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Journal articles on the topic 'Cathodic polarisation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 12 May 2023

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1

Arjmand, Farzin, and Annemie Adriaens. "Effect of cathodic polarisation on the corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel under static and dynamic conditions." Corrosion Reviews 33, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0023.

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AbstractThe role of cathodic polarisation on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel was investigated under static and dynamic conditions. The results reveal that the applied flow regime during the cathodic polarisation process has a direct effect on the corrosion behaviour of steel. The cathodic polarisation of steel under static conditions increases the oxygen reduction rate and shifts the corrosion potential towards nobler potentials. Under dynamic conditions, depending on the regime of the applied fluid flow during cathodic and anodic polarisation, the oxygen reduction rate can increase, causing the corrosion potential of the cathodically polarised steel to shift towards more positive direction. On the contrary, the oxygen reduction rate can decrease and the corrosion potential of the cathodically polarised steel shifts towards more negative potentials.

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2

Leach, J. S. Llewelyn, B. R. Pearson, and A. Rahmat. "Cathodic Polarisation in Aqueous Solutions." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.563.

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3

Shubina Helbert, Varvara, Andrei Nazarov, Flavien Vucko, Nicolas Larché, and Dominique Thierry. "Effect of Cathodic Polarisation Switch-Off on the Passivity and Stability to Crevice Corrosion of AISI 304L Stainless Steel." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 2921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112921.

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The effects of cathodic polarisation switch-off on the passivation of AISI 304L stainless steel in air and its crevice corrosion susceptibility in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous electrolyte were investigated. Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) data showed that the oxide film is significantly destabilised and the rate of steel passivation in air is slowed down. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) highlighted that hydrogen absorption is proportional to the applied cathodic current density. A special crevice corrosion set-up was designed to realise simultaneous reproducible monitoring of potential and galvanic current to study the impact of prior cathodic polarisation on crevice corrosion onset.

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4

Cox, B., Yin-Mei Wong, and C. W. F. Quon. "Cathodic polarisation of corroding Zircaloy-4." Journal of Nuclear Materials 223, no. 3 (June 1995): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(95)00045-3.

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5

Rathod, Nikita, Peter Slater, George Sergi, Gamini Seveviratne, and David Simpson. "A fresh look at depolarisation criteria for cathodic protection of steel reinforcement in concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928903011.

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Criteria for the successful application of cathodic protection (CP) for steel reinforced concrete have been fixed for decades and form part of ISO EN12696. The most used criterion is the achievement of 100 mV depolarization over a period not exceeding 24 hours after discontinuation of the applied current. Although more empirical than theoretically based, the criterion has served the CP industry well. It does, however, exclude any systems that may not always achieve that level of depolarization but have been shown to offer adequate protection, and so there is a need to explore ways of assessing depolarisation data more effectively. On a fundamental level, non-linear polarisation, as described by the Butler Volmer equation, relates corrosion rate to polarisation for a given applied current density and shows that at low current densities, estimated corrosion rates can be shown to be still insignificant at less than 100 mV polarisations. This paper explores the use of non-linear polarisation as an additional supportive criterion based on the measured 24-hour depolarisation level for a known applied current density and tests its applicability in the laboratory and in the field. It speculates that a reducing apparent corrosion current density trend in combination with a depolarised potential moving in a more noble direction is likely to be a suitable alternative criterion, where 100 mV depolarisation is not achieved.

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6

Simonet, Jacques. "The Platinised Platinum Interface Under Cathodic Polarisation." Platinum Metals Review 50, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106706x152703.

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7

Fanigliulo, A., and B. Bozzini. "Damage to gold surfaces induced by cathodic polarisation." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 38, no. 3 (September 2003): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/147842203770226979.

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8

Balčiūnaitė, Aldona, Kush K. Upadhyay, Kristina Radinović, Diogo M. F. Santos, M. F. Montemor, and Biljana Šljukić. "Steps towards highly-efficient water splitting and oxygen reduction using nanostructured β-Ni(OH)₂." RSC Advances 12, no. 16 (2022): 10020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra00914e.

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β-Ni(OH)2 nanoplatelets produced via a hydrothermal method exhibit good performance as trifunctional electrocatalysts for the ORR, OER, and HER in alkaline media along with excellent stability under cathodic/anodic polarisation conditions.

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9

Mjwana, Phumlani, Philippe Refait, Babatunde A. Obadele, Marc Jeannin, and Peter Olubambi. "Electrochemical Study of Calcareous Deposit Formation in Simulated Soil Solution under Cathodic Protection." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.307.

