Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle body composition'

It is well known that cattle can exhibit compensatory growth following a period of food restriction. The cause of the phenomenon has been attributed to reduced maintenance requirements, increased food intake and changes in the composition of the tissue gained. It is not clear whether changes in the composition of tissue gained occur independently of the other possible causative factors.

ABSTRACTForty-two weaned suckled Charolais-cross steers were used to measure changes in body composition during compensatory growth in growing cattle. Six cattle were slaughtered initially and the remaining 36 allocated to either a low level of feeding to 350 kg live weight followed by a high level (LH) or a high level of feeding throughout (HH). Above 350 kg live weight, food intake on both treatments was the same at any given live weight. Six cattle were slaughtered from each treatment at 350, 400 and 450 kg live weight. From initial live weight (259 kg) to 350 kg, live-weight gains were 0·45 and 0·78 kg/day for the LH and HH treatments respectively (P < 0·001). From 350 to 400 kg live weight, live-weight gains were 1·35 and 0·98 kg/day (P < 0·01) for the LH and HH cattle respectively, while from 400 to 450 kg live weight there was no significant difference (1·38 v. 1·20 kg/day). The LH cattle contained less fat in the empty body than the HH cattle at 350 kg (118 v. 153 g/kg; P < 0·05) and 400 kg live weight (117 v. 169 g/kg; P < 0·01), but at 450 kg there was no significant difference between treatments. From 350 to 400 kg live weight the composition of the empty body-weight gain was 663 g water, ' 108 g fat and 216 g protein per kg in the LH cattle and 422 kg water, 311 g fat and 173 g protein in the HH cattle. From 400 to 450 kg live weight the equivalent figures were 491, 291, 156 g/kg for the LH cattle and 744, 67 and 203 g/kg for the HH cattle. The results demonstrate that following a period of food restriction the empty body-weight gain of cattle initially comprises increased proportions of protein and water and a reduced proportion of fat compared with unrestricted cattle when both are given the same amount of food and compared at the same weight. There then follows a second phase in which the proportion of fat increases and the proportions of protein and water decrease.

Crossbred steers (n = 176), 7–8 mo of age and from the five BeefBooster strains (M1, M2, M3, M4 and TX), were used to determine the relationships between residual feed intake (RFI) and growth rate, body composition and heat production (HP), and to quantify differences in RFI independent of differences in body composition. Animals with different RFI levels were also characterized for growth, carcass and body compositional traits. Steers from each genetic strain were selected at random and serially slaughtered on 5 pre-selected days of the finishing period. Steers grew at 1.52 (SD = 0.22) kg d-1 and had dry matter intake (DMI) of 8.5 (SD = 1.0) kg d-1 during the last 71 to 183 d before slaughter. Metabolic mid-point weight, average daily gain (ADG), gain in empty body fat and gain in empty body water accounted for 67.9, 8.6, 3.9 and 1.1%, respectively, of the variation in actual feed intake. Similarly, metabolic mid-point weight (68.5%), ADG (8.2%), gain in ultrasound backfat thickness (1.8%), gain in ultrasound marbling score (1.1%) and year (1.3%) accounted for 80.9% of the variation in actual feed intake. Residual feed intake adjusted for differences in estimated composition of gain (estimated gain in empty body fat and water; RFIII) ranged from -2.06 kg d-1 to +1.61 kg d-1 (SD = 0.60 kg d-1). Residual feed intake adjusted for live animal measures of body composition (gain in ultrasound backfat thickness and marbling score; RFIIII) ranged from -2.11 kg d-1 to +1.88 kg d-1 (SD = 0.62 kg d-1). Low RFIIII animals (efficient) had 6.0% lower metabolizable energy intake (MEI), retained 9.3% less energy and had 4.5% lower HP than medium RFIIII animals (P < 0.01). Low RFIIII animals also had 10.2% lower MEI, retained 12.0% less energy and produced 9.3% less heat than high RFIIII animals (P < 0.01). Liver (P <0.01), small and large intestine (P = 0.09) and stomach and intestine (P < 0.01) weights were less in low and medium RFIIII steers compared to high RFIIII steers. There was a trend for low RFIIII steers to have less dissectible carcass fat (P = 0.08), intermuscular fat (P = 0.06), body cavity fat in the butt and loin (P = 0.01), faster accretion rate of empty body water (P = 0.04) and a slower accretion rate of empty body fat (P < 0.01) than medium and high RFIIII steers. A portion of the greater MEI by high RFIIII steer was accounted for by differences in the chemical composition of gain. However, a greater proportion was due to a disproportionate increase in the energy required for maintenance and heat increment of feeding in high RFIIII steers. An attempt should be made to adjust RFI for changes in the chemical composition of gain, possibly by the inclusion of ultrasound backfat thickness and marbling score into the equation for determining RFI. Key words: Cattle, feed efficiency, residual feed intake, remote sensing, GrowSafe System

Abstract Cattle feeders and consulting nutritionists must weigh numerous data points when making decisions. Each operation must define success in production and set expectations. Then considering inputs, such as cattle genetic potential, production technologies, feeder and fed cattle market conditions, grid premiums and discounts, and ingredient pricing and nutrition composition, they must design systems that are capable of achieving these expectations. Models have been developed for the projection of cattle growth, retained energy, and body composition and can be helpful in designing feeding and management programs. However, intricacies available in models that can lead to improved prediction can be difficult to implement. As a result, data may be underutilized, and decisions are often made based on limited information. This presentation will attempt to consider the dynamic conditions involved in making such decisions as choosing days on feed and determining marketing dates and provide context that can be used by research and industry when developing and applying models in cattle feeding.

Blood refers to the fluids of the internal environment of the body and is one of the integrating systems of the body. Various deviations in the state of the body and individual organs lead to changes in the blood system and vice versa. Blood responds to various pathological processes occurring in the body by changing the amount and constituent elements. Thus, a versatile study of the biochemical composition of blood is important for recognizing diseases, for understanding the essence of the most important pathological processes.

