Journal articles on the topic 'Catholic Special Education and Guidance Service'

Yayasan Wahana Inclusive Indonesia (YWII) is an institution engaged in providing services for children with special needs, people with disability, and inclusive society. YWII provides services that include counseling, development of individual learning programs (PPIs), support services for children with special needs, and training for educators, schools, parents, and communities. Educational and training activities are conducted by helping children with special needs to learn a few things they need most in their daily lives. Based on the children’s needs, the Master’s Program of Child and Adolescent Psychology Professionals, Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, designed training-based interventions to improve the knowledge of students, teachers, and parents about sexual behaviors. Prior to the intervention, the researcher conducted an assessment to determine the causes of "inapproriate" sexual behavior problems that occurred in the YWII environment. The data was collected through instruments such as interview, observation, and FGD. The collected data was then analyzed using the concepts of problem tree and destination tree. Based on the assessment results, it can be concluded that one of the challenges faced by YWII is related to the provision of sexual education to students or children. Adolescents with special needs have not yet had an awareness of their development from children to adolescents that is followed by sexual change or development and how they should respond to the changes. As a result, they are often considered to exhibit behaviors considered rude and vulnerable to sexual harassment. Training-based interventions were provided to parents and teachers at YWII to give them guidance and assistance to handle children with special needs on sexual education

One of the primary functions of education is to provide students with opportunities to maximize their full potentials in all areas of life. A school's guidance and counseling program's function is to offer a broad spectrum of services to facilitate students' growth and development. These services include but are not limited to individual inventory, information service, counseling, service, placement service, and follow up service. Hence, this paper describes the extent of utilization and the degree of satisfaction of high school students in a Catholic school in Antique during the school year 2019-2020. Likewise, it explores the significant difference in the extent of utilization and the degree of satisfaction vis-à-vis the respondent's sex and grade levels.

The purpose of the study was to explore guidance services provided for learners with special needs in selected Junior High Schools in Birim Central Municipality. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The purposive sampling technique was used to select counsellors while the simple random technique was used for teachers with a sample size of 61. The questionnaire was used to collect the data. The study revealed that teachers have limited knowledge in guidance and counseling and few teachers also counsel learners with special needs even though they were not counselors. Again, it also revealed that appraisal, information, consultation, counseling, and orientation were guidance services provided to learners with special needs but the most common guidance services provided by teachers and counselors to learners with special needs were consultation service, 30(49.2%), and counselling service, 25(40.1%). It was recommended that the Municipal guidance and counseling coordinator should collaborate with the special education coordinator and the teachers to organise series of workshops on guidance services for teachers to update their knowledge on counseling.

Abstract School speech-language pathologists and districts frequently need guidance regarding how the legal provisions of special education affect the needs of children with dysphagia. This article reviews key principles of special education that guide eligibility determination and provision of services to all children. In the eligibility process, the school team would determine if the child's disability has an adverse effect on his/her education program and if the child needed special education (specially designed instruction) and related services. Dysphagia services would be considered a related service, a health service needed for the child to benefit from specially designed instruction. The article concludes with recommendations for practice that stem from a review of due process hearings and court cases for children with disabilities that include swallowing.

Service quality is among the determinants that define customer satisfaction, and customer satisfaction can lead to continued customer loyalty. Understanding students' and parents' satisfaction with the student services can help the school identify their strengths and pinpoint the area that can be improved. In the Philippines, part of Catholic education is the high standard of school services. These services include the library, instructional services, information and orientation service, guidance and counseling, student organization/government and activities, student discipline, student publication, admission services, scholarship and financial assistance, food services, health services, and safety and security. Measuring the students' and parents' satisfaction level of satisfaction on school services may help maintain Catholic education's quality. Hence, the study intends to measure and compare the students' and parents' level of satisfaction with all the school services offered in Catholic schools in southern Antique for the school year 2019-2020.

ABSTRACT Although the advent of public school special day classes for children with disabilities at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th marked a major shift in the service model, apparently in the direction of educational and societal inclusion, such classes had different meanings for different students. They reflected at least three different “visions,” which can be understood by the metaphors cluster, clinic, and clearing-house, though the last was not sustained for the students for whom it was intended, nor can it be today. The story of each may offer guidance for special educators today and in the future.

A survey of the prevalence and needs of exceptional students was carried out in Queensland Catholic primary(n= 195) and secondary (n = 40) schools. Within the overall population surveyed 3.13% possessed disabilities, 3.83% behavioural difficulties, 4.19% advanced learning characteristics, and 12.80% learning difficulties. The survey indicated that support services fell short of the demand, particularly for students with behavioural difficulties and those considered to be advanced learners. The data obtained was of the same order as that found in other state, national and international studies. The majority of principals and teachers interviewed held positive attitudes towards integration. However, this was qualified by a strong press for additional professional support, inservice training, and resources to enable the necessary enhancement of the educational experiences being offered. The survey identified a continuing need for communication and cooperation with state and private agencies and the desirability of developing a system which marshalls the available resources, both regular and special, into an efficient and feasible service delivery operation.

This paper investigates the health and welfare needs of students (n = 15,806) and the current service model in Catholic schools in the Ballarat Diocese of Victoria, Australia. Catholic schools use a service model underpinned by an ethos of pastoral care; there is a strong tradition of self-reliance within the Catholic education system for meeting students' health and welfare needs. The central research questions are: What are the emerging health and welfare needs of students? How does pastoral care shape the service model to meet these needs? What model/s might better meet students? primary health care needs? The research methods involved analysis of (1) extant databases of expressed service needs including referrals (n = 1,248) to Student Services over the last 2.5 years, (2) trends in the additional funding support such as special needs funding for students and the Education Maintenance Allowance for families, and (3) semi-structured individual and group interviews with 98 Diocesan and school staff responsible for meeting students' health and welfare needs. Analysis of expressed service needs revealed a marked increase in service demand, and in the complexity and severity of students' needs. Thematic analysis of qualitative interview data revealed five pressing issues: the health and welfare needs of students; stressors in the school community; rural isolation; role boundaries and individualised interventions; and self-reliant networks of care. Explanations for many of these problems can be located in wider social and economic forces impacting upon the church and rural communities. It was concluded that the pastoral care model - as it is currently configured - is not equipped to meet the escalating primary health care needs of students in rural areas. This paper considers the implications for enhanced primary health care in both rural communities and in schools.

Learners are a core component of educational activities. The era of competition among educational institutions so tight as it is today, the school must strive in earnest to get learners. There is even a chairman of the foundation of education that says that seek learners is much more difficult than looking for a new teacher. Mananjemen student not only shaped data recording learners, but covers broader aspects yange operationally to assist the efforts of growth and development of learners through the process of education in schools. As a special service of learners includes guidance and counseling services, library services, a cafeteria service / kafetarian, health services, transformation services schools, service hostel, and services extracurricular, laboratory services, and security. A special service was held in the school with a view to facilitate the implementation of teaching in order to accomplish the goals of education in schools. Special service management is a process of providing services to the needs of learners to support learning activities for educational purposes can be achieved effectively and efficiently.

Increasing education debt has led to the availability of a variety of loan forgiveness options including the Department of Education's Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program. This article discusses the current landscape of loan forgiveness options including trends in PSLF for rising neurology trainees, and implications for choices in specialization, employment, practice location, and the pursuit of an academic career. We further provide guidance on how to navigate the various loan forgiveness options that neurology residents and fellows may consider.

Inclusive education is a form of education service which does not distinguish between regular students and those with special needs, whether physical, social, intellectual, emotional, linguistic and so on. It also includes students in remote or backward areas, isolated indigenous communities, and experiencing natural disasters, social disasters, and economically incapable of having education in regular schools from primary school till senior high school. In primary schools providing inclusive education, schools are required to make adjustments both in terms of curriculum, educational facilities, and infrastructure, as well as learning systems so that it suits the individual needs of students. Besides, to maximize the implementation of inclusive education in primary schools, guidance, and counseling programs oriented to each individual are needed. This study uses a qualitative approach to the literature review method. The result of this research is guidance and counseling program at inclusive schools is directed at developing personality and life skills so that students can participate in the community and not become a burden on the family or community. The implementation of guidance and counseling programs in primary schools implementing inclusive education is carried out in four stages: planning, designing, implementing and evaluating.

Since the enactment of Public Law 94-142, school districts have struggled to hire and retain required special education personnel (i.e., special education teachers, school psychologists, and related service providers). Data show that shortages of these qualified personnel are even more magnified in rural school districts. Distance education can provide an opportunity for candidates in rural areas to pursue educational training and certification while remaining in their communities. We summarize evidence-based components for online programs and describe an online program designed to respecialize candidates as school psychologists through comprehensive online training. We recommend a similar online model for training candidates to be special education teachers in rural and remote locations and provide guidance for programs to develop effective online programs.

AbstractIn line with current research into changes in service delivery models, educational psychologists from Catholic Education, Parramatta, initiated a pilot project in 2005, to trial a solution-focused, consultative model of service delivery to schools. Three primary and two secondary systemic schools across Western Sydney participated in the project, the focus being firstly, changes in service delivery by educational psychologists from individual casework to solution-focused consultation, and secondly, the professional development of teachers. The intent was to encourage collaboration between special education and classroom teachers; to encourage a shift in their thinking and practice from problem to solution; and to improve their identification, assessment and intervention skills. At the same time the educational psychologists implemented a solution-focused, consultative model of service delivery, referral package and student learning profile. Independent consultants used a mixed methodology to evaluate the efficacy of the project. Findings from both qualitative and quantitative data revealed support from the participants for the consultative model in its ability to provide a more effective service for students with special needs and a comprehensive framework for empowering and developing their teachers. The role of the educational psychologist as a partner in the education process at the school level was considerably enhanced.

Protection of children faced in conflict with the law and undergoing a criminal period in the Special Development Institution for Children, their rights and needs must always be fulfilled. These children's rights consist of the right to education, skills guidance, health care, and others. This study aims to identify and analyze the fulfillment of children's rights that must be fulfilled in the Special Development Institution for Children. The problem in this research is children's rights that must be fulfilled in the Special Development Institution for Children. The method of implementing the fulfillment of children’s rights in the Special Development Institute for Children, factors that hinder the implementation of the fulfillment of rights in the Special Development Institution for Children. The approach to the problem used in this research is normative and empirical juridical. The data analysis in this study was conducted qualitatively. This study found that the rights of children in the Class II of Bandar Lampung Special Development Institution have been carried out well. The assisted children get formal and non-formal education; the assisted children receive self-development guidance such as hair shaving, electric welding, planting, and mind preservation. The assisted children are also free to play music, exercise, and perform worship according to their respective beliefs. Implementing the fulfillment of children's rights uses an individual approach, and its implementation uses an assessment. Officers have programs to fulfill children’s rights, such as service, guidance, implementation, and supervision. The author suggests that Class II of Bandar Lampung Special Development Institute’s officers can fulfill children's rights ranging from formal education, non-formal education, skills, self-development, religion, maximizing the individual approach method to assisted children so that they can know more about the backgrounds, needs, emotions and interests of these children, as well as improve the quality of existing advice and infrastructure.

Given the nature of their responsibilities in field-based settings, university supervisors play an important role in preparing pre-service teachers to become culturally responsive and critically reflective special educators. However, supervisors themselves may not have the experience and training necessary to do so, and limited guidance is available regarding effective mentorship practices to foster implementation of culturally and linguistically responsive pedagogy (CLRP) and critical reflection. This exploratory qualitative study examined how three supervisors engaged in post-observation conferences with their student teachers to promote critical reflection about CLRP using content and discourses analyses. Findings indicated that, although student teachers engaged in discussions about CLRP and were able to critically self-reflect, supervisors were unable to facilitate critical reflection vis-à-vis institutional practices and systemic bias. Theoretical and practical implications for supervision of practicum experiences in pre-service teacher education programs are offered.