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Cathodic protection induces the formation of a calcareous layer has been shown to improve metal protection against corrosion by reducing the oxygen diffusion on the metal surface. The present study focuses on the electrochemical scaling induced by the application of cathodic polarisation. A combination of non-invasive in-situ electrochemical techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used. Metal/electrolyte interface behaviour was studied using voltammetry to determine the controlling anodic and cathodic reactions. One-week long experiments were conducted. Applied potential –1.2 VSCE was shown to enable the formation of CaCO3 allotropes calcite and aragonite, and brucite due to increased interfacial pH which resulted in the formation of hydrogen at the electrode surface. Time constants from bode plots for applied potential –1.2 VSCE also illustrated the inhomogeneity of the calcareous layer. Modelling of polarisation curves illustrated a “passivation” phenomenon which resulted from formation of hydroxyl cations. This was further validated by bode plots with the added information on the diffusion reaction process. High frequency behaviour showed a steady increase in the electrolyte resistance which may be attributed to the formation of the calcareous layer. Evidence of the initial Mg-gel porous layer, which precedes the formation of brucite, was found.

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10

Cheruvathur, Sini Varghese, Joby Thomas Kakkassery, Vinod Raphael Palayoor, Binsi M. Paulson, and Ragi Kooliyat. "Electrochemically Synthesized Poly(2-Aminobenzenesulphonic Acid) – An Efficient Protection for Carbon Steel Corrosion." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350223.

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The corrosion protection efficacy of electrochemically synthesized poly(2-aminobenzenesulphonic acid) (P2ABSA) on carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarisation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR spectral studies. The polymeric coating was prepared on the steel surface using cyclic voltammetry. Investigations established that P2ABSA effectively prevent the metal dissolution in HCl medium. Polarisation studies revealed that this polymer hinder both anodic and cathodic process of corrosion appreciably. The structures of the chemically and electrochemically synthesised polymers were compared using IR spectroscopy. Morphology of the steel surface confirmed the intact response of P2ABSA on steel surface treated with HCl.

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11

Kliškić, M., J. Radošević, and S. Gudić. "Yield of hydrogen during cathodic polarisation of Al–Sn alloys." Electrochimica Acta 48, no. 28 (December 2003): 4167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00602-9.

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12

Eichler, T., B. Isecke, G. Wilsch, S. Goldschmidt, and M. Bruns. "Investigations on the chloride migration in consequence of cathodic polarisation." Materials and Corrosion 61, no. 6 (March 4, 2010): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.200905560.

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13

Green, W. K., S. B. Lyon, and J. D. Scantlebury. "Electrochemical changes in chloride-contaminated reinforced concrete following cathodic polarisation." Corrosion Science 35, no. 5-8 (January 1993): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(93)90392-t.

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14

Zhou, Yiqi, and Dirk Lars Engelberg. "On the Application of Bipolar Electrochemistry to Characterise the Localised Corrosion Behaviour of Type 420 Ferritic Stainless Steel." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060794.

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Bipolar electrochemistry has been applied to Type 420 ferritic stainless steel in order to determine the full spectrum of anodic-to-cathodic polarisation behaviour. The occurrence of crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion in combination with general corrosion, pitting corrosion only, general corrosion only, followed by a cathodic region has been observed. Instances of pitting corrosion initiated near chromium-rich carbides with Cr23C6, Cr3C2, and Cr7C3 identified as pit nucleation sites. The observed pit growth kinetics were independent of the electrochemical over-potential. Characterisation of the pit size distributions supports the presence of a critical dissolved volume for the transition of metastable to stable pit growth and pit coalescence.

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15

Mjwana, Phumlani, Babatunde J. Obadele, Philippe Refait, and Peter Olubambi. "Study of Corrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steel in Evian Derived Solution from Electrochemical Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.280.

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Marine structures and buried pipelines are constantly exposed to extreme conditions with elements such as temperature variation, soil ion content and dissolved metals posing a continuous threat on the integrity and lifespan of the structures. Quantification of these elements has been limited to studying only a few of the parameters, with the resulting corrosion behaviour not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in Evian derived solution using the anodic component attained from modelled polarisation curves. The behaviour of the metal/electrolyte interface was studied using a combination of voltammetry and X-ray diffraction analysis of the mineral layer. The expression for the anodic and cathodic component of the current as a function of potential was attained from log|j| vs. potential plots. Mathematical modelling of the experimental polarisation curves was done using OriginPro Data Analysis & Graphing Software. Voltammetry around open circuit potential (VAOCP) showed the necessity for corrosion protection as the adopted electrochemical system resulted in a progressively corrosive environment. Kinetics and mechanism of the anodic and cathodic process indicated corrosion processes similar to aerated soil conditions.

