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Journal articles on the topic 'Cationic epoxy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Bednarczyk, Paulina, Karolina Mozelewska, Małgorzata Nowak, and Zbigniew Czech. "Photocurable Epoxy Acrylate Coatings Preparation by Dual Cationic and Radical Photocrosslinking." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154150.

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In this work, epoxy acrylate resin (EA) based on the industrial-grade bisphenol A-based epoxy resin (Ep6) and acrylic acid (AA) has been synthesized in order to develop hybrid resin comprising both epoxide group and reactive, terminal unsaturation. Obtained epoxy acrylate prepolymer was employed to formulate photocurable coating compositions containing, besides the EA binder, also cationic or radical photoinitiators. Hence, when cationic photoinitiators were applied, polyether-type polymer chains with pending acrylate groups were formed. In the case of free radical polymerization, epoxy acrylates certainly formed a polyacrylate backbone with pending epoxy groups. Owing to the presence of both epoxy and double carbon–carbon pendant groups, the reaction product exhibits photocrosslinking via two distinct mechanisms: (i) cationic ring-opening polymerization and (ii) free radical polymerization. Therefore, photopolymerization behavior of synthetized hybrid resin with various photoinitiators was determined via photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) and real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR) methods, and properties of cured coatings were investigated. The performance of the following type of photoinitiators was tested in the cationic photopolymerization: diaryliodonium cations or triarylsulfonium cations, and the following type of photoinitiators were used to induce free radical photopolymerization: α-hydroxyketones, acylphosphine oxides, and their mixtures. Lastly, the basic physicomechanical properties of cured coatings, such as tack-free time, hardness, adhesion, gloss, and yellowness index, were evaluated. Some structural factors and parameters of cationic and radical photoinitiators and photopolymerization mechanisms affecting the epoxy acrylate hybrid coatings performance are discussed.

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2

Walker, Frederick H., John B. Dickenson, Charles R. Hegedus, and Frank R. Pepe. "Cationic polymerization of emulsified epoxy resins." Progress in Organic Coatings 45, no. 2-3 (October 2002): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(02)00107-8.

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3

Scognamillo, Sergio, Chris Bounds, Michael Luger, Alberto Mariani, and John A. Pojman. "Frontal cationic curing of epoxy resins." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 48, no. 9 (May 1, 2010): 2000–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.23967.

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4

Angelopoulos, Anastasios P., Jay B. Benziger, and Sheldon P. Wesson. "Cationic Polyacrylamide Adsorption on Epoxy Surfaces." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 185, no. 1 (January 1997): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.4573.

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5

Zhang, Li Juan, Chen Bo Wu, Fei Yang, Xiao Yi Geng, Meng Qian Li, and Ji Jun Xiao. "Preparation and Characterization of UV Curable Hybrid System Based on Free Radical and Cationic Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.141.

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A UV curable hybrid system with a dual mechanism of radical and cationic photo-polymerization, was investigated. A kind of free radical oligomer with low viscosity named hexahydrophthalic acid diglycidyl acrylate was first synthesized. The structure of the oligomer was characterization by FTIR. The UV curing processing of hybrid system was traced by real-time FTIR, and compared with free radical, cationic system. Thermal decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature of UV curing film for various system were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differental scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. And physical and mechanical properties of those curing films were analyzed and compared. The results show that the radical polymerization of double bond and cationic polymerization of epoxy group could occur simultaneously in hybrid system. The conversion rate of epoxy group for hybrid system was higher than that of epoxy group for cationic system, which demonstrated that the cationic photo-initiator (DPI·PF6) can be sensitized by the free radical photo-initiator (Irgacure 184). Compared with free radical and cationic system, the hardness and mechanical properties of hybrid system curing film were better than those of the cationic system curing film, while closed to those of free radical system.

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6

Ratcliffe, L. P. D., K. J. Bentley, R. Wehr, N. J. Warren, B. R. Saunders, and S. P. Armes. "Cationic disulfide-functionalized worm gels." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 38 (2017): 5962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01306j.

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7

Miao, Zong Cheng, Fang Wang, Deng Deng, Lei Wang, and Jian Zhou Yang. "Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salt Cationic Surfactant with Long-Chain Alkyl and Epoxy Groups." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.864.

