Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Caterpillars'
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Turna, Michael T. "Extraction of a phagostimulant and classification of the feeding recognition template for larvae of the moth Malacosoma americanum." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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DeGomez, Tom. "Tent Caterpillars in Northern Arizona above 6000 Foot Elevations." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144786.
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2 pp.This publication provides information and describes tent caterpillars in Northern Arizona. The feeding habits, life cycle of scales and their management/control methods are described in detail here.
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Khosravani, Masoud. "Searching for optimal caterpillars in general and bounded treewidth graphs." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/8360.
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In this thesis we are interested in optimization problems on caterpillar trees. A caterpillar is a tree with this property that if one removes its leaves only a path is left. The majority of this thesis is devoted to studying the Minimum Spanning Caterpillar Problem (MSCP). An instance of the MSCP is a graph with dual costs over its edges. In the MSCP our goal is to find a caterpillar tree that spans the input graph with the smallest overall cost. The cost of the caterpillar is the sum of the cost of its edges, where each edge takes one of two costs based on its role as a leaf edge or an internal one. We first show that the problem of finding a spanning caterpillar in a graph is NP-complete. As another result on the hardness of the MSCP, we show that there is no f (n)-approximation algorithm for the MSCP unless P = NP. Here f (n) is any polynomial-time computable function of n, the number of nodes of a graph. Then we introduce a quadratic integer programming formulation for the MSCP. By using the Gomory cutting method iteratively, we show that one can find a near optimal solution. We then show that our integer programming formulation can be transformed to a semi-definite programming problem. A parametrized algorithm that finds an optimal solution for the MSCP in bounded treewidth graphs is given in Chapter 4. Our algorithm is fast and practical for outer-planar, series parallel, Halin graphs and other graphs with small treewidth.
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Parnell, Robin Stewart. "Environmentally Induced Color Polymorphism in Caterpillars of Biston betulavia lognataria." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625731.
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Hunter, M. "Interactions between phytophagous insects on the pendunculate oak." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233562.
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Silow, Carl Axel. "Edible and other insects of mid-western Zambia studies in ethno-entomology /." Uppsala : Institutionen för allmän och jämförande etnografi vid Uppsala universitet, 2021. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/2440377.html.
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Eacock, A. "Extraocular photoreception and colour plasticity in caterpillars of the peppered moth, Biston betularia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3022296/.
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Visual camouflage is a textbook example of natural selection, and a widespread strategy used by both predators and prey to avoid detection. Background matching, where the animal resembles the colour, brightness, and/ or pattern of the surrounding visual background is a common form of visual camouflage, and can occur through genetic polymorphism, behavioural background choice, or dynamic colour change. Dynamic colour change can occur very rapidly (milliseconds) or gradually, sometimes taking weeks to complete. Visual cues such as colour, brightness, and pattern, have been shown to elicit colour change, and in some colour-changing animals visual cues are sensed outside of the eye using extraocular photoreceptors (EOPs). Colour change research has been focused predominantly on rapid, chromatophore-based colour change, as observed in cephalopods. In contrast, little is known about the physiology and evolutionary origins of gradual colour change. To avoid predation in a wide range of environments, caterpillars of the peppered moth (Biston betularia) masquerade as twigs and gradually change colour to match them. This thesis investigates the colour-changing response in B. betularia larvae: the shape of the reaction norm to colour and brightness gradients; the use and molecular basis of extraocular photoreception; and whether B. betularia alter resting behaviour to maximise concealment. Through a series of artificial twig experiments, I found that B. betularia larvae respond to both colour and luminance cues to produce a continuous range of phenotypes, rather than being restricted to a brown/green polyphenism as previously reported. To test for the possibility of extraocular photoreception, I occluded the eyes (ocelli) of groups of larvae and compared responses to colour and luminance with non-blindfolded control larvae. There was no difference in the colour-changing response of blindfolded larvae compared to controls, and blindfolded larvae also rested on colours that better matched their own colour to the same extent as non-blindfolded controls. I next examined the potential for visual machinery in the larval dermis, finding expression of a suite of visual genes throughout dermal tissue in B. betularia larvae and adults. In larvae, this expression was generally much higher relative to head tissue than found for adults. This finding corroborates the morphological and behavioural evidence for dermal photoreceptors in B. betularia larvae. The final chapter is an attempt to examine the exclusivity of extraocular photoreception in B. betularia, and its evolutionary origins, through tissue-specific measurement of opsin expression in larvae and adults of a phylogenetically broad sample of Lepidoptera. Dermal opsin expression was found in other species, but depended on the gene (UV, blue, LW1, LW2) and developmental stage. Phylogenetic signal was found only for expression of LW1 in larvae, and LW2 in adults. Larval colouration strategy between species also appears to affect dermal opsin expression. The thesis provides strong evidence for a novel physiological phenomenon: extraocular colour photoreception in the dermis of an insect, used to mediate colour change and behavioural background choice. The observation that dermal opsin expression occurs in several other species suggests that EOPs may be widespread in the Lepidoptera. Future work should be directed at the challenging task of understanding the mechanism underlying this class of EOPs, and characterising their functional roles in other species.
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Low, Petah Alexandra. "The ecology and behaviour of eucalypt-feeding caterpillars in response to predation risk." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15898.
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It was traditionally assumed that predator effects were lethally transmitted, however there is now increasing evidence of the importance of their non-consumptive effects. I outline a conceptual framework that integrates both the consumptive and non-consumptive pathways for predator effects on insect herbivores. Using this framework, I aimed to improve our understanding of predator effects on insect herbivores in the Eucalyptus system. First I investigated how the plant traits- leaf age and location- affect predation risk, and also whether this risk varied with type of predator. I found no evidence for a difference in risk. I then manipulated head capsule stacks on Uraba lugens larvae to investigate their putative defensive function. I found that the retention of moulted head capsules provides some protection against natural enemies by serving as a false target as well as a weapon to fend off attackers. Next I investigated the behavioural responses of caterpillars to variation in a direct physical cue of predation risk, non-lethal predator attacks varying in location and frequency. I found that the type and extent of response varied according to the location and frequency of attack, suggesting that these caterpillars have the capacity to distinguish different levels of risk. I also investigated how both the behaviour and physiology of caterpillars are influenced by multiple cues of predation risk. I found that the direct physical cue invoked both short term behavioural responses and long-term physiological ones, while the indirect chemical cue invoked only short-term physiological responses. Finally my thesis also addressed a number of methodological aims regarding the use of model prey. I confirmed the validity of models as surrogates for real prey in a field setting. I also collated a comprehensive reference collection of attack marks and established guidelines for identifying predators responsible for attacks on models.
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Queiroz, Maíra dos Santos [UNESP]. "Avaliação da resistência de cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto e rasteiro a Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98739.
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queiroz_ms_me_ilha.pdf: 369335 bytes, checksum: d91c6e5e65859485d1981b56241d3d31 (MD5)Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resistência de cultivares de amendoim a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira avaliou-se a atratividade e a não-preferência alimentar, com e sem chance de escolha, de lagartas recém-eclodidas em folhas de sete cultivares de amendoim. Utilizaram-se cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) e IAC-Tatú-ST) e rasteiro (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, IAC Runner 886 e Cavalo Amarelo). No teste de atratividade utilizou-se um sistema de arena em placas de Petri com 20 cm de diâmetro e com dez repetições. Para cada repetição (arena) foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém- eclodidas de S. frugiperda, avaliando o número total de lagartas atraídas pelos discos foliares dos cultivares aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 60 minutos. Para a avaliação de não-preferência alimentar, no teste com chance de escolha, os procedimentos e os cultivares utilizados foram os mesmos adotados no teste de atratividade. No teste, sem chance de escolha, os cultivares foram individualizados em placas de Petri de 6,0 cm de diâmetro e seu interior foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém-eclodidas por repetição, com 10 repetições. Na avaliação, contou-se o número total de lagartas que estavam se alimentando nos discos foliares dos cultivares após 24 horas da liberação. Na segunda etapa foi realizado estudos da biologia de S. frugiperda em seis cultivares de amendoim. As lagartas recém-eclodidas foram alimentadas com folhas dos seguintes cultivares: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 e IAC 505 (hábitos de crescimento rasteiro), e Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST e IAC Tupã (de hábitos de crescimento ereto). Assim, 30 lagartas por cultivar, provenientes de ovos obtidos em laboratório, foram mantidas em placas de Petri...
This study aimed to study the resistance of peanut cultivars to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The study was divided into two parts: in the first we evaluated, in free-choice and no-choice tests, the attractiveness and non- preference for feeding of newly-hatched caterpillars on leaves of seven peanut cultivars. Peanut cultivars upright growth habit (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) and IAC-Tatú-ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and Cavalo Amarelo) were evaluated. An arena system was used in the attractiveness test, consisting of Petri dishes (20 cm diameter), with ten replicates. Twenty newly-hatched S. frugiperda caterpillars were released for each replicate (arena); counts were obtained for the total number of caterpillars attracted to the leaf discs of the various cultivars at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 60 minutes. In the free-choice test to evaluate non-preference for feeding, the same procedures and cultivars used in the attractiveness test were adopted. In the no- choice test the materials were individualized in Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter); twenty newly-hatched caterpillars per replicate were released into the dishes, with 10 replicates. The test was evaluated by counting the total number of caterpillars feeding on the leaf discs of the various cultivars 24 hours after release. In the second part of the investigation we conducted studies on the biology of S. frugiperda on six peanut cultivars. Newly-hatched caterpillars were fed leaves of the following peanut cultivars: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and IAC 505 (runner growth habit), Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST and IAC Tupã (upright growth habit). Thirty caterpillars per cultivar, resulting from eggs obtained in the laboratory, were maintained in individualized Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter and 2.0 cm in height) until pupation. The pupae were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Queiroz, Maíra dos Santos. "Avaliação da resistência de cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto e rasteiro a Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) /." Ilha Solteira, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98739.
