of long chain fatty acids was evaluated. Forty 10-month old crossbred young bulls (½ Brown Swiss x ½ Nellore) of initial body weight 219 kg finished in feedlot with high grain diet and slaughtered with 450, 469, 491 and 513 kg of body weight. The Longissimus dorsi muscle was collected after slaughter and carcass chilling. The individual composition of the fatty acids of the meat was not altered (P < 0.05) by different body weights and by cooking (until reaching 72º C). Likewise, the sum of the percentages of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega 3 and 6 fatty acids; as well as the ratios between monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega 3 and 6 were not altered. Therefore, the different body weights and heating used in this study were insufficient to cause significant alterations in the fat molecules and the meat can be consumed without damaging the health of the consumer.

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Wright, I. A., A. J. F. Russel, and E. A. Hunter. "The effects of genotype and post-weaning nutrition on compensatory growth in cattle reared as singles or twins." Animal Science 45, no. 3 (December 1987): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002919.

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ABSTRACTThirty-five Charolais × Blue-Grey and Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) weaned suckled calves which had been reared as either singles or twins and 19 single-reared Luing and Charolais × Luing weaned suckled calves were given silagead libitumsupplemented with either 0·75 or 2·5 kg rolled barley per day during the post-weaning winter. During summer the cattle continuously grazed perennial ryegrass swards. The high level of barley supplementation increased winter live-weight gain by 0·25 kg/day (P< 0·001). During summer the cattle from the low level of feeding gained weight at 0·09 kg/day (P< 0·05) faster than those from the high level of feeding. However, by the end of the summer grazing period the cattle on the low level of feeding were proportionately only 0·97 the weight of the animals on the high level of feeding.During winter the performance of all genotypes was similar, but at pasture the Luing cattle gained less weight (P< 0·01) than the single-reared Charolais-cross genotypes.Twin-reared cattle took 55 days longer to reach slaughter condition, but produced carcasses of equal weight and fatness to those from single-reared cattle.The twin-reared cattle on the high level of feeding and the single-reared cattle on the low level of feeding attained a similar weight, body condition and ultrasonic backfat at turn-out. Thereafter, their herbage intakes and live-weight gains were identical suggesting that previous level of feeding per se is unimportant in determining an animal's subsequent intake and performance. Rather it is the body composition at a given age, irrespective of the pathway followed to attain that composition, that determines performance thereafter. It is also suggested that the inability of cattle to compensate for a reduction in level of nutrition during the first 3 to 4 months of life is due to the lack of potential for fat deposition, and there is thus limited opportunity for nutritional manipulation of body composition at that age.

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Agnew, R. E., W. J. McCaughey, J. D. McEvoy, D. C. Patterson, M. G. Porter, R. W. J. Steen, and T Yan. "In vivo estimation of body composition of lactating dairy cattle from urea space measurements." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005883.

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San Pietro and Rittenberg (1953) reported that urea appeared to meet all the requirements of a satisfactory tracer. Urea is non toxic, not foreign to the body and it shows an even and rapid distribution throughout the total body water without any physiological effect. For these reasons in addition to its easy and accurate measurement, urea is an ideal candidate tracer to estimate empty body water in vivo. Total body water volume (urea space) can be estimated by dividing the total amount of urea infused by the increase in plasma urea concentration from prior to infusion until 12 or 30 minutes after mean infusion time. Kock and Preston (1973) reported significant relationships between urea space measurements and percentage of empty body fat and water in cattle. However, Andrew et al. (1995) using 21 Holstein cows showed that prediction of empty body water using the urea space technique only explained 31 % of the variation. The objective of this experiment was to use the urea dilution technique to estimate the body composition of lactating dairy cows and produce relationships between urea space and body fat and protein content.

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Maranatha, Grace, Sukawaty Fattah, Jacob Nulik, and Ulrikus R. Lole. "Integrated Feed of Improved Grass with Legume-Food Crops for enhancing the Growth Performance of Male Fattening Bali Cattle in West Timor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 748, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/748/1/012015.