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16

Qi, Kai, Yubing Qiu, Zhenyu Chen, and Xingpeng Guo. "Corrosion of conductive polypyrrole: Effects of continuous cathodic and anodic polarisation." Corrosion Science 69 (April 2013): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.01.006.

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17

Olszewska, Anna, and Konrad Świerczek. "ReBaCo2-xMnxO5+δ (Re: rare earth element) layered perovskites for application as cathodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801020.

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Decrease of the operation temperature is considered as one of the most important targets in development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), as it leads to considerable extension of their long-term operation and makes construction and utilization of the SOFC generators cost-effective. Relatively high value of the activation energy of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring at the cathode, and consequently, large cathodic polarization resistance at lower temperatures is a major obstacle hindering usage of SOFCs at decreased temperatures. In this work possibility of application of manganese-doped cobalt-based cation-ordered perovskites as candidate cathode materials in the intermediate temperature (IT, ca. 600-800 °C) range is discussed. The considered oxide materials, depending on chemical composition, i.e. choice of Re element and Mn-doping level exhibit high values of mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, as well as good catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction and moderate thermal expansion. Cathode layers manufactured on a basis of selected ReBaCo2-xMnxO5+δ oxides show low polarisation resistance.

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18

Bhuiyan, Shamir, David Law, Liam Ward, and Justin Saliba. "The effects of anode distance and corrosion activity on current distribution for ICCP systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928903001.

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One of the most effective techniques to mitigate corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP). This technique has been widely used for several decades; however, there is limited research systematically studying the various factors affecting the distribution of cathodic current over the area of steel reinforcement. Understanding how current is distributed in an ICCP system is crucial for its design to ensure that all areas of steel are sufficiently protected, and overprotection of certain areas is avoided. In this study, the effect of distance of the anode from the steel and level of corrosion on current distribution is investigated by applying a potential sweep and measuring the steel potential and current for specimens with three layers of steel at different depths. The findings from this study revealed an inverse relationship between cathodic polarisation with steel distance from the anode and that higher levels of corrosion can cause a more non-uniform current distribution favouring the closest bar to the anode.

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19

Bánszegi, O., E. Bognár, Cs Gedeon, and M. Dombos. "Detecting soil microbial activity via an electrochemical activity sensor." Agrokémia és Talajtan 63, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.63.2014.1.19.

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In water quality research the interest in online biofilm monitoring techniques has recently increased significantly.Christianiet al. (2008) presented a simple electrochemical technique to monitor electro-active biofilm in soil, based on the cathodic polarisation of stainless steel electrodes. Authors present an improved method, in which stainless steel was replaced by copper. By using copper-zinc electrodes authors have shown difference in the electrical potential between sterilized and native soils even at low moisture content.

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20

Kouril, Milan, Alexander Palffy, Jan Hruska, Pavel Novak, and Šárka Msallamová. "Detection of pH Increase at the Surface of Cathodically Polarized Metal by Means of Amphoteric Metals Activation." Materials Science Forum 844 (March 2016): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.844.55.

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Nowadays, the cathodic protection is a common way of additional corrosion protection of buried structures. This protection is usually accompanied by cathodic polarisation on the protective potential of-850 mV(CSE). Its function is to prevent undesirable corrosion rates, in case the coating protection fails. Objective was to predict a state in terms of passivity or activity in which a carbon steel is in. And to do so, there is a monitoring of pH values by amphoteric metals, which would track pH changes of cathodically protected material in a soil. For pH detection, Al and Zn, were used. Main aim was to track corrosion rate of these amphoteric metals as a most reliable way to predict pH changes. Cathodic protection led to higher pH values of model soil located closely to surface of protected material. In case of carbon steel, alkalisation led to passive state and in the same time amphoteric metals could exist in active state. The aim of this work was to clarify usage of monitoring the corrosion rate of amphoteric metals for detection of pH values influenced by cathodic polarisation.Graphical abstract: Fig. 1 Kinetic and thermodynamic demonstration of passivation of cathodically protected steel

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21

Sergi, George, Gamini Seneviratne, and David Simpson. "Long term control of corrosion of steel reinforcement by a two-stage cathodic protection method." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236102004.

