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Journal articles on the topic 'Catholic Church Vietnam History'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Vaupot, Sonia. "The Relationship between the State and the Church in Vietnam through the History of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris." Bogoslovni vestnik 79, no. 3 (2019): 825–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34291/bv2019/03/vaupot.

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Religion and the Catholic Church have played an important role in Vietnamese history. The article examines the development of the Catholic Church in Vietnam, from the 17th Century to the 20th Century, based on reports published by the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris (M.E.P.) who contributed to the evangelization of many Asian countries. In this contribution, we will highlight the work and the development of the M.E.P through their reports. We will also focus on the relationship between the states who played a specific role in the history of the Catholic Church in Vietnam, from the creation of the M.E.P. until the period of post-colonization, with specific reference to the attitude of different states throughout the history of Vietnam. The survey of the activities of Catholics in Vietnam suggests that French missionaries were well organized and proactive throughout the centuries, and that the adoption of Christianity in Vietnam was achieved through cooperation between the M.E.P and the Vietnamese population.

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2

Nguyen, Thao. "Resistance, Negotiation and Development: The Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam, 1954–2010." Studies in World Christianity 25, no. 3 (December 2019): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2019.0269.

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This article discusses the efforts of the Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam to negotiate with the socialist government from 1954 to 2010. It analyses the different dynamics and approaches employed by the Church in the north and south of Vietnam to respond to political pressure. Viewed within a larger context, Rome during these decades played a significant role in shaping the political views of the Vietnamese hierarchy as well as inspiring them to make important choices in the midst of tension and conflict. The article argues that though caught in a complex social and political situation, the Church in Vietnam has continued to thrive and managed gradually to exert its place in Vietnamese society.

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3

Pelley, Patricia M. "Charles Keith. Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation." American Historical Review 119, no. 2 (April 2014): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.2.501.

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4

Du, Yuqing. "Reconfiguring Inculturations." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 17, no. 2-3 (2022): 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.38.

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In the history of building the Vietnamese National Church, many Catholic works of literature produced by missionaries and local believers sought to place the faith in the context of Vietnamese society. Hội đồng tứ giáo is one of the most influential works within this proliferative Catholic literature, with many versions printed in Chinese, Nôm, and quốc ngữ. Drawing on interreligious knowledge and networks, it sought to respond to the intellectual innovation and local spiritual paradigm of the three religions in a late eighteenth-century context. By configuring a formal debate between representatives from Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Catholicism, the book demonstrates broader intellectual connections of Catholic knowledge and multidimensional inculturation in the cultural and religious context of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Vietnam. The interfaith dialogue in the book illuminates an inculturation process assembled by the flows of people and ideas that in turn shaped local Catholic traditions.

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5

Nguyen, Quang Hung, Nikolay N. Kosarenko, Elmira R. Khairullina, and Olga V. Popova. "The Relationship between the State and the Catholic Church in Postcolonial Vietnam: The Case of Christian Village of Phung Khoang." Bogoslovni vestnik 79, no. 2 (2019): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34291/bv2019/02/nguyen.

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Christian missionaries found Vietnam a spiritual country, and many Vietnamese converted to Christianity. On the other hand, during history, the Christian religious identity has brought various tensions due to the issues of colonialism, nationalism, and communism. Most Vietnamese Christians lived in pure Christian villages (lang cong giao toan tong) or mixed villages with Christians accounting for about a half of the population (lang cong giao xoi do). They have played an important role in the social, economic and cultural life of these villages. This article presents the historical background of a mixed village called Phung Khoang, contrasting the Christian vs. non-Christian cultural-religious views, and then discussing both the collaboration and tension played out over various historical periods.

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6

Truong, Anh Thuan. "Conflicts among religious orders of Christianity: А study of Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.214.