Current education is not only in the form of formal education in schools. In its development, there is a Homeschooling Institution which is a school solution for students who have limited time, or have difficulty socializing with people. No different from formal schools in general, in homeschooling is also felt to require a special service program to develop students' social skills. The program referred to in this case is the Social Personal Guidance Program. In formal schools, this program becomes part of the Guidance and Counseling Program which is carried out by the Guidance and Counseling Teacher. In this study, researchers used a qualitative approach with the Case Study method conducted at the Homeschooling Institute. This research was conducted to see the Social Personal Guidance Program that is run to develop the Social Skills of Homeschooling Students. The results of this study, researchers see the Social Personal Guidance Program is run by Homeschooling institutions with several methods in the form of activities. The social tutoring program that has been run by a Homeschooling institution also looks very helpful to students developing their social skills.

This research is conducted to study in detail issues regarding the perception and experience of local gifted and talented students towards guidance and counselling service in their school environment. Research sample includes 30 students from the first and second cohort in a ‘lab’ school that provides a special-need education programme for the gifted and talented students. This qualitative study combines focus group and in-depth interview as data collection method, and the data is analysed in detail using NVivo version 10.0. Findings show that the issues affecting the local gifted and talented students are related to their career and academic pathway as well as psychosocial being. Their uncertainties have encouraged them to seek for guidance and counselling services. Findings also indicate that the students’ perception and experience on the guidance and counselling service in general are made of both positive and negative reactions. The overall findings are discussed in the context of suggestions for best practices and differentiated school counselling services that cater towards local gifted and talented student’s population.

‘Oh no, not another image database to review!’ That was a familiar thought that often crossed my mind when I was studying Computer Applications for the History of Art, and now I find myself responsible for a national image repository and have to subject audiences far and wide to it. However, I’d like to think this one is a little bit special and pretty unique, even on a global scale, particularly because it is essentially a community-produced resource, ensconced within a ‘total-service’ philosophy and environment. Although other parties, primarily within UK higher education, create the database’s informational and image content, VADS ‘standards and good practice’ guidance often supports the creation of that content. This holistic methodology aims to facilitate a smooth process from resource planning to delivery, providing many benefits to both data creators and end-users.

The study aims to determine the strategy used in forming religious characters on the deaf children in Elemantary Special School. A qualitative method was used where the data taken from observation, interview and document analysis. The result showed that the learning strategy of Islamic religious education in the development of morals for children with special needs in special schools is by implementing expository strategy, adding hours of study using the habituation method. The finding also showed that the supporting factors in the learning process to form moral guidance are the involvement of school’s principal who is very concern on the development of students’ morals; the teachers who have great patience in dealing with children with special needs. Then, it was also found that there were some inhibiting factors that faced by the school. They were on the absence of a special curriculum for children with special needs, Islamic education teachers who are not teachers who are graduates of special service schools, as well as the lack of supporting facilities as learning media, doing the learning process run monotonously.

Collaboration across teacher education in the service of a more inclusive preservice pedagogy is now taking place within a context of high intensity accountability that includes the widespread adoption of the edTPA. This analysis explores how teacher educators in special and general education might advance the preparation of preservice students for inclusive teaching when faculty are obliged to use the edTPA to measure candidate learning. Drawing on Atul Gawande’s (2009) work in the field of medicine related to the value of using checklists to improve outcomes among experts in practical settings, the author proposes the Teacher Education for Inclusion Checklist. This tool is designed to help overcome the underappreciated power of the historical divide between general and special education, which often serves as a default position for how teacher educators work together, and to provide guidance for how faculty might engage in dialogue across the assessments mandated by the edTPA.

The Vatican and United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) have issued official responses to the phenomenon of gender diversity, as well as instructions for the education and care of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people in America. However, have these authorities effectively utilized current sociological research to develop and implement contextually appropriate pastoral practices that are lifegiving and to the greatest benefit of this at-risk population? This article argues that they have not and that their recommendations have been linked to increased harm and marginalization. Utilizing Richard Osmer’s framework for practical theological interpretation, this article begins with an overview of the Magisterium’s guidance, followed by a summary of quantitative data gleaned from national surveys, population studies, and demographic analyses that reveals unique experiences of suffering and oppression. The middle sections bring in leading theories and findings from social, health, and medical fields, which illustrate TGD needs and vulnerabilities and expose the Magisterial offices’ dangerous failure to meet or even acknowledge them. The final sections call for a revised pastoral approach grounded in the concrete situations of TGD people and congruent with the Church’s commitment to love, service, and social justice. Good practice models and ethical norms are suggested for immediate incorporation into care and praxis.

In this study, it has been intended to examine reading cultures of pre-service teachers depending on multiple variables. The study group of this research consists of 377 pre-service teachers who are studying in fourth grade at Turkish Education, Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Primary School Mathematics Education, Computer and Instructional Technologies, Fine Arts-Music Education, English Education, and Special Education departments during the fall semester of 2017-2018 education year. “Reading Culture Scale”, which was formerly developed by the researchers, was carried out in order to designate the reading culture of pre-service teachers. With reference to the produced statistical analyses, the total average point on reading culture of pre-service teachers, who had attended the study, was found as medium. When variables affecting reading cultures of pre-service teachers were examined, a significant difference was observed in the variable of gender, and female pre-service teachers were identified to have higher average points in RCS comparing to male pre-service teachers. There are significant differences in RCS total points of pre-service teachers as regards to the variables of membership to the library, owning a bookcase, having a habit of reading. It has been designated that pre-service teachers with membership to the library, owning a bookcase and having a habit of reading had more RCS total average points than others. Through outcomes of this study, status evaluation, concerning reading cultures of pre-service teachers, had been conducted; and several suggestions were made upon adopting a reading culture to an individual with the aim of future studies.

We analyzed the article types, participants, and topics represented in Update articles published between 1989 and 2017 ( N = 379), beginning when MENC (now NAfME) took over publication of the journal. Quantitative research articles (46.42%) and literature reviews (28.84%) accounted for the largest portion of articles published. The percentage of qualitative research articles published has increased over time, while the percentage of historical articles and essays has decreased. Journal authors investigated a large variety of topics ( N = 68), with teaching methods and techniques (7.14%) and teaching students with exceptionalities (4.51%) representing the most frequent article topics. Authors most frequently recruited public school personnel, special populations, and college/university students as participants. These data provide insights into the article types, participants, and topics of interest in research designed to inform in-service music teachers, provide guidance for authors seeking publication venues, and help students and researchers know where to find various types of articles and topics.

Transition education is a distinctive aspect of special education that extends well beyond the boundaries of the school building, engages partners from all corners of the local community, and addresses so many different life domains. In the midst of a pandemic, creative strategies are needed to equip students with the skills, knowledge, experiences, supports, and relationships that prepare them well for a future of flourishing in adulthood. In this article, we describe key features of high-quality transition education and illustrate some of the ways each area might be addressed remotely or at times when being present together is not possible. In addition, guidance is provided on how to ensure educators and service providers are well-prepared for their roles, as rural districts and communities seek ways to equip students and support their transitions using these new approaches.

Selection, assessment, motivation, stress, and leadership are the central research and application fields of military psychology. The Swiss Armed Forces have worked in these fields since the 1920s. However, military psychology has only been instituted in Switzerland officially since the mid-1990s. Psychologists and educators in the Psychological-Pedagogical Service of the Armed Forces give counseling and guidance to soldiers and cadre alike, while in the recruitment centers psychologically trained personnel maintain a high quality in psychological testing. Military psychological research is conducted mainly at the Swiss Military Academy at ETH Zurich (MILAK/ETHZ). The articles in this Special Issue are connected directly to the pertinent research in the fields of selection, training, and education of cadre in the Swiss Armed Forces.

On 13 March 2020 the Hungarian Government announced the immediate closure of all schools throughout the country to prevent the spread of COVID-19 forcing several hundred thousand children to learn from home, and teachers to ensure their education. The Hungarian Educational Authority hurried to issue recommendations on the use of digital education tools. During the COVID-19 pandemic and the special legal order consequently introduced by the Hungarian Government, Hungary has seen the emergence of such non-binding measures adopted by public entities, complementing governmental action against the pandemic, with the aim of providing guidance to bodies exercising a public service function (“addressees”). These protective measures adopted under the special legal order are deemed to be successful and are largely followed by the addressees. Since soft law has hitherto been neglected by both Hungarian administrative governance and the legal literature, the recent burgeoning of non-binding measures deserves scholarly attention. In this article, we set out to map the specific context of the emergence of domestic soft law and the conditions for its adoption and reception, relying on our case study conducted in respect of the National Educational Authority’s recommendations.

The complexity of the problems faced by students today, of course, is followed by the endurance of the individual both physically and psychologically. Therefore, a counselor should have sufficient insight, knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes in carrying out guidance and counseling services for all types of diversity in order to create a professional counselor. Therefore, this paper tries to identify the ethical concepts and attitudes of professional counselors in guidance and counseling so that later professional counselors are formed in terms of ethics, attitudes, and personal qualities of the counselors. This writing uses a literature study approach and content analysis techniques. The findings in this paper are (1) the counselor's professional ethics are the rules of behavior that become a reference for the counselor in carrying out his duties or responsibilities in providing guidance and counseling services to the counselee; (2) the counselor's professional attitude includes being responsible, caring about professional identity and professional development, having an awareness of commitment, being skilled at using special techniques developed on the basis of broad insights and scientific principles, understanding and managing personal and professional strengths and limitations. and maintaining objectivity and maintaining the counselee's problems, and (3) the efforts made by the counselor in developing his professional attitude and ethics, namely by developing attitudes during pre-service education and developing attitudes during his tenure

Введение. Правильный и рациональный выбор своей будущей профессии является определяющим фактором в жизни любого человека. Большинство абитуриентов на момент поступления в какой-либо вуз зачастую не имеет представления о роде деятельности, не может проанализировать все позитивные и негативные стороны работы, что препятствует выбору подходящей им специальности ввиду отсутствия интересов и склонностей к данному виду занятий. Решением проблемы здесь может выступить профориентационная работа. Цель – обосновать целесообразность проведения вузами профориентационной работы для оказания помощи абитуриентам в выборе будущей профессиональной деятельности на примере Санкт-Петербургского университета государственной противопожарной службы МЧС России. Материал и методы. Для оценки значимости профориентации в Санкт-Петербургском университете ГПС МЧС России был проведен ряд экспериментов. Объектом исследования был выбран контингент из бакалавров, магистров и профессорско-педагогического состава. Цель проведения экспериментов – определение облика выпускника – высококвалифицированного специалиста методом проведения анкетирования. Результаты и обсуждение. Полученные статистические данные рассчитывались при помощи специальной компьютерной программы. Проводится анализ профориентационной работы в вузе: ее актуальность, значимость, необходимость для обучающихся. Приводится анализ исследований, проведенный в трех группах (бакалавров, магистров и профессорско-преподавательского состава), по определению облика будущего специалиста. Показывается подход к ее проведению в выпускных классах школ, во время «Дня открытых дверей» в аудиториях, учебном центре. Профориентационная работа позволит привлечь в Санкт-Петербургский университет ГПС МЧС России значительно больше поступающих по специальности «Пожарная безопасность» и направлению подготовки «Техносферная безопасность», тем самым поднять рейтинг вуза, а абитуриентам сделать правильный выбор в определении будущей профессии. Заключение. Профориентация должна явиться одним из основных инструментов, позволяющим абитуриентам понять, осмыслить, оценить свои желания, возможности, сопоставить их с требованиями, предъявляемыми к данной специальности в вузе. Introduction. The right and rational choice of the future profession is the determining factor in the life of any person. Most applicants at the time of admission to a university often have no idea of the type of activity, cannot analyze all the positive and negative aspects of the work, which therefore prevents them from choosing a suitable specialty due to lack of interests and propensity for this type of occupation. The solution to the problem here can be career guidance work. Aim and objectives. The purpose of the article is to justify the expediency of conducting vocational guidance work by universities to assist applicants in choosing future professional activities on the example of Saint Petersburg University of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia. Result and discussion. A number of experiments were carried out to assess the importance of vocational guidance at the Saint Petersburg University of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia. The subject of the study was a contingent of bachelors, masters and the teaching staff of the faculty. The purpose of the experiments is to determine the appearance of a highly qualified graduate by means of a questionnaire. The statistics obtained were calculated using a special computer program. The article analyses vocational guidance work in the university: its relevance, importance, necessity for students. The analysis of studies carried out in three groups: bachelor, master and faculty to determine the appearance of the future specialist is given. An approach to its implementation in the final grades of schools, during the «Open Day» in classrooms, in the training center is shown. Vocational guidance work will allow to attract to Saint Petersburg University of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia much more applicants in the specialty «Fire safety» and the direction of preparation «Technospheric safety», thus to raise the rating of the university, and applicants to make the right choice in determining the future profession. Conclusion. Authors consider that career guidance has to be one of the main tools allowing entrants to understand, comprehend, estimate the desires, opportunities, to compare them with requirements imposed to this specialty in higher education institution.