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The quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant with long-chain alkyl and epoxy groups is very important intermediate product to synthesis novel functional surfactants. In this paper, a kind of quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant with long-chain alkyl and epoxy groups was synthesized by traditional method with epichlorohydrin and N-octadecyldimethylamine as raw materials. During the synthesis, the best reaction conditions have been obtained, that the reaction temperature is 35 °C, the reaction time is 4 h and the best mol ratio of epichlorohydrin to timethylamine is 5:1. In addition, the synthesized intermediate with long-chain alkyl and epoxy groups plays a very important roles in the development of cationic surfactant.

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8

Noè, Camilla, Minna Hakkarainen, and Marco Sangermano. "Cationic UV-Curing of Epoxidized Biobased Resins." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010089.

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Epoxy resins are among the most important building blocks for fabrication of thermosets for many different applications thanks to their superior thermo-mechanical properties and chemical resistance. The recent concerns on the environmental problems and the progressive depletion of petroleum feedstocks have drawn the research interest in finding biobased alternatives. Many curing techniques can be used to obtain the final crosslinked thermoset networks. The UV-curing technology can be considered the most environmentally friendly because of the absence of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and mild curing conditions. This review provides an overview of the state of the art of bio-based cationic UV-curable epoxy resins. Particular focus has been given to the sources of the bio-based epoxy monomers and the applications of the obtained products.

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9

Su, Haojia, Zhengchun Cai, Zhengwei lv, Yongkang Chen, and Yongxin Ji. "Synthesis of water-based cationic polyacrylate copolymer emulsion by RAFT polymerization and its application as an inkjet printing agent." Pigment & Resin Technology 49, no. 5 (June 27, 2020): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-04-2020-0029.

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Purpose In this work, the authors used reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization to develop a new cationic acrylate modified epoxy resin emulsion for water-borne inkjet which have the advantages of both polyacrylate and epoxy resin. The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This paper aims to contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry. Design/methodology/approach In this work, the epoxy acrylate was synthesized from RAFT agent and epoxy resin firstly. Cationic macromolecular emulsifier was prepared by RAFT polymerization, using 2,2’-Azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and styrene as monomer, which was directly used to prepare the emulsion. The influences of the amount of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate on particle size, zeta potential and water contact angle were studied. Finally, the cationic emulsion was used to print images by inkjet printing. Findings The emulsion has the smallest particle size, the highest potential and the highest water contact angle when the DM content is 13 Wt.%. The transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the latex particles is core-shell sphere with the diameters in the range 120–200 nm. The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This work will contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry. Originality/value The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This work will contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry.

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10

Crivello, James V., and Saoshi Liu. "Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxy alcohol monomers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 38, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(20000201)38:3<389::aid-pola1>3.0.co;2-g.

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11

Eom, Taejun, and Anzar Khan. "Selenium-Epoxy ‘Click’ Reaction and Se-Alkylation—Efficient Access to Organo-Selenium and Selenonium Compounds." Chemistry 2, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2040054.

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This work establishes the ‘click’ nature of the base-catalyzed oxirane ring opening reaction by the selenolate nucleophile. The ‘click’-generated ß-hydroxy selenide can be alkylated to afford cationic selenium species. Hemolytic studies suggest that selenonium cations do not lyse red blood cells even at high concentrations. Overall, these results indicate the future applicability of the developed organo-selenium chemistry in the preparation of a new class of cationic materials based on the seleno-ether motif.

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12

Tran, Anh Dung, Thomas Koch, Robert Liska, and Patrick Knaack. "Radical-induced cationic frontal polymerisation for prepreg technology." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 152, no. 1 (January 2021): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-020-02726-y.