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Abstract The quality of cattle feed plays a significant role in increasing the performance quality of beef cattle. Most of the farmers are facing constraint to provide the good feed in affordable prices. This research was aimed to determine the effect of given integration feed of improved-legume and food crops to daily weight gain, chest girth, shoulder height and body length of fattening Bali cattle of farmers in West Timor. The research method was arranged as in a double Latin Square Design (LSD), consisted of 5 treatments (T0; local feeds by farmers in West Timor. T1; integration feed of Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato + legume Clitoria ternatea + corn + Vigna umbellata + Cucurbita maxima, T2; integration feed of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott + legume Clitoria ternatea + corn + Vigna umbellata + Cucurbita maxima, T3; integration feed Setaria sphacelata + legume Clitoria ternatea + corn + Vigna umbellata + Cucurbita maxima, T4; integration feed Brachiaria decumbens + legume Clitoria ternatea + corn + Vigna umbellata + Cucurbita maxima) and 5 periods as replications. The observed responses were weight gain, chest circumference, shoulder height and length of fattening. The observed animals were 10 male Bali cattle that belongs to farmers and with an age ranged between 1-1.5 years and body weight ranged between 101-134 kg (average of 114.25 kg and a coefficient variation (CV) of 6.12%). The results showed that the integrated feed gave a significantly different performance of beef cattle. The most economical composition of integrated feed was the T1 which was able to increase the performance of the cattle compared with the control treatment. This results concluded that the integrated feed fed had a very significant effect on the daily body weight gain, chest girth, shoulder height and body length of the fattened Bali cattle. Economically and the ease of use of feed fed indicated that the composition of T1 treatment gave a greater contribution of 23.53% compared with the control treatment.

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Bonilha, Eduardo Figueiredo Martins, Renata Helena Branco, Sarah Figueiredo Martins Bonilha, Fabiana Lana de Araújo, Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonçalves Cyrillo, and Elaine Magnani. "Body chemical composition, tissue deposition rates and gain composition of young Nellore cattle selected for postweaning weight." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43, no. 4 (April 2014): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982014000400003.

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Savic, Mila, Vladimir Dimitrijevic, Ruzica Trailovic, Mensur Vegara, Blagoje Dimitrijevic, Zolt Beckei, Branislav Petrujkic, and Aleksandar Cojkic. "Selection criteria in organic cattle breeding." Veterinarski glasnik 68, no. 5-6 (2014): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1406363s.

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The central issue in process of organizing organic cattle breeding is the knowledge about specificities of this kind of production, good knowledge of breed characteristics (body composition, immune tolerance, expressed predisposition towards some diseases, production properties). Research centres, in collaboration with producers, have defined the essential features on which the selection programmes in organic cattle breeding are based on. Of the greatest importance for veterinary service is the fact that selection programmes in organic cattle breeding are in the first place based on giving priority to healthy animals, with strong immune system, good reproductive characteristics, which can be in production system for a long period. Additional important selective criteria is specific body resistance and adaptability of autochtonous breeds to environmental conditions.

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Smith, Zachary K., and Warren C. Rusche. "92 Management, Technology, and Growth Composition: Have They Affected Carcass end Goals?" Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.078.

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Abstract For years, researchers have quantified and appraised feed additives, steroidal implants, and various management strategies, such as grain processing, limit feeding, or slick-bunk management, on the sole basis of responses in rate and efficiency of gain. Until recently, cattle were mainly sold on live basis; however, many cattle fed today are marketed on a carcass value basis. Cattle uniformity at slaughter is important economically for cattle producers, particularly for those trying to meet grid standards and minimize carcass discounts. Management factors to control rate of growth from 50 to 65% of final shrunk body weight, program feeding a high-concentrate diet to achieve targeted rates of gain, or by offering ad libitum access to forage-based diets can be used to delay fattening. Delaying fattening allows cattle to achieve heavier weights at similar final fat content. Management factors to control intake early in the feeding period to reduce weight gain variation, or using terminal sorting, allows for increased uniformity of cattle loads at harvest. Sensor-based sorting technologies can allow for cattle to be placed in similar contemporary groups to minimize discounts at the lot level when pens of cattle are marketed. Pharmaceutical technologies such as steroidal implants delay fattening and allow for increased harvest weight of cattle. Beta-adrenergic agonist application during the final weeks prior to harvest enhances muscle growth at the expense of fat deposition, allowing for improved feed efficiency during the late feeding period and increased days on feed. Complementary breeding systems that capitalize on terminal sires mated to maternal lines adapted to specific environments would generate cattle optimized for growth potential and carcass weight. This presentation will review factors impacting carcass end goals and future research needs to improve understanding of how management and technology influence growth composition, attainment of carcass end goals, and economic returns.

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Tait, Richard Gregory. "Ultrasound Use for Body Composition and Carcass Quality Assessment in Cattle and Lambs." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 32, no. 1 (March 2016): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.007.

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Baker, R. D., and M. J. Gibb. "The performance and changes in body composition of steers offered cut grass or grazing following three patterns of nutrition in winter." Animal Science 60, no. 3 (June 1995): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013291.