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During the 17th and 18th centuries, the presence as well as activities of religious orders of Christianity in Vietnam, predominantly the Society of Jesus, Mendicant Orders (Franciscan Order, Dominican Order, etc.), and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, to establish or maintain and strengthen the interests of some Western countries’ (Portugal, Spain, France) missionary work in this country led to conflicts and disputes over the missionary area as well as the right to manage missionary activities among religious orders of Christianity. From 1665 to 1773, the Vietnamese Catholic Church witnessed protracted disputes and conflicts between Jesuits sponsored by the Portuguese and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris backed by France. While contradictions between them remained unresolved, from the first half of the 18th century onwards, conflicts and disputes between the Spanish Franciscan Order and the missionaries of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris continued to arise. This influenced the development of Christianity in Vietnam during this period. Based on original historical sources and academic achievements of Vietnamese scholars as well as international, this article applies two main research methods of the history of science (historical and logical methods) with other research methods (systemic, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) to closely examine the “panorama” of the conflicts between the religious orders of Christianity that took place in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries. The article analyzes the underlying and direct cause of this phenomenon, making certain contributions to the study of the relationship among religious orders in the process of introduction and development of Christianity in Vietnam, as well as the history of East-West cultural exchange in the country during this period.

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7

Keston College staff. "The catholic church in Vietnam." Religion in Communist Lands 16, no. 1 (March 1988): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637498808431352.

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8

Chu, Lan T. "Catholicism vs. Communism, Continued: The Catholic Church in Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 3, no. 1 (2008): 151–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2008.3.1.151.

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To what extent can the Catholic Church in Vietnam contribute to both social and political change? Traditionally, scholars have often focused on countries with large Catholic populations, such as Poland or the Philippines, to exemplify the Church's ability to promote political liberalization, while countries with smaller Catholic populations have been largely overlooked. By examining the confrontations and negotiations between the Catholic Church and the communist state in Vietnam, this article demonstrates that such an oversight precludes the recognition of key figures and initiatives that may bring about significant political change.

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9

Del Testa, David. "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation." History: Reviews of New Books 42, no. 4 (July 22, 2014): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2014.903772.

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10

Cheeseright, Paul. "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation." Asian Affairs 44, no. 3 (November 2013): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2013.835136.

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11

Fogg, Kevin W. "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from empire to nation." Culture and Religion 14, no. 2 (June 2013): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2013.793564.

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12

Bodemer, Margaret B. "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation." Asian Anthropology 12, no. 2 (December 2013): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1683478x.2013.854603.

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13

Hansen, Peter. "Book Review: Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 8, no. 2 (2013): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2013.8.2.149.

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14

Strate, Shane. "Book Review: Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation." South East Asia Research 22, no. 4 (December 2014): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/sear.2014.0241.

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15

Phan, Peter C. "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation by Charles Keith." Catholic Historical Review 99, no. 3 (2013): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2013.0150.

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16

Šturák, Peter. "The History of Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia." E-Theologos. Theological revue of Greek Catholic Theological Faculty 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10154-010-0004-8.

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The History of Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia This contribution deals with history of Greek Catholic Church since 1818 till present time. It is concerned, among others, with history of the Eparchy of Prešov, with very long and very complicated way of its development. The most important event in the history of the Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia was a visit of Holy Father John Paul II in Prešov and commemoration of bishop-martyr Pavol Peter Gojdiĉ.

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17

Stewart-Brown, Andrew. "New Short History of the Catholic Church." Journal of Contemporary Religion 31, no. 1 (December 20, 2015): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2016.1109891.

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18

Silva, Rev Alvaro. "The Roman Catholic Church: An Illustrated History." Religion and the Arts 13, no. 2 (2009): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852909x422809.

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19

Varacalli, Joseph A., J. Derek Holmes, and Bernard W. Bickers. "A Short History of the Catholic Church." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 24, no. 1 (March 1985): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1386283.

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20

C. Martino, Simone. "POLITICS AND RELIGION IN ITALY: A CATHOLIC HISTORY." POLITICS AND RELIGION IN EUROPE 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2015): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0902233m.

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The paper looks at the historical and contemporary role of Catholic Church in Italian politics. Over the last sixty years Catholicism has played an important role in Italian society. The paper identify three ways in which Catholicism interacts with Italian public life: as a peculiar version of “civil religion”, through Catholic inspirited political parties and the Church intervening directly in specific public debates. After identifies the change of political role of the Catholic Church in the last decades the paper recognize the main challenges for this particular relationship in the next future

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21

Roter, Zdenko. "The Church and Contemporary Slovene History." Nationalities Papers 21, no. 1 (1993): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999308408257.