Blood refers to the fluids of the internal environment of the body and is one of the integrating systems of the body. Various deviations in the state of the body and individual organs lead to changes in the blood system and vice versa. Blood responds to various pathological processes occurring in the body by changing the amount and constituent elements. Thus, a versatile study of the biochemical composition of blood is important for recognizing diseases, for understanding the essence of the most important pathological processes.

ABSTRACTA simple dynamic model of metabolism in growing beef cattle is described; the scheme is based on carbon and nitrogen fluxes. There are six state variables, three relating to blood metabolite levels and three to body composition. The blood metabolite variables are acetyl-coenzyme A equivalents, glucose equivalents and amino acids, and the body composition ones are ash, lipid and protein. The fluxes in the model are based on nine biochemical transactions, six of which are catabolic and three biosynthetic. The model simulates changes in carcass composition in response to changing nutrient input and gives a measure of agreement with comparative slaughter data. It also highlights the need for more complete data on profiles of nutrient absorption in association with comparative slaughter experiments.

Objectives of this study were to determine if variation in energy expenditures contributed to differences in feed efficiency between low and high RFI steers. Nine steers with the lowest and highest residual feed intakes (RFI) were selected from 169 Braunvieh-sired crossbred steers that were individually fed a pelleted roughage-based diet for 77 d. Following the RFI measurement period, heat production (HP) measurements were obtained using indirect calorimetry while steers were fed the same roughage diet (RD) and on a high-concentrate diet (CD). Linear regression analyses of log HP or retained energy on ME intake were used to determine energy partitioning. Motion and lying activity were measured concurrently with HP on the RD and CD. During the RFI measurement period, low RFI steers had lower (P < 0.01) RFI (-1.7 vs. 1.6 ± 0.17 kg/d), DMI (7.7 vs. 10.2 ± 0.42 kg/d) and feed:gain ratio (F:G; 7.2 vs. 10.6 ± 0.60), but similar final BW and ADG compared to high RFI steers. However, there were smaller differences in DMI (8.4 vs. 9.7 ± 0.38 kg/d; P < 0.05; 7.56 vs. 8.16 ± 0.31; P = 0.19) and F:G (10.0 vs. 10.9 ± 0.40; P = 0.36; 6.5 vs. 7.5 ± 0.30; P < 0.05) between low and high RFI steers, on the RD and CD, respectively. ME for maintenance (MEm; kg .75 d–1) and the partial efficiencies of ME used for maintenance and gain were similar for low and high RFI steers. Likewise, no differences were found in fasting HP or fed HP. Motion activity was lower (P < 0.05) for low RFI steers compared to high RFI steers during fasting HP. Covariate analysis of HP at the same activity level yielded similar results. At slaughter, weights of lung and trachea (P < 0.05), spleen (P < 0.05) and adrenal gland (P = 0.07) were higher for low RFI cattle. The lack of differences in energy partitioning between divergent RFI steers may have been the result of alterations in feeding behavior or stress imposed by adapting steers to calorimetry chambers.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho consiste de quatro manuscritos desenvolvidos usando os mesmos animais. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar o efeito de castração sobre as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de Nelore abatidos em diferentes pesos corporais (PC). Trinta e seis bezerros Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com média inicial de 256,1 ± 3,05 kg de PC e 8,2 ± 0,07 meses de idade foram utilizados, sendo que a metade foi aleatoriamente selecionada para a castração cirúrgica uma semana antes do desmame. Os bezerros desmamados foram confinados recebendo uma mesma dieta, e seis bezerros de cada condição sexual foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para serem abatidos quando a média do PC atingisse 280, 380 e 480 kg. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado seguindo delineamento inteiramente casualizado com tratamentos arranchados em esquema fatorial com 2 condições sexuais (castrado vs. inteiro) e 3 pesos de abate (280, 380, e 480 kg). As características de qualidade da carne foram avaliadas aos 1, 7 e 14 dias postmortem. O efeito de interação foi encontrado (P <0,01) para a gordura intramuscular e para a gordura renal, pélvica e cardíaca. A carcaça de boi inteiro foi mais pesada (P <0,05) do que de castrados. A carcaça do boi inteiro teve maior (P <0,05) espessura de cobertura. Castração reduziu a força de cisalhamento e aumentou o índice de fragmentação miofibrilar aos 14 dias postmortem. As carcaças do abate aos 480 kg apresentaram um resfriamento mais lento, um sarcômero mais longo e uma menor força de cisalhamento quando avaliada a 1 dia postmortem. A redução na força de cisalhamento de 1 para 14 dias post-mortem foi reduzida (P <0,05) à medida que se aumentou o peso corporal ao abate. Conclui-se que, excetuando a gordura da carcaça, a castração e o peso corporal na colheita afetam as características de carcaça e carne independentemente. