Academic literature on the topic 'Catholics Victoria Intellectual life'
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Journal articles on the topic "Catholics Victoria Intellectual life"
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BENNETT, J. M. R. "THE BRITISH LUTHER COMMEMORATION OF 1883–1884 IN EUROPEAN CONTEXT." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000235.
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AbstractIn 1883 and early 1884 the controversial commemoration of the four-hundredth birthday of Martin Luther, celebrated in Germany and worldwide, captured much British public attention. The examination of this celebration offered here will improve current understanding of late Victorian religious controversies and indicate their continuing centrality to a range of cultural and historical debates in the period. The commemoration invigorated historic antagonisms in the British religious landscape, yet it also did far more than this. The commemoration provided a platform for those who wanted to foster Protestant unity in the face of what was widely perceived to be a revived threat from ‘popery’ and religious indifference at home and abroad. Whereas some religious and not-very-religious commentators, often belonging to a younger generation, wanted closely to associate Luther's world-historical role with liberalizing intellectual and social progress, others – sceptics, Catholics, high Anglicans, older Protestants – resisted this. Arguments about Luther's life and teaching often became more broadly Victorian discussions of the family, Anglo-German affinities or antagonisms, and the nature of modernity. By relating themes in the study of modern religious history to current concerns in the history of historical writing, this article will point to wider lacunae in scholarly approaches to nineteenth-century culture.
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Thompson, Emma J., Miriam H. Beauchamp, Simone J. Darling, Stephen J. C. Hearps, Amy Brown, George Charalambous, Louise Crossley, et al. "Protocol for a prospective, school-based standardisation study of a digital social skills assessment tool for children: The Paediatric Evaluation of Emotions, Relationships, and Socialisation (PEERS) study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e016633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016633.
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BackgroundHumans are by nature a social species, with much of human experience spent in social interaction. Unsurprisingly, social functioning is crucial to well-being and quality of life across the lifespan. While early intervention for social problems appears promising, our ability to identify the specific impairments underlying their social problems (eg, social communication) is restricted by a dearth of accurate, ecologically valid and comprehensive child-direct assessment tools. Current tools are largely limited to parent and teacher ratings scales, which may identify social dysfunction, but not its underlying cause, or adult-based experimental tools, which lack age-appropriate norms. The present study describes the development and standardisation of Paediatric Evaluation of Emotions, Relationships, and Socialisation(PEERS®), an iPad-based social skills assessment tool.MethodsThe PEERS project is a cross-sectional study involving two groups: (1) a normative group, recruited from early childhood, primary and secondary schools across metropolitan and regional Victoria, Australia; and (2) a clinical group, ascertained from outpatient services at The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (RCH). The project aims to establish normative data for PEERS®, a novel and comprehensive app-delivered child-direct measure of social skills for children and youth. The project involves recruiting and assessing 1000 children aged 4.0–17.11 years. Assessments consist of an intellectual screen, PEERS® subtests, and PEERS-Q, a self-report questionnaire of social skills. Parents and teachers also complete questionnaires relating to participants’ social skills. Main analyses will comprise regression-based continuous norming, factor analysis and psychometric analysis of PEERS® and PEERS-Q.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained through the RCH Human Research Ethics Committee (34046), the Victorian Government Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (002318), and Catholic Education Melbourne (2166). Findings will be disseminated through international conferences and peer-reviewed journals. Following standardisation of PEERS®, the tool will be made commercially available.
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Young, B. W. "The Anglican Origins of Newman's Celibacy." Church History 65, no. 1 (March 1996): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170494.