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It has been shown experimentally that corrosion of steel reinforcement can be arrested if sufficient cathodic charge at a current density higher than 20 mA/m2 is applied over a period of weeks. Once corrosion is arrested, a cathodic prevention current density, which requires a current density an order of magnitude lower than for conventional cathodic protection, can be applied for long-term prevention of re-initiation of corrosion. Self-contained products were developed in the laboratory according to the Two-Stage principle, each single product containing a battery-operated ICCP element which produces a high initial current output of between 20 mA/m2 and 50 mA/m2 of steel area during an initial polarisation corrosion arrest phase and a galvanic anode component which delivers the lower cathodic prevention current long-term. Diodes ensure that the current from the battery is delivered to the steel reinforcement and not dumped onto the galvanic anode and allow the galvanic current to flow only when the ICCP element becomes inoperable. This paper describes the principles of the technique, illustrates products developed and presents medium-term field studies to demonstrate the success of the Two-Stage CP technique.

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22

Kear, G., B. D. Barker, K. Stokes, and F. C. Walsh. "Flow influenced electrochemical corrosion of nickel aluminium bronze ? Part I. Cathodic polarisation." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 34, no. 12 (December 2004): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-004-1758-1.

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23

Carrick, David M., Simon C. Hogg, and Geoffrey D. Wilcox. "Corrosion of an Advanced Al-Cu-Li Alloy for Aerospace Applications." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.629.

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This paper discusses two Al-Cu alloys for aerospace applications, one which has a high concentration (>1.8 wt.%) of Li. These alloys are AA2024-T3 (Al-Cu) and AA2099-T8E77 (Al-Cu-Li) and are both in the plate format. Anodic polarisation and immersion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution have been carried out and a comparison of the corrosion mechanisms have been made. Both alloys showed extensive corrosion over the surface, AA2024-T3, however, had areas of pitting that had joined together forming large corrosion regions, whereas AA2099-T8E77 had numerous corrosion pits that had not merged. The pits on AA2099-T8E77 propagated to a depth ~120 µm whereas on AA2024-T3 the maximum depth was ~85 µm. Intergranular and transgranular corrosion was also observed on the AA2024-T3 alloy following anodic polarisation. AA2099-T8E77 had reduced corrosion resistance with regards to Epit-Ecorr values. For both alloys, dissolution of matrix material surrounding the Cu-rich intermetallic particles was observed, highlighting the particles’ cathodic nature.

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24

Parameswari, K., S. Chitra, S. Kavitha, J. Rajpriya, and A. Selvaraj. "Adsorption and Inhibitive Properties of Triazolo- pyrimidine Derivatives in Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 3 (2011): 1250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/128682.

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Inhibitive and adsorption properties of synthesized triazolo- pryimidine derivatives (P1, P2 & P3 ) for the corrosion of mild steel was investigated using weight loss and electrochemical methods. Inhibition efficiency increased as the concentration of the inhibitor increased but decreased with increase in temperature. The triazolopyrimidines were found to act as adsorption inhibitors for the corrosion of mild steel. The adsorption mechanism of the triazolopyrimidine was found to be physisorption, spontaneous and exothermic. Also the adsorption followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. polarisation studies showed that the inhibitors behave as cathodic type.

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25

Bhosle, Narayan B., David Mccarrol, L. V. Evans, and R. G. J. Edyvean. "Effects of cathodic polarisation on carbohydrate metabolism inAmphora coffeaeformis, a marine fouling diatom." Biofouling 7, no. 3 (November 1993): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019309386252.

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26

Bhosle, N. B., L. V. Evans, and R. G. J. Edyvean. "The effect of cathodic polarisation on monosaccharides ofamphora coffeaeformis, a marine fouling diatom." Biofouling 8, no. 1 (April 1994): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019409378262.

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27

Ye, Zheng-Rong, Zhi-Chao Qiu, Zheng-Bin Wang, Yu-Gui Zheng, Ran Yi, and Xiang Zhou. "Can the Prior Cathodic Polarisation Treatment Remove the Air-Formed Surface Film and Is It Necessary for the Potentiodynamic Polarisation Test?" Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 33, no. 6 (March 28, 2020): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40195-020-01031-1.

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28

Rybkina, Alevtina, Natalia Gladkikh, Andrey Marshakov, Maxim Petrunin, and Andrei Nazarov. "Effect of Sign-Alternating Cyclic Polarisation and Hydrogen Uptake on the Localised Corrosion of X70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral Solutions." Metals 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020245.