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Orientador: Alcebiades Ribeiro CamposBanca: Marineide Rosa Vieira
Banca: Luciana Cláudia Toscano Maruyama
Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resistência de cultivares de amendoim a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira avaliou-se a atratividade e a não-preferência alimentar, com e sem chance de escolha, de lagartas recém-eclodidas em folhas de sete cultivares de amendoim. Utilizaram-se cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) e IAC-Tatú-ST) e rasteiro (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, IAC Runner 886 e Cavalo Amarelo). No teste de atratividade utilizou-se um sistema de arena em placas de Petri com 20 cm de diâmetro e com dez repetições. Para cada repetição (arena) foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém- eclodidas de S. frugiperda, avaliando o número total de lagartas atraídas pelos discos foliares dos cultivares aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 60 minutos. Para a avaliação de não-preferência alimentar, no teste com chance de escolha, os procedimentos e os cultivares utilizados foram os mesmos adotados no teste de atratividade. No teste, sem chance de escolha, os cultivares foram individualizados em placas de Petri de 6,0 cm de diâmetro e seu interior foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém-eclodidas por repetição, com 10 repetições. Na avaliação, contou-se o número total de lagartas que estavam se alimentando nos discos foliares dos cultivares após 24 horas da liberação. Na segunda etapa foi realizado estudos da biologia de S. frugiperda em seis cultivares de amendoim. As lagartas recém-eclodidas foram alimentadas com folhas dos seguintes cultivares: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 e IAC 505 (hábitos de crescimento rasteiro), e Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST e IAC Tupã (de hábitos de crescimento ereto). Assim, 30 lagartas por cultivar, provenientes de ovos obtidos em laboratório, foram mantidas em placas de Petri... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to study the resistance of peanut cultivars to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The study was divided into two parts: in the first we evaluated, in free-choice and no-choice tests, the attractiveness and non- preference for feeding of newly-hatched caterpillars on leaves of seven peanut cultivars. Peanut cultivars upright growth habit (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) and IAC-Tatú-ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and Cavalo Amarelo) were evaluated. An arena system was used in the attractiveness test, consisting of Petri dishes (20 cm diameter), with ten replicates. Twenty newly-hatched S. frugiperda caterpillars were released for each replicate (arena); counts were obtained for the total number of caterpillars attracted to the leaf discs of the various cultivars at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 60 minutes. In the free-choice test to evaluate non-preference for feeding, the same procedures and cultivars used in the attractiveness test were adopted. In the no- choice test the materials were individualized in Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter); twenty newly-hatched caterpillars per replicate were released into the dishes, with 10 replicates. The test was evaluated by counting the total number of caterpillars feeding on the leaf discs of the various cultivars 24 hours after release. In the second part of the investigation we conducted studies on the biology of S. frugiperda on six peanut cultivars. Newly-hatched caterpillars were fed leaves of the following peanut cultivars: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and IAC 505 (runner growth habit), Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST and IAC Tupã (upright growth habit). Thirty caterpillars per cultivar, resulting from eggs obtained in the laboratory, were maintained in individualized Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter and 2.0 cm in height) until pupation. The pupae were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Dookie, Amanda. "Safe and Sound: Studies on the Function and Evolution of Defence Sounds in Bombycoidea Caterpillars." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35680.
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Defence sounds are widespread and diverse amongst insects. Despite their ubiquity and variability, hypotheses explaining their functions and evolutionary origins have been understudied. My thesis focused on these topics using silk and hawkmoth Bombycoidea caterpillars as a model system. In Chapter Two I investigated why defence sounds have evolved in some caterpillars but not others by testing the hypothesis that large body size is a factor in the evolution of defence sounds. To test this hypothesis, I followed the development of defence sounds in four Bombycoidea species from hatching to pupation. I predicted that early instars would not produce defence sounds, and that within sound producing instars defence sounds would be more likely to occur in larger caterpillars. Results showed that defence sounds were absent in the first and second instar, and that they developed in the third through to the fifth instar in all species. Moreover, the onset of sound production occurred when all species were the same relative size (~1.12 g, ~26.37 mm), despite the fact that the species differed in their final instar size. I concluded that early instar caterpillars do not make defence sounds, and that there is a critical size when defence sounds develop. I further tested the hypothesis that smaller caterpillars do not have enough energy to make defence sounds, by analyzing the relationship between size and several temporal characteristics of the sounds. I predicted that smaller caterpillars would signal less than larger caterpillars, and produce shorter signal units and trains, with lower duty cycles. Results partly supported the hypothesis, showing that in two species there was a positive relationship between size and the number of units produced within two seconds following an attack, the mean number of units per train, and the mean duration of the units in one species. I also tested the hypothesis that sounds of small caterpillars are not in the hearing range of predators. I predicted that there would be a relationship between caterpillar size, and the sound pressure levels and dominant frequencies of the sounds. Results showed no significant relationships with dominant frequencies or sound pressure levels and size. I concluded that the caterpillars made sounds that were within the hearing range of major predators from the onset of sound production. In Chapter Three I followed the other antipredator defences of the four species throughout development. I investigated whether the frequency of defences changed with instar. I found that the caterpillars employed up to seven different secondary defences throughout development. In one species the frequency of dropping and major thrashing increased in the late instars, and in a different species the frequency of regurgitation increased. I concluded that in some cases defence sound production accompanies other secondary defences that increase with the size of caterpillars during development. In Chapter Four I tested the hypothesis that the defensive whistle of the walnut sphinx caterpillar, Amorpha juglandis (Sphingidae: Sphinginae), functions to startle birds. I predicted that the birds would startle to the sounds, and habituate upon repeated exposure within a trial. Results showed that play-back recordings of the whistles elicited a startle response in captive red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and caused them to hesitate and/or flee from prey. I concluded that the whistles function as a startle display. Together, the experiments conducted within my thesis addressed important outstanding questions regarding the evolutionary origins of defence sounds in caterpillars, and their functions in predator-prey interactions.
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Godfrey, R. Keating, Ellen H. Yerger, and Timothy J. Nuttle. "Opposing deer and caterpillar foraging preferences may prevent reductions in songbird prey biomass in historically overbrowsed forests." WILEY, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626545.
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Overbrowsing by ungulates decimates plant populations and reduces diversity in a variety of ecosystems, but the mechanisms by which changes to plant community composition influence other trophic levels are poorly understood. In addition to removal of avian nesting habitat, browsing is hypothesized to reduce bird density and diversity through reduction of insect prey on browse-tolerant hosts left behind by deer. In this study, we excluded birds from branches of six tree species to quantify differences in songbird prey removal across trees that vary in deer browse preference. Early in the breeding season, birds preyed on caterpillars at levels proportional to their abundance on each host. Combining these data with tree species composition data from stands exposed to experimentally controlled deer densities over 30 years ago, we tested whether overbrowsing by white-tailed deer reduces prey biomass long after deer densities are reduced. Our analysis predicts total prey availability in the canopy of regenerating forests is fairly robust to historic exposure to high deer densities, though distribution of prey available from host species changes dramatically. This predicted compensatory effect was unexpected and is driven by high prey abundance on a single host tree species avoided by browsing deer, Prunus serotina. Thus, while we confirm that prey abundance on host trees can act as a reliable predictor for relative prey availability, this study shows that quantifying prey abundance across host trees is essential to understanding how changes in tree species composition interact with ungulate browse preference to determine prey availability for songbirds.
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Walker, Andrew Jonathan. "Influence of diet on nutrition, water regulation and tolerance to insecticides in Heliothis armigera (Hubner) caterpillars." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252726.
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Oki, Yumi. ""Interações entre larvas de Lepídoptera e as espécies de Malpighiaceae em dois fragmentos de Cerrado do Estado de São Paulo"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-26042006-110331/.
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A distribuição e a abundância das espécies de lepidópteros podem ser determinadas por vários fatores tais como disponibilidade de recursos, fatores genéticos, climáticos e inimigos naturais. Este estudo avaliou as relações entre espécies de Lepidoptera e de Malpighiaceae encontradas em dois fragmentos de cerrado do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, o trabalho procurou responder às questões: 1) Qual a similaridade da fauna de lagartas entre as espécies de Malpighiaceae?; 2) Quais as características vegetais que influenciam a diversidade de lepidópteros? 3) As mesmas relações se mantêm em fragmentos distintos? Os resultados encontrados demonstram que espécies de mesmo gênero de Malpighiaceae não apresentam necessariamente maior similaridade de fauna de lepidópteros, uma vez que houve maior similaridade entre Byrsonima intermedia, Byrsonima coccolobifolia e Banisteriopsis pubipetala. Não houve correlação direta entre algumas características vegetais como: a concentração de nitrogênio e taninos, a densidade de tricomas e a herbivoria. As defesas vegetais das Malpighiaceae parecem influenciar a diversidade destes herbívoros, uma vez que a riqueza e abundância estão relacionadas à essas características. A presença de alcalóides e a fauna associada a Banisteriopsis stellaris reforça essa sugestão. A similaridade da fauna de lagartas entre os dois fragmentos de 42,2% e algumas diferenças observadas nas concentrações de nitrogênio e taninos nas mesmas espécies vegetais nas duas áreas sugerem que fatores ambientais influenciam o fenótipo das plantas e as associações com seus herbívoros. Com base nos resultados encontrados, são sugeridos estudos complementares para melhor compreensão das complexas relações entre lepidópteros e as espécies de Malpighiaceae.Species distribution and abundance are determined by several factors such as resource availability, genetics, weather and natural enemies. The present study focused on the relationships between Lepidoptera and Malpighiaceae species on two Cerrado fragments at São Paulo State. The following questions were addressed: 1) How similar is the caterpillar fauna among Malpighiaceae species?; 2) What are the plant characteristics influencing Lepidoptera diversity? 3) Are plant-Lepidoptera relationships kept on distinct fragments? Present data suggests that plants of different species of same genus have not, necessarily, the highest faunal similarity, e.g., the highest similarity among Byrsonima intermedia, Byrsonima coccolobifolia and Banisteriopsis pubipetala. No direct correlations were found among some plant characteristics such as nitrogen and tannin concentrations, trichome density and herbivory. However, Malpighiaceae defenses probably influenced herbivore diversity, because Lepidoptera species´ richness and abundance were related to these characteristics. Alkaloids and the specific fauna of Banisteriopsis stellaris support this suggestion. The caterpillar fauna similarity of 42,2% between fragments and some differences on nitrogen and tannin concentrations of same species from distinct fragments suggest that environmental factors affect, considerably, plant phenotype and plantherbivore interactions. Based on these results, some complementary studies were suggested to approach the complex relations between Lepidoptera and Malpighiaceae species.
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Durand, Andrea. "Feedback interactions between forest tent caterpillars, Malacosoma disstria, and trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides, in central Alberta, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0006/MQ59799.pdf.
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Kish, Karen Jeanine. "Saprophagous caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Herminiinae) effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki application in forest and laboratory settings /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3746.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 40 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-39).
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Harden, Annette. "Caterpillars and Catalysts: A longitudinal Case Study of Writing Development in an Early Years Classroom Privileging Dramatic Pedagogies." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365344.
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This thesis explores the impact on children’s development in a preparatory school classroom, when dramatic pedagogies were privileged in the teaching of writing. Using a qualitative case study approach, which included a selection of five illustrative cases, children’s progress from role-play to phonetic users of the alphabet was examined. Data included the artefacts produced by the children, reading records, a journal of the year, and the transcripts of videos made of teaching sessions. A self-study of the researcher as an emerging drama teacher was included in the multi-case study, alongside the literacy stories of Edward, Lucy, James and Martin, all of whom were four years old at the beginning of the school year. The pedagogy included guided drama and puppetry events in which new aspects of literacy understanding and skill were progressively inserted. These events were followed by dramatic play periods where the sets, props, costumes and literate tools were freely available for the children’s use. Children were explicitly taught alphabetic skills with a synthetic, phonetic approach, and were encouraged to employ these skills for authentic and meaningful purposes within the drama events and in subsequent dramatic play.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Education and Professional Studies
Arts, Education and Law
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Grayson, Joy C. "Polymorphism in hawkmoth caterpillars : an ecological and biochemical study of crypsis in Smerinthus ocellata (L.) and Laothoe populi (L.)." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1986. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20203/.
