Academic literature on the topic 'Catr'

Memoria para optar el título de Bioquímico<br>Cupriavidus necator JMP134 (pJP4), antes denominada Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 (pJP4), es una bacteria ambiental capaz de utilizar los compuestos contaminantes 2,4-diclorofenoxiacetato (2,4-D) y 3-clorobenzoato (3-CB) como única fuente de carbono y energía. Las vías metabólicas que permiten dichas capacidades se encuentran codificadas en los genes cromosomales benABC y benD, y en la vía de degradación de clorocatecoles, codificados por los genes tfd del plasmidio pJP4. Se ha descrito que el regulador TfdR/S (familia LysR) activa la expresión de los genes tfd. El regulador de la vía de degradación de catecol, CatR, tiene en común aspectos genéticos, funcionales y evolutivos con el regulador TfdR/S. Estos antecedentes hacen posible proponer que CatR podría estar influyendo en la expresión de los genes tfd. En esta memoria se estudió el papel de CatR en la degradación de 3-CB y 2,4-D. Para esto se identificaron los putativos genes catR en el genoma de C. necator, encontrándose dos, catR1 y catR2, cuyo contexto genómico sugiere que podrían participar diferencialmente en el metabolismo de cloroaromáticos. Estos genes fueron clonados e introducidos en C. necator. Adicionalmente, se obtuvo una cepa de C. necator mutante del gen catR1 mediante una estrategia de doble recombinación homóloga. Esta mutante fue complementada con los genes catR1 o catR2. Estas cepas fueron estudiadas mediante curvas de crecimiento en medios de cultivos con distintas concentraciones de 3-CB, 2,4-D o benzoato (BZ). En cada caso se determinó la densidad óptica en fase estacionaria y la velocidad de crecimiento. Además, se evaluó la degradación de 3-CB y BZ mediante la detección del compuesto por HPLC. Estos estudios permitieron determinar que tanto CatR1 como CatR2 aumentan la degradación de 3-CB, puesto que la sobreexpresión de sus genes aumentó la velocidad de crecimiento (μ) en ±2 veces. Consistente con lo anterior, la ausencia de CatR1 disminuyó la velocidad de crecimiento en ±3 veces en 3-CB y la tasa de degradación de este sustrato disminuyó ±3 veces, lo cual también fue observado durante el crecimiento en BZ. Adicionalmente, los estudios de complementación realizados para corregir la ausencia de CatR1, con los genes catR1 y catR2 por separado, mostraron recuperar el fenotipo silvestre en ambos sustratos. Por otra parte, la degradación de 2,4-D fue mejorada por CatR2, puesto que la sobreexpresión del gen catR2 impidió la disminución en el rendimiento celular que se observa en la cepa silvestre al aumentar la concentración de 2,4-D. En cambio, la velocidad de crecimiento en 2,4-D a altas concentraciones de sustrato se vio desfavorecida por la sobreexpresión del gen catR1. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que los reguladores CatR1 y CatR2 modifican el crecimiento en estos compuestos, probablemente a través de la modulación de la expresión de los genes ben y tfd. Lo anterior se basa en que ambos reguladores poseen cercanía estructural con el regulador TfdR y compartirían la capacidad de interactuar con las respectivas regiones promotoras. En este contexto, se propone un modelo de la regulación ejercida por CatR1 y CatR2 en C. necator. Este modelo sugiere que estos reguladores modulan diferencialmente los genes tfd, de modo que CatR2 activa los módulos génicos tfd I-II y el gen tfdA, mientras que CatR1 activa sólo el módulo tfd I. En base a modelamiento molecular, se predijo que las diferencias observadas entre el regulador CatR1 y CatR2 podrían ser explicadas por la afinidad de unión a DNA y no por la unión del inductor<br>Cupriavidus necator JMP134 (pJP4) (Ralstonia eutropha) is a soil bacterium that is able to use the pollutants 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB), as sole carbon and energy source. The metabolic pathways are encoded in the chromosome by the benABC and benD genes and in the pJP4 plasmid, by the chlorocatechol degrading, ortho ring cleavage pathway tfd genes. It has been reported that the TfdR/S regulator (LysR family) activates the expression of the tfd genes. The regulator of the catechol degradative pathway, CatR, shares genetic, functional and evolutionary aspects with the TfdR/S regulator, making possible that CatR may influence the expression of tfd genes. In this work, the role of CatR in 3-CB or 2,4-D degradation was studied. Two putative genes encoding CatR regulators were identified in the genome of C. necator, catR1 and catR2, genetic contexts at which suggest that they may be differentially involved in chloroaromatic metabolism. These genes were cloned and overexpressed in C. necator. In addition, a catR1 gene mutant was obtained by a double recombination strategy. This mutant was complemented with either the catR1 or catR2 genes. These strains were studied by growth curves in cultures grown at different concentrations of 3-CB, 2,4-D or benzoate (BZ). In each case, the optical density at the stationary phase and the growth rate were determined. In addition, the degradation of 3-CB or BZ was monitored by HPLC. These studies showed that both regulators increase degradation of 3-CB, since overexpression of catR1 or catR2 genes provoked a two-fold increase in growth rate. Accordingly, a three-fold decrease in growth rate and 3-CB degradation rate was determined in the absence of catR1. The same was observed during growth in BZ. In addition, complementation with catR1 or catR2 genes recovered wild type growth phenotype with both substrates. On the other hand, the degradation of 2,4-D was improved for CatR2, because the overexpression of catR2 gene avoided the decrease in cell yield at higher concentrations of 2,4-D. In contrast, the degradation of 2,4-D at higher concentrations of this substrate was impaired by overexpression of catR1. The results of this work show that regulators CatR1 and CatR2 modify growth on 2,4-D or 3-CB, probably through modulation of the expression of the ben and tfd genes. The latter assumption is based on that both regulatory proteins are structurally related to TfdR and that both could interact with the respective promoter regions. In this context, a model for the regulation by CatR1 and CatR2 in C. necator is proposed. This model suggests that both regulatory proteins differentially modulates tfd genes, with CatR2 activating both tfd modules and tfdA gene, whereas CatR1 only activates module tfd- I. Based on molecular modelling, it was predicted that differences between CatR1 and CatR2 would be explained by DNA binding affinity and not by inducer binding