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The effect of sign-alternating cycling polarisation (SACP) on the localised corrosion of X70pipeline steel in solutions of various compositions was studied. Localised corrosion of steel at anodic potentials was accelerated with an increase in the duration of the cathodic half-cycle, in the presence of a promoter of hydrogen absorption in aqueous electrolyte, and with an increase in the concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate ions. It was pointed out that the corrosion rate is determined by the amount of hydrogen absorbed by the steel. A quantitative indicator to determine the intensity of localised corrosion under SACP was suggested.

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29

Staun, Chris, Neetu Bansal, and James Vaughan. "Electrocrystallization and solubility of mercury in alkaline solution." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 96, no. 4 (April 2018): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0592.

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The chemical thermodynamics of mercury in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been investigated through electrochemical polarisation and solubility experiments. A review of thermodynamic data allowed determination of the Hg/HgO electrode potential. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a complex anodic reaction beginning with aqueous dissolution of elemental mercury and subsequent electrocrystallization of mercuric oxide. Cathodic sweeps showed dual reduction reactions, attributed to the presence of aqueous mercury and mercuric oxide. The solubility and hence activity of elemental mercury in sodium hydroxide solution was determined, otherwise known as the Sechenov salt effect. Sodium hydroxide salted mercury out of solution.

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30

Palumbo, Gaetano, and Jacek Banaś. "Inhibition Effect of Guar Gum on the Corrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steel (K-55) in Fracturing Fluid." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.59.

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The inhibition effect of guar gum on carbon steel (K-55) in the simulated fracturing fluid under static conditions was studied. The electrochemical experimental results indicated that the carbon steel shows active dissolution behaviour in the absence and the presence of the inhibitor. However, guar gum, acting as mixed-type inhibitor, was swiftly able to promote the formation of a product layer onto the metal surface, lowering both cathodic and anodic current density. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were consistent with the polarisation curves, showing an improvement of the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel in the presence of the inhibitor. However, for long exposure times, the corrosion activity of the metal increases, as result of the breakdown of the corrosion product layer and initiation of localised corrosion spot. After both polarisation and EIS measurements, two different layers were observed. A thin, dark stable layer of magnetite and, for long holding times, a porous red layer, poorly adhered, of hematite. The hematite layer, due to its porous nature, was characterised by poor corrosion ability.

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31

Trocino, Stefano, Carmelo Lo Vecchio, Sabrina Campagna Zignani, Alessandra Carbone, Ada Saccà, Vincenzo Baglio, Roberto Gómez, and Antonino Salvatore Aricò. "Dry Hydrogen Production in a Tandem Critical Raw Material-Free Water Photoelectrolysis Cell Using a Hydrophobic Gas-Diffusion Backing Layer." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111319.

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A photoelectrochemical tandem cell (PEC) based on a cathodic hydrophobic gas-diffusion backing layer was developed to produce dry hydrogen from solar driven water splitting. The cell consisted of low cost and non-critical raw materials (CRMs). A relatively high-energy gap (2.1 eV) hematite-based photoanode and a low energy gap (1.2 eV) cupric oxide photocathode were deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass (FTO) and a hydrophobic carbonaceous substrate, respectively. The cell was illuminated from the anode. The electrolyte separator consisted of a transparent hydrophilic anionic solid polymer membrane allowing higher wavelengths not absorbed by the photoanode to be transmitted to the photocathode. To enhance the oxygen evolution rate, a NiFeOX surface promoter was deposited on the anodic semiconductor surface. To investigate the role of the cathodic backing layer, waterproofing and electrical conductivity properties were studied. Two different porous carbonaceous gas diffusion layers were tested (Spectracarb® and Sigracet®). These were also subjected to additional hydrophobisation procedures. The Sigracet 35BC® showed appropriate ex-situ properties for various wettability grades and it was selected as a cathodic substrate for the PEC. The enthalpic and throughput efficiency characteristics were determined, and the results compared to a conventional FTO glass-based cathode substrate. A throughput efficiency of 2% was achieved for the cell based on the hydrophobic backing layer, under a voltage bias of about 0.6 V, compared to 1% for the conventional cell. For the best configuration, an endurance test was carried out under operative conditions. The cells were electrochemically characterised by linear polarisation tests and impedance spectroscopy measurements. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs were analysed to assess the structure and morphology of the investigated materials.

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32

Genel, K. "Effect of cathodic polarisation on corrosion fatigue behaviour of ion nitrided AISI 4140 steel." International Journal of Fatigue 24, no. 5 (May 2002): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-1123(01)00114-1.

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33

Chaitra, T. K., K. N. Mohana, and H. C. Tandon. "Study of New Thiazole Based Pyridine Derivatives as Potential Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel: Theoretical and Experimental Approach." International Journal of Corrosion 2016 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9532809.