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In the eyes of the European public, Slovenia is still considered a Catholic country. Since before the last World War, this has had a double meaning. First of all, the Roman Catholic Church has been the leading ecclesiastical institution since the Christianization of the territory settled by Slovenes, decisively influencing the constitution of the cultural and political life of the Slovene nation, as well as its character. In spite of changed social conditions and its fate in the period of “real-socialist” rule from 1945 to 1990, the Church has preserved this role to the present time, although in different forms.

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22

McKevitt, Gerald, and Marvin R. O'Connell. "John Ireland and the American Catholic Church." Western Historical Quarterly 20, no. 4 (November 1989): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969502.

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23

Lannon, F. "The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875-1998." English Historical Review 118, no. 478 (September 1, 2003): 1020–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.478.1020.

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24

Kyiak, S. "Territorial Realization of the Universe of the Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Byzantine Rite." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 25 (December 27, 2002): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2003.25.1432.

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The Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Byzantine Rite (hereinafter referred to as the OCHRC), as the heir to the Kyiv Church and as the local Eastern Catholic Church, by which history affirmed the name of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, preserving the Eastern Christian Tradition, and developing national church traditions. This dual unity of the OCHS has been and remains a testament to its universal character, which is inherent in the entire Catholic Church.

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25

CORANIČ, JAROSLAV. "The Liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church in Communist Czechoslovakia, 1948–50." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 72, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 590–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046920001487.

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This article examines the liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia following the Communist takeover in February 1948. The Greek Catholic Church was to be separated from the mother Catholic Church and incorporated into the Orthodox Church. The process culminated at the irregular Sobor (synod) of Prešov held on 28 April 1950. The synod was orchestrated and headed by the ruling Communist party, which enforced its conclusions. Greek Catholics were either outlawed or compelled to become Orthodox, although their situation slightly brightened during the Prague Spring of 1968 when their Church became legal again.

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26

Bowman, William D. "The National and Social Origins of Parish Priests in the Archdiocese of Vienna, 1800–1870." Austrian History Yearbook 24 (January 1993): 17–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005245.

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Under The Influence of Enlightenment ideals of rational administration and cameralist notions of increasing the productivity and welfare of the populace, Joseph II and his ministers embarked on an aggressive program of reform for the Habsburg monarchy in the late eighteenth century. Their view as to what needed change was wide-ranging, but among their chief concerns was the desire to restructure the relationship between the Catholic church and Austrian society. As the largest and most powerful religious denomination in the Habsburg monarchy, the Catholic church possessed immense human and material resources, which could possibly be exploited to benefit the Austrian people and state. For Joseph II, the process whereby Catholicism could best be put to use in Austrian society necessarily involved seizing partial administrative control over the Catholic church. The Catholic church, he believed, did not distribute material and moral benefit to the Austrian people evenly, and changing this situation required the active intervention of the Austrian government.

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27

Bianchi, Eugene C. "Resources for a Democratic Catholic Church." Horizons 18, no. 2 (1991): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900025123.

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AbstractThis article explores sources in the Christian tradition that can be helpful for re-shaping present Roman Catholic ecclesial polity. The underlying theme is that the Catholic Church, in order to enhance efforts at church reform, needs to re-structure itself from a monarchical polity to a democratic one. A theological subtheme argues that the monarchical polity is not mandated by the gospel, but is rather a creature of history. Furthermore, the monarchical polity is a root cause obstructing reform in specific areas. By selecting loci from early church history to the present time, democratic movements and ideas are highlighted as constituting an important part of Catholic history. Certain of these loci have not yet been examined for their democratic potential. This democratic tradition can be a springboard for moving toward a democratic church in the twenty-first century.

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28

Kantowicz, Edward R., and Marvin R. O'Connell. "John Ireland and the American Catholic Church." Journal of American History 76, no. 3 (December 1989): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936487.

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29

Coranič, Jaroslav. "Legalization of Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia in 1968." E-Theologos. Theological revue of Greek Catholic Theological Faculty 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10154-010-0017-3.