Les transporteurs d'ADP/ATP (Ancp) et de phosphate inorganique (PiC) ainsi que la porine VDAC représentent les principaux maillons d'une machinerie de transport d'ADP, d'ATP et de phosphate inorganique à travers la double membrane mitochondrial. Actuellement, les connaissances relatives aux mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu dans cette machinerie accusent un retard. L'objectif de ce projet de Thèse a été d'amener de nouveaux éléments sur l'état conformationnel de ces protéines étudiées dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, modèle biologique où la génétique est facilitée. La majeure partie de ce projet a concerné l'Ancp de levure qui assure l'échange d'ADP cytosolique contre de l'ATP matriciel néosynthétisé suite aux processus de phosphorylation oxydative. Il peut être inhibé spécifiquement par deux poisons naturels, le carboxyatractyloside (CATR) et l'acide bongkrékique (BA) qui stabilisent la protéine dans deux états conformationnels distincts adoptés lors du mécanisme de transport. Afin de mieux comprendre cette dynamique, une étude comparative des deux conformères a été réalisée en combinant l'échange hydrogène/deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse (HDX-MS) aux outils biochimiques directement liés à l'étude des Ancp. Les résultats obtenus corrèlent l'hypothèse d'une structure malléable du transporteur dans laquelle des changements conformationnels importants interviennent. D'autre part, ce projet a permis d'obtenir les premières données d'accessibilité au solvant du PiC. Enfin, l'étude en HDX-MS de VDAC, nous a permis de montrer que son accessibilité au solvant en solution de détergent était en accord avec les données structurales publiées récemment<br>The ADP/ATP (Ancp) and phosphate inorganic (PiC) carriers as well as the VDAC porin catalyze import and export of ADP, ATP and Pi across the mitochondrial membranes. Characterization of this mechanism at the molecular level is not well understood. The main goal of this work concerns the study of the conformational state of these proteins in detergent solution purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae where the genetic is easier. The major part of this project concerned the Ancp located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the transmembrane exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosolic and the matrix compartments. ADP/ATP transport is achieved by interconversion of Ancp between two conformational states that are fixed by the specific transport inhibitors carboxyatractyloside (CATR) and bongkrekic acid (BA). Conformational dynamics of the Ancp was investigated by hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). The data were compared to those obtained using molecular and biochemical approaches. Our results suggest a flexible structure of the carrier and a real synergy between each side of the carrier during the transport mechanism of nucleotides. On the other hand, these work provided the first data about the solvent accessibility of PiC. Finally, the study of VDAC in HDX-MS allowed us to show that its solvent accessibility in detergent solution corroborated the structural data published previously