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade à glicose de bovinos Nelore castrados e inteiros ao longo do desenvolvimento corporal. Além disso, foram avaliadas a expressão gênica de biomarcadores relacionados ao metabolismo da glicose, crescimento muscular e tal, enquanto o pesodeposição de lipídios. Para tanto, os mesmos animais do primeiro estudo foram utilizados, e este estudo foi realizado seguindo delineamento inteiramente casualizado com tratamentos arranchados em esquema fatorial com 2 condições sexuais (castrado vs. inteiro) e 3 pesos de abate (280, 380, e 480 kg). Dois testes de tolerância à glicose (TTG) foram realizados aos 380 e 480 kg de PC. Longissimus dorsi (LD) foi amostrado logo após a sangria para a expressão gênica. A composição da carcaça e o desempenho animal foram avaliados. Animais não castrados tiveram maior PC final (P = 0,02) e tendência para aumentar a eficiência alimentar (P = 0,08) em relação aos castrados. Os bovinos inteiros tiveram maior rendimento de carne magra (P = 0,02) e proteína (P = 0,01) do que os castrados. Efeito de interação foi encontrado para o ganho de gordura de carcaça (P = 0,01), e os castrados ganharam mais gordura de carcaça do que os inteiros apenas de 380 a 480 kg de PC. A taxa fracional de acumulação de proteína da carcaça (FAR) diminuiu à medida que os bovinos aumentaram o PC (P <0,01). Nem o nível basal da glicose nem a área sob a curva (AUC) pós-infusão foram afetados pela castração ou PC dos bovinos (P > 0,05). A expressão de genes relacionados ao metabolismo da glicose no LD não foi afetada pela castração ou PC dos bovinos (P> 0,05). Foi observada uma tendência de aumento na expressão de LD de acetil-CoA carboxilase alfa (ACACA) pela castração (P = 0,086). Efeitos de interação (P <0,05) foram encontrados para a expressão do receptor de IGF-1 (IGF1R) e da proteína F-box 32 (FBXO32) no LD, e para ambos os genes, os novilhos apresentaram a maior abundância de mRNA aos 380 kg de PC, enquanto os inteiros tiveram a maior abundância aos 480 kg de PC. A expressão de serpin A3-6 no LD tendeu (P = 0,08) a reduzir com aumento do PC de 280 para 480 kg. Em conclusão, apesar do aumento na gordura da carcaça pela castração e aumento do PC, a sensibilidade corporal de bovinos Nelore à glicose não muda. Para o terceiro estudo, as amostras de LD coletadas no momento do abate foram utilizadas para comparar o proteoma e o fosfoproteoma de bovinos Nelore castrados ou não durante os diferentes estádios de crescimento. A proteína muscular extraída foi separada em 2D-PAGE e corada sequencialmente com Pro-Q Diamond e Coomassie coloidal. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma análise comparativa do perfil protéico, e os spots diferencialmente abundantes foram excisados para identificação de proteínas por MALDI-TOF/TOF. A castração afetou (P <0,05) a abundância de 6 fosfoproteínas e 10 spots de proteína total, enquanto o peso corporal afetou (P <0,05) abundância de 34 fosfoproteínas e 29 spots de proteína total. A castração diminuiu (P <0,05) a abundância de duas enzimas glicolíticas da fase de produção de energia, sugerindo que o aumentou na via da glicólise promove síntese de glicerol-3P para dar suporte a uma maior deposição de gordura em novilhos. Em relação ao estágio de crescimento, além das proteínas estruturais da cadeia leve reguladora de miosina 2 (MYLPF) e da actina alfa 1 (ACTA1), a maioria das proteínas identificadas estão relacionada ao metabolismo energético, incluindo o metabolismo do glicogênio, glicólise, fosforilação oxidativa, metabolismo da creatina-fosfato, e metabolismo citosólico de NADH. Esses resultados sugerem que a diminuição da taxa de crescimento muscular reduz a glicólise e a geração de ATP no músculo. No quarto estudo utilizou-se apenas os doze bovinos Nelore abatidos aos 480 kg de PC. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças no proteoma e fosfoproteoma entre bovinos Nelore castrados e inteiros durante a conversão do músculo em carne, bem como após 14 dias de maturação. Foram utilizados 12 bezerros machos Nelore (247 kg e 8 meses) e seis bezerros foram selecionados aleatoriamente para a castração cirúrgica uma semana antes do desmame. Os bezerros desmamados foram alimentados com a mesma dieta e foram abatidos após 230 dias de confinamento. O músculo Longissimus foi amostrado logo após a sangria (0d pós- morte), na desossa (1d pós-morte) e após a maturação (14d pós-morte) para análise de proteoma. As características de carcaça foram avaliadas na desossa e a força de cisalhamento da carne foi medida ao 1, 7 e 14 dias postmortem. O extrato de proteína muscular foi separado por 2D-PAGE e corado sequencialmente para fosfoproteína (Pro- Q Diamond) e para proteína total (Coomassie coloidal). Os spots diferencialmente abundantes entre a condição sexual ou entre os tempo pós-morte foram excisados para identificação de proteínas por MALDI-TOF/TOF. A castração aumentou (P <0,05) a abundância de enzimas glicolíticas, enquanto que a proteína da fosforilação oxidativa ATP5B foi reduzida (P <0,05). Além disso, a abundância de troposina T isoforma rápida (TNNT3) foi aumentada pela castração (P <0,05), enquanto a isoforma lenta (TNNT1) tendeu a diminuir (P <0,10). A creatina quinase tipo-M foi marcadamente fragmentada no postmortem. A abundância de PGM1 fosforilada aumentou durante as primeiras 24 horas pós-morte e foi altamente correlacionada com o pH da carcaça. A abundância de uma proteína de choque termico 71 kDa (HSC70) aumentou marcadamente após a maturação. Além disso, a abundância das proteínas miofibrilares fosforiladas ACTA1 e MYLPF foram positivamente correlacionadas com o encurtamento do sarcômero. Em conclusão, nossos dados demonstraram que a abundância e a fosforilação das enzimas glicolíticas afetam a qualidade da carne durante a conversão do músculo em carne. No geral, a castração aumentou acentuadamente a gordura da carcaça e a gordura intramuscular, enquanto que a sensibilidade corporal à glicose e a conversão do músculo na carne parecem ser semelhantes entre bovinos castrados e não castrados.