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Legalization of Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia in 1968 This study deals with the fate (history) of the Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia was liquidated by communist state power in the period of 1950 - 1968. The Church did not legally existed, its priests and believers were incorporated violently into the Orthodox Church. Improving this situation occurred in 1968, when so Prague Spring took place in Czechoslovakia. The legalization of the Greek Catholic Church was one of its result. This process was stopped by invasion of Warsaw Pact to the Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Full restoration of the Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia thus was occurred after the November revolution in 1989.

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30

Bush, Peter G. "The Presbyterian Church in Canada and the Pope: One denomination's struggle with its confessional history." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 33, no. 1 (March 2004): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980403300106.

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The Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), a subordinate standard of The Presbyterian Church in Canada, makes harsh, even offensive, statements about the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. This paper explores how The Presbyterian Church in Canada has sought to balance the confessional nature of the church with its changing views of the Roman Catholic Church. Choosing not to amend the Westminster Confession of Faith, the church has adopted explanatory notes and declaratory acts to help Presbyterians understand the Confession in a new time.

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31

Espinosa, David. "“Restoring Christian Social Order”: The Mexican Catholic Youth Association (1913-1932)." Americas 59, no. 4 (April 2003): 451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0037.

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[our goal] is nothing less that the coordination of the living forces of Mexican Catholic youth for the purpose of restoring Christian social order in Mexico …(A.C.J.M.’s “General Statutes”)The Mexican Catholic Youth Association emerged during the Mexican Revolution dedicated to the goal of creating lay activists with a Catholic vision for society. The history of this Jesuit organization provides insights into Church-State relations from the military phase of the Mexican Revolution to its consolidation in the 1920s and 1930s. The Church-State conflict is a basic issue in Mexico's political struggles of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the Church mobilizing forces wherever it could during these years dominated by anticlericalism. During the 1920s, the Mexican Catholic Youth Association (A.C.J.M.) was in the forefront of the Church's efforts to respond to the government's anticlerical policies. The A.C.J.M.’s subsequent estrangement from the top Church leadership also serves to highlight the complex relationship that existed between the Mexican bishops and the Catholic laity and the ideological divisions that existed within Mexico's Catholic community as a whole.

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32

Smit, Peter-Ben. "National, Catholic, and Ecumenical." Philippiniana Sacra 53, no. 159 (May 1, 2018): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps2005liii159a5.

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The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) is one of the most remarkable churches in the Philippines, yet, its history is largely underresearched. This paper uses newly researched archival resources from the archives of this church and of partner churches to explore the way in which this “revolutionary church” came to be accepted as part of the broader ecumenical movement. Special attention is given to two of the most prominent full communion partners of this church, the Episcopal Church and the Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht. In this way, it is also clear that the IFI came to be recognized as a fully catholic church by other catholic churches, moving beyond any doubt of lingering Unitarianism (as it was part of the later theology of Gregorio Aglipay). The study also shows how various national, even nationalist churches were able to enter into international and intercultural relations with each other, thus creating a fellowship that spans the globe.

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33

Trevino, Roberto R., and Jay P. Dolan. "Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900-1965." Western Historical Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1995): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970667.

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34

Carey, Patrick W., and Marvin R. O'Connell. "John Ireland and the American Catholic Church." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163695.

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35

MARTENS, Kurt. "Administrative Procedures in the Roman Catholic Church." Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 354–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/etl.76.4.548.

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36

Prunier, Gérard. "The Catholic Church and the Kivu Conflict." Journal of Religion in Africa 31, no. 2 (2001): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006601x00103.

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AbstractThis paper examines the role of the Catholic Church in the armed conflict that has engulfed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) since 1993. The conflict itself has two dimensions. Since 1996 the DRC has been at the centre of a major war that has spilled well beyond its borders, embroiling neighbouring states and others further afield. Less well known is the local struggle, in the eastern part of the country in the two provinces of North and South Kivu, which began three years earlier. While having a dynamic of its own, Kivu's fate has become entwined in the wider international conflict. Given its large constituency and immense wealth and infrastructure, the Catholic Church has come to wield enormous influence in the DRC, particularly in the context of a declining state. It was a key player in the movement for democratisation in the early 1990s and more recently it has sought to offer moral guidance on the conflict. But its attempts to adopt a superior moral outlook have been severely tested by the fact that its clergy are now thoroughly zairianised, and have come to embody the ethnic and political prejudices of their respective communities.