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AbstractFriesian steer cahes were reared over winter on a silage (S) or on a silage plus concentrate (SC) diet to provide cattle of the same live weight, but of different ages for a comparison of grazing and feeding cut herbage indoors during the summer. A further group received fish meal (SF) as a supplement in an attempt to provide cattle of the same age as the S group, but of different body composition. Although supplementation improved the daily deposition of fat and protein, it did not lead to differences in body composition at the end of the winter period. The ratio of protein to fat deposition and the efficiencies of conversion were low for all groups, but they did improve as the level of supplementation increased.There was no carry-over effect of winter treatment on summer performance. However, housed cattle deposited significantly more fat.The trial demonstrated the inefficient use of nitrogen from silage with poor fermentation characteristics and the predisposition of cattle on such diets to low protein to energy retention. Whilst supplementation altered this balance, higher levels than given would be needed to have a marked effect. It was also concluded that the performance of housed cattle as an indicator of that of grazing cattle, is likely to be misleading because lower activity reduces maintenance requirement and leads to greater fat deposition.

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Thomson, B. C., B. J. Thomas, L. C. Ward, and M. N. Sillence. "Evaluation of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance data for predicting lean tissue mass in beef cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 7 (1997): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97025.

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Summary. Multifrequency bioimpedance analysis has the potential to provide a non-invasive technique for determining body composition in live cattle. A bioimpedance meter developed for use in clinical medicine was adapted and evaluated in 2 experiments using a total of 31 cattle. Prediction equations were obtained for total body water, extracellular body water, intracellular body water, carcass water and carcass protein. There were strong correlations between the results obtained through chemical markers and bioimpedance analysis when determined in cattle that had a wide range of liveweights and conditions. The r2 values obtained were 0.87 and 0.91 for total body water and extracellular body water respectively. Bioimpedance also correlated with carcass water, measured by chemical analysis (r2 = 0.72), but less well with carcass protein (r2 = 0.46). These correlations were improved by inclusion of liveweight and sex as variables in multiple regression analysis. However, the resultant equations were poor predictors of protein and water content in the carcasses of a group of small underfed beef cattle, that had a narrow range of liveweights. In this case, although there was no statistical difference between the predicted and measured values overall, bioimpedance analysis did not detect the differences in carcass protein between the 2 groups that were apparent following chemical analysis. Further work is required to determine the sensitivity of the technique in small underfed cattle, and its potential use in heavier well fed cattle close to slaughter weight.

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Alekseeva, E. I., T. L. Leshchuk, N. A. Lushnikov, and N. M. Kostomakhin. "Protein composition of blood of young cattle of beef breeds." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 12 (October 14, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2212-02.

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It is possible to achieve an increase in beef production in Russia with the rational use of the available breed resources of beef cattle. The formation of meat productivity of animals depends on the growth and development of young animals, but at the same time it is important to study hematological indicators that give a certain idea of the patterns of changes in the body. The purpose of the research was to study the protein composition of the blood of young cattle of beef breeds. Research was carried out in farms in the Kurgan region on steers and heifers of Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford breeds during weaning (7 months) and at 12 months of age. For analysis blood samples were taken from animals from the jugular vein, which was examined in the laboratory of the Department of Chemistry and Examination of Food Products at the Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T. S. Maltsev. The article presents the results of studies of the protein composition of the blood serum of young animals of Aberdeen Angus and Hereford breeds depending on their age. It was found that the total protein content was less than the reference value in Hereford steers and Aberdeen Angus heifers during weaning period (7 months), and in Hereford heifers at 12 months of age, which indicates a decrease in metabolism in the body. The concentration of albumins in all the studied animals was normal. In heifers of Hereford breed at the age of 7 and 12 months, in steers of the same breed at 12 months a low content of β-globulins was revealed. The number of γ-globulins in animals of all groups was normal, with the exception of Hereford steers (12 months) where the indicator was higher than normal rate.

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Kirkpatrick, Tylo J., Kaitlyn Wesley, Sierra L. Pillmore, Kimberly Cooper, Travis Tennant, and Ty Lawrence. "349 Empty body composition and retained energy of Jersey steers using an aggressive implant strategy." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.196.