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AbstractIn this study, a new type of prepreg technology has been established using a dual curing system consisting of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and frontally polymerisable components based on the epoxide resin. The study of the polymerisation of HDDA revealed (tert-butylcyclohexyl)peroxydicarbonate (BCPC) as the most suitable radical thermal initiator. The presence of BCPC resulted in a fast radical polymerisation of HDDA and no cationic ring-opening reaction of the epoxy, which was observed by monitoring the double bond and epoxy group conversion in real time-NIR rheology measurement. The formed prepreg can subsequently be cured by radical-induced cationic frontal polymerisation of the epoxy resin. Effects of HDDA amount on the radical polymerisation, stiffness of the gel, frontal parameters and thermal mechanical properties of final polymers were investigated. With 10 wt% HDDA, the formed prepreg has very good storage stability, which was proved by monitoring the epoxy group conversion during 4 months of storage at 50 °C while still a stable front can be obtained. Furthermore, the RICFP-prepregs with different fibre contents were prepared and polymerised by RICFP. Then, a snowflake composite was successfully produced using RICFP-prepreg. Graphic abstract

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13

Zhang, Rong Ming, Hong Man Shan, Min Zhao, Dong Hui Ma, and Wei Li. "Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Polymer PEA." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1599.

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The cationic polymer PEA was synthesized by ring-opening reaction and quaterisation with epichlorohydrin and β-hydroxy alkyl propyl ether amine as the main materials.Study on the efffect of rate of charge, reaction time and reaction temperature on cationic degree and epoxy value. Capability of adsorption on the sand and anti-swelling resistance were studied. The results showed that the best polymerization conditions as follows,reaction temperature was 60 °C, reaction time was 6 h, the rate of charge of epichlorohydrin toβ-hydroxy alkyl propyletheramine was 2.5:1. Under these conditions , the cationic degree of PEA was 3.962 mmol/g, epoxy value was 0.12. Then it was performed the water absorption.

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14

Malik, Muhammad Salman, Sandra Schlögl, Markus Wolfahrt, and Marco Sangermano. "Review on UV-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization of Epoxy Monomers." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092146.

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Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cationic frontal polymerization has emerged as a novel technique that allows rapid curing of various epoxy monomers upon UV irradiation within a few seconds. In the presence of a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator together with a thermal radical initiator, the cationic ring opening polymerization of an epoxide monomer is auto-accelerated in the form of a self-propagating front upon UV irradiation. This hot propagating front generates the required enthalpy to sustain curing reaction throughout the resin formulation without further need for UV irradiation. This unique reaction pathway makes the cationic frontal polymerization a promising route towards the efficient curing of epoxy-based thermosetting resins and related composite structures. This review represents a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and progress of UV-induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy monomers that have been reported so far in literature. At the same time, this review covers important aspects on the frontal polymerization of various epoxide monomers involving the chemistry of the initiators, the effect of appropriate sensitizers, diluents and fillers.

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15

Zhang, Wei Li, Jian Jun Chen, Man Lin Tan, Bo Li, Li Qiang Ye, Dong Ju Fu, Qing Ma, Xiao Wei Wang, and Dong Shuang Li. "UV-Radiation Curing Process of Cationic Epoxy Adhesive Materials." Advanced Materials Research 983 (June 2014): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.222.

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The effect of photoinitiator content and species for adhesive liquid-solid conversion rate was studied. The infrared spectras of the alicyclic epoxy resin adhesives before and after the UV light curing were detected by FTIR. Thus light curing process for the alicyclic epoxy adhesive material was explored. The results showed that the UV light curing speed of Omnicat 550 was slower than that of Omnicat 650. Furthermore, the liquid-solid conversion rate was the maximum when the photoinitiator was added up to 3% with the same agent and coating thickness.

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16

Xiao, Ding Shu, Yan Chao Yuan, Min Zhi Rong, and Ming Qiu Zhang. "Self-healing epoxy based on cationic chain polymerization." Polymer 50, no. 13 (June 2009): 2967–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.029.

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17

Sun, F., S. L. Jiang, and J. Liu. "Study on cationic photopolymerization reaction of epoxy polysiloxane." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 264, no. 2 (November 2007): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.09.027.

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18

Vidil, Thomas, François Tournilhac, and Ludwik Leibler. "Control of cationic epoxy polymerization by supramolecular initiation." Polymer Chemistry 4, no. 5 (2013): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2py21140h.