Background: For psychiatric service users, the personal social network offers resources such as behavioural guidance, social support, and coherence of care delivery. So far, most research on the subject has assessed the availability of these resources using size and composition measures. However, the availability of network resources also depends on the cohesion of the relationships between network members, a topic that is rarely addressed in the literature. Aims: In this article, we aim to describe the cohesion of psychiatric service users’ networks. Method: We carried out a personal network survey and collected data on the social networks of 380 service users recruited in outpatient and inpatient services in Belgium. We used an ego-network mapping technique. The data were analysed using several structural metrics describing size, composition, and cohesion. We carried out analysis of variance (ANOVA) in relation to residential status, level of education, psychiatric history, and psychosocial functioning and analysed three cohesion indicators (density, fragmentation, and centralisation) with regression analyses. Results: Personal social networks were small and not very cohesive. Most were composed of a dense subgroup as well as several isolated network members. The analyses revealed that highly educated psychiatric service users had more fragmented networks, while users living in independent accommodation had less dense networks. Density and fragmentation were not associated with the severity of psychosocial functioning, whereas centralisation was. Conclusions: The low level of cohesion may indicate that service users aim to access multiple and diverse social resources and that better-off service users are more successful at doing so. On the whole, however, these personal social networks were fragile, because they contained a high number of isolated network members. Finally, it could be beneficial for professionals to pay special attention to the central persons within the networks of psychiatric service users.

The Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia is the Ministry within the Indonesian Government in charge of religious affairs. The Ministry of Religion in Balikpapan can serve in the fields of Education, Marriage, Waqf, Consultants on Household Issues, Mosque Construction, Hajj and others. The Ministry of Religion in the Field of Hajj and Umrah (PHU) Administrators as community organizers and facilitators who of course must behave professionally in serving, accompanying and assisting everything that is needed and prepared by prospective pilgrims before departure until returning to worship. Hajj and Umrah organizers as institutions within the ministry of religion certainly need to fulfill the demands of providing guidance. In this practical work, the special task carried out at the Ministry of Religion of the City of Balikpapan is to carry out Business Process Reengineering in the business process for Hajj registration services during the COVID-19 pandemic, so that the business process becomes more effective and efficient. Preparation of a Business Process with a Business Process Reengineering by providing additional activities and reducing activities. The addition of this activity for prospective pilgrims is proposed to first check the haj registration information on the kemenag.go.id website or asramahajibalikpapan.co.id. The information on the website is complete for community needs. So with the prospective pilgrims who can check Hajj registration information online, it can eliminate misunderstandings and the quality of service provided by the Ministry of Religion is already very good.

The aim of his study was to help teachers by preparing a more consistent work environment, their institutions to understand teachers’ purpose and motivate them to perform better in terms of providing better conditions and guidance services. A demographic information form and occupational satisfaction measure were applied to the advisors working in 108 special education institutions in Izmir. A significant relationship between marital status, age, graduation, professional experience, income level and job satisfaction was found. However, there was no significant relationship between gender, level of education, duration of study, type of service, and job satisfaction.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu araştırma, rehber öğretmenlere daha tutarlı bir çalışma ortamı hazırlayarak onların çalıştıkları kurumların amaç ve değerlerini anlamalarını sağlama, onları ileri düzeyde motive ederek daha iyi bir performans göstermelerine olanak verme ve rehberlik hizmetlerini daha sağlıklı koşullarda sunabilme amaçlarını gütmektedir. Araştırmada, İzmir iline bağlı 108 özel eğitim kurumunda çalışan rehber öğretmene kişisel bilgi formu ve mesleki doyum ölçeğini içeren anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda, demografik değişkenler içerisinde yer alan medeni durum, yaş, mezuniyet, mesleki tecrübe, ve gelir düzeyi ile iş doyumu arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu; cinsiyet, öğrenim düzeyi, çalışma süresi, hizmet türü ve yer değişkeni ile iş doyumu arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olmadığı saptanmıştır.

The review of research on historical prerequisites for the establishment of the Institute of professional orientation in the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia is presented. The historical experience of formation and development of the system of professional education of the Ministry of internal Affairs since its establishment is studied. The analysis of documents containing proposals for improving the professional selection and training of police personnel was carried out. Special attention is paid to the formation of the Institute of professional training in the Soviet era, when its evolution demonstrated a rapid character. The author comes to the conclusion that the development of the Institute of professional orientation in the Soviet period was hindered by a number of factors: ideological (vocational guidance was regarded as a bourgeois trend), financial (insufficient funding for professional training of police officers), pedagogical (insufficient qualifications of management and teaching staff), etc. Nevertheless, for a short period of Soviet power, it was possible to form a system of professional training of police officers, which made it possible in the mid-30s to increase the educational level of specialists accepted for service in the Ministry of internal Affairs. Military actions during the great Patriotic war had weakened the evolution of training, however, in the postwar years the state authorities have again turned to this issue, that has helped open up higher educational institutions of the USSR.

BackgroundContrary to popular myth, majority of mentally ill women are mothers with increasing number of them seeking help. Little is known about their own experiences in this regard and the extent to which their needs are met.ObjectivesTo assess the barriers and facilitators in seeking help from mental health care providers in matters of pregnancy and parenting.MethodsThe study used qualitative design with social constructivist paradigm. A purposive sample of 30 mothers with severe mental illness was obtained. Data was collected through one-to-one in-depth semi-structured interviews. After verbatim transcription, inductive thematic analysis was used to explore transcripts.ResultsMost women considered motherhood “central” to their lives and almost all of them experienced the burden of the “dual role”. Main barriers in seeking help were stigma, treatment side effects, wrong information and time constraints. Whereas self-advocacy, early engagement, education of women and involvement of the family with service providers were the facilitating factors. The prime expectations of the mothers as identified were early and direct communication, patient audience and basic guidance in regards to child health and parenting issues.ConclusionWomen who are mothers and also users of mental health services face special challenges in managing the contradictory aspects of their dual identity. Hearing their voices are essential for service provision and ensuring adequate mental health needs. Early and direct intervention along with understanding and addressing critical areas are necessary for proper care of both the mother and child.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this community service activity is to provide knowledge and skills to elementary school teachers in applying the principles of learning for deaf students in inclusive education institutions. Insights into the knowledge and skills provided about the basic concepts of inclusive education, the introduction of ABK and its characteristics, identification of deaf ABK, the principles of deaf ABK learning and assessment of learning outcomes for deaf ABK. This activity was carried out in the form of Technical Guidance (Bimtek) for elementary school teachers. The topic was the Socialization of Children with Special Needs specifically Deafness in the Fostered area of Sukamakmur District, Bogor. This community service is carried out for 2 (two) days through training methods, lectures, interactive discussions, Q and A with speakers coming from lecturers of Special Education (PKh) study programs. This P2M activity was followed enthusiastically by 50 teachers from schools located in Sukamakmur District. The results obtained from this P2M activity are changes in the mindset of teachers in looking at ABK and addressing inclusive education. In addition, teachers also have skills in identifying deaf ABK and learning by using specific principles for deaf ABK. It is expected that this P2M activity can be continued in the following year with more diverse material and wider target groups. ABSTRAK Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk memberikan bekal pengetahuan dan keterampilan kepada guru sekolah dasar dalam menerapkan prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran untuk siswa tunarungu yang berada di sekolah penyelengagara pendidikan inklusif. Wawasan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diberikan tentang konsep dasar pendidikan inklusif, pengenalan ABK dan karakteristiknya, identifikasi ABK tunarungu, prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran ABK tunarungu dan penilaian hasil belajar bagi ABK tunarungu. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dalam bentuk Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) untuk guru sekolah dasar tentang Sosialisasi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Tunarungu Di Gugus Wilayah Binaan Kecamatan Sukamakmur Bogor. Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan selama 2 (dua) hari dengan metode pelatihan, melalui ceramah, diskusi dan tanya jawab interaktif, dengan nara sumber yaitu dosen-dosen program studi Pendidikan Khusus (PKh). Kegiatan P2M ini diikuti dengan antusias dan penuh semangat oleh 50 orang guru yang berasal dari sekolah-sekolah yang berada di Kecamatan Sukamakmur. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan P2M ini adalah perubahan mindset para guru dalam memandang ABK dan menyikapi pendidikan inklusif. Selain itu guru-guru juga memiliki keterampilan dalam mengidentifikasi ABK tunarungu serta melakukan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan prinsip-prisip khusus bagi ABK tunarungu. Diharapkan kegiatan P2M ini dapat dilanjutkan pada tahun berikutnya dengan materi yang lebih beragam dan kelompok sasaran yang lebih luas lagi.