The current work consists of four manuscripts developed using the same animals.The objective of the first study aimed to evaluate the castration effect on carcass and meat traits of Nellore cattle harvested at different body weights (BW). Thirty-six Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) calves averaging 256.1 ± 3.05 kg of BW and 8.2 ± 0.07 months old were used, within then half was randomly selected for surgical castration one-week prior weaning. Weaned calves were fed with the same diet, and then six calves from each sex condition were randomly assigned to be harvested when the average BW of both sex conditions reaches 280, 380, and 480 kg. Therefore, this study was carried out as a complete randomized design following a 2 (sex condition) by 3 (weight at harvest) factorial arrangement of treatments. Beef traits were evaluated at 1, 7, and 14 d postmortem. Interaction effect was found (P < 0.01) for intramuscular fat and for kidney, pelvic and heart fat. Bull carcass was heavier (P < 0.05) than steer. Steer carcass had greater (P < 0.05) backfat thickness. Castration reduced shear force and increased myofibrillar fragmentation index at 14 d postmortem. Carcasses from cattle harvested at 480 kg had slower chilling, longer sarcomere, and lower shear force at 1 d postmortem. Shear force change from 1 d to 14 d postmortem reduced (P < 0.05) as harvest body weight increased. In conclusion, despite of carcass fatness, castration and body weight at harvest affect carcass and meat traits independently. The second study aimed to evaluate the glucose sensitivity of bulls and steers throughout body development. In addition, it was evaluated gene expression of biomarkers related to glucose metabolism, muscle growth and lipid deposition. Therefore, the same animals from the first study were used, and this study was carried out as a complete randomized design following a 2 (sex condition) by 3 (weight at harvest) factorial arrangement of treatments. Two glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed at 380 and 480 kg. Longissimus dorsi (LD) was sampled just after stunning for gene expression. Carcass composition and animal performance were evaluated. Bulls had greater final BW (P = 0.02) and tended to increase G:F ratio (P = 0.08) compared with steers. Bulls had greater carcass yield of lean (P = 0.02) and protein (P = 0.01) than steers. An interaction effect was found for carcass fat gain (P = 0.01), and steers gained more carcass fat than bulls only from 380 to 480 kg of BW. Carcass protein fractional accretion rate (FAR) decreased as cattle BW increased (P < 0.01). Neither glucose basal level nor area under the curve (AUC) post-infusion were affected by castration or cattle BW (P > 0.05). Expression of genes related to glucose metabolism in the LD were not affected by castration or cattle BW (P > 0.05). Castration tended (P = 0.086) to upregulate LD expression of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA). Interaction effects (P < 0.05) were found for LD expression of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and F-box protein 32 (FBXO32), and for both genes steers had the greatest mRNA abundance at 380 kg while bulls had the greatest abundance at 480 kg of BW. The LD expression of serpin A3-6 tended (P = 0.08) to be downregulated as cattle BW increased from 280 to 480 kg. In conclusion, despite of the carcass fatness enhancement by castration and increasing BW, Nellore cattle whole-body sensitivity to glucose does not change. For the third study, the LD sampled at the harvest were used to compare the proteome and phosphoproteome of Nellore bulls and steers during different growth stages. Extracted muscle protein was separated in a 2D-PAGE and stained sequentially with Pro- Q Diamond and Colloidal Coomassie. Afterward, a comparative analysis of protein profile was performed, and differentially abundant protein spots were excised for protein identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Castration affected (P < 0.05) abundance of 6 phosphoproteins and 10 protein spots, while body weight affected (P < 0.05) abundance of 34 phosphoproteins and 29 protein spots. Castration decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of two glycolytic enzymes of the energy-yielding phase, suggesting that glycolysis pathway enhanced glycerol-3P supply for a greater fat deposition on steers. Regarding the growth stage, despite the structural proteins myosin regulatory light chain 2 (MYLPF), and actin alpha 1 (ACTA1), most of identified proteins were related to energy metabolism, including glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, creatine- phosphate metabolism, and cytosolic NADH metabolism. These results suggest that decreasing muscle growth rate decreases muscle glycolysis and ATP generation. The fourth study used only the twelve Nellore cattle harvested at 480 kg of BW. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential proteome and phosphoproteome between bulls and steers during conversion of muscle to meat, as well as after 14 d of aging. Twelve male Nellore calves were used (247 kg, and 8 months old) and six calves were randomly selected for surgical castration one week before weaning. Post-weaning calves were fed the same diet and were harvested after 230 d on feeding. Longissimus muscle was sampled just after stunning (0d postmortem), at deboning (1d postmortem) and after aging (14d postmortem) for proteome analysis. The carcass traits were evaluated at deboning and meat shear force was measured at 1, 7, and 14 d postmortem. Muscle protein extract was separated by 2D-PAGE and stained sequentially for phosphoprotein (Pro-Q Diamond) and for total protein (Colloidal Coomassie). Differentially abundant protein spots between sex condition or across postmortem time were excised for protein identification by MALDI- TOF/TOF. Castration upregulated (P < 0.05) the abundance of glycolytic enzymes, while the oxidative phosphorylation protein ATP5B was downregulated (P < 0.05). In addition, abundance of troponin T fast isoform (TNNT3) was upregulated by castration (P < 0.05), while the slow isoform (TNNT1) tended to decrease (P < 0.10) abundance. The creatine kinase M-type was markedly fragmented postmortem. Abundance of phosphorylated PGM1 increased during the first 24 h postmortem and was highly correlated with carcass pH. The abundance of one spot of heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (HSC70) markedly increased after aging. Further, abundance of the phosphorylated myofibrillar proteins ACTA1 and MYLPF were positively correlated with sarcomere shortening. In conclusion, our finds demonstrated that abundance and phosphorylation of glycolytic enzymes affect meat quality during conversion of muscle to meat. Overall, castration markedly increased carcass fatness and intramuscular fat, whereas whole body glucose sensitivity and conversion of muscle to meat seems to be similar between bulls and steers.

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O experimento foi conduzido objetivando-se avaliar a substituição parcial da fração protéica do concentrado por subproduto da produção de lisina (SPL) sobre a composição corporal e exigências nutricionais de tourinhos Santa Gertrudes, terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 33 animais com idade média de 10 meses e peso médio inicial de 242 kg, confinados em baias individuais por 115 dias, após 56 dias de adaptação. Seis animais foram abatidos no início do período experimental e constituíram os animais-referência. Os animais receberam dietas contendo 80% de concentrado, sendo testados os níveis de 0; 4,5; e 9,0% de inclusão do SPL na matéria seca da dieta. Os tratamentos sem e com 4,5% de SPL não diferiram para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Já os tratamentos sem e com 9,0% de SPL diferiram quanto ao ganho de peso do corpo vazio, composição final em água e taxas de deposição e composição do ganho de peso vazio em minerais. Os tratamentos com 4,5 e 9,0% de SPL diferiram entre si quanto ao peso de carcaça e de corpo vazio finais, ganho de peso de carcaça e de corpo vazio, composição do corpo vazio em proteína e em minerais, taxas de deposição e composições do ganho para proteína e minerais. Os valores observados foram 243,6; 247,3 e 226,5 kg para peso final de carcaça; 392,7; 398,7 e 365,7 kg para peso final de corpo vazio; 0,64; 0,69 e 0,51 kg/dia para ganho de peso de carcaça; e 1,03; 1,11 e 0,82 kg/ dia para ganho de peso do corpo vazio, respectivamente para os tratamentos sem, com 4,5 e 9,0% de SPL. vi Em relação às exigências, verificou-se que, a exigência de energia líquida encontrada para ganho de 1 kg foi de 3,65; 4,17 e 4,63 Mcal, e a exigência de proteína metabolizável foi de 218,55; 216,19 e 202,19 g, respectivamente para animais de 300, 400 e 500 kg de peso corporal. O valor de exigência líquida para mantença encontrada...