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Three new thiazole based pyridine derivatives 5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-thiazole-2-carboxylic acid pyridin-2-ylmethylene-hydrazide (2-MTPH), 5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-thiazole-2-carboxylic acid pyridin-3-ylmethylene-hydrazide (3-MTPH), and 5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-thiazole-2-carboxylic acid pyridin-4-ylmethylene-hydrazide (4-MTPH) were synthesized and characterized. Corrosion inhibition performance of the prepared compounds on mild steel in 0.5 M HCl was studied using gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarisation, and electrochemical impedance techniques. Inhibition efficiency has direct relation with concentration and inverse relation with temperature. Thermodynamic parameters for dissolution and adsorption process were evaluated. Polarisation study reveals that compounds act as both anodic and cathodic inhibitors with emphasis on the former. Impedance study shows that decrease in charge transfer resistance is responsible for effective protection of steel surface by inhibitors. The film formed on the mild steel was investigated using FTIR, SEM, and EDX spectroscopy. Quantum chemical parameters likeEHOMO,ELUMO,ΔE, hardness, softness, and ionisation potential were calculated. Higher value ofEHOMOand lower value ofΔEindicate the better inhibition efficiency of the compounds. Lower ionisation potential of inhibitors indicates higher reactivity and lower chemical stability.

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34

Jain, Rachna, Manish Kumar Bhadu, Keshave Swarnkar, and Sumitesh Das. "Significance of formed adherent complex by use of phosphorylated polyphenol coating." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2015-0127.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on the use of phosphorylated polyphenol (PP)-coated galvanised iron (GI) surface to study the degradation of coating with different time intervals and long-term exposure in different salty media. Design/methodology/approach The as-obtained PP complex on GI was evident by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coated coupons were exposed to different salty media such as 3.5 per cent NaCl, 1.5 per cent Na2SO4 and tap water at set time intervals. Electrochemical polarisation was performed to study the anodic and cathodic polarisation behaviour at each time interval. Findings The adherent foliolate nanopattern of iron zinc phosphate and zinc dihydrogen phosphate on GI surface was evident by SEM, FT-IR, EDS and XRD. The coated coupons exhibited good corrosion resistance. This coating performs as an alternative to time-consuming multistep operations of phosphating treatment. Originality/value The mode of the experiment treatment using modified PP coating especially on GI in different corrosive exposures at set time intervals is a novel approach in this research.

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Kumari, Preethi, Prakash Shetty, and Suma A. Rao. "Corrosion Inhibition Effect of 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(1H-indole-2-ylmethylidene)] Benzohydrazide on Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution." International Journal of Corrosion 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/256424.

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The inhibition performance and adsorption behaviour of 4-hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(1H-indole-2-ylmethylidene)] benzohydrazide (HIBH) on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution were tested by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The inhibition efficiency of HIBH increases with increase in inhibitor concentration in the temperature range 30–60°C. Polarisation curves indicate that HIBH is a mixed inhibitor, affecting both cathodic and anodic corrosion currents. The adsorption process of HIBH at the mild steel/hydrochloric acid solution interface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and inhibition takes place by mixed adsorption, predominantly chemisorption. The activation and thermodynamic parameters for the corrosion inhibition process were calculated to elaborate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.

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Harris, S. J., A. J. Gould, and P. J. Boden. "Influence of cathodic polarisation on the plating rate and properties of electroless Ni-P coatings." Transactions of the IMF 64, no. 1 (January 1986): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1986.11870728.

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Nalini, D., R. Rajalakshmi, and S. Subhashini. "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Acid Solution by 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-imidazolines." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2011): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/439234.

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A heterocyclic imidazoline, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-2-imidazolines (TMP2I) was tested for its corrosion inhibition in 0.5 M H2SO4and 1 M HCl using weight loss, Tafel polarisation and electrochemical impedance techniques. The results show that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of TMP2I and the higher efficiency of about 98% is obtained in both the acid media at 20 ppm. The adsorption of TMP2I obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm and occurs spontaneously. Cathodic and anodic polarization curves of mild steel in the presence of different concentrations of TMP2I at 300C reveal that it is a mixed type of inhibitor. Electrochemical impedance studies reveal that the system follows mixed mode of inhibition. The surface morphology of the mild steel specimens was evaluated using SEM images

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Crolet, Jean-Louis. "Detailed mechanisms of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking of steel in liquid ammonia storage." Matériaux & Techniques 107, no. 4 (2019): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019023.