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Extensive field surveys in Lancashire and Merseyside have shown that for both Smerinthus ocellata (the eyed hawkmoth) and Laothoe populi (the poplar hawkmoth) there is a correlation between larval and foodplant coloration. For L. populi, experiments have shown that foodplant determines the colour of full grown caterpillars. Siblings reared on Salix fragilis L. (which has green leaves) became yellow-green, intermediate-green or dull-green whereas those reared on Populus alba L. became either white or green. Further experiments have shown that reflected light intensity may be the vital cue which determines whether a caterpillar becomes white or green. Thus for this species. the polymorphism is environmentally rather than genetically determined. However, the genetic background appears to have some effect on the proportion of dull-green and intermediate-green morphs in broods. For S. ocellata, both laboratory and field experiments have shown that the coloration of caterpillars is also determined by some environmental factors related to light. There is no simple genetic or nutritional control of larval colour in this species. Pigment extraction and analysis have shown that the proportions of different carotenoids in the main foodplants are very similar, as are the chlorophyll a to b ratios and carotenoid to chlorophyll ratios. The principal carotenoid in the food of both species of caterpillar, lutein, is sequestered by the insects in the integument and contributes to the animal's coloration. Cis-lutein is also present in small quantities in the integuments of both L. populi and S. ocellata caterpillars. Yellow-green L. populi larvae contain more lutein in the integument than dull-green morphs and in white caterpillars this carotenoid is barely detectable. Field predation experiments indicated that white caterpillars of L. populi are at a selective advantage compared with yellow-green morphs on the white undersurface of P. alba leaves. However, both white and green morphs suffered similar predation on S. fragilis bushes.
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Moraes, Roberto Henrique Pinto. "Identificação dos inimigos naturais de Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) e possíveis fatores determinantes do aumento da sua população." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-30122002-090738/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo, identificar os inimigos naturais de Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855, lagarta da síndrome hemorrágica em humanos. Através de exemplares de L. obliqua coletados no campo e criados em laboratório, foi possível a obtenção de insetos das ordens Diptera, Hymenoptera e Hemiptera além de Vírus e Nematóide, todos atuando como inimigos naturais. A partir do conhecimento das localidades onde ocorreram os acidentes hemorrágicos, localizou-se e reconheceu-se o hábitat atual desses insetos. Comparando-se as características bióticas e abióticas atuais dessas localidades, geralmente rurais, com aquelas existentes no final do século XIX, época em que ocorreu a formação desses municípios, procurou-se discutir os principais fatores que possivelmente tiveram influência no aumento da população dessa espécie.The main purpose of this study was to identify the natural enemies of Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855, the caterpillar responsible for the hemorrhagic syndrome in human beings. From immatures of L. obliqua, collected in the field and reared in the laboratory, insects of the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera, and also viruses and nematodes, were obtained. Based on the knowledge of the localities where hemorrhagic accidents were registered, the insect habitats were recognized. Comparing biotic and abiotic characteristics of these localities, generally rural, ones with those of the end of the XIX century, when the municipalities were created, an attempt was made to discuss the main factors might have influencing the increase of the species population.
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Levy, Foster, David L. Wagner, and Elaine S. Walker. "Deidamia Inscriptum (lettered Sphinx Moth) Caterpillars Feeding on Oxydendrum Arboreum (sourwood) and Their Predation by Black Bears in Northeast Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/710.
Full textAbstract:
An outbreak of Deidamia inscriptum (Lettered Sphinx Moth) caterpillars was noted in northeast Tennessee where Oxydendrum arboreum (Sourwood) trees were defoliated. Nearly all published literature and online resources list only plants in the grape family (Vitaceae) as larval food plants. Food-plant preference trials using fresh leaves of 3 woody plant species showed that Deidamiacaterpillars from this region had a preference for Sourwood over Parthenocissus quinquefolia(Virginia Creeper), and rejected Acer rubrum (Red Maple), a non-host species. Ursus americanus(Black Bear) were feeding on the caterpillars as evidenced by bent and broken Sourwood saplings bearing claw marks and by abundant sphingid remains in bear scat.
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Salvador, Mariana Closs [UNESP]. "Efeito de genótipos de soja e de flavonóides na biologia e no intestino médio de Anticarsia gemmatalis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91380.
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Resultados de efeitos de compostos fenólicos incorporados em dietas artificiais têm sido contestados, principalmente pela presença de proteínas com alto valor nutritivo, como a caseína, que podem influenciar a atividade dos aleloquímicos. Genótipos de soja resistentes a insetos têm apresentado flavonóides em sua composição, tornando necessária a informação sobre a interação deste fenólico com dieta. Adicionalmente, avaliaram-se os efeitos de dietas artificiais, contendo diferentes concentrações de rutina (R) e genistina (G), e de genótipos de soja nos aspectos biológicos, assim como o modo de ação desses alimentos no intestino médio (IM) de A. gemmatalis. O efeito de rutina foi potencializado apenas quando as lagartas se alimentaram com dietas com 7g de caseína, ou seja, a metade da necessária para o desenvolvimento adequado do inseto. Dietas com as maiores concentrações de rutina (R2) e a mistura R1+G1 e folhas de PI 227687 e ‘IAC-100’ foram responsáveis pela maior mortalidade, redução dos pesos iniciais e de pupa, menor ganho de peso e crescimento. Estes tratamentos, principalmente R1+G1 e ‘IAC-100’ ainda provocaram maiores alterações morfológicas no IM da lagarta. Dietas e genótipos contendo apenas genistina não apresentaram acentuado efeito antinutricional no inseto e nem alterações morfológicas importantes. Assim sendo, estes resultados permitem concluir que a interação das substâncias R e G observadas em folhas de soja, como a ‘IAC-100’ e PI 227687, atua na proteção da planta ao ataque de A. gemmatalis, possivelmente por alterar as células colunares do IM.
Results regarding the effects of phenolics incorporated in artificial diets have been contested, mainly by the presence of high nutritive proteins as casein. This protein can cause deep influence in the alelochemical activity on herbivores. Resistant soybean genotypes have presented flavonoids, as rutin (R), in their chemical profile, turning necessary the information related to the interaction of such phenolic compound with the artificial diet. Additionally, effects of diets, with different concentration of R and genistin (G), and of soybean leaves on biological aspects, as well as, on the mode of action of them in A. gemmatalis midgut were evaluated. Rutin effect was only potentialized when larvae fed on diet with 7g of casein, i.e., half of amount necessary for an adequate insect development. Insects fed on artificial diet containing R2 (the highest rutin concentration) or R1+G1 (mixture of R and G), on PI 227687 and ‘IAC-100’ caused higher mortality, reduction in weighs of larvae (end of second instar) and pupae, also gained less weigh and presented lower growth compared to other diets. These treatments, mainly R1+G1 and ‘IAC-100’ also presented more morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Diets and genotypes containing only genistin did not show accentuated antinutritional effect and presented less intense morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Thus, these results allow suggesting that R and G, observed in leaves of soybean, as ‘IAC-100’ and PI 227687, interacts in the protection of the plant to A. gemmatalis attack, possibly by causing alterations in columnar cells of midgut.
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Signoretti, André Gustavo Corrêa. "Indução de voláteis em plantas de milho por um hospedeiro, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e um não-hospedeiro, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) e seu efeito sobre esses insetos e seus respectivos parasitóides." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-14102008-102053/.
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As plantas reconhecem e produzem substâncias voláteis específicas para a atração de parasitóides após o ataque de um herbívoro, num processo conhecido como defesa indireta. Contudo, a capacidade dessas plantas em processar e liberar novos compostos voláteis sob o ataque de um herbívoro não hospedeiro permanece ainda inexplorado. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho buscou investigar o efeito dos voláteis emitidos por planta de milho sob o ataque de uma praga até então não hospedeira (traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella) comparado ao daqueles emitidos por planta de milho sob ataque de um hospedeiro tradicional (lagarta-do-cartucho-domilho, Spodoptera frugiperda), sobre esses insetos e seus respectivos parasitóides, Apanteles piceotrichosus e Campoletis flavicincta. Os bioensaios com os parasitóides foram conduzidos em fotofase, sendo oferecidos a estes, voláteis de plantas de milho sadias, voláteis liberados nos intervalos de 0-1, 5-6 e 24-25h após tratamento em fotofase por dano mecânico ou herbivoria simulada, e voláteis liberados no intervalo de 5-6h após esses mesmos tratamentos em escotofase. Já os ensaios com as mariposas foram conduzidos em escotofase, sendo oferecidos a estas, voláteis de plantas de milho sadias, voláteis liberados nos intervalos de 5-6h após tratamento em fotofase por dano mecânico ou herbivoria simulada, e voláteis liberados no intervalo de 0-1 e 24- 25h após esses mesmos tratamentos em escotofase. Adicionalmente, foram testados, para P. xylostella, voláteis de plantas de couve-manteiga sadia, e para A. piceotrichosus, voláteis de couve-manteiga sadia, couve-manteiga danificada mecanicamente e couve-manteiga atacada por lagartas de P. xylostella. As fêmeas de C. flavicincta apresentaram atratividade para voláteis emitidos pelas plantas de milho no intervalo de 5 a 6 horas após tratamento com regurgito de S. frugiperda em escotofase. Curiosamente, não apresentou atratividade pelos voláteis liberados nesse mesmo intervalo de tempo após indução com regurgito em fotofase. As fêmeas acasaladas de S. frugiperda foram atraídas por voláteis de plantas de milho sadia e voláteis liberados nos intervalos de 5-6 e 24-25h após dano mecânico ou tratamento da planta com regurgito deste herbívoro. Porém, preferiu voláteis de plantas sadias aqueles de plantas tratadas com regurgito em fotofase. Esses resultados demonstraram que esses insetos são capazes de discriminar entre misturas de voláteis presentes em seu habitat natural, onde ocorre a relação tritrófica milho (planta hospedeira) S. frugiperda (herbívoro) C. flavicincta (parasitóide). Da mesma forma, na relação couve-manteiga (planta hospedeira) P. xylostella (herbívoro) A. piceotrichosus (parasitóide), as fêmeas de P. xylostella foram atraídas pelos voláteis de couve-manteiga sadia, assim como as fêmeas de A. piceotrichosus foram atraídas pelos voláteis de couve-manteiga atacadas por lagartas deste herbívoro. No caso da simulação de uma nova relação, milho (planta não-hospedeira) P. xylostella (herbívoro) C. flavicincta (parasitóide), tanto fêmeas de A. piceotrichosus, quanto de P. xylostella, não foram capazes de responder aos voláteis de plantas de milho sadias, danificadas mecanicamente e danificadas mecanicamente + regurgito de P. xylostella. A determinação desses mecanismos poderá ser útil para maior compreensão do contexto evolutivo entre plantas e insetos e obtenção de novos avanços no manejo e controle biológico de pragas.Plants recognize and produce specific volatile substances that attract parasitoids after the herbivore attack, characterizing a process known as indirect defense. However, the ability of these plants in processing and releasing novel volatile compounds elicited by a non-host herbivore attack has been poorly explored. Regarding this, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of volatiles emitted by maize plants under the attack of a pest which is not a host so far, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella compared to those emitted by a common host, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda on the behavior response of these insects and their respective parasitoids Apanteles piceotrichosus e Campoletis flavicincta. The bioassays with the parasitoids were conducted during photophase and they were exposed to volatiles from undamaged maize, volatiles released at the time intervals 0-1, 5-6 and 24-25h after the treatment of mechanical damage or simulated herbivory during photophase, and volatiles released at the time interval 5-6h after these same treatments in scotophase. The bioassays with the moths were carried out in scotophase and they were exposed to volatiles from undamaged maize, volatiles released at the time interval 5-6h after the treatment of mechanical damage or simulated herbivory during photophase, and volatiles released at time intervals 0-1 and 24-25h after these same treatments in scotophase. Additionally, for P. xylostella volatiles from undamaged kale were tested while for A. piceotrichosus it was tested volatiles from undamaged kale, mechanically damaged and P. xylostella caterpillar damaged kale. C. flavicincta females were attracted to volatiles emitted by the maize plants at the interval 5-6h after the treatment with the S. frugiperda regurgitate in scotophase. Curiously, they were not attracted to volatiles released at the same time interval after the induction elicited by the regurgitate in the photophase. S. frugiperda mated females were attracted by volatiles from undamaged plants and volatiles released at time intervals 5-6 and 24- 25h after the mechanical damage or treated with the regurgitate of this herbivore. Nevertheless, they preferred the volatiles from undamaged maize to the plants treated with the regurgitate during photophase. These results demonstrated that these insects are able to distinguish among the volatile blends present in their natural habitat where it occurs the tritrophic relationship maize (host plant) S. frugiperda (herbivore) C. flavicincta (parasitoid). In the same way, in the relationship kale (host plant)- P. xylostella (herbivore) A. piceotrichosus (parasitoid), P. xylostella females were attracted by the volatiles of undamaged kale as well as the A. piceotrichosus females were attracted to volatiles emited by caterpillar-damaged kale. In the case of simulating a new relationship, maize (non-host plant) P. xylostella (herbivore) C. flavicincta (parasitoid), A. piceotrichosus females and P. xylostella were not able to respond to undamaged maize, mechanically damaged and mechanically damaged+ P. xylostella regurgitate. The determination of these mechanisms can be useful for a better understanding of the evolution context between plants and insects and for obtaining new advances in the management and biological pest control.