Les transporteurs d'ADP/ATP (Ancp) et de phosphate inorganique (PiC) ainsi que la porine VDAC représentent les principaux maillons d'une machinerie de transport d'ADP, d'ATP et de phosphate inorganique à travers la double membrane mitochondrial. Actuellement, les connaissances relatives aux mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu dans cette machinerie accusent un retard. L'objectif de ce projet de Thèse a été d'amener de nouveaux éléments sur l'état conformationnel de ces protéines étudiées dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, modèle biologique où la génétique est facilitée. La majeure partie de ce projet a concerné l'Ancp de levure qui assure l'échange d'ADP cytosolique contre de l'ATP matriciel néosynthétisé suite aux processus de phosphorylation oxydative. Il peut être inhibé spécifiquement par deux poisons naturels, le carboxyatractyloside (CATR) et l'acide bongkrékique (BA) qui stabilisent la protéine dans deux états conformationnels distincts adoptés lors du mécanisme de transport. Afin de mieux comprendre cette dynamique, une étude comparative des deux conformères a été réalisée en combinant l'échange hydrogène/deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse (HDX-MS) aux outils biochimiques directement liés à l'étude des Ancp. Les résultats obtenus corrèlent l'hypothèse d'une structure malléable du transporteur dans laquelle des changements conformationnels importants interviennent. D'autre part, ce projet a permis d'obtenir les premières données d'accessibilité au solvant du PiC. Enfin, l'étude en HDX-MS de VDAC, nous a permis de montrer que son accessibilité au solvant en solution de détergent était en accord avec les données structurales publiées récemment.

Feral and fearful cats and kittens in animal shelters are not likely to be adopted as companion animals because they emit fearful or aggressive behaviors in the presence of humans. The purpose of the fearful to friendly (F2F) research was to investigate a shaping procedure to increase friendly behaviors of feral and fearful domestic cats and kittens with the goal of achieving animal shelters’ adoptability criteria. The results showed the F2F procedure was a safe and very effective procedure to quickly tame feral kittens deemed unadoptable. The day after implementing F2F, three out of four kittens approached me and accepted petting and holding without any additional training.

During recent years of schizophrenia research, many etiologies have been emphasized, some of them implicating infectious and autoimmune diseases. Many different infectious agents have been examined, but the root seems to stem from the secondary autoimmune deregulation, which can be caused by different infectious agents. Among the effects that autoimmune deregulation has on the body, one prominent effect is on the brain, resulting in either severe or mild encephalitis. The mild encephalitis that has been implicated as one of the causes of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders has been associated with different pathogens, many of which can be transmitted by the household cat. Thus in the present research we have used the schizotypy personality construct model as an analog for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and the relationship between current schizotypy and childhood household cat interactions were examined. An online questionnaire was completed by 356 undergraduate students and assessed the current schizotypy using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief Revised (SPQ-BR), as well as questions about cat ownership and cat bites (puncturing skin) prior to age 13. While no significant relationship was found between childhood cat ownership and current schizotypy, individuals endorsing a cat bite prior to age 13 (N = 66) reported a significantly higher level of current overall schizotypy, which was largely driven by the Disorganized factor of the SPQ-BR.. This relationship should be explored further by examining the antibodies and sera of individuals with the schizophrenia spectrum disorder.<br>B.S.<br>Bachelors<br>Sciences<br>Psychology