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The available polarisation curves of the literature are analysed in view of the theoretical analysis of the corrosive medium in Part I (J.-L. Crolet, Matériaux & Techniques 107, 401, 2019) and the new views on passivation and hydrogen charging. The accurate electrochemical conditions of the respective cathodic and “anodic” hydrogen charging are thus defined, or more exactly the paradox of a protonic cathodic reaction only running at high potential. Similarly in the available exposure test results, the locus of the ternary redox equilibrium between ammonia and its two decisive contaminants, oxygen and water, separates contaminated ammonia into two domains, on the one hand, a safe domain where the undersaturated oxygen cannot act as an oxidiser, hence no anodic HSC at the free corrosion potential, and on the other hand, a dangerous domain where oxygen is supersaturated, hence oxidising conditions, steel passivation, high potentials, anodic charging and anodic HSC. Likewise, all the known features of this environmental cracking are also explained, with no exception nor contradiction, including the differences between the liquid and vapour phases. An experimental method is also proposed to directly check the occurrence of anodic charging, and proposals are also made for at the same time improving safety and reducing operational or capital expenditures.

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Jankowski,, J. "Electrochemical Methods for Corrosion Rate Determination Under Cathodic Polarisation Conditions - A Review Part I - DC Methods." Corrosion Reviews 20, no. 3 (April 2002): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.2002.20.3.159.

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Jankowski,, J. "Electrochemical Methods for Corrosion Rate Determination Under Cathodic Polarisation Conditions - A Review Part II - AC Methods." Corrosion Reviews 20, no. 3 (April 2002): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.2002.20.3.179.

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Flis, J. "Changes in hydrogen entry rate and in surface of iron during cathodic polarisation in alkaline solutions." Electrochimica Acta 44, no. 23 (July 15, 1999): 3989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00168-1.

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Ojeda, V. A., L. Lázaro, J. J. Benito, and J. M. Bastidas. "Use of the polarisation shift criterion to evaluate cathodic protection of on-grade steel storage tanks." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 51, no. 7 (May 17, 2016): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2016.1160607.

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Flis-Kabulska, Iwona. "Transient hydrogen permeation through iron after potential jumps from cathodic to anodic polarisation in NaOH solution." Electrochemistry Communications 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.10.022.

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Asgharzadeh, Amir, and Michael Raupach. "Tensile strength of carbon rovings impregnated with different materials under anodic polarization." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 11015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819911015.

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Carbon textiles are used more and more as reinforcement in concrete structures. Due to their high durability the concrete covers can be extremely thin compared to traditional steel reinforced concrete, resulting in the possibility to build very thin elements with excellent performance. To improve the properties of the carbon textiles, the rovings are normally impregnated with different types of polymers. Additionally to the use as reinforcement, carbon textiles can also be used as anodes for cathodic protection. However, while first tests have shown, that impregnated carbon rovings are suitable to be used as CP-anodes, it is still not clear under which conditions the new types of anodes are stable or when they start to dissolve. This paper describes investigations on the influence of an anodic polarisation on the tensile strength of different types of impregnated carbon rovings.

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Loureiro, Francisco J. A., Daniel A. Macedo, Rubens M. Nascimento, Moisés R. Cesário, João P. F. Grilo, Aleksey A. Yaremchenko, and Duncan P. Fagg. "Cathodic polarisation of composite LSCF-SDC IT-SOFC electrode synthesised by one-step microwave self-assisted combustion." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 39, no. 5 (May 2019): 1846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.01.013.

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Hihara, L. H. "Anodic and cathodic models for interpreting polarisation behaviour of ceramic-coated substrates containing pre-existing coating breaches." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (June 2004): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/147842204225016985.

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Eichler, T., B. Isecke, and R. Bäßler. "Investigations on the re-passivation of carbon steel in chloride containing concrete in consequence of cathodic polarisation." Materials and Corrosion 60, no. 2 (November 28, 2008): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.200805142.

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Sarfraz, Adnan, Ralf Posner, Asif Bashir, Angel Topalov, Karl J. J. Mayrhofer, Kirsten Lill, and Andreas Erbe. "Effect of Polarisation Mimicking Cathodic Electrodeposition Coating on Industrially Relevant Metal Substrates with ZrO2-Based Conversion Coatings." ChemElectroChem 3, no. 9 (July 19, 2016): 1415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600216.

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Bryant, Michael, and Anne Neville. "Fretting corrosion of CoCr alloy: Effect of load and displacement on the degradation mechanisms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411916680237.