1. Introduction This Special Issue (Part 2) expands upon the theme “Building Local Capacity for Long-term Disaster Resilience” presented in Special Issue Part 1 (JDR Volume 5, Number 2, April 2010) by examining the evolving concept of disaster resilience and providing additional reflections upon various aspects of its meaning. Part 1 provided a mixed set of examples of resiliency efforts, ranging from administrative challenges of integrating resilience into recovery to the analysis of hazard mitigation plans directed toward guiding local capability for developing resiliency. Resilience was broadly defined in the opening editorial of Special Issue Part 1 as “the capacity of a community to: 1) survive a major disaster, 2) retain essential structure and functions, and 3) adapt to post-disaster opportunities for transforming community structure and functions to meet new challenges.” In this editorial essay we first explore in Section 2 the history of resilience and then locate it within current academic and policy debates. Section 3 presents summaries of the papers in this issue. 2. Why is Resilience a Contemporary Theme? There is growing scholarly and policy interest in disaster resilience. In recent years, engineers [1], sociologists [2], geographers [3], economists [4], public policy analysts [5, 6], urban planners [7], hazards researchers [8], governments [9], and international organizations [10] have all contributed to the literature about this concept. Some authors view resilience as a mechanism for mitigating disaster impacts, with framework objectives such as resistance, absorption, and restoration [5]. Others, who focus on resiliency indicators, see it as an early warning system to assess community resiliency status [3, 8]. Recently, it has emerged as a component of social risk management that seeks to minimize social welfare loss from catastrophic disasters [6]. Manyena [11] traces scholarly exploration of resilience as an operational concept back at least five decades. Interest in resilience began in the 1940s with studies of children and trauma in the family and in the 1970s in the ecology literature as a useful framework to examine and measure the impact of assault or trauma on a defined eco-system component [12]. This led to modeling resilience measures for a variety of components within a defined ecosystem, leading to the realization that the systems approach to resiliency is attractive as a cross-disciplinary construct. The ecosystem analogy however, has limits when applied to disaster studies in that, historically, all catastrophic events have changed the place in which they occurred and a “return to normalcy” does not occur. This is true for modern urban societies as well as traditional agrarian societies. The adoption of “The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015” (also known as The Hyogo Declaration) provides a global linkage and follows the United Nations 1990s International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction effort. The 2005 Hyogo Declaration’s definition of resilience is: “The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.” The proposed measurement of resilience in the Hyogo Declaration is determined by “the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase this capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures.” While very broad, this definition contains two key concepts: 1) adaptation, and 2) maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure. While adaptation requires certain capacities, maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure requires resources, forethought, and normative action. Some of these attributes are now reflected in the 2010 National Disaster Recovery Framework published by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) [13]. With the emergence of this new thinking on resilience related to disasters, it is now a good time to reflect on the concept and assess what has recently been said in the literature. Bruneau et al. [1] offer an engineering sciences definition for community seismic resilience: “The ability of social units (e.g., organizations, communities) to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption and mitigate the effects of future earthquakes.” Rose [4] writes that resiliency is the ability of a system to recover from a severe shock. He distinguishes two types of resilience: (1) inherent – ability under normal circumstances and (2) adaptive – ability in crisis situations due to ingenuity or extra effort. By opening up resilience to categorization he provides a pathway to establish multi-disciplinary approaches, something that is presently lacking in practice. Rose is most concerned with business disruption which can take extensive periods of time to correct. In order to make resource decisions that lower overall societal costs (economic, social, governmental and physical), Rose calls for the establishment of measurements that function as resource decision allocation guides. This has been done in part through risk transfer tools such as private insurance. However, it has not been well-adopted by governments in deciding how to allocate mitigation resources. We need to ask why the interest in resilience has grown? Manyena [11] argues that the concept of resilience has gained currency without obtaining clarity of understanding, definition, substance, philosophical dimensions, or applicability to disaster management and sustainable development theory and practice. It is evident that the “emergency management model” does not itself provide sufficient guidance for policymakers since it is too command-and-control-oriented and does not adequately address mitigation and recovery. Also, large disasters are increasingly viewed as major disruptions of the economic and social conditions of a country, state/province, or city. Lowering post-disaster costs (human life, property loss, economic advancement and government disruption) is being taken more seriously by government and civil society. The lessening of costs is not something the traditional “preparedness” stage of emergency management has concerned itself with; this is an existing void in meeting the expanding interests of government and civil society. The concept of resilience helps further clarify the relationship between risk and vulnerability. If risk is defined as “the probability of an event or condition occurring [14]#8221; then it can be reduced through physical, social, governmental, or economic means, thereby reducing the likelihood of damage and loss. Nothing can be done to stop an earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclone, hurricane, or other natural event, but the probability of damage and loss from natural and technological hazards can be addressed through structural and non-structural strategies. Vulnerability is the absence of capacity to resist or absorb a disaster impact. Changes in vulnerability can then be achieved by changes in these capacities. In this regard, Franco and Siembieda describe in this issue how coastal cities in Chile had low resilience and high vulnerability to the tsunami generated by the February 2010 earthquake, whereas modern buildings had high resilience and, therefore, were much less vulnerable to the powerful earthquake. We also see how the framework for policy development can change through differing perspectives. Eisner discusses in this issue how local non-governmental social service agencies are building their resilience capabilities to serve target populations after a disaster occurs, becoming self-renewing social organizations and demonstrating what Leonard and Howett [6] term “social resilience.” All of the contributions to this issue illustrate the lowering of disaster impacts and strengthening of capacity (at the household, community or governmental level) for what Alesch [15] terms “post-event viability” – a term reflecting how well a person, business, community, or government functions after a disaster in addition to what they might do prior to a disaster to lessen its impact. Viability might become the definition of recovery if it can be measured or agreed upon. 3. Contents of This Issue The insights provided by the papers in this issue contribute greater clarity to an understanding of resilience, together with its applicability to disaster management. In these papers we find tools and methods, process strategies, and planning approaches. There are five papers focused on local experiences, three on state (prefecture) experiences, and two on national experiences. The papers in this issue reinforce the concept of resilience as a process, not a product, because it is the sum of many actions. The resiliency outcome is the result of multiple inputs from the level of the individual and, at times, continuing up to the national or international organizational level. Through this exploration we see that the “resiliency” concept accepts that people will come into conflict with natural or anthropogenic hazards. The policy question then becomes how to lower the impact(s) of the conflict through “hard or soft” measures (see the Special Issue Part 1 editorial for a discussion of “hard” vs. “soft” resilience). Local level Go Urakawa and Haruo Hayashi illustrate how post-disaster operations for public utilities can be problematic because many practitioners have no direct experience in such operations, noting that the formats and methods normally used in recovery depend on personal skills and effort. They describe how these problems are addressed by creating manuals on measures for effectively implementing post-disaster operations. They develop a method to extract priority operations using business impact analysis (BIA) and project management based business flow diagrams (BFD). Their article effectively illustrates the practical aspects of strengthening the resiliency of public organizations. Richard Eisner presents the framework used to initiate the development and implementation of a process to create disaster resilience in faith-based and community-based organizations that provide services to vulnerable populations in San Francisco, California. A major project outcome is the Disaster Resilience Standard for Community- and Faith-Based Service Providers. This “standard” has general applicability for use by social service agencies in the public and non-profit sectors. Alejandro Linayo addresses the growing issue of technological risk in cities. He argues for the need to understand an inherent conflict between how we occupy urban space and the technological risks created by hazardous chemicals, radiation, oil and gas, and other hazardous materials storage and movement. The paper points out that information and procedural gaps exist in terms of citizen knowledge (the right to know) and local administrative knowledge (missing expertise). Advances and experience accumulated by the Venezuela Disaster Risk Management Research Center in identifying and integrating technological risk treatment for the city of Merida, Venezuela, are highlighted as a way to move forward. L. Teresa Guevara-Perez presents the case that certain urban zoning requirements in contemporary cities encourage and, in some cases, enforce the use of building configurations that have been long recognized by earthquake engineering as seismically vulnerable. Using Western Europe and the Modernist architectural movement, she develops the historical case for understanding discrepancies between urban zoning regulations and seismic codes that have led to vulnerable modern building configurations, and traces the international dissemination of architectural and urban planning concepts that have generated vulnerability in contemporary cities around the world. Jung Eun Kang, Walter Gillis Peacock, and Rahmawati Husein discuss an assessment protocol for Hazard Mitigation Plans applied to 12 coastal hazard zone plans in the state of Texas in the U.S. The components of these plans are systematically examined in order to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. The authors describe an assessment tool, the plan quality score (PQS), composed of seven primary components (vision statement, planning process, fact basis, goals and objectives, inter-organizational coordination, policies & actions, and implementation), as well as a component quality score (CQS). State (Prefecture) level Charles Real presents the Natural Hazard Zonation Policies for Land Use Planning and Development in California in the U.S. California has established state-level policies that utilize knowledge of where natural hazards are more likely to occur to enhance the effectiveness of land use planning as a tool for risk mitigation. Experience in California demonstrates that a combination of education, outreach, and mutually supporting policies that are linked to state-designated natural hazard zones can form an effective framework for enhancing the role of land use planning in reducing future losses from natural disasters. Norio Maki, Keiko Tamura, and Haruo Hayashi present a method for local government stakeholders involved in pre-disaster plan making to describe performance measures through the formulation of desired outcomes. Through a case study approach, Nara and Kyoto Prefectures’ separate experiences demonstrate how to conduct Strategic Earthquake Disaster Reduction Plans and Action Plans that have deep stakeholder buy-in and outcome measurability. Nara’s plan was prepared from 2,015 stakeholder ideas and Kyoto’s plan was prepared from 1,613 stakeholder ideas. Having a quantitative target for individual objectives ensures the measurability of plan progress. Both jurisdictions have undertaken evaluations of plan outcomes. Sandy Meyer, Eugene Henry, Roy E. Wright and Cynthia A. Palmer present the State of Florida in the U.S. and its experience with pre-disaster planning for post-disaster redevelopment. Drawing upon the lessons learned from the impacts of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, local governments and state leaders in Florida sought to find a way to encourage behavior that would create greater community resiliency in 2006. The paper presents initial efforts to develop a post-disaster redevelopment plan (PDRP), including the experience of a pilot county. National level Bo-Yao Lee provides a national perspective: New Zealand’s approach to emergency management, where all hazard risks are addressed through devolved accountability. This contemporary approach advocates collaboration and coordination, aiming to address all hazard risks through the “4Rs” – reduction, readiness, response, and recovery. Lee presents the impact of the Resource Management Act (1991), the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act (2002), and the Building Act (2004) that comprise the key legislation influencing and promoting integrated management for environment and hazard risk management. Guillermo Franco and William Siembieda provide a field assessment of the February 27, 2010, M8.8 earthquake and tsunami event in Chile. The papers present an initial damage and life-loss review and assessment of seismic building resiliency and the country’s rapid updating of building codes that have undergone continuous improvement over the past 60 years. The country’s land use planning system and its emergency management system are also described. The role of insurance coverage reveals problems in seismic coverage for homeowners. The unique role of the Catholic Church in providing temporary shelter and the central government’s five-point housing recovery plan are presented. A weakness in the government’s emergency management system’s early tsunami response system is noted. Acknowledgements The Editorial Committee extends its sincere appreciation to both the contributors and the JDR staff for their patience and determination in making Part 2 of this special issue possible. Thanks also to the reviewers for their insightful analytic comments and suggestions. Finally, the Committee wishes to again thank Bayete Henderson for his keen and thorough editorial assistance and copy editing support.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze teacher candidates’ implied assumptions, attitudes, and concerns about occasional teaching. Data were gathered from 100 teacher candidates over the course of three academic years. Each of the participants posed two questions at the beginning of an online occasional teaching course that they would like to be answered by the end of the course. An awareness of teacher candidates’ questions will be useful in the process of improving pre-service teacher preparation and professional development in occasional teaching. Design/methodology/approach – On the first day of the course, the teacher candidates were asked to reflect upon their first practicum experience and post these reflections to the Sakai discussion forums board. As a follow-up to this introductory activity, the author then invited the teacher candidates to compose and share two (open-ended) questions they would like addressed in this occasional teaching course. These questions were submitted and retained by the author for the duration of the course. The author referred to these teacher candidates’ questions over the term of the course to ensure that the teacher candidates’ queries were being addressed and their misconceptions were being challenged. Over the course of this study, the 100 teacher candidate participants (n=100) each offered two questions for a total of 200 questions. However, not all questions were unique. The study design employed the use of qualitative and quantitative methods. The participants’ questions were transcribed, organized, coded and categorized. Data were initially bracketed into meaning units, coded for relevant categories, refined and related to enable the development of encompassing themes. Each question was coded only once based on the central issue or premise of the question. Frequency distributions and percentages of common responses were also derived from participant responses. Findings – Findings suggest that teacher candidates are most concerned with classroom management, curriculum and instruction, getting hired as an occasional or long-term occasional teacher, administrators’ and classroom teachers’ expectations of occasional teachers, legal aspects of occasional teaching, and working with special populations. Research limitations/implications – Due to attrition, the final number of respondents was 100. It can be argued that the group of students who withdrew from the occasional teaching course may have had different perceptions, concerns, and questions from those who completed the study. More research should be conducted on occasional teaching. Such research may help the author to improve the situation for students, teachers, administrators, teacher candidates, and occasional teachers. Conducting a longitudinal study with the same students would also be useful to identify whether or not they were satisfied with the amount of preparation they had during their pre-service teacher training. Practical implications – A critical beginning for teacher educators is to capture the initial questions and conceptions that their teacher candidates possess on entry into pre-service education programmes. Teacher education programmes should begin considering courses that will help pre-service teachers reconstruct and modify their preconceived perceptions about occasional teaching, in hopes that it will promote professional growth and development. Faculties and boards of education should consider creating a “How-To” resource manual that is aligned with the Standards of Practice for the Teaching Profession, and designed for newly hired occasional teachers, regular classroom teachers, administrators, and teacher candidates. This manual could include case studies accompanied by a series of thought-provoking questions and real-world guidance from the “experts in the field” which will prove helpful when teacher candidates are preparing for their interviews. Originality/value – Occasional teaching is the route into the profession for the majority of Ontario’s new graduates. This gradual and increasingly extended process toward full entry to the profession results in more competition each year for the next group of first-year teachers and greater reliance on occasional teaching. Despite these findings, few teacher education programmes in Ontario, Canada offer courses, workshops, or training to help prepare their teacher candidates for occasional teaching as their possible point of entry into the teaching profession. This lack of preparation is a major concern for the teaching profession as a whole. To fully address these concerns, occasional teacher training must be provided for all teacher candidates. Faculties and boards of education need to develop a well-qualified, highly skilled occasional teacher who through training becomes a well-developed specialist at teaching at one school today, in another tomorrow, and in still another the day after tomorrow. Occasional teaching training courses and programmes must provide prospective occasional teachers with the skills they need to enter any classroom and provide a positive learning atmosphere. This applied research will inform efforts to improving pre-service teacher preparation and professional development in occasional teaching.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate malaria elimination in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has planned to eliminate malaria by 2015 in areas of unstable malaria transmission and in the entire country by 2020. However, there is a shortage and maldistribution of the health workforce in general and malaria experts in particular. Training, motivating, and retaining the health workforce involved in malaria control is one strategy to address the shortage and maldistribution of the health workforce to achieve the goal of elimination.Methods: Policy options include the following: (i) in-service training (educational outreach visits, continuing education meetings and workshops, audit and feedback, tailored interventions, and guideline dissemination) may improve professional practice; (ii) recruiting and training malaria specialists together with academic support, career guidance, and social support may increase the number of malaria experts; and (iii) motivation and retention packages (such as financial, educational, personal, and professional support incentives) may help motivate and retain malaria professionals.Results: Implementation strategies include the following: (i) massive training of health personnel involved in malaria elimination and malaria experts (requiring special training) at different levels (national, sub-national, District & community levels), and (ii) recruiting highly qualified health personnel and retention and motivation mechanisms are needed.Conclusions: The lack of adequately trained human resources and personnel attrition are major challenges to effectively implement the planned multi-faceted malaria elimination by 2020 strategy in Ethiopia. Although a reduction in malaria incidence has been observed in the last 3-4 years, maintaining this success and achieving the malaria elimination goal with the present human resource profile will be impossible. A clear strategy for developing the capacity of the health workers in general, and malaria experts in particular, and retaining and motivating staff are crucial for malaria control and elimination.