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Abstract This experiment was designed to quantify the empty body composition of Jersey steers administered an aggressive implant strategy. Jersey steers {n = 30; initial body weight (BW) 183 ± 43 kg} were randomly assigned to one of two implant strategies: negative control (CON), or implanted with Revalor 200 (200 mg trenbalone acetate / 20 mg estradiol 17-β; (REV) every 70 d (d 0, d 70, d 140, d 210, d 280, d 350) during a 420 d feeding period. Steers were harvested on d 421; 6 CON and 6 REV steers were randomly selected for collection of blood, hide, ground viscera, bone, and ground lean and fat to determine empty body composition. Proximate analysis was completed for each sample to determine total body percentages of moisture, crude protein, fat, and ash. Data were analyzed via independent t-test. Percentage empty body moisture (46.48% CON vs 49.69% REV) and empty body protein (15.32% CON vs 17.58% REV) were greater (P < 0.01) in REV cattle. In contrast empty body fat (33.51% CON vs 26.93% REV) was greater (P < 0.01) for CON cattle. Empty body ash did not differ (P > 0.10; 4.69% CON vs 5.80% REV) between treatments. Negative control steers contained a total empty body protein to total empty body fat ratio of 0.44:1 compared to 0.62:1 for REV steers. These data suggest that an aggressive implant strategy alters composition of gain during the finishing of Jersey steers toward increased protein and decreased fat.

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Gruntkoskyi, M. S., V. M. Kondtratiuk, S. M. Gryshchenko, N. P. Hryshchenko, and I. S. Mytyay. "Influence of Nanovulin-VRKh on cattle thermoregulation and chemical composition of milk." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_22.

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The current research described the effect of neurotropic and metabolic non-hormonal biologically active medicine Nanovulin-VRKh © on the milk yield amount and the milk quality. Two cow groups were under study: the experimental and the control groups, each including four cows. The results showed that two of the neurotropic and metabolic Nanovulin-VRKh injections made 12 and 24 hours after the insemination did not effect the body thermoregulation of cows. Administration of the Nanovulin-VRKh contributes to stable fat formation in cow milk. Increased content of protein, nonfat milk solids, stable fat formation in milk were due to Nanovulin-VRKh administration. It was also established that, in the milk of experimental animals were administered the Nanovulin-VRKh, the pronounced effect of the drug on the protein, fat and nonfat milk solids content was observed, and the prolonged effect on these indices was reported during the fourth milking. Introduction of Cuprum aqua-chelate into the drug did not has toxic effect on the animal body and therefore would not effect the human health through the dairy products.

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Hirooka, H., A. F. Groen, and J. Hillers. "Developing breeding objectives for beef cattle production 1. A bio-economic simulation model." Animal Science 66, no. 3 (June 1998): 607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800009188.

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AbstractA deterministic simulation model was constructed to develop breeding objectives and estimate biological and economic values. The model simulates life-cycle production of a breeding cow and growth performance of her offspring. Input variables are divided into four categories: animal traits, nutritional variables, management variables and economic variables. The economic variables assume typical beef cattle production in Japan. The outputs from the model include cow-calf performance, feedlot performance and biological and economic efficiency. The model's ability to simulate herd composition, food intake of cow and calves, cow body-weight changes, empty body and carcass composition of feedlot animals and production efficiencies is illustrated.

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Silva, Luiz H. P., Pedro V. R. Paulino, Pedro D. B. Benedeti, Mauricio M. Estrada, Lyvian C. Alves, Débora E. F. Assis, Gutierrez J. F. Assis, et al. "Post-weaning growth rate effects on body composition of Nellore bulls." Animal Production Science 60, no. 6 (2020): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19032.

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Context Previously feed-restricted cattle may exhibit compensatory growth during the finishing phase. However, the efficiency in converting feed into carcass should be evaluated since cattle undergoing compensatory growth usually have high non-carcass weight gain. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth rate throughout the post-weaning growing phase on subsequent feed efficiency, carcass gain, and gain composition. Methods Thirty-nine weaned young Nellore bulls averaging 230.4 ± 5.62 kg of bodyweight and 8.5 ± 0.25 months of age were used. Initially, five bulls were slaughtered as a reference initial group. The remaining bulls were randomly assigned to one of three nutritional plans to achieve Low (0 kg/day), Medium (0.6 kg/day) or High (1.2 kg/day) average daily gain (ADG) throughout the post-weaning growing phase, followed by high growth rate during the finishing phase. One-half of the bulls from each treatment were slaughtered at the end of the post-weaning growing phase, and the other one-half after the finishing phase. During both phases the feed intake, apparent digestibility, performance, and body composition were evaluated. Key results Throughout the post-weaning growing phase, High bulls had greater ADG and more efficiently converted feed into carcass, compared with other nutritional plans (P < 0.01). Throughout the finishing phase, Low bulls had greater ADG, carcass gain, and feed efficiency than High and Medium bulls (P < 0.01). Previous feed restriction did not affect (P > 0.05) apparent digestibility. During the finishing phase, previously restricted bulls fully compensated for the lost visceral organ weight, whereas the losses of bodyweight and carcass weight were only partially compensated. Throughout finishing, Low bulls had the greatest feed efficiency and profitability among nutritional plans. However, considering the overall experiment, Hight bulls converted feed into carcass more efficiently than Low bulls (P = 0.02), but did not differ from Medium (P > 0.05). Conclusions Although previously restricted bulls had greater performance and efficiency throughout finishing, the improvement was not enough to reach the same carcass weight at the same age of the unrestricted bulls. Implications Despite the greater profitability of previously restricted bulls throughout finishing, unrestricted bulls were more profitable considering both growing and finishing phases.