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In his historical defense of the doctrines of the Church of England, published in 1826, Robert Southey assumed that “the question concerning the celibacy of the clergy had been set at rest throughout Protestant Europe.” The conclusion that Anglicanism necessarily entailed the rejection of celibacy was, in early-nineteenth-century England, decidedly premature, and the ambiguity over celibacy in the Church of England is starkly and exceptionally exposed in the life and work of John Henry Newman. Recent assessments of Newman's peculiar standing in Victorian society have often emphasized the sexual—or rather, the seemingly sexless—dimension of his image, as if to concur with Sydney Smith's celebrated witticism: “Don't you know, as the French say, there are three sexes—men, women, and clergymen?” The nature of specifically clerical celibacy, however, and its influence on the young Newman, have tended to be overlooked in favor of a general psychosexual understanding of his own unwillingness to marry. As an antidote to such readings, this essay will explore the distinctively Anglican and firmly intellectual tradition behind Newman's decision, and will thereby argue that his celibacy was not as “perverse”—a word which, in Victorian England, connoted conversion to Catholicism as well as sexual peculiarity—as it has sometimes been made to seem.
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Wright, Owain. "Full circle: the Manning–Gladstone correspondence." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 154 (November 2014): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400019155.
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In his famous portrayal of the eminent Victorian Henry Manning, Lytton Strachey commented thus: ‘It was as if the Fates had laid a wager that they would daunt him; and in the end they lost their bet.’ As one of the high-profile British converts to Roman Catholicism (1851), archbishop of Westminster (1865), cardinal (1875) and candidate for the papacy (1878), Manning was one of the most formidable and influential churchmen of his day. Throughout his adult life, he shared an intellectual, respectful and fractious friendship with William Gladstone who, as Liberal party leader and four-time British prime minister (1868–74, 1880–5, 1886, 1892–4), was the most successful and prolific politician of his generation. The relationship between Manning and Gladstone is significant because in his political career the latter paid great attention to the former. Throughout, Gladstone was fascinated by religious polemics, while his views on constitutional government were shaped very much by his own religious convictions.
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Reiter, Barret. "A ‘Fiction of the Mind’: Imagination and Idolatry in Early Modern England." Past & Present 257, Supplement_16 (October 31, 2022): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac034.
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Abstract This chapter examines the conceptualization of Catholic liturgical practices within the Protestant anti-Catholic polemics of early modern England. I argue that, insofar as Protestants typically glossed such practices as ‘idolatry’, and thus, as the worship of a false god, Protestants explicitly accused Catholics of falling victim to the deceptive tendencies of their imaginations. Hence, for English Protestants, Catholics were responsible for transforming the good news of the Gospel into a mere fiction of their own making. More than a mere rhetorical posture — though of course it was also that — it is here argued that Protestant anti-Catholic polemic encodes a more generalized anxiety about the role of imagination within religious, social and political life, and thus serves as a microcosm of larger-scale transformations within the intellectual and political discourse of early modern England. Most obviously, the emphasis on the imagination, in particular within Protestant polemics, indicates a new context into which traditional scholastic psychological categories were forced in order to accommodate confessional differentiation and the new political realities of a post-Reformation world. Thus, by understanding just what Protestant polemicists meant by fictions, we can open up deeper continuities across the intellectual and political discourse of the period.
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Pilch, Jeremy. "Vladimir Solov’ev and the 19th-Century Pioneers of Catholic-Orthodox Reunion." Downside Review 135, no. 1 (January 2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0012580616684413.
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This article examines the life and work of the Russian thinker Vladimir Solov’ev (1853-1900) and his involvement in a circle of Catholics committed to the work of Catholic-Orthodox re-union in the late-nineteenth century. It analyses the intellectual influences on his thought in the early 1880s when he became an apologist for the Papacy and the work of reunion. Particular attention is given to the Catholic sources which helped shape Solov’ev’s views. Solov’ev’s own position on the reunion is considered, especially in the light of his relationship with Bishop Strossmayer. Other Catholic friendships are also examined, including those with the Jesuit priests Pirling and Martynov, the Russian convert Princess Volkonsky, and the French journalist Eugene Tavernier. In addition, the importance of lesser known figures such as the Barnabite Fr Tondini and the Polish Jesuit Marian Morawski is explored, as is Solov’ev’s reception of communion from the Byzantine-rite Catholic priest, Fr Nikolai Tolstoi. Far from being an isolated pioneer, Solov’ev emerges as one of a closely connected circle of Catholics committed to Catholic-Orthodox reunion.