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37

RUOTSILA, MARKKU. "The Catholic Apostolic Church in British Politics." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 56, no. 1 (January 2005): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904002155.

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This article looks at a largely neglected aspect of nineteenth- and twentieth-century religio-political activism and public doctrine, the conservative politics of premillennialist Protestantism. It approaches this subject through a case study of the doctrines and activities of the Catholic Apostolic Church, a relatively small premillennialist and Pentecostal faith-community extant from the 1830s through to the mid-twentieth century. The translation of these doctrines into Conservative party politics by Henry Drummond MP and by the seventh and eighth dukes of Northumberland is given especial attention.

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38

Levine, Daniel H., and John M. Kirk. "Politics and the Catholic Church in Nicaragua." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 4 (November 1993): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516887.

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39

Levine, Daniel H. "Politics and the Catholic Church in Nicaragua." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 722–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-73.4.722.

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40

McCleary, Rachel M., and Robert J. Barro. "Opening the Fifth Seal Catholic Martyrs and Forces of Religious Competition." Journal of Religion and Demography 7, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-12347102.

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Abstract Since Pope John Paul II’s stock-taking of twentieth century martyrs, the Catholic Church has significantly increased the beatification and canonization of martyrs. Not only have the numbers of martyrs increased but the definition of martyrdom has expanded. Using a comprehensive new data set on Catholic martyrs (1588 to 2020), we argue that the Vatican’s recent emphasis on martyrs is a strategic response to competition with Protestants, specifically Evangelicals. Martyrs, unlike regular saints (confessors), tend to be predominantly male and died in parts of the world where the Catholic Church was actively involved in evangelization or had a significant presence. Martyrdom often associates with violent events, such as the Spanish Civil War, World War II, and the French Revolution, and with mass persecutions, such as in the English Reformation or in cases of repression of missionaries, as in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and China.

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41

TRÄN Thi Liën, Claire. "Les relations entre l’Église catholique et l’État au Vietnam depuis le Đổi Mới. Perspectives." Social Compass 57, no. 3 (September 2010): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768610375519.

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The relationship between State and Church in Vietnam differs from that in China because of the loyalty of the Vietnamese Church to Rome. As a minority religion (7% of the population), the Catholic Church has adopted a policy of dialogue with the communist State since the reunification of the country in 1975. After a difficult initial period, the Church is now enjoying a marked revival. The reform policy (đ i m i) initiated in 1986 and the opening of the country after more than 40 years of war have contributed to the improvement of State—Church relations. Committed to an international integration process, and under simultaneous pressure from Western countries, international institutions and increasing public unrest, the Vietnamese State is pursuing its policy of religious tolerance even though this policy creates tensions both within the Party and at local level. However, it does not seem to compromise the process of establishing diplomatic relations with the Vatican.

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42

Thayer, Carlyle A. "Political Legitimacy of Vietnam's One PartyState: Challenges and Responses." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 28, no. 4 (December 2009): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810340902800403.

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This article focuses on the challenges to the authority of Vietnam's one-party state that emerged in 2009 and state responses. Three separate challenges are discussed: opposition to bauxite mining in the Central Highlands; mass protests by the Catholic Church over land ownership issues; and revived political dissent by pro-democracy activists and bloggers. The Vietnam Communist Party bases its claims to political legitimacy on multiple sources. The bauxite mining controversy challenged the state's claim to political legitimacy on the basis of performance. The Catholic land dispute challenged the state's claim to legitimacy on rational-legal grounds. Revived political dissent, including the linkage of demands for democracy with concerns over environmental issues and relations with China, challenged the state's claim to legitimacy based on nationalism. Vietnam responded in a “soft authoritarian” manner. Future challenges and state responses will be debated as Vietnam moves to convene its eleventh national party congress in 2010.

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43

Fishman, Laura. "Calude d'Abbeville and the Tupinamba: Problems and Goals of French Missionary Work in Early Seventeenth-Century Brazil." Church History 58, no. 1 (March 1989): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167676.