The peculiarities of training future specialists in the conditions of competence-oriented mentoring are clarified. The solution of the existing problems that determine the rethinking of the goals of training future specialists, its implementation through a competency approach as an important means of modernizing the content of higher education is scientifically substantiated. Mentoring is interpreted as one of the types of training, as well as one of the forms of adaptation. It is believed that mentoring is the most effective type and important part of training in the organization. The ultimate goal of a mentoring program is to «create» an effective employee for a specific organization. Mentoring provides a system of staff training in which the transfer of knowledge, skills and abilities takes place directly in the workplace in a real work environment. Training is based on the solution of real professional tasks by an intern under the guidance of a highly qualified specialist, having the opportunity to focus on the experience and opinion of an experienced professional. The emphasis is on the practical component. The position of the mentor makes special demands on such specialists. Competence-oriented mentoring of students in modern conditions means a structured, open, dynamic socio-pedagogical process, which is a set of purposeful influences on young people who begin their careers in various spheres of life, in order to form their professional (service-oriented) competencies; socially significant personality traits, which we define as socio-personal competencies; reduction of the adaptation period of the listener at a workplace and strengthening of motivation to qualitative performance of certain labor functions, continuity of the values ​​formed by long-term practice and collective achievements of establishment. The professional competence of a mentor is interpreted as high-quality work based on a high level of professionalism and professional competencies, characterized by sufficient experience in a particular field and productive socio-pedagogical participation in the transfer of key corporate competencies and industry values to young workers. The necessary specific qualities inherent in the mentor are highlighted.

Abstrak Guru merupakan seseorang yang tugasnya mengajar, membimbing dan mengarahkan anak untuk belajar. Guru adalah merupakan suatu jabatan khusus dalam dunia pendidikan, dia termasuk salah satu sumber belajar yang utama karena dari sanalah siswa/peserta didik memperoleh bimbingan, pengajaran dan pelatihan. Profesionalisme seorang guru di peroleh lewat pendidikan khusus keguruan atau latihan dan pengalaman. Kemudian menurut Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Guru adalah tenaga kependidikan yang berkualifikasi sebagai guru, dosen, konselor, pamong praja, widyaiswara, tutor, instruktur, serta berpartisipasi dalam menyelenggarakan pendidikan. Sejalan dengan itu guru menurut Undang-Undang tentang guru ditegaskan bahwa :Guru adalah pendidik prefesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, menilai, dan mengevaluasi siswa pada pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar, dan pendidikan menengah.(Undang-Undang RI, 2003;2).Profil guru ideal adalah sosok yang mengabdikan diri berdasarkan panggilan jiwa, panggilan hati nurani, bukan karena tuntutan uang belaka tidak membatasi tugas dan tanggung jawabnya tidak sebatas dinding sekolah.Masyarakat juga jangan hanya menuntut pengabdian guru, tetapi kesejahteraan guru pun perlu diperhatikan. Guru dengan kemuliaannya dalam menjalankan tugas tidak mengenal lelah, hujan dan panas bukan rintangan bagi guru yang penuh dedikasi dan loyalitas untuk turun ke sekolah agar dapat bersatu jiwa dalam perpisahan raga dengan siswa. Raga guru dan siswa boleh berpisah, tapi jiwa keduanya tidak dapat dipisahkan (dwitunggal). Oleh karena itu dalam benak guru hanya ada satu kiat bagaimana mendidik siswa agar menjadi manusia dewasa susila yang cakap dan berguna bagi agama, nusa dan bangsa di masa yang akan datang.(Djam’an dkk, 2007).Kompetensi kepribadian adalah kompetensi yang berkaitan dengan tingkah laku pribadi guru itu sendiri yang kelak harus memiliki nilai-nilai luhur sehingga terpantul dalam perilaku sehari-hari. Kata Kunci: Strategi, Guru, Peserta Didik, Malas, Belajar Abstract The teacher is someone whose job is teaching, guiding and directing children to learn. The teacher is a special position in the world of education, he is one of the main learning resources because from there students / students receive guidance, teaching and training. The professionalism of a teacher is obtained through special teacher training or training and experience. Then according to the National Education System Law Teachers are qualified teaching staff as teachers, lecturers, counselors, civil service, widyaiswara, tutors, instructors, and participate in organizing education. In line with that the teacher according to the Law on Teachers emphasized that: The teacher is a professional educator with the main task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, training, evaluating, and evaluating students in early childhood education, formal education, basic education, and secondary education. (Republic of Indonesia Law, 2003; 2). The ideal teacher profile is a person who devotes himself based on the calling of the soul, the call of conscience, not because the demands of money alone do not limit his duties and responsibilities are not limited to the walls of the school. teacher, but the welfare of the teacher also needs attention. Teachers with their glory in carrying out tasks that are tireless, rainy and hot are not a hindrance for teachers who are full of dedication and loyalty to go to school to be able to unite their souls in physical separation with students. The body of the teacher and students may separate, but the souls of the two cannot be separated (duvies). Therefore, in the minds of teachers there is only one tip on how to educate students to become capable adult human beings who are capable and useful for religion, religion and nation in the future (Djam'an et al., 2007). Personality competency is a competency related to the teacher's own personal behavior which later must have noble values so that reflected in everyday behavior. Keywords: Strategy, Teacher, Students, Lazy, Learning

Abstract: Exploitation to a child is an inhumane act. Although a ban on the exploitation of child’s services is legally mentioned in legislation, but it is different in reality. We can see some adult people take their babies to begging, singing under traffic light, even they are recruited as factory workers and others. It is because the exploiters of the children’s service are less fear or underestimate to the existing sanctions under the child protection legislation No. 23 of 2002. The criminal sanction against perpetrators of child exploitation as contained in Law No. 23 of 2002 section 83, 84, and 88 is considered less straight. On Islamic jurisprudence perspective, a child is in need of special attention. It can be in the form of guidance, education, and legal protection. Whatever is done by a child, it has not been subjected to the burden of law. So that even if the child was given a penalty, then the punishment should be an educational one, not to exceed the limit of a child’s ability. On the other hands, considering the mental and psychological effects of the child is quite important for his/her development in the future. Keywords: Exploitation, children’s services, law, Islamic criminal law. Abstrak: Eksploitasi anak merupakan tindakan yang tidak berperikemanusiaan. Meskipun larangan eksploitasi jasa anak ada dalam undang-undang, tetapi pada kenyataannya masih terjadi, contohnya; anak bayi yang diajak orang tuanya mengemis, mengamen di pingir perempatan lampu lalu lintas, buruh pabrik, dan lain-lain. Hal tersebut dikarenakan pelaku eksploitasi jasa anak kurang takut atau meremehkan sanksi yang ada dalam undang-undang perlindungan anak No.23 tahun 2002. Sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku eksploitasi jasa anak yang tercantum dalam Undang-undang No. 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak terletak pada pasal 83, 84, dan 88. Dalam pandangan fiqh anak-anak perlu mendapat perhatian khusus, berupa pembinaan, pendidikan, dan perlindungan hukum. Apapun yang dilakukan oleh anak-anak belum dikenai beban hukum, sehingga kalaupun anak itu diberikan sanksi, maka sanksinya harus bersifat pendidikan, tidak melampaui batas kemampuan anak, dan harus mempertimbangkan efeknya terhadap perkembangan jiwa anak. Kata Kunci: Eksploitasi, jasa, anak, undang-undang, Hukum pidana Islam.

Republic of Indonesia Law Number 12 of 1995 concerning Corrections assets that correctional coaching is carried out based on several principles, namely: guidance; treatment and service equality; education and counseling; respect for human dignity; and guarantee to keep in touch with families and certain people. Class II-B Correctional Institution of Langsa city is an adult Correctional Institution. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of child inmates coaching in Class II-B Correctional Institution of Langsa city and find out the efforts done to overcome constraints in the implementation of child inmates coaching. The method used in this research was Juridical Empirical research method that examines the implementation of normative legal behavior relating to the implementation of child inmates coaching in Class II-B Correctional Institution of Langsa city. The results showed that the implementation of child inmates coaching does not correspond to childs rights since, in addition to an over capacity of the correctional institution, child inmates do not get personality and self-reliance coaching. In conclusion, the child inmates coaching which is expected to be well implemented is far from the expectations since it does not correspond to childs rights. Therefore, it suggested that the government can immediately build a special Correctional Institution for child inmates with appropriate facilities and infrastructure since children are the next generation of a nationUndang-undang RI Nomor 12 Tahun 1995 tentang Pemasyarakatan dimana menegaskan pembinaan pemasyarakatan dilaksanakan berdasarkan beberapa asas yaitu : Pengayoman ; Persamaan perilaku dan pelayanan ; Pendidikan dan pembimbingan ; Penghormatan harkat dan martabat manusia ; Kehilangan kemerdekaan satu-satu nya penderitaan ; Terjaminnya hak untuk tetap berhubungan dengan keluarga dan orang-orang tertentu . Lembaga Pemasyarakatan kelas II-B Kota Langsa adalah lembaga Pemasyarakatan Dewasa, Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana pelaksanaan pembinaan hak-hak narapidana anak di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan kelas II-B Kota Langsa dan bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala dalam pelaksanaan pembinaan narapidana anak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini yaitu�Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Yuridis Empiris yaitu mengkaji mengenai implementasi ketentuan hukum normatif (perundang-undangan) yang berhubungan dengan pembinaan narapidana anak di lembaga pemasyarakatan Kelas II-B kota Langsa. Hasil penelitian pelaksanaan pembinaan narapidana anak tidak memenuhi hak-hak narapidana anak, karena selain keadaan lembaga pemasyarakatan over kapasitas, kenyataan apa yang diharapkan tidak terealisasi dengan baik, karena narapidana anak tidak mendapatkan pembinaan kepribadian dan pembinaam kemandirian. Simpulan secara faktual pembinaan narapidana anak yang diharapkan tidak terlaksana dengan baik, jauh dari harapan pemenuhan hak-hak narapidana anak., disarankan pemerintah segera membangaun Lembaga pemasyarakatan khusus anak dengan sarana dan prasarana yang layak. Mengingat anak adalah generasi yang berpotensian bagi bangsa