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Austin, Graeme W. "Property on the Line: Life on the Frontier between Copyright and the Public Domain." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 44, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v44i1.5012.
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This article is an edited transcript of Professor Graeme W Austin's Inaugural Lecture, delivered in the Council Chamber of Victoria University of Wellington on 15 November 2012. Professor Austin was appointed Chair in Private Law in the Faculty of Law in November 2010. This lecture explores claims that in copyright law, the public domain is necessarily in opposition to proprietary rights, and suggests that in many contexts the incentives offered by copyright contribute to the vibrancy and volume of material that is available for downstream creativity and innovation. Drawing on his earlier work on the relationship between human rights law and intellectual property, Professor Austin's lecture advances the idea that cognisance of the human rights dimensions of intellectual property, including creators' human rights, should inform our understanding of the appropriate scope of the rights of copyright owners. The lecture concludes with a warning against the "Walmartization" of copyright.
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Whyte, Merryl, and Suzanne Zyngier. "Applied Intellectual Capital Management." Journal of Intellectual Capital 15, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-08-2013-0090.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe outcomes from a trial of the Danish Intellectual Capital Statement (ICS) within the Australian public sector. Design/methodology/approach – Two work teams within the Department of Primary Industries, Farm Services Victoria (FSV) participated in the trial over a six-month period. Data were collected and triangulated from structured focus groups, researcher guided workshops and individual project record journals kept by participants and observers. Findings – This trial has tested and confirmed existing European Intellectual Capital Management (ICM) theory in a new context, confirmed the strategic management and communication utility of the Danish ICS. It also revealed the utility of this method: to assist the organisation articulate its knowledge-related needs; in developing knowledge management (KM) strategy, in planning and reviewing KM initiatives, in developing clarity and shared context and in navigating change. Research limitations/implications – This research focuses on a single in-depth case study and concurrent organisational restructuring impacted on team focus. Practical implications – The strategic management and communication utility of the Danish ICS was confirmed. The paper demonstrates new insights for practitioners using this ICM method as a useful tool to assist an organisation to articulate KM needs. Originality/value – The primary research gap in the ICM field is examination of the practical application of methods in a real-life context (particularly outside Europe). This work has tested and confirmed existing theory in a new and different context – the Australian public sector.
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Wilkinson, Marta L. "Is The World Enough? Culture, Translation, and Impassable Differences in the Life of Victoria Ocampo." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (March 25, 2013): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9992x.
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Victoria Ocampo’s work and linguistic aptitude were often criticized due to her gender and privileged social position. Her abilities were seen as intrusions into languages, cultures and a world of intellectual exchange in which she was tolerated, but never accepted. In light of recent studies on intercultural maturity, this essay argues that Ocampo’s relationship between language and culture can now be read as a blueprint for the modern world. This world is that of increased interest in globalization, one in which it is less and less rare that family members need a passport in order to visit one another, and in which heritage language speakers are no longer the odd minority. The world today is marked by transculturation and other incidences of overlapping ethnic and national heritages historically isolated for their “otherness” within a dominant socio-cultural structure seeking homogeneity to a white, western European ideology.
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F. Champ, Judith. "Priesthood and Politics in the Nineteenth Century: The Turbulent Career of Thomas Mcdonnell." Recusant History 18, no. 3 (May 1987): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268419500020626.
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THE CONSEQUENCE of the Cisapline attempt to ‘grapple with the social and intellectual transformation of the modern world” and to bring about a ‘revision of the pyramidal structure of the Tridentine Church” was the greater assimilation of English Catholics into contemporary society. Encouraged by a new sense of freedom, clergy and laity participated more actively in English public life’ and dismantled much of the closed élite community of the recusant period. This led to a brief phase in which both clergy and laity exercised their new-found freedoms, but which was dogged by disputes. Arguments raged between liberalism and authority, and between sectarian ideals and non-denominational activities. They were eventually resolved in a restoration, by 1850, of the pyramidal structure of the Tridentine Church, in which the role of the laity was subject to the authority and guidance of the clergy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Catholics Victoria Intellectual life"
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Kitzinger, Denis. "Dietrich von Hildebrand : a Catholic intellectual in the Weimar Republic." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15908.