The objective was to evaluate the effects of replacing part of the protein fraction of the concentrate by concentrated lysine production byproduct (LBP) on body composition and nutritional requirements of Santa Gertrudis young bulls, fattened in feedlot. Thirty-three 10-month-year-old animals, with initial body weight of 242 kg, were kept in individual pens during 115 days after 56 days of adaptation. Six animals were slaughtered after adaptation and were considered reference-animals. The concentrate proportion on diet was 80%, on dry matter basis, and the levels of LBP studied were: 0, 4.5 or 9.0%. There were no significant differences among treatments without and with 4.5% of LBP on diet. Empty body daily weight gains, final body composition on water and daily rates of deposition and gain composition on ash were significant different among treatments without and with 9.0% of LBP. The treatments with 4.5 and 9.0% of LBP showed significant differences for final carcass and empty body weights, empty body and carcass daily gains, body chemical composition on protein and ash, daily rates of deposition and gain compositions on protein and ash. The LBP can be used as food for fattening bovines receiving diets with high concentrate proportion, substituting part of protein fraction, the level of 4.5% of LBP on dry matter diet was more indicated. In relation to the requirements it was verified that, the net energy requirement observed for weight gain of 1 kg was 3.65, 4.17 and 4.63 Mcal, and the metabolizable protein requirement was 218.55, 216.19 and 202.19 g, viii respectively to animals with 300, 400 and 500 kg of body weight. The estimated maintenance energy requirement observed was 75.6 kcal/ LW0.75/ day.

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The experiment was accomplished in the Experimental Station of Colina, Zootecnia Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the body composition and the net and dietary requeriments of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) of Genetic Improved Nellore (GIN) and Genetic Improved Caracu (GIC) for weight at 378 days of age and Genetic Non Improved Nellore (GNIN). Fifty six bulls with average age of 18 months were used. After a period of adaptation of 28 days, twelve animals were slaughthered as reference to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) and the initial body composition of the 44 remaining, being 16 GIN, 16 GIC and 12 GNIN with initial average live weight (LW) of 392, 421 and 337 kg, respectively. The animals were uniformly distributed to a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with three genetics groups and two dietary levels. One of dietary levels was the restricted, in which the consumption was of 65 g of DM/LW0.75 per day and the other level was the ad libitum, with feed supply twice per day. The roughage used was corn silage and the concentrate ingredients were ground corn, cottonseed meal, urea, rumensin, mineral mixture, with roughage/concentrate ratio of 50/50. The slaughter occurred when the animals presented 4.0 millimeters of subcutaneous fat thickness, measured by ultra-sound, in the area among the 12th and 13th ribs. After the slaughter, all animals body parts were weight and sampled. The samples were freeze dried to determine the dry matter, pre-degreased with ether, grinded and the concentrations of macrominerals were determined. The Ca, P, Mg, Na and K contents in the body were determined as a function of their concentrations in the several parts of the body. The macrominerals contents retained in the body of the animals were determined by regression equations of the logarithm of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K body content as a function of the logarithm of EBW. The net macrominerals requeriments for gain of 1 kg of EBW were obtained by deriving the prediction equations of macrominerals body contents as a function of the logarithm of EBW. The requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K for maintenance were estimated based in the recommendations of ARC (1980) and of NRC (1996). The identity test of models indicated that there were no differences (P>0.05) between the regression equations for P, Mg and Na for GIN and GNIN, which differed of the equations for GIC. For Ca and K, there were no differences between the equations for GNIN and GIC, which differed of those referring to the GIN. The body concentrations and the requeriments of all macrominerals studied increased with the increase of EBW of the animals. For a 400 kg LW animal, the body concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K (g/kg of EBW) were, respectively: GIN (16.99; 7.89; 0.30; 1.28 and 2.18); GNIN (15.27; 7.89; 0.30; 1.28 and 1.72) and GIC (15.27; 7.32; 0.26; 1.12 and 1.72). The net requeriments of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K (g/kg of EBWG) for one bovine with this same weight were, respectively: GIN (17.09; 9.33; 0.43; 1.64 and 2.78); GNIN (15.37; 9.33; 0.43; 1.64 and 2.60) and GIC (15.37; 8.52; 0.35; 1.54 and 2.60). The respective total dietary requeriments (g/day) were: GIN (45.51; 22.73; 9.50; 4.74 and 46.56); GNIN (42.16; 22.73; 9.50; 4.74 and 46.38) and GIC (42.16; 21.58; 9.08; 4.63 and 46.38), for the same macrominerals sequence.