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pembinaan etos kerja guru di Sekolah Menengah Atas Swasta (SMAS) Golden Christian School (GCS) Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan pola interaktif data meliputi: reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan derajat kepercayaan melalui teknik triangulasi baik sumber maupun metode. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa dengan pembinaan etos kerja guru oleh kepala sekolah yang dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan berbagai strategi pembinaan melalui berbagai kegiatan pengembangan profesional guru dan dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme dan pentahapan yang jelas; serta ditunjang dengan berbagai faktor pendukung yang tersedia di sekolah dapat meminimalisir berbagai kendala yang dihadapi sekolah dalam membina etos kerja guru, sekaligus mampu menjadikan SMAS GCS sebagai salah satu sekolah swasta pilihan terbaik bagi masyarakat di Kota Palangka Raya. Abstract: This study aims to describe the coaching of the work ethic of teachers in the Golden Christian School (GCS) Private High School Palangka Raya. This study used a qualitative approach with case study design. Data collection using observation, interview and study of document. Data analysis using interactive data patterns include: data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. Checking the validity of the data obtained is done by using a degree of trust through triangulation techniques both sources and methods. The results of the study reveal that with the guidance of the teacher's work ethic by the principal which is carried out by implementing various coaching strategies through various teacher professional development activities and carried out through clear mechanisms and phases; and also supported by various supporting factors that available in schools can minimize the various obstacles faced by schools in fostering teacher work ethics, as well as being able to make GCS Private High School as one of the best choice private schools for the community in Palangka Raya City. References: Ali, M. (2009). Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Nasional: Menuju Bangsa Indonesia yang Mandiri dan Berdaya Saing Tinggi. Bandung: Imperial Bhakti Utama. Anaroga, P. (2001). Psikologi Kerja. Jakarta: Rineke Cipta. Arifin, I. (2001, 25-26 Juli). 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Buku Sumber tentang Metode-metode Baru. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press. Mulyani, S. (2016). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dan Etos Kerja Guru serta Pegawai terhadap Iklim Organisasi pada SMP Negeri 225 Jakarta. Journal of Economics and Business Aseanomics (JEBA), 1(1), 38-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.33476/jeba.v1i1.398. Mustofa. (2007). Upaya Pengembangan Profesional Guru di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pendidikan, 4(1), 76-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.21831/jep.v4i1. Neagley, R. L., & Evans, N. D. (1980). Handbook for Effective Supervision of Instruction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Nopemberi, A. D. (2015). Fungsi Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru. Manajer Pendidikan, 9(3), 394-403. Diterima dari https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/manajerpendidikan/article/view/1136/944. Norris, P. (2003). Still a Public Service Ethos? Work Values, Experience and Job Satisfaction among Government Workers. Accessed 19 December 2019, retrieved from https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/still-public-service-ethos-work-values-experience-and-job-satisfaction-among. Nugroho, P. J. (2017). Home Visiting Supervision (HVS): An Alternative Approach to Increase the Commitment of Elementary Teachers in Remote Areas. International Research- Based Education Journal, 1(1), 39-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/ um043v1i1p%25p. Nuraini, S. K. (2012). Pengaruh Reward and Punishment terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V Afdeling III Kebun Sei Galuh. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan, Jakarta: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia. Diterima dari http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/7997/1/2012_201244KOM.pdf. Octaviana, M., & Silalahi, D. K. (2016). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah. Polyglot, 12(1), 1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/pji.v12i1.376. Pidarta, M. (2009) Supervisi Pendidikan Kontekstual. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Pongoh, S. (2013). 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Field-based research programs offer students a singular opportunity to understand that today there are no simple scientific, economic or socio-political answers to the complex questions facing governments, communities, and local organizations. Through their research, students can gain a first-hand appreciation that decision making in the real world is a mix of all these disciplines, and that they have a vital role to play in participating in this process. According to the most recent Open Doors report (2006), issued by the Institute of International Education, about 206,000 US students studied abroad in 2004/5. While about 55% studied in Europe, an increasing number studied in other host countries around the world. Social science and physical science students comprised about 30% of all US study abroad students in this period. While study abroad programs encompassing a field research component are still in the minority, an increasing number of home institutions and field-based providers are supporting and conducting these types of programs. As the student papers in this Special Issue of Frontiers demonstrate, there is high quality work being produced by undergraduates in settings as diverse as France, Thailand, Kenya, South Africa and Mali. For these students this opportunity was likely a new experience, involving living and studying in international settings; dealing with language and culture differences; matriculating in programs operated by host country universities, independent program providers, or their home institution’s international program; and learning how to conduct research that meets professional standards. Much has been written and discussed regarding pre-departure orientation of US students studying abroad, along with studies and evaluations of the study abroad experience. Less discussion and research has focused on the experiences of the on-site faculty and staff who host students and incorporate field-based research into their courses and programs. These courses and programs involving student research include the following types: • International university-based research, in which the student conducts research on a topic as part of a course or term paper; • Independent field-based research, in which the student identifies a topic, organizes the project, and conducts the field work, analysis, write-up, etc. for an overall grade; • Collective field-based research, in which students, working under the guidance of a professor (either US or international), conduct a research project as part of a US-based course, or complementary to the professor’s research focus; • Client-focused, directed, field-based research in which the research conducted is in response to, or in collaboration with, a specific client ranging from an NGO, to a corporation, to an indigenous community, or a governmental agency. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the issues and challenges that on-site faculty and staff encounter in preparing and supporting US undergraduate students to conduct formal research projects in international settings in order to maximize their success and the quality of their research. The perspectives described below have been gathered through informal surveys with a range of international program faculty and staff; discussions with program managers and faculty; and through our own experience at The School for Field Studies (SFS), with its formal directed research model. The survey sought responses in the following areas, among others: preparing students to conduct successfully their field-based research in a different socio-cultural environment; the skill building needs of students; patterns of personal, cultural, and/or technical challenges that must be addressed to complete the process successfully; and, misconceptions that students have about field-based research. Student Preparation Students work either individually or in groups to conduct their research, depending on the program. In either case on-site faculty and staff focus immediately on training students on issues ranging from personal safety and risk management, to cultural understanding, language training, and appropriate behavior. In programs involving group work, faculty and staff have learned that good teamwork dynamics cannot be taken for granted. They work actively with students in helping them understand the ebb and flow of groups, the mutual respect which must be extended, and the active participation that each member must contribute. As one on-site director indicates, “Students make their experience what it is through their behavior. We talk a lot about respecting each other as individuals and working together to make the project a great experience.” Cultural and sensitivity training are a major part of these field-based programs. It is critical that students learn and appreciate the social and cultural context in which they will conduct their research. As another on-site director states, “It is most important that the students understand the context in which the research is happening. They need to know the values and basic cultural aspects around the project they will be working on. It is not simply doing ‘good science.’ It requires understanding the context so the science research reaches its goal.” On-site faculty and staff also stress the importance of not only understanding cultural dynamics, but also acting appropriately and sensitively relative to community norms and expectations. Language training is also a component of many of these programs. As a faculty member comments, “Students usually need help negotiating a different culture and a new language. We try to help the students understand that they need to identify appropriate solutions for the culture they are in, and that can be very difficult at times.” Skill Building Training students on the technical aspects of conducting field-based research is the largest challenge facing most on-site faculty and staff, who are often struck by the following: • A high percentage of students come to these programs with a lack of knowledge of statistics and methods. They’ve either had very little training in statistics, or they find that real world conditions complicate their data. According to one faculty member, “Statistics are a big struggle for most students. Some have done a class, but when they come to work with real data it is seldom as black and white as a text book example and that leads to interpretation issues and lack of confidence in their data. They learn that ecology (for example) is often not clear, but that is OK.” • Both physical and social science students need basic training in scientific methodology in order to undertake their projects. Even among science majors there is a significant lack of knowledge of how to design, manage and conduct a research project. As a program director states, “Many students begin by thinking that field research is comprised only of data collection. We intensively train students to understand that good research is a process that begins with conceptualization of issues, moves into review of relevant literature, structures a research hypothesis, determines indicators and measurements, creates the research design, collects data, undertakes analysis and inference. This is followed by write-up in standard scientific format for peer review and input. This leads to refining earlier hypotheses, raising new questions and initiating further research to address new questions.” Consistently, on-site faculty have indicated that helping students understand and appreciate this cycle is a major teaching challenge, but one that is critical to their education and the success of their various field research projects. • The uncertainty and ambiguity that are often present in field research creates challenges for many students who are used to seeking ‘the answer in the book.’ On-site faculty help students understand that science is a process in which field-based research is often non-linear and prone to interruption by natural and political events. It is a strong lesson for students when research subjects, be they animal or human, don’t cooperate by failing to appear on time, or at all, and when they do appear they may have their own agendas. Finally, when working with human communities, student researchers need to understand that their research results and recommendations are not likely to result in immediate action. Program faculty help them to understand that the real world includes politics, conflicting attitudes, regulatory issues, funding issues, and other community priorities. • Both physical and social science students demonstrate a consistent lack of skill in technical and evidence-based writing. For many this type of writing is completely new and is a definite learning experience. As a faculty member states, “Some students find the report writing process very challenging. We want them to do well, but we don’t want to effectively write their paper for them.” Challenges The preceding points address some of the technical work that on-site faculty conduct with students. Faculty also witness and experience the ‘emotional’ side of field-based research being conducted by their students. This includes what one faculty member calls “a research-oriented motivation” — the need for students to develop a strong, energized commitment to overcome all the challenges necessary to get the project done. As another professor indicates, “At the front end the students don’t realize how much effort they will have to expend because they usually have no experience with this sort of work before they do their project.” Related to this is the need for students to learn that flexibility in the research process does not justify a sloppy or casual approach. It does mean a recognition that human, political, and meteorological factors may intervene, requiring the ability to adapt to changed conditions. The goal is to get the research done. The exact mechanics for doing so will emerge as the project goes on. “Frustration tolerance” is critical in conducting this type of work. Students have the opportunity to learn that certain projects need to incorporate a substantial window of time while a lengthy ethics approval and permit review system is conducted by various governmental agencies. Students learn that bureaucracies move at their own pace, and for reasons that may not be obvious. Finally, personal challenges to students may include being uncomfortable in the field (wet, hot, covered in scrub itch) or feeling over-tired. As a faculty member states, “Many have difficulty adjusting to the early mornings my projects usually involve.” These issues represent a range of challenges that field-based research faculty and staff encounter in working with undergraduate students in designing and conducting their research projects around the world. In my own experience with SFS field-based staff, and in discussions with a wide variety of others who work and teach on-site, I am consistently impressed by the dedication, energy and commitment of these men and women to train, support and mentor students to succeed. As an on-site director summarizes, essentially speaking for all, “Fortunately, most of the students attending our program are very enthusiastic learners, take their limitations positively, and hence put tremendous effort into acquiring the required skills to conduct quality research.” Summary/Conclusions Those international program faculty and staff who have had years of experience in dealing with and teaching US undergraduates are surprised that the US educational system has not better prepared students on subjects including statistics, scientific report formatting and composition, and research methodologies. They find that they need to address these topics on an intensive basis in order for a substantial number of students to then conduct their research work successfully. Having said this, on-site faculty and staff are generally impressed by the energy and commitment that most students put into learning the technical requirements of a research project and carrying it out to the best of their abilities. Having students conduct real field-based research, and grading these efforts, is a very concrete method of determining the seriousness with which a student has participated in their study abroad program. Encouraging field-based research is good for students and good for study abroad because it has the potential of producing measurable products based on very tangible efforts. In a number of instances students have utilized their field research as the basis for developing their senior thesis or honors project back on their home campus. Successful field research has also formed the basis of Fulbright or Watson proposals, in addition to other fellowships and graduate study projects. An increasing number of students are also utilizing their field research, often in collaboration with their on-site program faculty, to create professional conference presentations and posters. Some of these field-based research models also produce benefits for incountry clients, including NGOs, corporations and community stakeholders. In addition to providing the data, analyses, technical information, and recommendations that these groups might not otherwise be able to afford, it is a concrete mechanism for the student and her/his study abroad program faculty and staff to ‘give back’ to local stakeholders and clients. It changes the dynamic from the student solely asking questions, interviewing respondents, observing communities, to more of a mutually beneficial relationship. This is very important to students who are sensitive to this dynamic. It is also important to their program faculty and staff, and in most cases, genuinely appreciated by the local stakeholders. In essence, community identified and responsive research is an excellent mechanism for giving to a community — not just taking from it. An increasing interest in conducting field-based research on the part of US universities and their students may have the effect of expanding the international destinations to which US students travel. A student’s sociological, anthropological, or environmental interest and their desire to conduct field research in that academic discipline, for example, may help stretch the parameters of the student’s comfort level to study in more exotic (non-traditional) locales. Skill building in preparing for and conducting field-based research is an invaluable experience for the student’s future academic and professional career. It is a fairly common experience for these students to indicate that with all the classroom learning they have done, their study abroad experience wherein they got their hands dirty, their comfort level stretched, their assumptions tested, and their work ethic challenged, provided them with an invaluable and life changing experience. Conducting field-based research in an international setting provides real world experience, as the student papers in this edition of Frontiers attest. It also brings what may have only been academic subjects, like statistics, and research design and methodology, to life in a real-conditions context. On a related note, conducting real field-based work includes the requirement to endure field conditions, remote locations, bad weather, personal discomforts, technological and mechanical breakdowns, and sometimes dangerous situations. Field research is hard work if it is done rigorously. In addition, field work often includes non-cooperating subjects that defy prediction, and may confound a neat research hypothesis. For a student considering a profession which requires a serious commitment to social or physical science field work this study abroad experience is invaluable. It clarifies for the student what is really involved, and it is helpful to the student in assessing their future career focus, as they ask the critical question — would I really want to do this as a fulltime career? US education needs to bridge better the gap between the physical and social sciences. Students are done a disservice with the silo-type education that has been so prevalent in US education. In the real world there are no strictly scientific, economic, or sociological solutions to complex, vexing problems facing the global community. Going forward there needs to be interdisciplinary approaches to these issues by decision makers at all levels. We need to train our students to comprehend that while they may not be an ecologist, or an economist, or a sociologist, they need to understand and appreciate that all these perspectives are important and must be considered in effective decision-making processes. In conclusion, education abroad programs involving serious field-based research are not a distraction or diversion from the prescribed course of study at US home institutions; rather, they are, if done well, capable of providing real, tangible skills and experience that students lack, in spite of their years of schooling. This is the reward that is most meaningful to the international program faculty and staff who teach, mentor and support US students in conducting their field-based research activities. As an Australian on-site program director stated, “there are relatively few students who are adequately skilled in these (field research) areas when they come to our program. Most need a lot of instruction and assistance to complete their research projects, but that of course is part of what we’re all about — helping students acquire or improve these critical skills.” This is the real service that these programs and on-site faculty and staff offer to US undergraduates. Paul Houlihan, President The School for Field Studies