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This thesis examines the intellectual activity of the German Catholic philosopher Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889-1977) during the Weimar Republic (1918-1933). It fills a gap both in the Hildebrand scholarship and the history of Weimar Catholicism. It examines Hildebrand as an intellectual (following Stefan Collini's analytical concept), and argues that he can most adequately be described as a neo-conservative Catholic intellectual. Hildebrand was a profoundly religious person whose principal goal was the personal sanctification of educated Catholics through the renewal of the Catholic ethos. To this end he presented the Catholic worldview not in the form of neo-scholasticism as recently initiated by Pope Leo XIII, but in a new form. At the center of his novel presentation stood his Catholic personalism and his phenomenological value ethics. After an introductory chapter that outlines Hildebrand's upbringing, formation, and education with an eye to his conversion to the Catholic faith in 1914, the thesis situates and analyzes Hildebrand in the context of the four main discourses that he participated in during the Weimar Republic: Chapter two examines Hildebrand's contribution to the discourse on Siegkatholizismus, the confidence of Catholics to re- Christianize German and European culture after the First World War; chapter three examines Hildebrand's novel justification of Catholic teaching in the discourse on the crisis of marriage and sexuality during the middle years of the Republic; chapter four engages his social thought and his views on the relation between person and community during the final period of Weimar Germany; and chapter five explores Hildebrand's transnational activity against the background of a growing transformation of Catholic supranational identity through nationalism shortly before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933.
Books on the topic "Catholics Victoria Intellectual life"
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A Victorian wanderer: The life of Thomas Arnold the Younger. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Robichaud, Paul Gerard. Regionalism and nationalism in Victorian American writing: Stoddard, Guiney, Tabb, and Shea. Notre Dame, Ind: Cushwa Center, 1994.
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Gerard Manley Hopkins and Victorian Catholicism: A heart in hiding. New York: Routledge, 2003.
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1956-, Appleby R. Scott, Byrne Patricia, and Portier William L, eds. Creative fidelity: American Catholic intellectual traditions. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books, 2004.
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Trevor-Roper, H. R. Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans: Seventeenth century essays. London: Secker & Warburg, 1987.
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Trevor-Roper, H. R. Catholics, Anglicans, and Puritans: Seventeenth century essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
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Matamoro, Blas. Genio y figura de Victoria Ocampo. [Buenos Aires]: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, 1986.
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Hellqvist, Per-Anders. Där citroner blomma: En bok om Axel Munthe, Drottning Victoria, Capri och musiken. [Stockholm]: Gidlund, 1989.
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Bröckling, Ulrich. Katholische Intellektuelle in der Weimarer Republik: Zeitkritik und Gesellschaftstheorie bei Walter Dirks, Romano Guardini, Carl Schmitt, Ernst Michel und Heinrich Mertens. München: W. Fink Verlag, 1993.
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López, María Pia. Mariátegui: Entre Victoria y Claridad. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Catholics Victoria Intellectual life"
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"2. Personalism at War: Clandestine Intellectual Life and Anti-Nazi Resistance in World War II." In Catholics on the Barricades, 62–92. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300231489-006.
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Heft, James L. "Campus Ministry and Academics." In The Future of Catholic Higher Education, 203–16. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568880.003.0015.