O presente relatório foi elaborado na sequência do estágio curricular do Mestrado Integrado de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora, realizado no Hospital do Gato, entre setembro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020. A primeira parte trata-se de uma análise casuística e breve descrição das atividades desenvolvidas e acompanhadas pela autora. Inclui revisões bibliográficas sucintas sobre uma afeção de cada área. A segunda parte do relatório é uma monografia sobre «Abordagem cat-friendly» na qual é também apresentado um caso clínico. A abordagem cat-friendly inclui o conhecimento do comportamento do gato, técnicas de contenção, realização de procedimentos e dicas para organização do CAMV (centro de atendimento médico veterinário) de modo a que o paciente felino se sinta o mais confortável e menos stressado possível; Abstract: Feline medicine and surgery The present report was written following the externship of the master’s degree in Veterinary Medicine of Universidade de Évora, performed at Hospital do Gato, between September of 2019 and February of 2020. The first part includes the case analysis and a brief description of the activities developed and accompanied by the author. It contains succinct bibliographic reviews about a disease from each field. The second part of the report is a monography about «Cat-friendly handling» including a clinical case. The cat-friendly handling incorporates the knowledge about cat behavior, restraint techniques, procedure techniques and tips for organizing and preparing the clinic in order to provide a more comfortable and less stressful visit for the pacient.

Purpose: To examine how IR-related press releases affect share price for stock companies, and to explore how said companies practice Investor Relations. Methods: The study was conducted using an event study as well as e-interviews. The event study has a quantitative deductive research approach where the market model is used for calculating the abnormal return based on press releases. The e-interviews have a qualitative research approach and follow a semi structured interview guide. The study includes all listed stock companies within the Swedish construction industry and includes press releases from the last decade. Theory: The study is based on the efficient market hypothesis and its semi strong form, theories within Investor Relations and previous research. Results: The event study shows a significant negative abnormal return during a four day period starting the day after the press release event. The negative abnormal return could derive from investor relations being used by companies as damage control, or that the investors’ expectations are too high as a result of IR. No significant differences in how companies practice IR was found in e-interviews. To the contrary, companies show similar tendencies in IR practice. It can be concluded that stock companies, through investor relations, are able to affect their share price.<br>Syfte: Att undersöka hur IR-relaterade pressmeddelanden påverkar aktiekursen hos börsnoterade företag samt att undersöka hur företagen arbetar med Investor Relations. Metod: Studien är utförd med hjälp av en eventstudie tillsammans med e-intervjuer. Eventstudien har en kvantitativ deduktiv ansats där marknadsmodellen används för beräkning av avvikande avkastning baserat på pressmeddelanden. E-intervjuerna har en kvalitativ ansats och följer en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Studien innefattar alla börsnoterade företag i den svenska byggindustrin och pressmeddelanden från det senaste decenniet. Teori: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen och dess halvstarka form, teorier inom investor relations tillsammans med tidigare genomförda forskning har legat till grund för studien. Resultat: Resultatet från eventstudien visar på en signifikant negativ avvikande avkastning med start dagen efter händelsedagen till och med fyra dagar efter händelsedagen. Den negativa avvikande avkastningen kan bero på att arbetet med IR försöker dämpa befintlig negativitet hos investerare, alternativt kan det bero på att investerares förväntningar är för höga på grund av positiv IR. Utmärkande strategier för hur IR-arbetet går till i praktiken bland de observerade företagen har inte funnits i e-intervjuerna, istället liknar företagens IR-arbete varandra i stort. Slutsatsen dras att börsnoterade företag kan påverka sin aktiekurs med hjälp av investor relations.