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19

Sangermano, M., G. Malucelli, R. Bongiovanni, A. Priola, A. Harden, and N. Rehnberg. "Hyperbranched polymers in cationic photopolymerization of epoxy systems." Polymer Engineering & Science 43, no. 8 (August 2003): 1460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.10123.

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20

Abu-Abdoun, Ideisan I. "Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Reagent p-Substituted Triphenylamine." Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science 10 (June 8, 2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2021.10.7.

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Chemical modification of chloromethylstyrene - styrene copolymer throughout reaction of p-substituted carboxylic acid group of bis-(4,4`-dibromo)-4``-triphenylamine carboxylic acid with the chloromethyl group attached to a phenyl group was carried out on soluble copolymer and polymeric cross-linked copolymer. Chemical oxidation of the neutral p-substituted triphenylamine with antimony pentachloride in dichloromethane solvent gives the corresponding cation - radical salt with the counter ion antimony hexachloride (SbCl6-). The isolated deep blue color cation radical salt is soluble or in insoluble (resin) form in the copolymer was used as a thermal cationic initiator for the polymerization of epoxy and vinyl monomers at room temperature. The cation radical resin showed good activity and stability compared to the soluble polymeric cation radical, both can initiate the cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide and N-vinylcarbazole in dichloromethane at room temperature.

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21

Bomze, D., P. Knaack, and R. Liska. "Successful radical induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy-based monomers by C–C labile compounds." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 47 (2015): 8161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01451d.

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22

Bednarczyk, Paulina, Izabela Irska, Konrad Gziut, and Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska. "Novel Multifunctional Epoxy (Meth)acrylate Resins and Coatings Preparation via Cationic and Free-Radical Photopolymerization." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111718.

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In this work, a series of novel multifunctional epoxy (meth)acrylate resins based on a low-viscosity aliphatic triepoxide triglycidyl ether of trimethylolethane (TMETGE) and acrylic acid (AA) or methacrylic acid (MMA) have been synthesized. Thanks to the performed modification, the obtained prepolymers have both epoxides as well as carbon–carbon double bonds and differ in their amount. The obtained results indicate that the carboxyl-epoxide addition esterification occurs in the presence of a catalyst (triphenylphosphine) at a temperature of 90 °C, whilst the required degree of conversion can be achieved simply by varying both the reagents ratio and reaction time. The structure of synthesized copolymers was confirmed by spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) and studied regarding its nonvolatile matter content (NV), acid value (PAVs), as well as its epoxy equivalent value (EE). Due to the presence of both epoxy and double carbon–carbon pendant groups, one can apply two distinct mechanisms: (i) cationic ring-opening polymerization or (ii) free-radical polymerization to crosslink polymer chains. Synthesized epoxy (meth)acrylate prepolymers were further employed to formulate photocurable coating compositions. Hence, when cationic photoinitiators were applied, polyether-type polymer chains with pending acrylate or methacrylate groups were formed. In the case of free-radical polymerization, epoxy (meth)acrylates certainly formed a poly(meth)acrylate backbone with pending epoxy groups. Further, photopolymerization behavior and properties of cured coatings were investigated regarding some structural factors and parameters. Moreover, reaction rate coefficients of photo-cross-linking by both cationic ring-opening and free-radical photopolymerization of the received epoxy (meth)acrylate resins were determined via real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR). Lastly, basic physicomechanical properties, such as tack-free time, hardness, adhesion, gloss, and yellowness index of cured coatings, were evaluated.

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23

Liu, Hong Bo, Feng Lin, Wu Ying Zhang, and Ling Xu. "Preparation of Novel Series of UV Dual Curable Polyurethane-Modified Epoxy Monoacrylates and their Films Properties." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.789.