This is the 50th issue of International Higher Education. Our first issue appeared in the spring of 1995, almost 13 years ago. Our commitment then, as now, is to provide thoughtful analysis of contemporary events in higher education worldwide and information on current developments, especially in countries that do not receive much attention. We have a special concern with the broad issues of globalization and internationalization. Because of our sponsorship by a Jesuit university, we have been interested in issues relating to Catholic and Jesuit education worldwide. Ours has been an effort at network building and information provision.

Pupils with special educational needs require guidance and counselling services to overcome their social and psychological challenges. The study explored available guidance and counselling services in three special schools in Ghana. The concurrent triangulation mixed- method design was used. The samples of pupils (88) and staff (3), comprising administrators and guidance and counselling coordinators were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected with a questionnaire and an interview guide. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, specifically, frequencies and percentages while in the qualitative analysis, the thematic approach was used. The importance of guidance services was prevalent. The facility enabled discussions regarding pupils’ educational goal construction, career plan development and solving relationship problems among pupils, their staff and parents. Regional Education officers were subsequently recommended to liaise with their counterparts at the Guidance and Counselling and Special Education Regional offices to monitor special schools, which will enable them to ensure widened service access and effective implementation.

This study was conducted to investigate the perception of stakeholders about the SEU system and its way forward to support inclusive education in the schools which practice the SEU system. The methodology of the study was mixed design (both qualitative and quantitative) and the survey method was used to conduct the study. 27 principals, seven In-Service Advisors (ISA) of Special Education (SE), and 86 SE teachers were selected purposively. Also, 35 parents of children with Special Educational Needs (SENs) were randomly selected for this study. Questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussion schedules were administrated to collect data. The descriptive analysis method was applied to analyze the data. Also, the SPSS-21 version was used to analyze the data. Tables, bar-charts, and pie charts were utilized to interpret the findings of the study. Findings: the educational qualification and appointment type of the SE teachers and educational qualification of principals support to improve the SEU system and improve the inclusive education practices in their schools. Similarly, the 10 years of experience of the SEU system can support inclusive education. The positive perception of the SE teachers, principals, and ISAs SE supports the improvement of the SEU and inclusive education systems. The practices of the SEU system and support given to the SEU system can improve inclusive education practices of the students with SEN in the government schools of the Ampara District. This study suggests the proper guidance for inclusive education practices of students with SEN needs to develop in the schools in the Ampara District.

Abstract Background Post-hospital discharge mortality risk is high among young children in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The available literature suggests that child, caregiver and health care provider gender all play important roles in post-discharge adherence to medical advice, treatment-seeking and recovery for ill children in LMICs, including those with undernutrition. Methods A qualitative study was embedded within a larger multi-country multi-disciplinary observational cohort study involving children aged less than 2 years conducted by the Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition (CHAIN) Network. Primary data were collected from family members of 22 purposively selected cohort children. Family members were interviewed several times in their homes over the 6 months following hospital discharge (total n = 78 visits to homes). These in-depth interviews were complemented by semi-structured individual interviews with 6 community representatives, 11 community health workers and 12 facility-based health workers, and three group discussions with a total of 24 community representatives. Data were analysed using NVivo11 software, using both narrative and thematic approaches. Results We identified gender-related influences at health service/system and household/community levels. These influences interplayed to family members’ adherence to medical advice and treatment-seeking after hospital discharge, with potentially important implications for children’s recovery. Health service/system level influences included: fewer female medical practitioners in healthcare facilities, which influenced mothers’ interest and ability to consult them promptly for their child’s illnesses; gender-related challenges for community health workers in supporting mothers with counselling and advice; and male caregivers’ being largely absent from the paediatric wards where information sessions to support post-discharge care are offered. Gendered household/community level influences included: women’s role as primary caretakers for children and available levels of support; male family members having a dominant role in decision-making related to food and treatment-seeking behaviour; and greater reluctance among parents to invest money and time in the treatment of female children, as compared to male children. Conclusions A complex web of gender related influences at health systems/services and household/community levels have important implications for young children’s recovery post-discharge. Immediate interventions with potential for positive impact include awareness-raising among all stakeholders – including male family members - on how gender influences child health and recovery, and how to reduce adverse consequences of gender-based discrimination. Specific interventions could include communication interventions in facilities and homes, and changes in routine practices such as who is present in facility interactions. To maximise and sustain the impact of immediate actions and interventions, the structural drivers of women’s position in society and gender inequity must also be tackled. This requires interventions to ensure equal equitable opportunities for men and women in all aspects of life, including access to education and income generation activities. Given patriarchal norms locally and globally, men will likely need special targeting and support in achieving these objectives.

The response of society to its individuals with disability, especially those with mentally handicapped has varied a great deal over the human history. The mother plays a major role in the family especially as the caretaker of the mentally retarded child. It is important for the service provider to know what are the psychological problem are pose by parents and their children for whom they seek professional help and guidance . However, the present problem for investigation which intends to study the socio – demographic correlates and psychological factors associated with mothers of mentally handicapped children of mentally handicapped children. The study was carried out on 100 subject’s selected using purposive sampling. The subject consisted of mentally handicapped children and their biological mother was coming to OPD of Composite Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Persons with disabilities, Sundernagar, Mandi. Himachal Pradesh. Tools used in the study were (a) Socio-demographic Data sheet (b) Family Interview Schedule for Stress and Coping in Mental Retardation (c) Behavior Assessment Scale for Indian Children with Mental Retardation. The overall analysis of the results revealed that degree of mentally handicapped with or without behavior problem did not influence mothers stress and depression. Besides this, it was found that level of mentally handicapped alone did affect coping skill and anxiety level of mothers. It can be seen that relatively high representation of male child (60%) was brought to the centre for intervention and majority of them belong to rural areas. It was also found that only one third of the mentally handicapped children attending special schools. There was significant high number of mothers (58%) to have education level of 10th and above, majority of them were house wife and fell under the category of lower middle class income group. Moreover rehabilitation related professional would be needed to hike their professional standard of services dealing with the families of the mentally handicapped children. The services offered by governments as well as NGOs have great impact on community and society.

Better utilisation of publicly funded research output is an aim of the Finnish Government. To reach that aim, the Open Science and Research (ATT) Initiative was launched in 2014. Lead by the Ministry of Education and Culture, the ATT Initiative has funded a number of projects that support good research data management, opening of research data, and Open Access in general. The Initiative also emphasises cooperation and interoperability nationally, and internationally.The National Library of Finland and other research libraries have an important role in the ATT Initiative. Libraries are in a good position to make meaningful contributions as they can repurpose their expertise on metadata, information retrieval, and collection management. They are finding new ways of collaboration and creating services in the fields of Open Access and Open Science.Libraries and other service providers should, first and foremost, respect the needs of research and researchers: science should always be the guiding force. But Open Access and Open Science do have an effect on how research is conducted and published. Therefore, it must be possible to have a critical look on conventional research practices. Increasing amounts of data, new technological possibilities, and new methods of analysis mean that old practices need to be revised. The more pronounced demands of interoperability and innovative re-usability drive for change, too. Of course, the funders are also very keen on cost-efficiency and measurable impact. There is a demand for harmonisation, collaboration, and shared infrastructures and services.The Open Scientific Publishing Project (TAJUA) in the National Library of Finland is a part of the ATT Initiative. The main focus of the project is to increase and improve the availability of Finnish research output. It comprises of several subprojects that build on the existing expertise of the Library, taking it to new directions. They deal withimproving the institutional repository infrastructure provided by the National Library, with special attention to organisations with restricted resources and basic demands;better guidance for institutional repositories on best practices in metadata creation, licensing, and in gathering statistics in a commensurable manner;a tool for easy creation of metadata about research datasets;improved persistent identifier services (ISNI, ORCID, URN, etc.);better understanding of economics of Open Access publishing, e.g. real level of APC, and recommendations for changes in publishing workflows; andrecommendations for ensuring long-term accessibility of scientific output.The TAJUA project complements others under the umbrella of the ATT Initiative. They deal with more efficient publishing workflows, data management planning, opening datasets, training and education on Open Science, and tools to enrich and work up open linked data. Existing national services on data storage, preservation, and dissemination will also be extended.Research libraries should not be shy about their knowledge and skills. With metadata being the new black, they can really make their mark on the world of Open Science.