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Salvador, Mariana Closs. "Efeito de genótipos de soja e de flavonóides na biologia e no intestino médio de Anticarsia gemmatalis /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91380.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: Resultados de efeitos de compostos fenólicos incorporados em dietas artificiais têm sido contestados, principalmente pela presença de proteínas com alto valor nutritivo, como a caseína, que podem influenciar a atividade dos aleloquímicos. Genótipos de soja resistentes a insetos têm apresentado flavonóides em sua composição, tornando necessária a informação sobre a interação deste fenólico com dieta. Adicionalmente, avaliaram-se os efeitos de dietas artificiais, contendo diferentes concentrações de rutina (R) e genistina (G), e de genótipos de soja nos aspectos biológicos, assim como o modo de ação desses alimentos no intestino médio (IM) de A. gemmatalis. O efeito de rutina foi potencializado apenas quando as lagartas se alimentaram com dietas com 7g de caseína, ou seja, a metade da necessária para o desenvolvimento adequado do inseto. Dietas com as maiores concentrações de rutina (R2) e a mistura R1+G1 e folhas de PI 227687 e 'IAC-100' foram responsáveis pela maior mortalidade, redução dos pesos iniciais e de pupa, menor ganho de peso e crescimento. Estes tratamentos, principalmente R1+G1 e 'IAC-100' ainda provocaram maiores alterações morfológicas no IM da lagarta. Dietas e genótipos contendo apenas genistina não apresentaram acentuado efeito antinutricional no inseto e nem alterações morfológicas importantes. Assim sendo, estes resultados permitem concluir que a interação das substâncias R e G observadas em folhas de soja, como a 'IAC-100' e PI 227687, atua na proteção da planta ao ataque de A. gemmatalis, possivelmente por alterar as células colunares do IM.Abstract: Results regarding the effects of phenolics incorporated in artificial diets have been contested, mainly by the presence of high nutritive proteins as casein. This protein can cause deep influence in the alelochemical activity on herbivores. Resistant soybean genotypes have presented flavonoids, as rutin (R), in their chemical profile, turning necessary the information related to the interaction of such phenolic compound with the artificial diet. Additionally, effects of diets, with different concentration of R and genistin (G), and of soybean leaves on biological aspects, as well as, on the mode of action of them in A. gemmatalis midgut were evaluated. Rutin effect was only potentialized when larvae fed on diet with 7g of casein, i.e., half of amount necessary for an adequate insect development. Insects fed on artificial diet containing R2 (the highest rutin concentration) or R1+G1 (mixture of R and G), on PI 227687 and 'IAC-100' caused higher mortality, reduction in weighs of larvae (end of second instar) and pupae, also gained less weigh and presented lower growth compared to other diets. These treatments, mainly R1+G1 and 'IAC-100' also presented more morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Diets and genotypes containing only genistin did not show accentuated antinutritional effect and presented less intense morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Thus, these results allow suggesting that R and G, observed in leaves of soybean, as 'IAC-100' and PI 227687, interacts in the protection of the plant to A. gemmatalis attack, possibly by causing alterations in columnar cells of midgut.
Orientador: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior
Coorientadora: Clara Beatriz Hoffmann-Campo
Banca: André Luiz Lourenção
Banca: Antonio Carlos Busoli
Mestre
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Mohan, Srinidi. "Functional role of recombinant cysteine protease on Spodoptera frugiperda peritrophic matrix." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11072006-150055.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon, and N/A. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071130.134932.
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The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.
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Silva, Isadora Maria Villas Boas. "Caracterização biológica e imunoquímica da peçonha da lagarta de Premolis semirufa, agente etiológico da pararamose, doença ocupacional dos seringueiros da Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-07102013-090239/.
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O contato com as cerdas da lagarta de Premolis semirufa (Pararama) desperta sintomas da inflamação aguda e nos indivíduos poliacidentados pode causar deformidades comuns às sinovites crônicas (pararamose). No presente estudo foi mostrado que o extrato das cerdas da lagarta apresenta intensa atividade proteolítica, sendo capaz de ativar o Sistema Complemento, promover hidrólise de C3, C4 e C5 e a geração de anafilatoxinas. Análises cromatográficas do extrato permitiram o isolamento de uma serinoprotease de 82 kDa capaz de promover tais atividades. Em modelo murino, foi verificado que o extrato é capaz de induzir altos títulos de anticorpos, pronunciada reação inflamatória, ativação de linfócitos T e APCs, bem como produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Os dados obtidos demonstram a existência, no extrato das cerdas da pararama, de várias enzimas que podem atuar em conjunto na geração e desenvolvimento das manifestações clínicas da pararamose.The contact with the Premolis semirufas caterpillar bristles (Pararama) causes symptoms of the acute inflammation and, in the individuals after multiple accidents, joint deformities common to chronic synovitis (pararamose) can occur. In the current study it was shown that caterpillar bristles extract has intense proteolytic activity, being able to activate the Complement System, induce cleavage of C3, C4 and C5, and the generation of anaphylatoxins. Chromatographic analysis of the extract allowed the isolation of a serine protease with Mr of 82 kDa able to promote such activities. In murine model, it was demonstrated that the extract is able to induce high antibody titers, a pronounced inflammatory reaction, activation of T lymphocytes and APCs, as well as the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. The data obtained demonstrate the existence, in the pararama bristles extract, of numerous enzymes that can act together in the generation and development of clinical manifestations of pararamose.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365668.
Full textAbstract:
The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Visentin, Ana Paula Vargas. "Efeitos de novaluron, glifosato e Metarhizium rileyi sobre o sistema imune, parâmetros biológicos e metabolismo redox de Anticarsia gemmatalis." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4063.
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Sorgatto, Rodrigo José. "Sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de Spodoptera frugiperda e Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em algodão Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 e Cry1Ac/Cry1F: Implicações para o Manejo da Resistência de Insetos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-23042013-160451/.
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Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) e Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) são importantes insetos-praga no algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) devido às injúrias de desfolha e destruição de estruturas reprodutivas no caso de S. frugiperda. Os eventos de algodão Bt que expressam as proteínas Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 (Bollgard® II) e Cry1Ac/Cry1F (WideStrike(TM)) de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner são ferramentas disponíveis para o controle dessas espécies-praga. A fim de subsidiar o Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI) foram conduzidos estudos em laboratório para avaliar a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento de S. frugiperda e P. includens nos eventos de algodão Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 e Cry1Ac/Cry1F. Em bioensaios com discos de folhas, a eficácia de controle de neonatas nos dois eventos de algodão Bt foi superior a 80% para S. frugiperda e de 100% para P. includens. Em bioensaios com brácteas com neonatas de S. frugiperda, a eficácia de controle de ambos os eventos de algodão Bt também foi superior a 80%. As lagartas de S. frugiperda sobreviventes em algodão Bt apresentaram severa inibição de desenvolvimento larval em folhas (> 75%) e brácteas (> 44%). Em bioensaios com simulações de alimentação larval, as quais consistiam em grupos de lagartas alimentadas com o algodão Bt aos 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 e 18 dias após a inoculação (DAI), S. frugiperda e P. includens demonstraram que a suscetibilidade dessas espécies diminuiu com o avançar do desenvolvimento larval. Para S. frugiperda, em todas as simulações de alimentação com o algodão Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 houve lagartas que atingiram as fases de pupa e adulto. Por outro lado, quando expostas ao algodão Cry1Ac/Cry1F, somente algumas das lagartas de 5º e 6º ínstares atingiram as fases de pupa e adulto. Para P. includens, somente lagartas no 6º ínstar atingiram as fases de pupa e adulto quando alimentadas com os dois eventos de algodão Bt. Os parâmetros biológicos de S. frugiperda sobreviventes em algodão Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 foram afetados negativamente com aumento da duração da fase larval (? 9 dias), baixa viabilidade larval (1,4%) e de insetos que completaram o ciclo biológico (0,9%), aumento no intervalo entre gerações (? 9 dias) e redução da taxa intrínseca de crescimento populacional (? 83%). Os eventos de algodão Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 e Cry1Ac/Cry1F são promissores no controle de S. frugiperda e P. includens. No entanto, a atividade inseticida dos dois eventos de algodão Bt em lagartas de S. frugiperda e P. includens diminui com o desenvolvimento larval e essa constatação deve ser considerada em programas de MRI, especialmente na disposição espacial do refúgio.Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) are important insect pests in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) due to damage on leaves and reproductive structures in the case of S. frugiperda. The events of Bt cotton expressing proteins Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 (Bollgard® II) and Cry1Ac/Cry1F (WideStrike(TM)) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner are tools available to control these pest species. To develop an Insect Resistance Management (IRM), we performed laboratory studies to evaluate the survival and development of S. frugiperda and P. includens. In fresh leaf discs bioassays, the control efficacy of neonates in both Bt cotton events was greater than 80% mortality for S. frugiperda and 100% for P. includens. In fresh bracts bioassays to neonates of S. frugiperda, the control efficacy of both Bt cotton events was over 80%. The surviving larvae of S. frugiperda in Bt cotton showed severe growth inhibition (weight and instar) in leaves (> 75%) and bracts (> 44%). In simulations feed bioassays with larvae, which consisted of groups of larvae fed on Bt cotton at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days after inoculation (DAI), S. frugiperda and P. includens showed that the susceptibility of species decreases with advancing larval development. For S. frugiperda, in all feed simulations with cotton Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 had caterpillars that reached pupae and adult stages. Moreover, when exposed to cotton Cry1Ac/Cry1F, only some caterpillars of 5th and 6th instars reached pupae and adult stages. For P. includens, only some caterpillars of 6th instar reached pupae and adult stages when fed with two events of Bt cotton. The biological parameters of S. frugiperda fed on cotton Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 were negatively affected with increasing duration of the larval stage (? 9 days), reduced larval viability (1,4%) and insects that completed the life cycle (0,9%), increased the generation time (? 9 days) and decreased the intrinsic rate of increase (? 83%). The events of cotton Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ac/Cry1F are promising for the control of S. frugiperda and P. includens. However, the insecticidal activity of both events of Bt cotton in larvae of S. frugiperda and P. includens decreases through larval development and this finding should be considered in programs of MRI, especially in the spatial arrangement of the refuge.
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Knowles, Tim C. "Alfalfa Caterpillar/Butterfly." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146690.