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A new series of radical-cationic UV dual curable polyurethane-modified epoxy monoacrylates (PMEMA) was prepared. Radical-cationic UV dual curable were prepared with photosensitive resin (epoxy monoacrylates (EMA) or PMEMA), reactive diluents, radical and cationic photoinitiators. UV dual cured films of those liquid compositions were obtained by using a high pressure mercury UV lamp. FTIR spectra identified the change of C=C and epoxy groups absorption peaks during the UV-curing process. The effect of different modified oligomers on the gel content, water absorption, mechanical and thermal properties of radical-cationic UV dual cured films was investigated. The characteristic C=C (1635cm-1, 810cm-1) and epoxide (910cm-1, 772cm-1) absorption speaks were no longer detectable after UV dual cured. The gel contents of all samples using PMEMA as oligomers were beyond 97.0% and their water absorption values were about 0.80%. With the length of flexible polyurethane chain segments increased, the Young’s modulus and breaking strength of UV dual cured films decreased gradually, except for the relative elongation. The volume shrinkage test indicated that the UV dual cured films exhibited lower internal stress and higher cohesive force than single radical UV cured films. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the UV dual cured films indicated good thermal stability with no appreciable weight loss until well above 250°C.

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24

Kim, Sun Hee, Min Jae Shin, and Jae Sup Shin. "Thermoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxy Resin by Sulfonium Salts for Latent Curing." Adhesion and Interface 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17702/jai.2012.13.2.053.

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25

Lin, Feng, Hong Bo Liu, Ling Xu, and Wu Ying Zhang. "Polyurethane-Modified Epoxy Monoacrylates Containing Two Different UV-Curable Groups: Preparation and Charaterization." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.168.

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Polyurethane-modified epoxy monoacrylates (PMEMA) containing two different UV- curable groups (double bond and epoxy groups) were synthesized. The changes of NCO groups during the synthesis process of PMEMA were measured by chemical titration method, and its Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra were investigated. The results indicated that polyurethane chain segments can be grafted onto the epoxy monacrylates (EMA) by the reaction of NCO and OH groups. The FTIR of PMEMA showed that it contains both double bond of acrylic ester (UV radical curable) and epoxy groups (UV cationic curable).

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26

Gong, Xue-Di, Lai-Shun Shi, Tian-Yao Wang, and Xiao-Meng Yu. "The Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Cationic Asphalt Emulsifier." MATEC Web of Conferences 264 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926403006.

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A new cationic asphalt emulsifier of N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-(N',N'-dimethyl amido)-2-hydroxy propyl)- coconut oil amide propyl-1-ammonium chloride was synthesized by two steps reaction of coconut oil acyl propyl dimethyl tertiary amine (PKO), epoxy chloropropane and dimethylamine. The chemical structure of the key intermediate of N,N-dimethyl-N-(ethylene oxide-2-methylene)-coconut oil amide propyl-1-ammonium chloride was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The optimum reaction condition of first step was obtained by single factor analysis: reaction time 5 h, reaction temperature 50 °C, feedstock mole ratio of epoxy chloropropane to PKO 1.05. The reaction yield is 82.15% and the epoxy value is 40.39% at the optimum conditions. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the asphalt emulsifier is 7.80×10-2 mol/L. The surface tension at CMC is 24.57 mN/m. The emulsifier showed excellent emulsification effect for the asphalt. The prepared bituminous emulsion had higher storage stability. The emulsifier belongs to medium-set asphalt emulsifier.

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27

Choi, Ho Kyoung, Bong Goo Choi, Yong Yoon Lee, and Jae Sik Na. "Cationic Catalyst as Latent Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 749 (April 2015): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.126.

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1-Benzyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluoroantimonate (BMH) was newly synthesized and characterized with FT-IR, 1H-NMR. We synthesized catalysts fulfill requirements for a rapid cure at a moderately elevated temperature in curing the epoxy resin for neat diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGBEA). The cure behavior of this resin was investigated at elevated temperature and cure temperature in the presence of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 wt% of 1-benzyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluoroantimonate (BMH) by mean of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Chemical conversion as function of temperature and amount of BMH (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 wt%) were determined from DSC. It was found that BMH were superior latent thermal catalyst for catinonic curing which have a good thermal stability.

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28

Falk, Benjamin, and James V. Crivello. "Synthesis of Epoxy-Functional Microspheres by Cationic Suspension Photopolymerization." Chemistry of Materials 16, no. 24 (November 2004): 5033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm040057a.

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29

Martin-Gallego, M., M. Hernández, V. Lorenzo, R. Verdejo, M. A. Lopez-Manchado, and M. Sangermano. "Cationic photocured epoxy nanocomposites filled with different carbon fillers." Polymer 53, no. 9 (April 2012): 1831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.054.