Every day a large numbers of transactions occur by people with different backgrounds. Insiders’ are a part of them and are considered to have an insight in companies that is not accessible to outsiders. This affects the market conditions for the participants when trading stocks, where individual participants regularly have the possibility to earn abnormal returns at the expense of others. Although Sweden, Germany and the United States continually keep developing the insider trading regulation, research shows that insiders’ still have the ability to earn abnormal returns. The difference in insiders’ ability to earn abnormal returns is believed to be because of that the countries are from different legal families, which in turn influence the market conditions where the insider trading occurs. The purpose is to examine whether legal insider trading generates abnormal return relative to index and analyze whether there are differences between the studied countries and what the differences may be due. Method: The study takes ledge in previous research using a quantitative method where 90 sorted companies in Sweden, Germany and the U.S. are used to gather insider transactions between 2006 and 2012. The data is then analyzed with statistical methods to find answers to the purpose of the study. The results shows that insiders have abnormal return for both the buy and sell transactions, which prove that there is an information gap between insiders and external stakeholders. The legal origin may have an effect on the relationship when it is linked to insiders’ abnormal return through ownership concentration and accounting quality, which in turn affects insiders’ ability to generate abnormal returns. The insiders’ position has also shown to have an impact on the abnormal returns, but is not completely consistent with the theory of information hierarchy.<br>Det sker varje dag stora mängder av transaktioner av personer med skilda bakgrunder. Insiders är en del av dem och anses ha insyn i företag som inte är tillgänglig för utomstående. Detta påverkar förutsättningarna för marknadens aktörer vid aktiehandel där enskilda aktörer regelbundet kan tjäna på bekostnaden av andra. Sverige, Tyskland och USA utvecklar kontinuerligt regleringen för insiderhandeln men tidigare forskning visar, trots harmonisering i lagstiftningen, på skillnader mellan länderna. Detta antas bero på att länderna härstammar från olika legala familjer, vilket påverkar förutsättningarna på ländernas respektive marknader, och därför påverkar insiders förmåga till att skapa överavkastning.  Syfte är att undersöka om laglig insiderhandel genererar överavkastning jämfört med index och analysera om det finns skillnader mellan de undersökta länderna och vad skillnaderna kan bero på. Studien tar avsats i tidigare forskning och använder en kvantitativ metod där 90 utsorterade bolag i Sverige, Tyskland och USA används för att inhämta insidertransaktioner mellan 2006 och 2012. Materialet analyseras sedan med hjälp av statistiska verktyg för att få svar på arbetes syfte. Resultatet är att insiders har överavkastning för både köp och säljtransaktioner och bevisar att det finns ett informationsgap mellan insiders och utomstående intressenter. Det legala ursprunget kan ha en påverkan på förhållandet då det kopplas till insiders överavkastning genom ägarkoncentrationen och redovisningskvalitén som i sin tur påverkar insiderns förmåga till att skapa överavkastning. Insiderns position visas också ha en påverkan på överavkastningen där en högre position ger högre överavkastning, vilket går i linje med informationshierarkin.

Sensory neocortex contains a significant number of inhibitory neurons that use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter. Functional roles for these neurons have been identified in physiological studies. For example, in primary somatosensory cortex (SI), blockade of GABAa receptors with bicuculline leads to expansion of receptive fields (RFs). The magnitude of RF enlargement varies between SIpopulations of GABAergic neurons were identified by labeling specific calcium binding proteins.

This paper details the making of Stray Cats, a University of New Orleans thesis film. It examines the process of creating the film in three parts. Part one will detail the pre-production, including the conceptualization, writing, and preparation for the project. Part two will cover the production, including the directing, production design, cinematography, and on-set operations. Part three will describe the post-production process, including the editing, color correction, sound design, and musical score. These three components will then be referenced in regards to the theme of the film, and will conclude by analyzing whether or not the final film achieves the initial vision.