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2 pp.The first sign of a potential alfalfa caterpillar (Colias eurytheme) outbreak is the influx of large numbers of yellow or white butterflies in late spring or early summer. This publication discusses the biology of the alfalfa caterpillar, the damage it causes, the biological and cultural controls, and the treatments for it.
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Magistrali, Iris Cristiane. "SURTO DE Nystalea nyseus (CRAMER, 1775) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE), ASPECTOS DA BIOLOGIA E INIMIGOS NATURAIS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8704.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe growing demand for forest products has enabled the increase in areas planted to trees in Brazil. Eucalyptus is a fast growing tree species being cultivated on a large scale, however, with increasing of Eucalyptus sp. plantation, entomological problems tend to increase. The defoliating caterpillars represent an important group of insects that are harmful to forest plantations. Thus, this study aims at characterize an outbreak of the Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775) species, as well as its biology aspects and natural enemies. This study was conducted in a seminal plantation of Eucalyptus saligna Smith in the city of São Sepé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To evaluate the outbreak, a sampling was carried out by using the transect method. Defoliating caterpillars were collected from different instars and pupae of this species and they were sent to the laboratory under conditions at 25°C ± 1°C, 80% relative humidity and 12- hour photophase. The biological aspects evaluated were: color and morphology of eggs, duration of pre-pupal and pupae stage, sex ratio and lifespan adults. A visual inspection of eucalyptus plantation was conducted to catch potential natural enemies. The results showed the presence of attack on all the stands. The eggs are greenish, and after 24 hours, became light red. They have an average length of 1.17 (± 0.387) mm and a width of 1.20 (± 0.229) mm, and as an average incubation period of six days. Pre-pupal stage lasted 3.53± 0.53 days and pupal stage lasted 14.02 (±1.23) and 15.12 (±1.08) days for females and males, respectively. The length (mm), width (mm) and weight (g) of pupae were higher for females, however, with no significant difference. The adult sex ratio was 0.62 females per male and lifespan was 7.63 days for females and 5.47 for males. The following predatory species were registered: Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851), Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret, 1863) and Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas, 1851) all belonging to the Heteroptera order, Pentatomidae family. The present paper for this first time reports an outbreak of this species of eucalyptus to Rio Grande do Sul, State, Brazil and extends the range of information about the biology of Nystalea nyseus. For the first time, predatory species are registered as natural enemies.
A crescente demanda por produtos florestais tem propiciado o aumento das áreas plantadas no Brasil. O eucalipto é uma espécie florestal de rápido crescimento e é cultivado em larga escala, porém com o aumento das áreas de plantio com Eucalyptus sp., os problemas entomológicos tendem a aumentar. As lagartas desfolhadoras representam um grupo importante de insetos daninhos em plantios florestais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar um surto da espécie Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775), bem como aspectos da sua biologia e inimigos naturais. Este estudo foi realizado em um plantio seminal de Eucalyptus saligna Smith localizado no município de São Sepé, Rio Grande do Sul. Para avaliar o surto foi realizada uma amostragem utilizando o método do transecto. Foram coletadas lagartas de diferentes ínstares e pupas dessa espécie e encaminhadas para o laboratório, sob condições controladas temperatura de 25°C ± 1°C, umidade relativa de 80 % e fotofase de 12 horas. Os aspectos biológicos avaliados foram: coloração e morfologia dos ovos, duração do período de pré-pupa e pupa, razão sexual e longevidade de adultos. Realizou-se uma inspeção visual no plantio de eucalipto objetivando a captura de possíveis inimigos naturais. Como resultados constatou-se a presença de ataque em todos os talhões avaliados. Os ovos obtidos em laboratório apresentaram coloração esverdeada e após 24 horas, tornaram-se vermelho claro. Apresentam, em média, comprimento de 1,17 (± 0,387) mm e largura de 1,20 (± 0,229) mm, assim como um período médio de incubação de seis dias. A fase da pré-pupa teve duração de 3,53 (±0,53) dias e a de pupa 14,02 (±1,23) e 15,12 (±1,08) dias para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. O comprimento (mm), largura (mm) e peso (g) das pupas foram maiores para fêmeas, porém sem diferença significativa. A razão sexual de adultos obtida em laboratório foi de 0,62 fêmeas para cada macho e a longevidade média foi de 7,63 dias para fêmeas e 5,47 para machos. Foram registradas a ocorrência das seguintes espécies predadoras: Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851), Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret, 1863) e Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas, 1851) todas pertencentes à ordem Heteroptera, família Pentatomidae. O presente trabalho registra pela primeira vez um surto dessa espécie em eucalipto para o Rio Grande do Sul e amplia o conjunto de informações a respeito da biologia de Nystalea nyseus. Registram-se pela primeira vez espécies predadoras como inimigos naturais.
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Malaquias, José Bruno. "Interações do algodão Bt, do inseticida imidacloprid e do predador Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) no manejo da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidade) a lambda-cyhalot." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-29052012-101249/.
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O presente estudo objetivou identificar as interações do Algodão Bt que expressa Cry1Ac (Bollgard®), com o predador Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), no manejo da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a lambda-cyhalothrin em duas condições: ausência e presença do inseticida imidacloprid. Foram utilizadas lagartas de S. frugiperda provenientes das seguintes condições: linhagens resistentes (1) e suscetíveis (2) a lambda-cyhalothrin alimentadas de folhas de algodoeiro Bollgard® (DP 404 BG); e linhagens resistentes (3) e suscetíveis (4) a lambda-cyhalothrin alimentadas de folhas de algodoeiro não transgênico (cultivar DP4049). Os resultados dessa pesquisa revelaram que na ausência de imidacloprid, independente do tratamento, o comportamento de predação foi melhor representado pelo tipo III de resposta funcional, pois a taxa de ataque aumentou linearmente em todas as condições estudadas (a= bN). Houve diferenças entre o tempo de manipulação (Th) de fêmeas do predador que receberam lagartas suscetíveis a lambda-cyhalothrin, previamente alimentadas de algodão não transgênico, em relação aos demais tratamentos. Na densidade de 16 lagartas/predador, o número de lagartas predadas por fêmeas de P. nigrispinus foi significativamente superior em lagartas resistentes a lambda-cyhalothrin, alimentadas de algodão Bt ou não Bt, em relação às lagartas suscetíveis alimentadas de algodão não Bt. Além do mais, se constatou que quando foram ofertadas 16 lagartas de S. frugiperda ao predador, o número de indivíduos predados foi significativamente inferior em lagartas suscetíveis a lambda-cyhalothrin que foram alimentadas de algodão não Bt, em relação as que receberam lagartas previamente alimentadas de algodão Bt. Na presença de imidacloprid, constatou-se que o comportamento de predação de P. nigrispinus foi afetado pelo neonicotinóide imidacloprid, sendo a curva assintótica do tipo II, a que melhor descreveu os dados da sua resposta funcional. Na presença de imadacloprid, o tempo de manipulação (Th) de fêmeas do predador não diferiu entre os tratamentos estudados. Todavia, a taxa de ataque foi representada por um decréscimo em função do aumento da densidade de lagartas ofertadas. Independente do tratamento (linhagem de S. frugiperda ou cultivar de algodão), o número de lagartas de S. frugiperda predadas por fêmeas de P. nigrispinus quando na exposição ao imidacloprid, foi significativamente inferior, especialmente na densidade de 16 lagartas/predador. Diante destes resultados, a pesquisa reforça que o custo adaptativo associado à resistência a lambda-cyhalothrin, assim como a cultivar de algodão Bt afetaram a taxa de predação de lagartas de S. frugiperda por fêmeas de P. nigrispinus, somente na maior densidade testada (16 lagartas/predador). O comportamento de predação de lagartas de S. frugiperda por fêmeas de P. nigrispinus foi negativamente afetado pelo inseticida imidacloprid.This study aimed to identify the interactions of Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac (Bollgard®), with the predator Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in resistance management of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to lambda-cyhalothrin in two conditions: absence and presence of the insecticide imidacloprid. Larvae of S. frugiperda were used from the following conditions: resistant (1) and susceptible (2) strains to lambda-cyhalothrin fed Bollgard® cotton leaves (DP 404 BG); and resistant (3) and susceptible (4) strains to lambda-cyhalothrin fed non-transgenic cotton leaves (cultivar DP4049). The results of this study revealed that in the absence of imidacloprid, independent of treatment, the behavior of predation was best represented by the type III of functional response, because the attack rate increased linearly in all conditions studied (a = bN). There were differences between the handling time (Th) of females of the predator who received larvae of S. frugiperda susceptible to insecticides previously fed non-transgenic cotton in relation to other treatments. The density of 16 larvae/predator, the number of larvae preyed by female of P. nigrispinus was significantly higher in larvae of S. frugiperda resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin, fed on Bt cotton or non-Bt compared to susceptible larvae fed non Bt cotton. Moreover, when we offered 16 larvae of S. frugiperda to the predator, the number of larvae predate were significantly lower in larvae susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin that were fed non-Bt cotton, compared to larvae that were previously fed on transgenic cotton. In the presence of imidacloprid, the predatory behavior of P. nigrispinus was affected by the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, and the asymptotic curve type II was the one that best described the data of the functional response. In the presence of imadacloprid, handling time (Th) of females of the predator did not differ among treatments. However, the attack rate was represented by a decrease due to the increase of the density of larvae offered. Regardless of the treatment (strain of S. frugiperda or cultivar of cotton), the predation larvae of S. frugiperda by females of P. nigrispinus when exposed to imidacloprid was significantly lower, especially at density of 16 larvae/predator. Given these results, the research reinforces the fitness cost associated to lambda-cyhalothrin resistance as well as Bt cotton affected the rate of predation on larvae of S. frugiperda by females of P. nigrispinus, only at the highest density tested (16 larvae/predator). The behavior of predation on larvae of S. frugiperda by females of P. nigrispinus was affected by insecticide imidacloprid.
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Medeiros, Ane Hackbart de. "Identificação e caracterização de genes induzidos por Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-26092008-095927/.