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30

Liu, Hongbo, Xiaowu Xue, Wuying Zhang, and Feng Lin. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Waterborne Epoxy Acrylic Resin." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 774 (March 27, 2020): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/774/1/012048.

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31

Kim, Y. B., H. K. Kim, and J. W. Hong. "UV-curable methacrylic epoxy dispersions for cationic electrodeposition coating." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102, no. 6 (2006): 5566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24766.

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32

Morita, Yasumasa, Seitarou Tajima, Hiroshi Suzuki, and Hiroaki Sugino. "Thermally initiated cationic polymerization and properties of epoxy siloxane." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100, no. 3 (2006): 2010–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22603.

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33

Sangermano, Marco, Ippazio Antonazzo, Lorenzo Sisca, and Massimiliana Carello. "Photoinduced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy–carbon fibre composites." Polymer International 68, no. 10 (July 15, 2019): 1662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.5875.

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34

Decker, C., and K. Moussa. "Kinetic study of the cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28, no. 12 (November 1990): 3429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080281220.

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35

Morio, Kazuhiko, Hisashi Murase, Hiroshi Tsuchiya, and Takeshi Endo. "Thermoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxy resins by sulfonium salts." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 32, no. 7 (November 20, 1986): 5727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070320705.

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36

Yang, Chin-Ping, and Lung-Ta Lee. "Preparation and cationic electrodeposition of amine—functional epoxy resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41, no. 910 (1990): 1995–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410906.

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37

Anderson, Benjamin J. "Cationic cure kinetics of a polyoxometalate loaded epoxy nanocomposite." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 50, no. 21 (August 6, 2012): 4507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.26258.

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38

Leonova, N. G., V. M. Mikhal’chuk, Y. P. Mamunya, V. V. Davydenko, and M. V. Iurzhenko. "Thermophysical properties of epoxy-polysiloxane composites of cationic polymerization." Polymer Science Series D 6, no. 3 (July 2013): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995421213030131.

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39

Crivello, James V., Mingxin Fan, and Daoshen Bi. "The electron beam-induced cationic polymerization of epoxy resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, no. 1 (January 5, 1992): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440102.

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Egger, N., K. Schmidt-Rohr, B. Blümich, W. D. Domke, and B. Stapp. "Solid state NMR investigation of cationic polymerized epoxy resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, no. 2 (January 15, 1992): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440213.

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Puchleitner, Rainer, Gisbert Riess, and Wolfgang Kern. "X-ray induced cationic curing of epoxy-bonded composites." European Polymer Journal 91 (June 2017): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.036.

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Sangermano, Marco. "Advances in cationic photopolymerization." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 10 (August 10, 2012): 2089–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-04-11.

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This review discusses cationic UV-curing processes of vinyl ethers, propenyl ethers, and epoxy monomers. Cationic photopolymerization based on photogeneration of acid from onium salts induced by UV light and consecutive polymerization initiated by photogenerated acid was first proposed at the end of the 1970s. The process engendered high interest both in academia and in industry. Cationic photoinduction presents some advantages over comparable radical-mediated processes, particularly the absence of inhibition by oxygen, low shrinkage, and good adhesion, and mechanical properties of the UV-cured materials. Moreover, the monomers employed are generally less toxic and irritant than acrylates and methacrylates, which are widely used in radical photopolymerization. In this overview, particular emphasis is given to our recent contributions to the field of cationic photopolymerization for different classes of monomers.

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Li, Zh Q., M. Li, G. L. Li, Y. Chen, X. N. Wang, and T. Wang. "Naphthoxy Bounded Ferrocenium Salts as Cationic Photoinitiators for Epoxy Photopolymerization." International Journal of Photoenergy 2009 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/981065.