O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Colina, do Instituto de Zootecnia de São Paulo, com o objetivo de avaliar a composição corporal e as exigências líquidas e dietéticas de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), sódio (Na) e potássio (K) de bovinos Nelore (NeS) e Caracu (CaS) selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade e Nelore não-selecionado (NeN). Foram utilizados 56 novilhos não-castrados, com idade média de 18 meses. Após um período de adaptação de 28 dias, doze animais foram abatidos para servirem como referência para a estimativa do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e da composição corporal inicial dos 44 animais remanescentes, sendo 16 NeS, 16 CaS e 12 NeN, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 392, 421 e 337 kg, respectivamente. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três grupos genéticos e dois níveis de alimentação. Um dos níveis foi o restrito, no qual foi previsto o consumo de 65 g de MS/kgPV0,75 por dia e o outro nível foi o ad libitum, com o fornecimento do alimento feito duas vezes ao dia. O volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho e os ingredientes usados na mistura do concentrado foram milho moído, farelo de algodão, uréia, rumensina e mistura mineral, sendo a relação volumoso/concentrado da dieta de 50/50. O abate ocorreu quando os animais atingiam 4,0 milímetros de espessura de gordura subcutânea, estimada por intermédio de ultra-som, na região entre a 12a e a 13a costelas. Após o abate, todas as partes do corpo dos animais foram pesadas e amostradas. As amostras foram liofilizadas para determinação da matéria seca, pré-desengorduradas com éter, posteriormente moídas e tiveram os teores de macroelementos minerais determinados. Os conteúdos corporais de Ca, P, Mg, Na e K foram determinados em função das concentrações destes nas várias partes do corpo. Os conteúdos dos macroelementos minerais retidos no corpo dos animais foram estimados por meio de equações de regressão do logaritmo do conteúdo corporal de Ca, P, Mg, Na e K em função do logaritmo do PCVZ. As exigências líquidas para ganho de 1 kg de PCVZ foram obtidas pela derivação das equações de predição dos conteúdos corporais dos macroelementos minerais em função do logaritmo do PCVZ. As exigências de Ca, P, Mg, Na e K para mantença foram estimadas de acordo com as recomendações do ARC (1980) e do NRC (1996). O teste de identidade de modelos indicou não haver diferenças (P>0,05) entre as equações de regressão para P, Mg e Na para NeS e NeN, as quais diferiram das equações para CaS. Para Ca e K, não foram encontradas diferenças entre as equações para NeN e CaS, as quais diferiram daquelas referentes ao NeS. As concentrações corporais e as exigências de todos os macroelementos minerais estudados aumentaram com o aumento do PCVZ dos animais. Para um animal de 400 kg de PV, as concentrações corporais de Ca, P, Mg, Na e K (g/kg de PCVZ) foram, respectivamente: NeS (16,99; 7,89; 0,30; 1,28 e 2,18); NeN (15,27; 7,89; 0,30; 1,28 e 1,72) e CaS (15,27; 7,32; 0,26; 1,12 e 1,72). As exigências líquidas de Ca, P, Mg, Na e K (g/kg de GPCVZ) para um bovino com este mesmo peso foram, respectivamente: NeS (17,09; 9,33; 0,43; 1,64 e 2,78); NeN (15,37; 9,33; 0,43; 1,64 e 2,60) e CaS (15,37; 8,52; 0,35; 1,54 e 2,60). As respectivas exigências dietéticas totais (g/dia) foram: NeS (45,51; 22,73; 9,50; 4,74 e 46,56); NeN (42,16; 22,73; 9,50; 4,74 e 46,38) e CaS (42,16; 21,58; 9,08; 4,63 e 46,38), para a mesma seqüência de macroelementos minerais.

Quarenta vacas lactantes e não gestantes, com idade aproximada de quatro anos e seus respectivos bezerros foram distribuídos em blocos, de acordo com a data do parto, e avaliadas dos 15 aos 180 dias de lactação. As vacas pertenciam a quatro grupos genéticos: 10 da raça Nelore (NE) com bezerros de touros Nelore; e 10 Canchim x Nelore (CN), 10 Angus x Nelore (AN) e 10 Simental x Nelore (SN) com bezerros filhos de touros da raça Canchim. As vacas cruzadas e as Nelore eram de origem do mesmo rebanho Nelore. As vacas foram alimentadas com uma única dieta peletizada contendo 50% de feno (15% de alfafa e 35% de Coastcross) e 50% de concentrado, com 16,1% PB e 2,24 Mcal EM, com base na MS. A quantidade de alimento fornecida foi ajustada a cada 14 dias para que o peso vivo em jejum (PVj) e o escore de condição corporal (ECC) da vaca ficassem inalterados. O PVj e ECC para as vacas NE, CN, AN e SN foram: 430 e 4,7; 449 e 4,8; 496 e 5,0; 507 e 5,1; respectivamente. Os bezerros receberam a mesma dieta a partir dos 40 dias de idade. A produção de leite das vacas foi determinada pelo método de pesagem dos bezerros antes e após a mamada aos 52, 66, 94, 122 e 178 dias de lactação, em média. Foi realizada ordenha manual aos 80 e 150 dias, para se estimar a composição do leite. As vacas NE consumiram menos energia metabolizável (19,7 Mcal/d; P<0,05) do que as vacas CN (20,6 Mcal/d), AN (23,1 Mcal/d) e SN (23,7 Mcal/d), valores positivamente correlacionados à produção de leite (P<0,05). Bezerros Nelore apresentaram menor peso ao desmame (P<0,05) do que os bezerros ¾Canchim¼Nelore (¾C¼N), ½Canchim¼Angus¼Nelore (½C¼A¼N) e ½Canchim¼Simental¼Nelore (½C¼S¼N) (165,8 vs. 205,5; 216,4 e 215,4 kg, respectivamente). Associado ao menor ganho de peso durante o aleitamento, os bezerros Nelore apresentaram menor (P<0,05) ingestão de energia metabolizável (Mcal de leite + Mcal de ração). Os bezerros foram abatidos ao desmame e a composição química do corpo vazio estimada utilizando a 9- 10- 11a costelas. A energia no corpo vazio foi maior (P<0,05) para os bezerros ½C¼A¼N (462,6 Mcal) em relação aos ¾C¼N (384,0 Mcal) e Nelore (321,8 Mcal); a quantidade de energia no corpo vazio para os bezerros ½C¼S¼N foi intermediária; 429,8 Mcal. A eficiência energética da unidade vaca/bezerro foi maior (P<0,05) para o grupo materno AN (124,4 kcal de bezerro desmamado/Mcal EM ingerida por vaca e bezerro) comparada ao par NE/Nelore (95,8 kcal/Mcal). Os pares Canchim e Simental foram intermediários, 105,2 e 107,0 kcal/Mcal, respectivamente. Portanto, a maior energia no corpo vazio e maior ganho de peso dos bezerros ½C¼A¼N mais do que compensou a ingestão mais elevada de energia metabolizável da unidade vaca/bezerro em comparação ao Nelore. Pode-se considerar que para as condições estabelecidas neste experimento, cujo delineamento não apresentava limitação nutricional, o cruzamento melhorou a eficiência da vaca, quando considerada a proporção de energia total consumida que foi depositada nos bezerros. Entretanto, não houve avaliação de parâmetros reprodutivos, e o menor consumo e exigência de MS e EM estabelecido para a vaca Nelore sugere que em ambiente nutricional desfavorável este genótipo poderia apresentar melhor produtividade.