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Until the mid-twentieth century, 90% of Catholic colleges and universities were run by religious orders that integrated the study of religion with the religious life of the students, the vast majority of them being Catholic. Now, the student bodies include many non-Catholics, are mostly a-intellectual when it comes to religion, and would likely not take theology classes unless they were required. Faculty think moral formation is the obligation of a separate division of the university: student development offices and campus ministers. Most faculty are concerned only with intellectual development. As a professionalized group (master’s degree in pastoral ministry), campus ministers are often uninterested in the intellectual formation of students in the Catholic tradition. While retaining their primary responsibilities, faculty and campus ministers need to learn how to work with each other. Working together is much more possible at campuses that have a high percentage of undergraduate students in residence. Working with graduate students is more difficult, even at residential campuses.
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Tutino, Stefania. "The Making of a Success Story." In A Fake Saint and the True Church, 18–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578803.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the main protagonist of the book: Carlo Calà Duke of Diano, a jurist and high-ranking official in the viceregal administration. This chapter also sets the historical context of the story of the forgery by describing the main political, economic, social, and religious characteristics of the Kingdom of Naples in the seventeenth century. More specifically, this chapter explains the social, cultural, and intellectual advantages that a noble pedigree conferred to the Neapolitan non-aristocratic elites; explores the main sources of tension between the papacy and the Neapolitan viceroy; sheds light on the power dynamics between the Roman Inquisition and the local ecclesiastical leaders; and introduces the complexities of the liturgical and devotional life of early modern Catholics.
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Klausen, Jimmy Casas. "The other Mahatma’s naive monarchism: Phule, Paine, and the appeal to Queen Victoria." In Colonial Exchanges. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105646.003.0004.
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Jyotirao Phule, often called ‘the other Mahatma’, drew on writings of Thomas Paine and the experiences of the American Civil War to argue for the rights of Sudras and other non-Brahmins to govern themselves as a people free of Brahmin domination. Phule was inspired by arguments about the constituent authority of the people to choose their own form of political life. Yet, in his view, the long intellectual domination of Sudras by Brahmins had left them far less ready for freedom than recently-freed American slaves, unable even to conceptualize the need for their freedom. Curiously, given his admiration for the anti-monarchical Paine, this led Phule to appeal to Queen Victoria to improve British rule by freeing it of corruption and error. The chapter argues that this is not simply a naïve monarchism, but in many ways a canny one, which appeals to—and calls to account—the one figure in a position to end both British abuses and deeper, more abiding patterns of Brahmin domination. The movement and hybridity of ideas here is both clear and surprising: the anti-monarchic Paine is wedded with the epitome of monarchy, Queen Victoria.
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Manekin, Rachel. "Introduction." In The Rebellion of the Daughters, 1–10. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691194936.003.0001.
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This chapter focuses on Western Galicia, specifically Kraków, as the main arena in which the stories of the thirty Galician Jewish minor girls that ran away took place. It describes that the majority of female Jewish converts to Catholicism were from villages and small towns in Western Galicia. It also talks about Polish-Catholics that constituted the absolute majority in rural and urban areas in Western Galicia and Kraków, the most important city of the region. The chapter describes Kraków as the center of religious, intellectual, and cultural life in Western Galicia, with an elite class that included conservative academics, high-ranking church and state officials, authors, and artists. It looks at the intention of Jewish females in Western Galicia to convert that set off alarm bells among the Jewish population and generated a debate on the causes of this problem.
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McInally, Tom. "The Influence of the Scots Colleges in Paris, Rome, and Spain." In The History of Scottish Theology, Volume II, 141–54. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759348.003.0011.
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Following the imposition of the Penal Laws in Scotland, colleges were established in Europe specifically for Scots Catholics. Mainly directed by Jesuits, the education provided was in compliance with the precepts laid down by the Council of Trent and conformed to the Scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas. The Jesuit curriculum, Ratio Studiorum, detailed every aspect of teaching and was renowned for its excellence and rigour. Secular priests ran the college in Paris using a similar curriculum; however, in the eighteenth century it lost some of its effectiveness due to Jansenism. Scots Benedictines used Scholastic teaching in their seminary in Regensburg before they became involved in the Enlightenment movement, making significant contributions to education and science in Germany. In the first two centuries of their existence the colleges educated over two thousand students who supported the Mission in Scotland while contributing to the intellectual life of their homeland and abroad.