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To improve the absorption and the bulk of arene ligands, two naphthoxy bounded ferrocenium salts as new cationic photoinitiators, (η6-α-naphthoxybenzene) (η5-cyclopentadienyl) iron hexafluorophosphate (NOFC-1) and (η6-β-naphthoxybenzene) (η5-cyclopentadienyl) iron hexafluorophosphate (NOFC-2), were synthesized, characterized, and studied. NOFC-1 and NOFC-2 were prepared by the reaction of nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) with naphthol and chlorobenzene-cyclopentadienyliron salt. Their activity as cationic photoinitiators was studied using real-time infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained showed that NOFC-1 and NOFC-2 are capable of photoinitiating the cationic polymerization of epoxy monomer directly on irradiation with long-wavelength UV light (365 nm). Comparative studies also demonstrated that they exhibited better efficiency than cyclopentadienyl-Fe-cymene hexafluorophosphate (I-261). When NOFC-1 and NOFC-2 were used to efficiently initiate polymerization of epoxide, both rate of polymerization and final conversion increased using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as sensitizer. DSC studies showed that NOFC-1 and NOFC-2 photoinitiators in epoxides possess good thermal stability in the absence of light.

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Crivello, J. V., and T. Yoo. "Synthesis and Cationic Photopolymerization of Novel Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Monomers Based on 5,6-Epoxy-1,3-oxepane." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 33, no. 4 (April 1996): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329608010866.

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Sangermano, M., S. N. Falling, and J. V. Crivello. "PHOTOINITIATED CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF EPOXY MONOMERS IN THE PRESENCE OF POLY(3,4-EPOXY-1-BUTENE)." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 39, no. 11 (January 11, 2002): 1279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-120015730.

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Tang, Shuangcheng, Lu Huang, Zengqian Shi, and Wei He. "Water-based synthesis of cationic hydrogel particles: effect of the reaction parameters and in vitro cytotoxicity study." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 14 (2015): 2842–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01664e.

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Simple variation of reaction parameters can provide a library of cationic epoxy–amine hydrogel particles with a diverse collection of physical and chemical characteristics, temperature responsiveness, and cytocompatibility.

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Jin, Su Rong, Ke Zhang, Jin Xing Pang, and Shan Shan Song. "Synthesis and Application Research of op-10/ Cationic Surfactant Composite Asphalt Emulsifier." Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.664.

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In this paper, the non-ionic intermediate was prepared by op-10 and epoxy chloropropane; the quaternary ammonium salt intermediate was prepared by triethylamine and epoxy chloropropane; the op-10/cationic surfactant composite asphalt emulsifier was synthesized by reacting with non-ionic intermediate, quaternary ammonium salt intermediate and N-octadecyl propylene diamine. The effect of synthesis conditions and the prescription on the emulsifying property, surface activity and using performance of emulsifier was studied, a new way for the preparation of the composite asphalt emulsifier was explored.

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PARK, S. J., F. L. JIN, and J. R. LEE. "PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL EPOXIDIZED CASTOR OIL/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 04n05 (August 2004): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x04002504.

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A novel nanocomposites of modified clay in a glassy epoxy were prepared using a direct melt intercalation technique. The contents of oganoclay were varied with 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% and N-benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate (BPH) was used for curing of epoxy matrix as a cationic latent catalyst. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurement was performed to examine the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites. As a result, X-ray diffraction indicated the intercalation of the epoxy chains happening inside the gallery of clay. The nanocomposites showed a higher glass transition temperature and storage modulus than those of the pristine epoxy. The mechanical interfacial properties of the nanocomposites were also investigated and the improvement in tearing energy of 160% over pristine epoxy was obtained.

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Arimitsu, K., S. Amano, and M. Furutani. "Acid-amplifying microcapsules: preparation, characterization, and application to cationic UV curing." RSC Advances 6, no. 10 (2016): 7893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26008f.

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Microcapsules containing photoacid generators and acid amplifiers have been prepared using a liquid-drying method. The acid-amplifying microcapsules were applied to a cationic UV curing system of an epoxy resin using a 313 nm light source.

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Lazauskait≐, Rūta, Gintaras Buika, Juozas V. Gražulevičius, and Rimtautas Kavaliūnas. "Cationic photopolymerization of 1,2-epoxy-6-(9-carbazolyl)-4-oxahexane." European Polymer Journal 34, no. 8 (August 1998): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-3057(97)00232-2.

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