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Johnson, I. R., J. France, J. H. M. Thornley, M. J. Bell, and R. J. Eckard. "A generic model of growth, energy metabolism, and body composition for cattle and sheep1." Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 13 (December 1, 2012): 4741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-5053.

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Bartle, S. J., and R. L. Preston. "Plasma, Rumen and Urine Pools in Urea Dilution Determination of Body Composition in Cattle." Journal of Animal Science 63, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.63177x.

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Weng, Ziqing, Hailin Su, Mahdi Saatchi, Jungjae Lee, Milton G. Thomas, Jenelle R. Dunkelberger, and Dorian J. Garrick. "Genome-wide association study of growth and body composition traits in Brangus beef cattle." Livestock Science 183 (January 2016): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.011.

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Ramon, E., Z. Efendi, H. Kusnadi, S. Yuliasari, A. Ishak, and WA Wulandari. "Utilization of oil palm waste as animal feed for Bali cattle in Margomulyo Village, Central Bengkulu." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1041, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012057.

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Abstract Oil palm is the leading plantation commodities in Bengkulu province which is able to increase original local government revenue. Besides producing palm oil, this plant also produces solid waste, fronds, and leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of Bali cattle fed by oil palm waste. The research was conducted from August to November 2018 in Margo Mulyo village, Pondok Kubang subdistrict, Central Bengkulu regency, using 2 treatments (introduced and existing) with 13 replications. The composition of introduced feed is forage (70% field grass + 30% fermented fronds and palm leaves) + fermented solid as concentrate. Existing feed composition is field grass (forage) + rice bran (concentrate). Forage is given 10% and concentrate 1% of body weight. The parameters observed were body weight gain and Body Condition Score (BCS) and analyzed by T-test. The results showed a significant effect of treatment on body wight gain. The introduction treatment was able to produce body weight gain by 0.33 kg/head/day, while the existing treatment produce body weight gain of 0.17 kg/head/day only. BCS score of Bali cattle in both treatments not significantly different at the beginning was 2-3 and in the end 3-4, categorized in medium conditions.

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Lancaster, Phillip A. "216 Assessment of Equations Relating Carcass with Empty Body Chemical Components in Growing/Finishing Cattle." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.176.

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Abstract Existing equations to estimate empty body chemical composition from carcass chemical composition developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from then to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring carcass and offal chemical composition by proximate analysis resulting in 88 treatment means from 11 experiments since 1982. Two sets of equations 1) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811) and 2) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x) were used to compute empty body chemical components from carcass chemical components. Mean (SD) carcass fat and protein were 18.86 (8.37) and 18.18 (2.94) % of HCW, respectively, and empty body fat and protein were 18.25 (7.85) and 18.69 (2.32) % of EBW, respectively. Carcass chemical components were strongly correlated (≥ 0.98) with empty body chemical components. For Eq. 1, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to 0 and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for water, fat, ash, and energy were different than 0 and 1, but were not different for protein, whereas the intercept and slope were different for all components when using Eq. 2. Mean bias for chemical components ranged from -2.43 to 7.94% for Eq. 1, and -2.41 to 3.56% for Eq. 2. The mean bias was closer to 0 for water, fat and energy when using Eq. 2, but were closer to 0 for protein and ash when using Eq. 1. Offal chemical composition was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of the difference between observed and predicted empty body components. Publication year was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of the difference for protein and ash using either set of equations. In conclusion, both sets of equations were highly precise for all chemical components, and moderately to highly accurate, although later publication years had greater overprediction for protein.

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Greathead, H. M. R., J. M. Dawson, V. A. Sessions, F. T. Tye, N. D. Scollan, A. B. McAllan, and P. J. Buttery. "Fat synthesis in different depots of cattle fed grass silage and dried grass diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593284.