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The Catholic church during the era of the Catholic Reformation experienced great vitality and vigor. Missionary activity was one of the clearest indications of this renewed spiritual energy. Simultaneously with Catholic revitalization there occurred the expansion of European commerce and colonization. In the wake of the Age of Discovery portions of Africa, Asia, and the New World became more accessible to Europeans. The Catholic church, by means of its religious orders, carried Christianity to the inhabitants of these regions. The drive and dedication which led to reform of the church within Europe also fueled an intense missionary commitment towards the people of other continents. The dedication and zeal of the regular clergy reflected the apostolic tradition within the church, but this older ideal was enhanced by a new spirit of expansionism. The Catholic religious orders shared the urge of many of their secular contemporaries to take advantage of new opportunities for growth overseas.

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44

Beyga, Paweł. "John Henry Newman’s Selected Themes from the Theology of the Church." Teologia w Polsce 14, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/twp.2020.14.2.04.

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John Henry Newman is one of the most famous person on the Catholic and Anglican Church. In his works he was writing on the both theological position. In the article author showed selected aspects of John Henry Newman’s theology of the Church, so-calledecclesiology. For understanding Newman’s theological position very important are his personal history in the Church of England, situation in the Catholic Church and two dogmas proclaimed during the life of this new Catholic saint. In the last part of the article theecclesiology of John Henry Newman is rereading in the light of modern problems in the Catholic and Anglican theology.

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45

Aldosari, Ayedh. "Salvation Outside the Catholic Church A Critical and Analytical Study." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Sharia'h Sciences and Islamic Studies 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/si87873753.

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The aim of the research: to study the concept of (salvation outside the church) in the Catholic Church, in the medieval period, and after the Second Vatican Council, in order to find out any change in the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the issue of salvation. Research Methodology: The researcher used the inductive analytical critical approach. Contents of the research: The research consists of an introduction, and eight sections, which are: The first section: the concept of salvation and its importance, the second section: salvation through the history of the Catholic Church, the third section: Signs of transformation in the position of the Catholic Church, the fourth section: the Catholic Church from the past to the Second Vatican Council, the fifth section: Examining the position of the Second Vatican Council towards the issue of salvation, the seventh section: What is new in the Second Vatican Council?, The eighth section: An evaluation of the position of the Catholic Church and Catholic theologians on salvation. The article has concluded that there is no real or fundamental change in the position of the Catholic Church on the issue of (salvation outside the church), and the author recommends to study the subject of (anonymous Christian) within the thought of Karl Rahner, a German Jesuit priest, and compare it with the Islamic concept of 'excuse because of unawareness'.

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46

Orsi, Robert, Jay P. Dolan, Gilberto M. Hinojosa, Jaime R. Vidal, Allan Figueroa Deck, and Jeanette Rodriguez. "Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900-1965." Journal of American History 82, no. 4 (March 1996): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945391.

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47

Hyde, Simon. "Roman Catholicism and the Prussian State in the Early 1850s." Central European History 24, no. 2-3 (June 1991): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900018884.

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The relationship between the Roman Catholic church and the state in nineteenth-century German history appears to have been plagued by discord and mistrust. From the secularization of church lands and the dissolution of sovereign ecclesiastical territories at the beginning of the century to the Kulturkampf of the 1870s, church and state found themselves repeatedly at loggerheads. One thinks of the negotiations between Prussia and Rome on a concordat after 1815, the Cologne mixed marriage controversy of 1837, the Frankfurt Parliament's debates on Article III of the Reich Constitution in 1848, and the hostility aroused by the Raumer decrees of 1852. In a recent article on the Catholic church in Westphalia during the 1850s and his book on popular Catholicism in nineteenth-century Germany, Jonathan Sperber has challenged the validity of this picture of conflict between church and state.

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48

Jodziewicz, Thomas W., and Michael V. Namorato. "The Catholic Church in Mississippi, 1911-1984: A History." Journal of Southern History 66, no. 2 (May 2000): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2587710.

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49

Grimes, Donald J. "Book Review: Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity." Theological Studies 47, no. 2 (May 1986): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056398604700218.

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50

Bokenkotter, Thomas S. "The Catholic Church through the Ages. A History (review)." Catholic Historical Review 93, no. 1 (2007): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2007.0066.

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