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As plantas respondem ao ataque de insetos pela indução e acumulação de um conjunto grande de proteínas de defesa. Nesse trabalho foi feita uma investigação sobre as modificações transcricionais que ocorrem em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, em resposta ao ataque de lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis. A primeira abordagem foi o estudo detalhado da indução de duas isoformas do homólogo de cana-de-açúcar do gene de cevada induzido por dano barwin (barley woundinducible), chamado de sugarwin (sugarcane wound-inducible). A indução de transcritos de sugarwin ocorreu em resposta ao ferimento mecânico, dano provocado por D. saccharalis e tratamento com metil jasmonato. Além disso, sua expressão foi restrita ao local de dano. Sugarwins fazem parte do grupo de genes induzidos tardiamente por dano. A localização subcelular do peptídeo sinal fusionado à gfp (green fluorescent protein) mostra que essas proteínas são secretadas. Embora a função do domínio barwin não esteja completamente elucidada, atividades anti-patogênicas têm sido descritas para um grande número de homólogos. Alinhamentos múltiplos de seqüências do domínio barwin das proteínas de cana-de-açúcar e de outras proteínas de mono e dicotiledôneas revelaram altos índices de similaridade, sugerindo que sua função é conservada entre espécies. Esse é o primeiro relato da indução de uma proteína da família Barwin por herbivoria. A atividade dessas proteínas contra insetos nunca foi estudada. Os resultados apresentados aqui sugerem que as SUGARWINS fazem parte da estratégia de defesa de cana-de-açúcar. A segunda abordagem para estudar a resposta da cana-de-açúcar ao dano por D. saccharalis foi a análise em larga-escala, usando macroarranjos de DNA, de serino proteases e inibidores de serino proteases de cana-de-açúcar diferencialmente expressos em resposta a herbivoria. Enquanto que a função dos inibidores de proteases na defesa de plantas contra insetos e patógenos está bem estabelecida, o envolvimento de proteases na defesa tem sido proposto recentemente. O monitoramento de transcritos de serino proteases de cana-de-açúcar responsivos a herbivoria revelou vários genes cuja função precisa ser investigada. Uma das aplicações desses resultados é a identificação de genes para uso em estratégias biotecnológicas que visam aumentar a resistência de cana-de-açúcar a insetos.Plants respond to insect damage by induction and accumulation of a large set of defense proteins. An investigation was undertaken to study the sugarcane transcriptional changes following Diatraea saccharalis damage. The first approach was a detailed study about the induction of two isoforms of a sugarcane homologue of a barley wound inducible gene, barwin, named sugarwin (sugarcane wound-inducible). Induction of sugarwin transcripts occurs in response to mechanical wounding, D. saccharalis feeding and methyl jasmonate treatment. Their expression is restricted to the site of damage. Sugarwins are members of the late wound-inducible genes. The subcellular localization of the signal peptide fused to the gfp (green fluorescent protein) shows that these proteins are secreted. Although the exact function of the barwin domain has not been completely elucidated, antipathogenic activities has been described for a number of homologues. Multiple sequence alignment of barwin domain-containing sugarcane proteins and of mono and dicotiledoneous proteins reveals high similarity, suggesting that their function is conserved among species. This is the first report of a barwin-like protein induced by herbivory. The activity of this type of proteins against insects has never been studied. Based on the results presented here, it can be concluded that SUGARWINS are part of the sugarcane defense response strategy. The second approach to study the sugarcane response to D. saccharalis damage was the large-scale analysis, using DNA macroarrays, of serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors differently expressed in response to herbivory. While the protease inhibitors function in defense is well-established, the involvement of proteases in defense has been recently proposed. The transcript monitoring of sugarcane serine proteases in response to herbivory revealed several candidate genes for further functional studies. One of the greatest applications of these results is the identification of genes for use in biotechnological strategies to improve sugarcane insect resistance.
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Marcomini, Angelina Maria. "Bioatividade e efeito residual de nanoformulações de nim sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09112009-141755/.
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Na tentativa de reduzir a biodegradação dos compostos ativos do nim e melhorar seu efeito residual, extratos de nim foram nanoformulados com diferentes tipos de nanoparticulas e de polímeros. Estas nanoformulações foram testadas sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) e sua eficiência comparada a um produto comercial. Os polímeros poli--caprolactona (PCL), poli-- hidroxibutirato (PHB) e polimetilmetacrilato(PMMA), foram utilizados nas quantidades 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75g, e em dois tipos de nanopartículas (cápsulas e esferas). Foram utilizados Tween®80 e polivinil álcool (PVA) como agentes tensoativos. As nanoformulações foram produzidas em suspensão aquosa e em pó, sendo diluídas para aplicação. Essas nanoformulações foram aplicadas sobre dieta artificial oferecida a lagartas de segundo instar de S. frugiperda, e em plantas de milho das quais as folhas foram cortadas e fornecidas a lagartas de primeiro instar. A eficiência de diferentes nanoformulações foi testada considerando a mortalidade e o peso 10 dias após o tratamento. Quando aplicado em dieta artificial foi observada redução no peso larval. Entretanto, quando aplicadas em folhas de milho, quatro nanoformulações causaram mortalidade entre 40 a 46%. Essas quatro nanoformulações foram avaliadas quanto à preferência alimentar e efeito residual. Foram conduzidos três bioensaios, nos quais as folhas de milho tratadas com as quatro nanoformulações foram oferecidas às lagartas aos 1, 3 e 7 dias após a pulverização (DAP), considerando-se mortalidade e peso das lagartas após 10 dias. Simultaneamente, foram realizados testes de preferência alimentar com dupla escolha (tratamento x controle) com discos foliares de milho aos 1, 3 e 7 DAP. A preferência alimentar foi determinada por meio de um índice de preferência, calculando-se a área foliar consumida pela lagarta após 24h. O efeito residual das nanoformulações foi menor que do produto comercial avaliado. Apenas uma nanoformulaçao e Organic Neem® apresentaram fagodeterrência a S. frugiperda, mas somente em 1 DAP. Embora as nanoformulações tenham causado mortalidade e redução de peso larval, sua eficiência foi inferior a do produto comercial.Neem extracts were nanoformulated with several types of nanoparticles and polymers in a tentative to reduce the biodegradation of neem active compounds and improve their residual effect. These nanoformulations were tested against Spodoptera frugiperda and their efficacy compared to a commercial product. The polymers poly(-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(- hidroxibutirate) (PHB) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were used in the quantities 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75g and two sorts of nanoparticles (capsules and spheres). Tween®80 and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were utilized as surfactants. The nanoformulations were produced as aqueous suspension and powder and further diluted before application. These nanoformulations were sprayed on artificial diet offered to second instars of S. frugiperda, and on corn plants which had their leaves offered to first instars. The efficacy of the different formulations was tested by assessing larval mortality and weight 10 days after treatment. When applied to artificial diets, reduced larval weight was observed, but four of them caused 40 to 46% mortality when applied on corn plants. The four most effective nanoformulations were further tested to evaluate their effects on S. frugiperda larval feeding preference and their residual effect. Three bioassays were set up using corn leaves treated with these, wich were offered to larvae at days 1, 3 and 7 after spraying (DAS), having the larval mortality and weight assessed 10 days after larval exposure. Simultaneously, choice tests for larval feeding preference (treatment x control) were carried out using corn leaf discs 1, 3 and 7 DAS. Feeding preference was evaluated by using a preference index calculated after the assessment of the leaf area fed by the larva 24h after exposure. The residual effect of the neem nanoformulations was lower than the commercial product evaluated. Only one nanoformulation and Organic Neem® were feeding deterrents to S. frugiperda, but only in the first day after the treatment. Although the nanoformulations caused larval mortality and weight reduction, their efficacy was not any better than that of the commercial product tested.
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Faubert, Glenn E. "Caterpillar tolerance representations of graphs /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3186904.
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Nunes, Janete Cardoso. "Distribuição temporal e espacial de danos de grandes lagartas em pomar de macieira." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2011. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1123.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-29Apple orchards in southern Brazil are attacked by a great diversity of organisms throughout the crop cycle and special attention should be given to insect pests. The damage caused by "big caterpillars" has caused concern in the productive sector, and research on alternative methods of control for these insects is still incipient. The study was conducted at the Estação Experimental de Fruticultura de Clima Temperado (EFCT) da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Vacaria-RS. Its objective was to identify the species of Lepidoptera occurring in apple orchards; establish and determine the floating population indices during the crop; check harm reduction "big caterpillars" to obtain the spatial distribution of damage in apple orchards and study the effect of different diets on the development of natural Physocleora dimidiaria (Guenée, 1852) (Geometridae), a species belonging to the group of "big caterpillars." Light traps were installed three of the adapted model "Luiz de Queiroz", October 2010 and March 2011, Fuji orchard. The removal of insects occurred twice a week, the collected material was stored in labeled plastic bags and taken to the laboratory for screening. The moths were identified by comparison, based on specimens in the entomological collection of existing EFCT and the unidentified specimens were sent to specialists. We determined the species richness, diversity indexes, constancy and dominance. We evaluated the incidence and spatial distribution of damage "big caterpillars" in the periods of fruit thinning, pre-harvest and harvest. We calculated the mean (x), variance (s2) for each occasion of sampling and dispersion indexes I, Morisita, negative binomial and Poisson. We recorded 40 species belonging to the families of Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Geometridae and Noctuidae. Damage to the "big caterpillars" presented dispersion pattern defined by aggregation in the thinning and pre-harvest and regular harvesting. The light traps can be used to survey and monitor species diversity, however, were not effective to control the damage of "big caterpillars" in apple orchard. Was evaluated in the laboratory the effect of different diets on the natural development of P. dimidiaria. Seventy larvae were observed until the F1 generation in BOD incubator at each natural diet: Trifolium repens L. (white clover), Rumex obtusifolius (tonguein- cow), Malus domestica (apple leaves) fruit and apple cultivar Gala. Data in the table of life and fertility obtained for P. dimidiaria indicate that a generation time was 49.09 days in T. repens; of 60.04 days (apple leaves) and 50.17 days in R. obtusifolius. The net reproductive rate was higher in caterpillars fed on R. obtusifolius times corresponding to 183.60, with each generation
Pomares de macieira do Sul do Brasil são atacados por uma grande diversidade de organismos ao longo do ciclo da cultura e atenção especial deve ser dada aos insetos-praga. Os danos causados por grandes lagartas vêm causando preocupação no setor produtivo, e a pesquisa com métodos alternativos de controle para tais insetos ainda é incipiente. O estudo foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Fruticultura de Clima Temperado (EFCT) da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Vacaria-RS. Teve por objetivos identificar as espécies de lepidópteros ocorrentes em pomar de macieira; estabelecer a flutuação e determinar índices populacionais ao longo da safra; verificar a redução de danos de grandes lagartas ; obter a distribuição espacial do dano em pomar de macieira e estudar o efeito de diferentes dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento de Physocleora dimidiaria (Guenée, 1852) (Geometridae), uma espécie pertencente ao grupo das grandes lagartas . Foram instaladas três armadilhas luminosas adaptadas do modelo Luiz de Queiroz , de outubro de 2010 e março de 2011, em pomar da cultivar Fuji. A retirada dos insetos ocorreu duas vezes por semana, o material coletado foi armazenado em sacos plásticos etiquetados e levado até o laboratório para triagem. As mariposas foram identificadas por comparação, com base em exemplares existentes na coleção entomológica da EFCT. Os exemplares não identificados foram enviados a especialistas. Foi determinada a riqueza de espécies, os índices de diversidade, constância e dominância. Avaliou-se a incidência e a distribuição espacial do dano de grandes lagartas em frutos nos períodos de raleio, pré-colheita e colheita. Calculou-se a média (x), a variância (s2) para cada ocasião de amostragem e os índices de dispersão I, Morisita, binomial negativa e Poisson. Foram registradas 40 espécies de lepidópteros pertencentes às famílias: Arctiidae, Geometridae e Noctuidae. Os danos de grandes lagartas apresentaram padrão de dispersão definido pela agregação no raleio e pré-colheita e regular na colheita. As armadilhas luminosas podem ser utilizadas para levantamento de diversidade de espécies e monitoramento, porém, não foram eficientes para controlar os danos de grandes lagartas em pomar de macieira. Foi avaliado em laboratório o efeito de diferentes dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento de P. dimidiaria. Setenta lagartas foram acompanhadas até a geração F1 em estufa incubadora BOD, em cada dieta natural: Trifolium repens L. (trevo-branco), Rumex obtusifolius (língua-de-vaca), folhas de Malus domestica (macieira) e frutos de macieira cultivar gala. Os dados da tabela de vida e de fertilidade obtidos para a P. dimidiaria indicaram que o tempo de uma geração foi de 49,09 dias em T. repens; de 60,04 dias (folhas de macieira) e de 50,17 dias em R. obtusifolius. A taxa líquida de reprodução foi maior em lagartas alimentadas com R. obtusifolius correspondendo a 183,60 vezes, a cada geração
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Silva, Cherre Sade Bezerra da. "Bioecologia de Spodoptera frugiperda e de seus parasitóides de ovos Telenomus remus, Trichogramma atopovirilia e T. pretiosum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-23052011-160600/.