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Cattle fed grass silage generally have higher fatrprotein ratios than cattle fed other forage-based diets. This has been shown to be at least partly due to impaired protein accretion (Gill et al., 1987). It is however unclear whether differences in fat accretion are also responsible. This experiment was designed to compare rates of whole body fat metabolism, rates of fat deposition and carcass composition between grass silage and dried grass diets fed over a range of ME intakes.

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Greathead, H. M. R., J. M. Dawson, V. A. Sessions, F. T. Tye, N. D. Scollan, A. B. McAllan, and P. J. Buttery. "Fat synthesis in different depots of cattle fed grass silage and dried grass diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030993.

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Cattle fed grass silage generally have higher fatrprotein ratios than cattle fed other forage-based diets. This has been shown to be at least partly due to impaired protein accretion (Gill et al., 1987). It is however unclear whether differences in fat accretion are also responsible. This experiment was designed to compare rates of whole body fat metabolism, rates of fat deposition and carcass composition between grass silage and dried grass diets fed over a range of ME intakes.

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Andrade, Dulciene Karla Bezerra de, Antonia Sherlânea Chaves Véras, Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira, Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, Wellington Samay de Melo, and Kedes Paulo Pereira. "Body composition and net protein and energy requirements for weight gain of crossbred dairy cattle in grazing." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, no. 4 (April 2009): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009000400022.

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The body composition and net protein and energy requirements for weight gain of 5/8 Hostein-Zebu crossbred cattle raised in Brachiaria decumbens Spaft pasture were evaluated. In total, 16 bulls with 10 months of age and body weight (BW) of 180 ± 19.95 kg were used. The animals were kept with free access to pasture or with restricted grazing (from 6 to 10 h). Four animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experimental period to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) and the initial body composition of the remaining animals. The other animals were slaughtered at the end of the 84-day trial period. The logarithm equations of the protein and energy body content were adjusted according to the logarithm of the empty body weight EBW. From these equations, the net protein and energy requirements for weight gain were estimated. There was an increase in fat (from 37.17 to 59.08 g/kg EBW) and energy (from 1.68 to 1.94 Mcal/kg EBW) concentrations, with increase in body weight from 150 to 250 kg. The protein and energy requirements for gaining 1 kg of EBW increased with the increase in body weight or empty body weight. The relationship between fat concentration in gain and protein requirements also increased, indicating that as the BW or EBW increase, more fat deposition in the gain is observed.

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Baker, R. D., N. E. Young, and J. A. Laws. "Changes in the body composition of cattle exhibiting compensatory growth and the modifying effects of grazing management." Animal Science 41, no. 3 (December 1985): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100036369.

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AbstractFriesian steer calves born in August were reared from 3 to 7 months of age on either a low (OL) or high (OH) plane of nutrition. A further group born in October (YH) was also reared on a high plane. At grazing, the performance of calves of the same age but different weights (OL v. OH) or the same weight but different ages (OL v. YH) were compared at two levels of herbage allowance, either 30 or 60 kg dry matter per kg live weight. During the winter, the H groups received silage and concentrate and the L group was given silage only. The OL group had a higher concentration of fat and a lower concentration of water in the empty body at the end of the winter than did the OH and YH groups respectively.Compensatory growth was exhibited by the OL group at both herbage allowances. Differences in the live-weight and empty body-weight gains of OL and OH cattle could be explained almost entirely by differences in the energy content of the gains whereas this was only partially so when the OL and YH groups were compared. The results indicate that YH cattle had lower herbage intakes even though they were of similar weight to OL cattle.It was concluded that silage nitrogen is used less efficiently by cattle than is generally assumed and that the levels of gut fill and energy content of the live-weight gains in this experiment were not consistent with the general values suggested by the Agricultural Research Council (1980).

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Williams, P. E. V., and A. Macdearmid. "Effects of a period of severely restricted feed intake and growth on subsequent appetite, growth and nitrogen balance of friesian steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034887.

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It is generally accepted that although both plane of nutrition and chemical composition of the diet can have a major effect on body composition when comparisons are made between animals of the same age, these differences are substantially reduced when comparisons are made at the same body weight (Black 1974). There is considerable emphasis being placed on the production of lean meat for human consumption, while at the same time the retail trade is pressing for heavier carcass weights. These two requirements appear incompatible given the fact that the proportion of fat in weight gain increases as the live weight of the animal increases. We suggested (Williams and Macdearmid 1985) that compensatory growth may be used as a method of controlling body composition in beef cattle since the initial phase of compensation may be characterised by rapidly increased muscle growth combined with a reduction in the initial rate of fat deposition. Reports in the literature indicate that animals compensating after a period of feed restriction tend to have a greater appetite than animals of the same weight but grown continuously. The present experiment was designed : o compare and measure appetite and nitrogen balance in beef cattle which were fed continuously or allowed to realimentate after a period of feed restriction.