Forty mature, lactating and non-pregnant cows (10 Nellore – NL; 10 Canchim x Nellore – CN; 10 Angus x Nellore – AN; and 10 Simmental x Nellore – SN) were randomized in blocks by calving date. Calves out of crossbred cows were sired by Canchim bulls, while calves out of NL cows were sired by Nellore bulls. Cows were individually fed from postpartum to weaning (15-180 d) a pelleted diet made of 50% hay (15% alfalfa and 35% Coastcross) and 50% concentrate. Diet had 16.1% CP and 2.24 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) on a DM basis. Amount offered to each individual cow was adjusted every 14 days to maintain shrunk body weight (SBW) and body condition score (BCS). SBW and BCS were 430 and 4.7, 449 and 4.8, 496 and 5.0, and 507 and 5.1 for NL, CN, AN and SN, respectively. At 40 days of age calves had access to the same diet of their dams ad libitum. Milk yields were determined at 52, 66, 94, 122 and 178 days postpartum by weighting calves before and after suckling. Cows were milked at 80 and 150 days postpartum and the samples analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose. Daily ME intake by NL cows (19.7 Mcal/d) was lower (P<0.05) compared to CN (20.6Mcal/d), AN (23.1 Mcal/d) and SN (23.7 Mcal/d). These results were positively correlated with milk yield (P<0.05). Nellore calves had lower weaning weight than crossbreds (P<0.05): 165.8 vs. 205.5 for ¾Canchim¼Nellore (¾C¼N), 216.4 for ½Canchim¼Angus¼Nellore (½C¼A¼N) and 215.4 kg for ½Canchim¼Simmental¼Nellore (½C¼S¼N). In association with the lowest weight gain, Nellore calves had lower (P<0.05) metabolizable energy intake (ME from milk plus ration, Mcal). Calves were slaughtered at weaning and body composition estimated using the 9-10-11th rib section. Body energy at weaning (Mcal) was higher (P<0.05) for ½C¼A¼N than ¾C¼N and Nellore calves: 462.6 vs. 384.0 and 321.8 Mcal, respectively. Calves ½C¼S¼N had intermediate body energy at weaning: 429.8 Mcal. Cow/calf energetic efficiency was higher (P<0.05) for AN compared to NL cow/calf pairs: 124.4 vs. 95.8 kcal deposited/Mcal of ME consumed by cow and calf. Results for Canchim and Simmental were intermediate: 105.2 and 107.0 kcal/Mcal, respectively. The higher ME intakes by Angus cow/calf pairs were more than compensated by the higher energy retention and body weight gain compared to NL. In an unrestricted nutritional setting, crossbreeding improved cow efficiency as measured by body energy/total feed energy input to cow and calf. Reproduction was not evaluated, and the lower intakes and daily energy requirements demonstrated for Nellore could be beneficial in a nutritionally limited environment.

Resumo: O experimento foi conduzido objetivando-se avaliar a substituição parcial da fração protéica do concentrado por subproduto da produção de lisina (SPL) sobre a composição corporal e exigências nutricionais de tourinhos Santa Gertrudes, terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 33 animais com idade média de 10 meses e peso médio inicial de 242 kg, confinados em baias individuais por 115 dias, após 56 dias de adaptação. Seis animais foram abatidos no início do período experimental e constituíram os animais-referência. Os animais receberam dietas contendo 80% de concentrado, sendo testados os níveis de 0; 4,5; e 9,0% de inclusão do SPL na matéria seca da dieta. Os tratamentos sem e com 4,5% de SPL não diferiram para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Já os tratamentos sem e com 9,0% de SPL diferiram quanto ao ganho de peso do corpo vazio, composição final em água e taxas de deposição e composição do ganho de peso vazio em minerais. Os tratamentos com 4,5 e 9,0% de SPL diferiram entre si quanto ao peso de carcaça e de corpo vazio finais, ganho de peso de carcaça e de corpo vazio, composição do corpo vazio em proteína e em minerais, taxas de deposição e composições do ganho para proteína e minerais. Os valores observados foram 243,6; 247,3 e 226,5 kg para peso final de carcaça; 392,7; 398,7 e 365,7 kg para peso final de corpo vazio; 0,64; 0,69 e 0,51 kg/dia para ganho de peso de carcaça; e 1,03; 1,11 e 0,82 kg/ dia para ganho de peso do corpo vazio, respectivamente para os tratamentos sem, com 4,5 e 9,0% de SPL. vi Em relação às exigências, verificou-se que, a exigência de energia líquida encontrada para ganho de 1 kg foi de 3,65; 4,17 e 4,63 Mcal, e a exigência de proteína metabolizável foi de 218,55; 216,19 e 202,19 g, respectivamente para animais de 300, 400 e 500 kg de peso corporal. O valor de exigência líquida para mantença encontrada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effects of replacing part of the protein fraction of the concentrate by concentrated lysine production byproduct (LBP) on body composition and nutritional requirements of Santa Gertrudis young bulls, fattened in feedlot. Thirty-three 10-month-year-old animals, with initial body weight of 242 kg, were kept in individual pens during 115 days after 56 days of adaptation. Six animals were slaughtered after adaptation and were considered reference-animals. The concentrate proportion on diet was 80%, on dry matter basis, and the levels of LBP studied were: 0, 4.5 or 9.0%. There were no significant differences among treatments without and with 4.5% of LBP on diet. Empty body daily weight gains, final body composition on water and daily rates of deposition and gain composition on ash were significant different among treatments without and with 9.0% of LBP. The treatments with 4.5 and 9.0% of LBP showed significant differences for final carcass and empty body weights, empty body and carcass daily gains, body chemical composition on protein and ash, daily rates of deposition and gain compositions on protein and ash. The LBP can be used as food for fattening bovines receiving diets with high concentrate proportion, substituting part of protein fraction, the level of 4.5% of LBP on dry matter diet was more indicated. In relation to the requirements it was verified that, the net energy requirement observed for weight gain of 1 kg was 3.65, 4.17 and 4.63 Mcal, and the metabolizable protein requirement was 218.55, 216.19 and 202.19 g, viii respectively to animals with 300, 400 and 500 kg of body weight. The estimated maintenance energy requirement observed was 75.6 kcal/ LW0.75/ day.