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Os seres vivos estão constantemente influenciando e sendo influenciados pelo meio ambiente. Esta interação pode afetar diretamente o comportamento e a sobrevivência destes seres vivos, incluindo os insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os efeitos de fatores bióticos e abióticos sobre o comportamento e sobrevivência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e de seus parasitoides de ovos Telenomus remus Nixon 1937 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner 1983 e T. pretiosum Riley 1879 (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Os resultados mostraram que adultos de S. frugiperda realizam suas atividades reprodutivas em períodos bem definidos de sua vida, preferencialmente desde o início até meados da escotofase. Fêmeas de T. remus realizaram parasitismo de ovos de S. frugiperda tanto durante o dia quanto durante a noite. T. atopovirilia foi, dentre as três espécies de parasitoides estudadas, a que apresentou a mais ampla faixa térmica para desenvolvimento ótimo, podendo apresentar elevado potencial de controle de S. frugiperda em regiões quentes como frias. A sobrevivência e os comportamentos de forrageamento de T. remus, T. atopovirilia e T. pretiosum foram afetados pelas competições intra e/ou interespecíficas, sendo os efeitos destas competições peculiares para cada uma das espécies. A competição intra-específica interna afetou a sobrevivência de T. atopovirilia, mas não a de T. pretiosum nem a de T. remus. As competições interespecíficas internas afetaram a sobrevivência destas três espécies, sendo a ordem de parasitismo e o intervalo entre as oviposições determinantes para o resultado da competição. Observou-se emergência das duas espécies de Trichogramma a partir de um único ovo multiparasitado. A espécie T. atopovirilia, dentre as três espécies estudadas, foi a que apresentou maior probabilidade de vencer na competição interna interespecífica. Estes resultados sugerem que pistas químicas (ex.: feromônios) liberadas por adultos de S. frugiperda podem ser utilizadas como cairomônios por fêmeas de T. remus durante o período noturno, viabilizando o fenômeno de forésia, e que a temperatura e competição afetam a sobrevivência e/ou o comportamento de T. remus, T. atopovirilia e T. pretiosum, devendo ser consideradas na escolha da espécie ou combinação de espécies a ser liberada em campo visando ao controle populacional de S. frugiperda.Living beings often influence and are influenced by the environment. Such interactions can directly affect the behavior and survivorship of insects. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the behavior and survivorship of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its egg parasitoids Telenomus remus Nixon 1937 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner 1983, and T. pretiosum Riley 1879 (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). The results showed that adults of S. frugiperda perform reproductive activities during well-defined periods of their life, preferably from the beginning until the middle of scotophase. Females of T. remus parasitized S. frugiperda eggs in both photophase and scotophase. T. atopovirilia was the species with the widest temperature range for optimal development, and therefore with a high potential for controlling S. frugiperda populations in different temperature conditions. Survivorship and foraging behaviors of T. remus, T. atopovirilia, and T. pretiosum were affected by intra- and/or interspecific competition, with particular effects on each parasitoid species. Intrinsic intraspecific competition affected T. atopovirilia survivorship, but did not affect T. pretiosum or T. remus. Intrinsic interspecific competition affected survivorship of all three parasitoid species. The parasitism sequence and oviposition interval were critical for the result of this competition. Emergence of two Trichogramma species from a single multiparasitized host egg was observed. Of the three parasitoid species, T. atopovirilia showed the highest likelihood of winning in intrinsic interspecific competition. These results suggest that chemical cues (e.g., pheromones) released by adults of S. frugiperda can be used as kairomones by females of T. remus during the scotophase, enabling the phenomenon of phoresy. Moreover, temperature and competition affect the survivorship and/or behavior of T. remus, T. atopovirilia and T. pretiosum and should be considered when selecting the species or combination of species for field release to control S. frugiperda populations.
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Hrušová, Klára. "Ocenění společnosti Caterpillar Financial Services ČR, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-873.
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Diplomová práce se zabývá stanovením tržní hodnoty společnosti Caterpillar Financial Services ČR, s.r.o. pro případ jejího prodeje potenciálnímu investorovi. Ocenění je provedeno metodou EVA entity a na základě majetkového ocenění. V části strategické analýzy je vymezen relevantní trh a stanoven odhad tržního podílu, růstu obchodů a tržeb společnosti. Finanční analýza zde potvrdila předpoklad věčného trvání podniku. Na základě zjištěných skutečností v části strategické analýzy, finanční analýzy a generátorů hodnoty byl stanoven finanční plán. V závěrečném ocenění byla vyčíslena hodnota výnosového ocenění společnosti na 498 900 000 Kč.
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Chukwukere, Presley. "The 2-Domination Number of a Caterpillar." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3456.
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A set D of vertices in a graph G is a 2-dominating set of G if every vertex in V − D has at least two neighbors in D. The 2-domination number of a graph G, denoted by γ2(G), is the minimum cardinality of a 2- dominating set of G. In this thesis, we discuss the 2-domination number of a special family of trees, called caterpillars. A caterpillar is a graph denoted by Pk(x1, x2, ..., xk), where xi is the number of leaves attached to the ith vertex of the path Pk. First, we present the 2-domination number of some classes of caterpillars. Second, we consider several types of complete caterpillars. Finally, we consider classification of caterpillars with respect to their spine length and 2-domination number.
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Arruda, Ligia Hansen. "Caracterização estrutural da interação de serino proteinases de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e inibidores de proteinases de plantas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-24052011-091301/.
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As plantas desenvolveram diferentes mecanismos para reduzir o ataque de insetos, incluindo compostos protéicos de defesa, como os inibidores de proteinases (IPs). Os insetos, ao longo da evolução, desenvolveram estratégias para superar as barreiras defensivas das plantas, permitindo a sua alimentação e desenvolvimento, como a super expressão de genes de enzimas digestivas sensíveis e insensíveis aos IPs de plantas. Uma das abordagens desse trabalho foi identificar novas serinoproteinases no intestino de lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda. Duas novas quimotripsinas e trê novas tripsinas foram identificadas e juntamente com mais 10 genes já conhecidos que codificam estas enzimas foram submetidos à análise de expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real. Entre essas duas famílias de serinoproteinases (SPs) os genes que codificam as quimotripsinas apresentam uma regulação positiva mais ampla do que aqueles que codificam as tripsinas. Estudos de modelagem molecular das quimotripsinas também foram realizados. Foram construídos modelos tridimensionais à partir de modelagem por homologia além de análises de dinâmica molecular e docagem com oito diferentes IPs do tipo Bowman- Birk. Os resultados mostram quais quimotripsinas apresentam as maiores afinidades aos inibidores testados de maneira geral e individual, inferidos à partir da estimativa de energia livre do sistema. Também foi encontrada uma serina extra próxima ao sítio catalítico de três quimotrispsinas modeladas que pode interferir na afinidade dessas enzimas já que este aminoácido apresenta perda de área acessível ao solvente quando complexada ao IP de soja testado. Os resultados de expressão gênica e grau de sensibilidade foram comparados e não se observou qualquer relação entre esses parâmentros. Isso sugere que as lagartas da espécie S. frugiperda combinam diferentes estratégias adaptativas como o aumento de expressão de todas as suas quimotripsinas independentemente do grau de sensibilidade das enzimas.Plants have developed different mechanisms to reduce insect attack, including defence proteins such as proteinase inhibitors (PIs). In turn, insects have evolved strategies to overcome these plant defence mechanisms, such as the hyperexpression of PI-sensitive and insensitive digestive enzymes, allowing the insect to thrive. One of the aims of this work was to identify new serine proteinases (SPs) in the gut of the fall armyworm larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda. Two new chymotrypsins and three new trypsins were identified, and together with 10 previously identified genes, the genes that encode these enzymes were subjected to real-time PCR and gene expression analysis. Between these two families of serine-proteinases the genes that encode chymotrypsins show a greater positive regulation then those encoding the trypsins. Molecular modelling studies of the chymotrypsins were carried out, and 3D models were generated using homology modelling, which were then further refined by dynamic molecular and docking analyses with 8 different Bowman-Birk type PIs. The results demonstrate which chymotrypsins possess the highest affinities to the tested inhibitors in a general and individual manner, inferred from the estimated free energies. A serine residue in very close proximity to the catalytic site was present in three of chymotrypsins investigated, which may be affecting the enzymes affinity since the residue has a reduced accessible area to the solvent when complexed to the soya PI tested. The genetic expression patterns and the degree of PI-sensitivity were also compared and no relation between the parameters was found. This suggests that the larvae of the species S. frugiperda combine different adaptive strategies like the increase in expression of its entire chymotrypsin arsenal regardless of the degree of PI-sensitivity of the enzymes.
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Guignard, Adrien. "Jeux de coloration de graphes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14391/document.
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La thèse porte sur les deux thèmes des Jeux combinatoires et de la théorie des graphes. Elle est divisée en deux parties.1) Le jeu de Domination et ses variantes: Il s'agit d'un jeu combinatoire qui consiste à marquer les sommets d'un graphe de telle sorte qu'un sommet marqué n'ait aucun voisin marqué. Le joueur marquant le dernier sommet est déclaré gagnant. Le calcul des stratégies gagnantes étant NP-difficile pour un graphe quelconque, nous avons étudié des familles particulières de graphes comme les chemins, les scies ou les chenilles. Pour ces familles on peut savoir en temps polynomial si un graphe est perdant. Nous avons également étudié 28 variantes du jeu de domination, dont les 12 variantes définies par J. Conway sur un jeu combinatoire quelconque. 2) Le nombre chromatique ludique des arbres: Ce paramètre est calculé à partir d'un jeu de coloration où Alice et Bob colorient alternativement et proprement un sommet d'un graphe G avec l'une des k couleurs. L'objectif d'Alice est de colorier complètement le graphe alors que Bob doit l'en empêcher. Nous nous sommes intéressés au jeu avec 3 couleurs sur un arbre T. Nous souhaitons déterminer les arbres ayant un nombre chromatique ludique 3, soit ceux pour lesquels Alice a une stratégie gagnante avec 3 couleurs. Ce problème semblant difficile à résoudre sur les arbres, nous avons résolu des sous-familles: les 1-chenilles puis les chenilles sans trousPart 1: Domination Game and its variantsDomination game is a combinatorial game that consists in marking vertices of a graph so that a marked vertex has no marked neighbors. The first player unable to mark a vertex loses the game.Since the computing of winning strategies is an NP-hard problem for any graphs, we examine some specific families of graphs such as complete k-partite graphs, paths or saws. For these families, we establish the set of losing elements. For other families, such as caterpillars, we prove that exists a polynomial algorithm for the computation of outcome and winning strategies. No polynomial algorithm has been found to date for more general families, such as trees.We also study 28 variants of Domination game, including the 12 variants defined by J. Conway for any combinatorial game. Using game functions, we find the set of losing paths for 10 of these 12 variants. We also investigate 16 variants called diameter, for instance when rules require to play on the component that has the largest diameter.Part 2: The game chromatic number of treesThis parameter is computed from a coloring game: Alice and Bob alternatively color the vertices of a graph G, using one of the k colors in the color set. Alice has to achieve the coloring of the entire graph whereas Bob has to prevent this. Faigle and al. proved that the game chromatic number of a tree is at most 4. We undertake characterization of trees with a game chromatic number of 3. Since this problem seems difficult for general trees, we focus on sub-families: 1-caterpillars and caterpillars without holes.For these families we provide the characterization and also compute winning strategies for Alice and Bob. In order to do so, we are led to define a new notion, the bitype, that for a partially-colored graph G associates two letters indicating who has a winning strategy respectively on G and G with an isolated vertex. Bitypes allow us to demonstrate several properties, in particular to compute the game chromatic number of a graph from the bitypes of its connected components
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Jackson, Eugenie Marie. "Explorations in the classification of vertices as good or bad." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0310101-153932/unrestricted/jacksone.pdf.