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O'Reagain, P. J., B. C. Goetsch, and R. N. Owen-Smith. "Effect of species composition and sward structure on the ingestive behaviour of cattle and sheep grazing South African sourveld." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 2 (September 1996): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078047.

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SUMMARYThe effects of species composition and sward structure on the ingestive behaviour of cattle and sheep grazing a mesic, low quality grassland in South Africa were investigated over the 1990–93 grazing seasons. Species composition had a significant (P < 0·05) effect on sheep bite size and on cattle and sheep bite rates but had no effect on dry matter intake rate (IR). Species composition could, however, affect IR over longer grazing periods than those used in the experiment.Sward structure had a major effect on ingestive behaviour. Cattle and sheep bite rates and cattle grazing time, were negatively correlated (P < 0·05) with plant height but positively correlated (P < 0·05) with sward greenness. Bite size and hence IR in cattle and sheep were strongly correlated (P < 0·001) with plant height. Cattle IR increased from 6 to 20g/min over the range of heights encountered and appeared to reach an asymptote at a plant height of 20–25 cm. Sheep IR, expressed per unit of body mass, increased from 0·01 to an asymptote or maximum of 0·13 g/min/kg at plant heights of 10–15 cm. For sheep there was evidence of a non-asymptotic functional response at some sites with IR being maximized at certain sward heights but declining thereafter. This suggests the possible existence of a third, quality dimension to the functional response on these low-quality grasslands.

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Kempster, A. J., G. L. Cook, and M. Grantley-Smith. "National estimates of the body composition of British cattle, sheep and pigs with special reference to trends in fatness." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015488.

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1The relationship between diet and health is now a major factor in the development of production and marketing strategies for the British meat industry, following Government recommendations that people should be encouraged to eat less fat. It has emphasised the need for accurate information on the body composition of national livestock populations and the fat content of the meat and meat products derived from them. This paper collates the information available for cattle, sheep and pigs, and provides base-line (1984) estimates of national lean and fat production. Changes that have taken place over the past ten years are also examined.2The basic framework for making estimates was the distribution of carcasses between fatness ranges in the national carcass classification schemes operated by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC). The distribution for cattle was obtained from a random 1 in 3 sample of beef carcasses classified (0.25 of all clean beef carcasses were classified).3A computer spread-sheet was constructed relating the midpoint means of the fatness ranges to carcass tissue proportions and chemical composition. Regressions for predicting carcass lean and fat content were calculated from accumulated data from surveys of commercial carcasses and breed evaluations for cattle (Kempster, 1986), for sheep (Kempster, Jones and Wolf, 1986a) and for pigs (Diestre and Kempster, 1985). Key regressions are given in Table 1. Carcass lean and fat are defined as in the standard MLC tissue separation procedure. Regressions for estimating carcass lipid content: were obtained using data from several studies. The principal study involved carcasses from breed comparison trials (MAFF/MLC, 1982). Details of the other data sets are given by Kempster, Cook and Grantley-Smith (1986b). Key relationships are given in Table 2.4Estimates of the composition of carcasses in different classification fatness ranges are given in Table 3. These are for 'clean' cattle, sheep and pigs, but estimates were also made for cull cows and cull ewes.5National estimates of carcass composition and the weights of lean and fat produced in 1975/77 and 1984 are given in Table 4. The carcass composition of beef was the same in 1974/76 and 1984 but the average carcass weight has increased by 20kg. The implication of this is that changes in breed and production system have created the potential for leaner carcasses but that the beef industry has preferred to exploit this potential by increasing carcass weights. An increase of 20kg is equivalent to about 15gAg separable fat in carcass on the basis of typical regressions within breed and system.The carcasses of clean sheep in 1984 were estimated to be slightly lighter and leaner than those in 1977. Information on marketing patterns suggests that there has been little change in production methods (as far as they affect composition) and that lambs are now being slaughtered early, possibly stimulated by the pattern of Guide Prices in the EEC Sheep Meat Regime.In marked contrast to cattle and sheep, the separable fat content of the average pig carcass has fallen from 274g/kg in 1975 to 228g/kg in 1985, with a small increase in carcass weight. It is estimated that the increase in the use of entire males has contributed 5g/kg to the overall change.6The estimates in the paper are considered to be the best available with current information but because of the limitations of the data may be subject to error. Possible sources of error are discussed by Kempster et al (1986b). The authors would be pleased to know of data relating physical and chemical composition that could be used to refine the estimates.