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Gleason, Philip. "The Catholic Revival Reaches Full Flood." In Contending with Modernity. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098280.003.0013.
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Around 1930 the impulses previously at work among an elite of educators and publicists broadened out to energize American Catholics more generally, especially young people, and the Catholic Revival became a full-fledged movement. It was self-consciously countercultural in the sense that it proclaimed and attempted to actualize the ideal of a Catholic culture set over against and in opposition to modern culture. Since it was so distinctly an intellectual movement, institutions of higher education were of course integrally involved. On the one hand, the revival shaped the mentality that dominated them; on the other hand, they served as focal points for its diffusion among the Catholic population and as a cultural force in American public life. Although the influence of the revival carried over into the post-World War II era, we will concentrate in this chapter on the 1930s. Al Smith’s campaign for the presidency brought the “Catholic question” of the twenties to its ugly climax. Even Catholics who could understand the reasons for their fellow citizens’ uneasiness on the church-state issue were disheartened and embittered by the tidal wave of crude no-popery that engulfed the Smith campaign. Thus Peter Guilday, who was privately troubled by traditional Catholic teaching on church-state and religious freedom, denounced those who had carried on “a studied propaganda o f . . . damnable, obscene and calumnious lies” against the church. But the excesses of bigotry also disturbed many fair minded Protestants, Jews, and non-religious liberals. As a result, the outbursts of 1928 spurred efforts to ameliorate interreligious feeling and the public attitude toward Catholicism improved considerably over the next half a dozen years. Father James M. Gillis, C.S.P., spoke for American Catholics in saying “We shall not wither up and blow away,” but their leaders also felt the need for new apologetical and public-relations efforts. Thus Carlton J. H. Hayes of Columbia University served as the first Catholic co-chairman of the newly formed National Conference of Christians and Jews, which initiated its systematic promotion of interreligious brotherhood in the immediate aftermath of the Smith campaign.
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Girard, Aurélien, and Giovanni Pizzorusso. "The Maronite college in early modern Rome: Between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Letters." In College Communities Abroad. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784995140.003.0007.
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In the early modern period, Catholic communities under Protestant jurisdictions were not alone in establishing collegial networks in Catholic centres. The Maronites, a Christian Church in communion with Rome faced educational challenges similar to those of Catholic communities in western Protestant states. A Maronite College was founded in Rome in 1584, on the model of others Catholic colleges created in Rome in the second part of the sixteenth century. Until now, traditional Maronite and Lebanese historiography has tended to treat the institution in isolation from the other collegial networks and from the global perspective of the papacy on the challenge of educating national clergies in non-Catholic jurisdictions. This essay presents an overview of the Maronite College in Rome, outlining the context for its foundation (the Roman Catholic mission in the Near East) and the links with others colleges. To plot the evolution of the institution, two versions of the college rules (1585 and 1732) are compared. They were influenced by the changing attitudes of the papacy, the foundation of Propaganda Fide, the activities of the Jesuits and changes within the Maronite patriarchate itself. The second part establishes a profile of the early modern staff and students of the college. Details are available on 280 Maronite students received by the institution between 1584 and 1788. For the young Maronites, life in Rome was difficult, with changes in diet and conditions, financial worries and cultural challenges. There were frequent interventions by the Lebanese authorities with the Jesuit college managers. Special attention is paid to the course of studies in Rome and academic links with other Roman institutions, especially neighbouring Jesuit colleges. The third part discusses the links between the Roman college and changes in the middle-eastern Maronite community. The Maronite college was the main European gateway for the Maronites. Some eastern Catholics chose to remain in Europe, often to follow academic careers. Attention is also paid to the relationship between the College and the Maronite diaspora and its links with intellectual life in the West. In the latter context, the role of the College library and its manuscript collection in facilitating Western academic access to oriental languages and thought is described. Like other networks, the Maronite college fulfilled a broad range of functions that went well beyond the simple training of clergy.