Orientador: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio
Coorientadora: Wignez Henrique
Banca: Guilherme Fernando Alleoni
Banca: Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes Fernandes
Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira
Banca:Atushi Sugohara
Doutor

Maternal productivity, defined as weight of cow-calf output per unit of feed consumed on an annual basis is complex with many component traits interacting with on-farm management to determine overall production efficiency. This thesis implemented an interdisciplinary research approach that integrated qualitative social science and quantitative animal science to examine the output components of maternal productivity. Such an approach generated an understanding about factors associated with maternal productivity from both an animal science perspective and also as perceived by seedstock breeders. The initial qualitative research revealed divergence in seedstock breeder‟s perspectives on topics associated with maternal productivity. Specifically, attitudes to animal management with regard to grazing management, cow energy reserve fluctuation and the utilisation of fat reserves were varied. Breeder‟s attitudes on these topics were associated with divergence in perspectives on the importance of selection for production traits including yield, growth and milk compared with selection for perceived resilience traits including subcutaneous fat and earlier maturity pattern. The outcomes from the initial qualitative research drove the analysis of animal performance data collected through the Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies Maternal Productivity Project. These analyses included understanding • the repeatability of cow body composition traits • associations of Breedplan EBVs with cow energy reserves • genetic correlations between cow body composition traits, • associations between genetic merit, nutrition and cow body energy reserves with reproductive rate Objectively measured body composition traits had moderate to high between time repeatability. In addition, Breedplan EBVs for EMA, Rib, Rump (P8) and IMF were closely related to the equivalent ultrasound measure in Angus and Hereford cows at pre-calving and weaning in the first two parities. Breedplan carcass EBVs were not associated with cow body composition change during lactation. Together these results indicate that currently available Breedplan carcass EBVs change cow body composition, and that selection for increased fatness at a young age will result in cows that are fatter. Cow body composition traits were moderately heritable and had high to very high between time genetic correlations indicating that at the genetic level, cow body composition traits are genetically very similar across time (pre-calving and weaning) and age (first and second parity). P8 and Rib EBV and pre-calving P8 and rib fat depth were associated with several components of reproductive rate with varying effects depending on parity, calving season and nutrition. The importance of genetic and phenotypic fatness on reproductive rate was larger in autumn calving and low nutrition production systems. Breeders viewed results presented on associations between reproductive rate and EBVs and energy reserves as unsurprising and also as supporting their varied perspectives and current selection direction. In addition, weighting of EBVs in a selection index was associated with variance in calving rate. The implications of these results are that the varied selection emphasis by breeders involved in this project may be appropriate. Relationships between lifetime cow maternal productivity, supply chain profitability, on-farm production system and genetic merit need to be addressed to enable beef breeders to make informed animal selection and management decisions. By working closely with livestock breeders, and listening to, and understanding their observations, perspectives and beliefs on maternal productivity, and also in analysing animal performance data, there has been considerable benefit in generating a greater understanding of the production system and the interactions that occur within it. The outcome of this approach has been to firstly demonstrate and explain the varied perspectives held by seedstock breeders on associations between genetic merit and maternal productivity; and secondly, using animal performance data demonstrate how and why many of the observations and contrasting perspectives of breeders appear justified.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2012

Objectives of the project: To evaluate the effects of a glucogenic supplement during the peripartum transition period on insulin, hepatic triglyceride accumulation, interval to first ovulation, and progesterone profile in dairy cows. To compare benefits of supplemental fats differing in fatty acid composition and fed prepartum on hepatic triglyceride accumulation, interval to first ovulation, progesterone profile, and uterine prostaglandin production in lactating dairy cows. To assess the differential and carry-over effects of glucogenic and fat supplements fed to peripartum dairy cows on steroidogenesis and fatty acids in ovarian follicles. To determine the carry-over effects of peripartum glucogenic or fat supplements on fertility in high producing dairy cows (modified in year 3 to Israel only). Added during year 3 of project: To assess the activity of genes related to hepatic lipid oxidation and gluconeogenesis following dietary supplementation (USA only). Background: High milk yields in dairy cattle are generally associated with poor reproductive performance. Low fertility results from negative energy balance (NEBAL) of early lactation that delays resumption of ovarian cycles and exerts other carryover effects. During NEBAL, ovulation of ovarian follicles is compromised by low availability of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but fatty acid mobilization from body stores is augmented. Liver function during NEBAL is linked to the resumption of ovulation and fertility: 1) Accumulation of fatty acids by the liver and ketone production are associated with delayed first ovulation; 2) The liver is the main source of IGF-I. NEBAL will continue as a consequence of high milk yield, but dietary supplements are currently available to circumvent the effects on liver function. For this project, supplementation was begun prepartum prior to NEBAL in an effort to reduce detrimental effects on liver and ovarian function. Fats either high or low in unsaturated fatty acids were compared for their ability to reduce liver triglyceride accumulation. Secondarily, feeding specific fats during a period of high lipid turnover caused by NEBAL provides a novel approach for manipulating phospholipid pools in tissues including ovary and uterus. Increased insulin from propylene glycol (glucogenic) was anticipated to reduce lipolysis and increase IGF-I. The same supplements were utilized in both the USA and Israel, to compare effects across different diets and environments. Conclusions: High milk production and very good postpartum health was achieved by dietary supplementation. Peripartum PGLY supplementation had no significant effects on reproductive variables. Prepartum fat supplementation either did not improve metabolic profile and ovarian and uterine responses in early lactation (USA) or decreased intake when added to dry cow diets (Israel). Steroid production in ovarian follicles was greater in lactating dairy cows receiving supplemental fat (unsaturated), although in a field trail fertility to insemination was not improved.