I sat alone on the beach under the shade of a big umbrella. My husband, Bill, and our three children were in the condo taking a break from the Florida sunshine. Dreamily, I gazed at the vast Gulf of Mexico, the brilliant blue sky stretching endlessly above. I was sitting about 50 feet from the surf, but I couldn't actually see the waves hitting the beach; I was almost blind. It was a windy day in late May and I loved feeling the ocean breeze sweeping over me. I imagined I could hear the waves crashing onto the surf, but the sound was only a memory. I was totally deaf. Although I had a cochlear implant and could hear the waves, the cry of sea gulls, and many other sounds with the technology, I wasn't wearing it at the moment and everything I heard was in my mind. As a child, my understanding of speech was better and my vision was clearer. My diagnosis was optic atrophy at age 5 and my vision gradually degenerated over the years. For unknown reasons, nerve damage caused hearing loss and during my teens, my hearing grew worse and worse until by the time I was ready for college, I was profoundly deaf. I chose to attend Gallaudet University because my high school teachers and my parents felt I would receive better services as a deaf and blind student. I feel it was a very good decision; when I entered Gallaudet, it was like entering a new and exhilarating world. Before attending Gallaudet, while I struggled to cope with hearing loss combined with severely low vision, my world grew smaller and smaller, not being able to communicate efficiently with others. At Gallaudet, I suddenly found I could communicate with almost anybody I met on campus using sign language. Thus, my self-confidence and independence grew as I proceeded to get a college education.It wasn't an easy route to follow. I didn't know Braille at the time and depended on using a CCTV (closed captioned television) electronic aid which magnified text, enabling me to read all my college books. I also relied on the assistance of a class aid who interpreted all my teachers' lectures and class discussions because I was unable to see people's signing unless they signed right in front of my face. It was slow going and often frustrating, trying to keep involved socially and keeping up with my coursework but when I was 13 years old, my vision specialist teacher who had worked with me from 5th grade until I graduated from high school, wrote a note for me saying, "Anything worthwhile seldom comes easy." The phrase stuck in my mind and I tried to follow this philosophy. In 1989 after 7 years of persistence, I graduated with a Bachelor's of Arts degree in psychology. With the B.A. in hand and having developed good communication skills with deaf and deaf-blind people using sign language and ASL (American Sign Language), I was ready to face the world. But I wasn't exactly ready; I knew I wanted a professional job working with deaf-blind people and the way to get there was to earn a master's degree. I applied for admission into Gallaudet's graduate school and was accepted into the vocational rehabilitation counselling program. While I thoroughly enjoyed graduate school experience, I got to work with my class mates one-on-one more often and there were a lot more hands-on activities, it became obvious to me that I wasn't prepared for graduate school. I needed to learn Braille and how to use Braille technology; my vision had worsened a lot since starting college. In addition, I needed a break from school and needed to gain experience in the working world. After completing one and a half years and earning 15 credit hours in the master's program, I left Gallaudet and found a job in Baltimore, Maryland.The job was with a new program for adults who were visually and hearing impaired and mentally disabled. My job was assisting the clients with independent living and work related skills. Most of the other staff were deaf, communicating via ASL. By then, I was skilled using tactile signing, putting my hand on the back of the signer's hand to follow movements by touch, and I made friends with co-workers. I felt grown up and independent working full-time, living in my own apartment, using the subway train and bus to travel to and from work. I didn't have any serious problems living on my own. There was a supermarket up the road to which I could walk or ride a bus. But I needed a taxi ride back to the apartment when I had more groceries than I could carry. I would leave a sign I made out of cardboard and wrote my address in big black numbers, on my apartment door to help the driver find my place. I used a white cane and upon moving to Baltimore, an Orientation and Mobility (O and M) teacher who worked with blind people, showing them how to travel in the city, taught me the route to my work place using the subway and bus. Thus, I was independent and knew my way to work as well as to a nearby shopping mall. One day as I stood on the subway station platform holding my white cane, waiting for my train, the opposite train pulled in. As I stood watching passengers hurrying to board, knowing my train would arrive soon on the other side, a woman ran up to me and started pulling my arm. I handed her my notebook and black marker I used for communicating with people in the public, telling her I couldn't hear and would she please write in large print? She frantically scribbled something, but I couldn't read the note. She then gave me back the pen and pad, grabbed my arm again and started pulling me towards the train. I refused to budge, gesturing towards the opposite tracks, clearly indicating I was waiting for the other train. Finally, she let go, dashed into the train before the doors closed. I watched the train pull away, sadly reflecting that some people who wanted to help, just didn't understand how to approach disabled people. As a deaf-blind traveller, it was my duty to help educate the general public how to assist disabled persons in a humane way. After I established my new life for a few months, Bill was offered a position in the same program and moved to Baltimore to join me. He had worked at the Helen Keller National Centre in New York where I met him while doing a summer internship there three years before. I was thrilled when he got the job working beside me and we got to know each other on a daily basis. We had been dating since we met although I was in college and he was working and living in New York and then Cleveland, Ohio. Bill being hearing and sighted, was skilled in sign language and communication techniques with deaf-blind people. He had a wonderful attitude towards disabled people and made me feel like a normal person who was capable of doing things. We shared a lot and were very comfortable with each other. After nearly six months together in Baltimore, we married in May 1992, several weeks before my 28th birthday.After our first year of marriage living in Maryland, Bill and I moved to Little Rock, Arkansas. We wanted to live closer to my family and parents, Ron and Judy Cummings, who lived in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, 176 miles north of Little Rock. I wanted to go back to school and entered the deaf education program at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock with the goal of becoming a teacher for deaf-blind students. I never dreamed I would have a deaf-blind child of my own one day. My vision and hearing loss were caused by nerve damage and no one else in my family nor Bill's had a similar disability.I was pregnant with our first child when I entered UALR. In spite of my growing belly, I enjoyed the teacher training experience. I worked with a deaf-blind 12-year-old student and her teacher at the Arkansas School for the Deaf; observed two energetic four-year-olds in the pre-school program. But when my son, Joe was born in June 1994, my world changed once again. School became less important and motherhood became the ultimate. As a deaf-blind person, I wanted to be the best mom within my abilities.I decided that establishing good communication with my child was an important aspect of being a deaf-blind mom. Bill was in full agreement and we would set Joe on the kitchen table in his infant carrier, reciting together in sign language, "The three Bears". I could see Joe's tiny fists and feet wave excitedly in the air as he watched us signing children's stories. I would encourage Joe to hold my fingers while I signed to him, trying to establish a tactile signing relationship. But he was almost two years old when he finally understood that he needed to sign into my hands. We were sitting at the table and I had a bag of cookies. I refused to give him one until he made the sign for "cookie" in my hand. I quickly rewarded him with a cookie and he got three or four each time he made the sign in my hand. Today at 16, Joe is an expert finger speller and can effectively communicate with me and his younger deaf-blind brother, Ben.When Joe was two and a half, I decided to explore a cochlear implant. It was 1996 and we were living in Poplar Bluff by then. My cousin, who was studying audiology, told me that people using cochlear implants were able to understand sound so well they didn't need good vision. I made an appointment with the St. Louis cochlear implant program and after being evaluated, I decided to go ahead. I am glad I have a cochlear implant. After months of practice I learned to use the new sound and was eventually able to understand many environmental sounds. I never regained the ability of understanding speech, though, but I could hear people's voices very clearly, the sound of laughter, birds singing, and many more. Being able to hear my children's voices is especially wonderful, even when they get noisy and I get a headache. That fall I went to Leader Dogs School for the Blind (LDSB) where I met Milo, a large yellow Labrador retriever. At LDSB I learned how to care for and work with a dog guide. Having Milo as my companion and guide was like stepping into another new and wonderful world of independence. With Milo, I could walk briskly and feel secure. Milo was a big help as a deaf-blind mom, too. With Milo's guiding help, it was wonderful following my children while they rode tricycles or bikes and the whole family enjoyed going out for walks together. Our second son, Ben, was born in February 1999. He was a perfectly healthy little boy and Bill and I were looking forward to raising two sons. Joe was four and a half years old when Ben was born and was fascinated in his new brother. But when Ben was 5 months old, he was diagnosed with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH), a rare childhood disease and in some cases, fatal. It was a long, scary road we followed as Ben received treatment at the children's hospital in St. Louis which involved making the 150 mile trip almost weekly for chemotherapy and doctor check-ups. Through it all, Ben was a happy little boy, in spite of the terrible rash that affected his scalp and diaper area, a symptom of LCH. Bill and I knew that we had to do everything possible to help Ben. When he was a year old, his condition seemed stable enough for me to feel comfortable leaving my family for two months to study Braille and learn new technology skills at a program in Kansas City. My vision had deteriorated to a point where I could no longer use a CCTV.Bill's mom, Marie Reid, who lived in Cleveland, Ohio, made a special trip to stay at our home in Poplar Bluff to help Bill with the boys while I was gone. I was successful at the program, learning Braille, making a change from magnification to Braille technology. Upon returning home, I began looking for a job and found employment as a deaf-blind specialist in a new project in Mississippi. The job was in Tupelo and we moved to northern Mississippi, settling into a new life. We transferred Ben's treatment to St. Judes Children's hospital located in Memphis, 94 miles west of Tupelo. I went to work and Bill stayed home with the boys, which worked well. When Ben had to go to St. Judes every three weeks for chemotherapy, Bill was able to drive him. The treatment was successful, the rash had disappeared and there were no traces of LCH in Ben's blood tests. But when he was almost 3 years old, he was diagnosed with optic atrophy, the same eye disease I suffered from and an audiologist detected signs of inner ear hearing loss.Shocked at the news that our little son would grow up legally blind and perhaps become deaf, Bill and I had to rethink our future. We knew we wanted Ben to have a good life and as a deaf-blind child, he needed quality services. We chose to move to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania because I knew there were good services for deaf-blind people and I could function independently as a stay-home mom. In addition, Cleveland, Ohio, where Marie Reid and several of Bill's siblings lived, was a two hour's drive from Pittsburgh and living near family was important to us. With regret, I left my job opportunity and new friends and we re-located to Pittsburgh. We lived on a quiet street near Squirrel Hill and enrolled Joe into a near-by Catholic school. Ben received excellent early intervention services through the Pittsburgh public school, beginning Braille, using a white cane and tactile signing. The Pennsylvania services for the blind generously purchased a wonderful computer system and Braille display for me to use at home. I was able to communicate with Joe's and Ben's teachers and other contacts using e-mail. Ben's Braille teacher provided us with several print/Braille books which I read to the boys while Ben touched the tactile pictures. I made friends in the deaf and deaf-blind community and our family attended social events. Besides the social benefits of a deaf community, Pittsburgh offered a wonderful interpreting service and I was able to take Ben to doctor appointments knowing an interpreter would meet me at the hospital to assist with communication. I also found people who were willing to help me as volunteer SSPs (support Service Providers), persons whose role is to assist a deaf-blind person in any way, such as shopping, going to the bank, etc. Thus, I was able to function quite independently while Bill worked. Perhaps Bill and I were a bit crazy; after all, we had enough on our plate with a deaf-blind son and a deaf-blind mom, but love is a mysterious thing. In October 2003, Tim was born and our family was complete. Having two school-aged children and a baby on my hands was too much for me to handle alone. Bill was working and busy with culinary arts school. We realized we needed more help with the children, plus the high cost of living in the city was a struggle for us. We decided for the family's best interest, it would be better to move back to Poplar Bluff. After Joe and Ben were out of school in June, my mom flew out to Pittsburgh to escort them back to her home while Bill finished his externship for his culinary arts degree and in the late summer of 2004, we packed up our apartment, said good-bye to Pittsburgh, and drove to Missouri. The move was a good decision in many ways. Poplar Bluff, a rural town in south-eastern Missouri, has been my hometown since I was 10 years old. My extended family live there and the boys are thriving growing up among their cousins. Ben is receiving Braille and sign language services at public school and reads Braille faster than me!While both Bill and I are deeply satisfied knowing our children are happy, we have made personal sacrifices. Bill has given up his career satisfaction as a professional cook, needing to help look after the children and house. I have given up the benefits of city life such as interpreting and SSP services, not to mention the social benefits of a deaf community. But the children's well-being comes first, and I have found ways to fulfil my needs by getting involved with on-line groups for deaf-blind people, including writers and poets. I have taken a great interest in writing, especially children's stories and hope to establish a career as a writer. While I work on my computer, Bill keeps busy engaging the boys in various projects. They have built a screened-in tree house in the backyard where Ben and Tim like to sleep during warm summer nights.“It's almost 5 o'clock," Bill signed into my hand, rousing me from my thoughts. Time to prepare for our homeward journey the next day to Poplar Bluff, Missouri.Christy and Family