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Fretting corrosion of medical devices is of growing concern, yet, the interactions between tribological and electrochemical parameters are not fully understood. Fretting corrosion of CoCr alloy was simulated, and the components of damage were monitored as a function of displacement and contact pressure. Free corrosion potential (Ecorr), intermittent linear polarisation resistance and cathodic potentiostatic methods were used to characterise the system. Interferometry was used to estimate material loss post rubbing. The fretting regime influenced the total material lost and the dominant degradation mechanism. At high contact pressures and low displacements, pure corrosion was dominant with wear and its synergies becoming more important as the contact pressure and displacement decreased and increased, respectively. In some cases, an antagonistic effect from the corrosion-enhanced wear contributor was observed suggesting that film formation and removal may be present. The relationship between slip mechanism and the contributors to tribocorrosion degradation is presented.

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Latty, Monique hazel, James Sullivan, and Paul Gaskin. "Salmon Sperm DNA As a Corrosion Inhibitor on Ductile Cast for Use in Water Distribution System Pipes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 16 (July 7, 2022): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01161018mtgabs.

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Ductile cast iron (DCI) is a high carbon iron alloy with a composition of up to 3.7% C, 2.3% Si, 0.35% Mn and various smaller constitutes. Upon casting of DCI, the high carbon content results in solidification in a secondary phase in the form of graphite nodules. These graphite nodules form around a matrix of ferrite (α-Fe) and pearlite (α-Fe + Fe3C) and impart desirable properties such as high strength properties and corrosion resistance due to graphite’s cathodic potential. DCI is commonly used for water distribution pipework and contribute to 40% of all drinking water distribution pipes in Wales. Several different corrosion inhibitors are used to prevent corrosion of DCI in drinking water distribution applications, such as sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and ortho-polyphosphates. However, the use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) could provide a novel alternative to conventional corrosion inhibitors currently in service. The DNA molecule is formed by a double helix polynucleotide strand of phosphate and sugar groups via covalent bonds and base pairs bonded by hydrogen bonds to the molecule. The main advantage of DNA as a corrosion inhibitor is the surplus of phosphate molecules available to be chemisorbed to the surface of DCI. Alongside the potential of aromatic heterocyclic compounds found in base pairs, which could also provide corrosion inhibition via physicochemical adsorption. This work aims to assess the use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on the corrosion of ductile cast iron (DCI) in a corrosive electrolyte. DNA is considered a green, non-toxic inhibitor that shows potential when used in immersion corrosion conditions. Literature has demonstrated the use of DNA as a corrosion inhibitor for other materials such as Magnesium alloys, Copper and X80 steel. However, there is little published work on the use of DNA as a corrosion inhibitor on DCI. The DNA used in this study was extracted from salmon sperm (Sigma-Aldrich) and dissolved into a 0.17 mol dm-3 sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at the concentrations of 50, 100 and 500 mg/L adjusted to pH 7 via Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Electrochemical analysis and surface characterisation was carried out over a range of time periods. The corrosion inhibition afforded by DNA was determined through using a variety of electrochemical techniques such as: open circuit potential (OCP), anodic and cathodic polarisation and linear polarisation resistance (LPR). In-situ microscopy was used to study the corrosion mechanisms that occur on the surface microstructure of DCI. Post corrosion, the DCI surface was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR (Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy). Electrochemical results, performed over a 24-hour period, showed that as concentration of DNA increased an increase in voltage potential and decrease in corrosion rate (mpy) was observed. A decrease of 60% in corrosion rate after 24 hours is provided by 500 mg/L DNA compared to the control of 1% NaCl. However, after 30 minute’s immersion followed by cathodic polarisation studies showed an increased concentration of DNA can behave as a cathodic inhibitor. A theory for this inhibitive effect is that a passivating film forms on the DCI surface and that it is most effective after 30 minutes exposure due to the high efficiency observed during the longer-term studies. This could suggest that a film formed on the surface is most efficient after 30 minutes adsorption due to the high efficiency seen during the longer-term studies. After 72 hours of immersion there is a change in the surface of DCI, with a more robust scale appearing at higher concentrations. This change in coating surface may provide the increase in corrosion inhibition as the pathway for further corrosion attack is blocked by a protective scale. The protective scale is characterised using FTIR to examine the changes in chemical structure of the corrosion layer. Whereby PO-2 and base pairs are identified on the corrosion scale surface after 24-hours immersion in DNA. The corrosion inhibition observed using DNA on DCI in neutral immersion conditions is afforded to the adsorption of inhibitive species onto the DCI surface, providing an insoluble layer.

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