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Oddy, V. H., H. C. Dougherty, and J. W. Oltjen. "Integration of energy and protein transactions in the body to build new tools for predicting performance and body composition of ruminants." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19229.

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Increased market pressure to improve meat yield and quality require improved methods of predicting body composition in growing animals. Current systems of animal nutrition based on nutrient supply and animal characteristics predict animal growth from nutrient inputs, but, as of yet, do not accurately predict body composition. The present paper explores the evidence and data required to support an existing model of the effects of energy intake on visceral and muscle protein mass and energy expenditure to predict heat production, growth and body composition of sheep. While parameters of the model related to energetic costs of protein in muscle and viscera can be supported by independent studies, parameters associated with energetic costs of protein gain, particularly in viscera, are harder to reconcile with independent measurements. The range of available data on systematic changes in visceral organ mass over time in response to feed intake is limited, which may constrain generalisation of the parameters of the model with regard to the wide range of production situations faced by the sheep and cattle industries. However, sufficient data exist in the literature to test, and if required, revise the current framework.

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Silvestre, Tainá, Marina A. Lima, Gustavo B. dos Santos, Luiz G. R. Pereira, Fernanda S. Machado, Thierry R. Tomich, Mariana M. Campos, et al. "Effects of Feeding Level and Breed Composition on Intake, Digestibility, and Methane Emissions of Dairy Heifers." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030586.

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The dairy Nutrients Requirements of Cattle (NRC) was developed using data from purebred Holsteins and it might not accurately predict the performance of crossbred cattle. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of two feeding levels (FLs) and three breed compositions (BCs) on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, and methane (CH4) emissions of prepubertal dairy heifers. We used thirty-six heifers from three BCs: purebred Holstein (H), purebred Gyr (G), and F1 Holstein × Gyr (HG). Each BC had 12 animals and the experiment was designed as twelve incomplete three by three Latin squares, in a factorial arrangement three by two, with three BCs and two FLs (400 and 800 g/day). Total tract nutrient digestibility was determined using total fecal collection and DMI was individually measured. The data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS. Dry matter intake of all nutrients increased from the medium to high feeding level and the nutrients digestibility coefficients did differ among BCs. Achieved body weight gain in the medium FL treatment was greater than those predicted using the NRC, suggesting that crossbred and Gyr heifers have similar performance to Holsteins. Breed composition does not influence body weight gain of confined dairy heifers, but Holstein heifers fed a medium FL had higher feed efficiency and reduced CH4 emissions intensity.

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Harrison, Meredith, and James W. Oltjen. "327 Parameter Updates in the Davis Growth Model for Growth, Intake, and Composition of Modern Angus-Cross Cattle." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.291.

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Abstract The Davis Growth Model is a dynamic model used to estimate body composition and growth in beef cattle by simulating total body DNA and protein turnover. Since model development and parametrization in the 1980s, the model has been re-structured to account for previous rate of protein accretion and prior nutrition. Original parameter estimates for alpha (maintenance constant, where net energy for maintenance is alpha x shrunk body weight0.75; 0.08406) and K2 (protein synthesis rate constant; 0.0444) may not fit modern, heavier, more productive cattle. Angus-cross steers (n = 24; initial body weight 402 ± 12 kg) were fed using automated feed weight stations in group pens (8 steers/pen). Steers were fed a high energy ration twice daily, at 10% greater than the intake from the previous day. Steers were measured for hip height, body weight (BW), and ultrasonic measurements for ribeye area and back fat every 28 d until harvest (d 128). These measurements were used to calculate empty BW, empty body fat, and empty percent body fat for alpha and K2 estimates. Parameter estimates (± SD) were 0.12661 (0.01587) and 0.04919 (0.00220) for alpha and K2, respectively. Parameter estimates in the current study reflect a large increase in apparent maintenance. Maintenance requirements were moderately correlated with back fat thickness and feed conversion efficiency. Protein turnover had very strong correlations with ribeye area and feed conversion efficiency. Average feed conversion efficiency in the current study was 0.17. To evaluate parameter estimates, the model was re-run using the new values for alpha and K2. On average, the model underpredicted final empty body weight by 0.08 kg and empty body fat percent by 0.01%-units. Considering the relatively large variation among observed alpha values and the magnitude of increase compared with those previously reported, further research is required to determine an accurate alpha.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cattle body composition'

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