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Nielsen, Matthew Erik. "Interactions among multiple plastic traits in caterpillar thermoregulation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10196461.
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Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism by which organisms deal with variation in many different aspects of their environment. Adaptive plasticity can occur in any trait, from aspects of biochemistry and morphology to behaviors. Because so many different traits can be plastic, organisms often respond plastically to a given change in their environment, such as an increase in temperature, with adaptive changes in multiple traits. Nevertheless, how these different plastic responses interact with each other and evolve together has received little attention. My research addresses these potential interactions among plastic traits and proposes new hypotheses regarding the causes and consequences of these interactions. It does so by focusing on heat avoidance in the caterpillars of Battus philenor (the pipevine swallowtail) which involves two distinct plastic mechanisms. First, the caterpillars can change color when they molt, a form of morphological plasticity in which they develop a red color under high temperatures which cools them by absorbing less solar radiation. Second, when the caterpillars become too hot, they will leave their host to seek cooler thermal refuges, a case of behavior as a form of plasticity. In terms of function, I demonstrated through field research that these two responses to high temperatures are largely redundant. Behavior provides a much stronger and faster response than color change, and red coloration provides little additional cooling when on a refuge. Instead, the primary benefit of color change is that it reduces the use of refuge seeking behavior, allowing the caterpillars to stay on their hosts longer. Using laboratory experiments, I demonstrated that this change in the use of refuge-seeking behavior with color occurs because color changes the cue for the behavior, body temperature, rather having any effect on how the caterpillar responds to that cue. Alternatively, similar experiments on caterpillars of varying sizes show that developmental size change lowers the body temperature at which caterpillars leave their host, demonstrating a change in the response to the cue (although larger caterpillars are also warmer, so both mechanisms are likely relevant for how size changes the expression of behavior). All of my research to this point was conducted on the local population in southern Arizona, which experiences quite high temperatures, but B. philenor is also found in much cooler environments, such as the Appalachian Mountains. Given this variation in their thermal environment, I used common garden experiments to compare the capacity for color change and refuge-seeking among B. philenor caterpillars from across the species range. Both color change and refuge seeking not only occurred in all populations, but also had the same reaction norms, occurring at the same temperatures and to the same degree. This is particularly notable for color change, which is not observed in the wild in northeastern populations, and thus has persisted despite minimal if any use. Overall, I have shown that studies of plasticity need to account for plasticity in different traits as well as the interactions between these forms of plasticity. My research on B. philenor provides a model for how to address these interactions, which future research can extend to additional organisms and environmental circumstances.
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Nielsen, Matthew Erik, and Matthew Erik Nielsen. "Interactions Among Multiple Plastic Traits in Caterpillar Thermoregulation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621779.
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Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism by which organisms deal with variation in many different aspects of their environment. Adaptive plasticity can occur in any trait, from aspects of biochemistry and morphology to behaviors. Because so many different traits can be plastic, organisms often respond plastically to a given change in their environment, such as an increase in temperature, with adaptive changes in multiple traits. Nevertheless, how these different plastic responses interact with each other and evolve together has received little attention. My research addresses these potential interactions among plastic traits and proposes new hypotheses regarding the causes and consequences of these interactions. It does so by focusing on heat avoidance in the caterpillars of Battus philenor (the pipevine swallowtail) which involves two distinct plastic mechanisms. First, the caterpillars can change color when they molt, a form of morphological plasticity in which they develop a red color under high temperatures which cools them by absorbing less solar radiation. Second, when the caterpillars become too hot, they will leave their host to seek cooler thermal refuges, a case of behavior as a form of plasticity. In terms of function, I demonstrated through field research that these two responses to high temperatures are largely redundant. Behavior provides a much stronger and faster response than color change, and red coloration provides little additional cooling when on a refuge. Instead, the primary benefit of color change is that it reduces the use of refuge seeking behavior, allowing the caterpillars to stay on their hosts longer. Using laboratory experiments, I demonstrated that this change in the use of refuge-seeking behavior with color occurs because color changes the cue for the behavior, body temperature, rather having any effect on how the caterpillar responds to that cue. Alternatively, similar experiments on caterpillars of varying sizes show that developmental size change lowers the body temperature at which caterpillars leave their host, demonstrating a change in the response to the cue (although larger caterpillars are also warmer, so both mechanisms are likely relevant for how size changes the expression of behavior). All of my research to this point was conducted on the local population in southern Arizona, which experiences quite high temperatures, but B. philenor is also found in much cooler environments, such as the Appalachian Mountains. Given this variation in their thermal environment, I used common garden experiments to compare the capacity for color change and refuge-seeking among B. philenor caterpillars from across the species range. Both color change and refuge seeking not only occurred in all populations, but also had the same reaction norms, occurring at the same temperatures and to the same degree. This is particularly notable for color change, which is not observed in the wild in northeastern populations, and thus has persisted despite minimal if any use. Overall, I have shown that studies of plasticity need to account for plasticity in different traits as well as the interactions between these forms of plasticity. My research on B. philenor provides a model for how to address these interactions, which future research can extend to additional organisms and environmental circumstances.
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Pleasant, Jennifer. "Spatial and ecological patterns of tent location in the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae) /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131458168.pdf.
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Merkx-Jacques, Magali. "Nutritional regulation in the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101624.
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Regulation of nutritional intake by herbivorous insects often leads to optimal performance. When given choices, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, caterpillars selected a diet with a protein to digestible carbohydrate ratio of 22p:20c. Restriction to carbohydrate-biased diets led to increased mortality and developmental time. On protein-biased diets, caterpillars possessed metabolic strategies to maintain optimal performance.Caterpillar glucose oxidase (GOX), which catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, may be a pre-ingestive mechanism to cope with excess dietary carbohydrates. GOX activity was highest in the labial salivary glands of 4th instar caterpillars and was higher in caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet (AD) compared to those fed Medicago truncatula. Following transfer from plants, labial salivary GOX activity increased with time spent on AD suggesting that a dietary factor is involved in this enzyme's regulation. Dietary carbohydrate levels do not appear to regulate GOX activity; however nutritional content may play a role its regulation.
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Lentz, Amanda Jean. "The effect of aphids in parasitoid-caterpillar-plant interactions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28409.
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The ecology and evolution of a species is often considered only within the context of pairwise interactions even though a species' distribution and abundance may be determined by interactions with many species within and between trophic levels. Multiple herbivores often share the same host and may interact indirectly by altering the relationships between herbivores, their host plants and their parasitoids. However, the relationships between parasitoids and herbivore hosts have typically been studied in isolation of other herbivore species. I examined how the outcomes of species interactions change when multiple relationships are considered.
Chapter 1 examined the potentially conflicting selection pressures Manduca sexta exerts on Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), since M. sexta has pollinating adults but herbivorous larvae. I demonstrated that high nectar amino acids do not affect floral visitation, but increased oviposition of herbivores on leaves. Thus, the relative costs and benefits of nectar rewards may depend on the community of pollinators and their life histories.
In the remaining chapters I examined how feeding on tobacco by the aphid Myzus persicae altered the interactions between a parasitoid (Cotesia congregata) and its hornworm host (M. sexta). Chapter 2 demonstrated that aphids reduced hornworm abundance and parasitism. Changes in hornworm abundance were not due to density-dependent changes in moth oviposition, but the proportion of caterpillars attacked by parasitoids was inversely density dependent with hornworm density. Chapter 3 examined whether changes in hornworm abundance and parasitism reflected aphid-induced changes in host plant quality or volatile emissions. Aphids increased hornworm mortality, did not affect parasitoid performance, and increased parasitoid search time. In combination with Chapter 2, results suggest that aphids can mediate parasitoid-caterpillar interactions through changes in host plants that reduce hornworm survival and alter parasitoid behavior. Chapter 4 addressed how the outcome of interactions that are altered by aphids changed with spatial scale, and found no effect spatial scale on hornworm abundance and parasitism. In this system, aphids alter parasitoid-caterpillar interactions through changes in plant quality that reduce hornworm performance and abundance, and in turn, influence parasitoid attack. This work demonstrates that the outcome of multispecies interactions may not be predictable from pairwise interactions.Ph. D.
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Doyle, Annie Lynn. "Effects of Forest Fragmentation and Honeysuckle Invasion on Forest Lepidoptera in Southwest Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1229873847.
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Ausique, John Jairo Saldarriaga. "Caracterização das comunidades de microorganismos associados ao mesêntero de Diatraea saccharalis e Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Crambidae e Noctuidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-16032010-161656/.
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O primeiro passo para entender as funções da microbiota do trato digestivo na biologia dos insetos consiste na identificação dos membros destas comunidades. Neste trabalho, as bactérias presentes no mesêntero de lagartas da broca da cana-de-açúcar, Diatraea saccharalis e da lagarta-do-cartucho-do-milho, Spodoptera frugiperda, provenientes de diferentes localidades, espécies ou variedades de plantas hospedeiras, foram identificadas por isolamentos em meio de cultura TSA (Triptona de Soja Agar) e por técnicas moleculares que independem do cultivo dos microrganismos. As lagartas de D. saccharalis foram coletadas em nove variedades de cana-deaçúcar nos municípios paulistas de Bocaina, Tanabi e Luís Antônio. S. frugiperda foram coletadas diretamente no campo em milho em Piracicaba-SP e populações de campo e de laboratório foram também alimentadas com dieta artificial, milho, algodão, sorgo e arroz. Foram utilizadas 90 lagartas de D. saccharalis e 40 de S. frugiperda sendo a microbiota de cada lagarta avaliada individualmente. As bactérias isoladas foram testadas quanto à capacidade de degradação de celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e bagaço de cana. A caracterização molecular foi realizada por DGGE (Gel de eletroforese em gradiente desnaturante) usando-se a região 16S do RNA ribossômico amplificado de DNA metagenômico extraído do mesêntero de 57 lagartas de D. saccharalis e 26 de S. frugiperda. Posteriormente, 6 destas amostras de DNA metagenômico de cada uma das espécies de insetos foram clonadas e as 12 bibliotecas de clones foram sequenciadas. A comunidade de bactérias cultiváveis das duas espécies de insetos é composta por representantes dos filos Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Actinobacteria. A afiliação filogenética das seqüências das bibliotecas de clones de rRNA 16S revelou a ocorrência, além destes filos, de Bacteroidetes em D. saccharalis e Bacteroidetes e Acidobacteria em S. frugiperda. Somente bactérias isoladas de D. saccharalis apresentaram resposta positiva nos testes de degradação in vitro para celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e bagaço de cana. A capacidade destes microrganismos de degradar celulose foi maior do que hemicelulose e poucos produziram enzimas para degradar lignina. Somente duas bactérias apresentaram resposta positiva aos testes de degradação para todas estas fontes de carbono. As seqüências de rRNA 16S destas se agrupam com representantes de Phyllobacterium trifolii e Bacillus subtilis. O maior número de sequências de bactérias cultiváveis pertence aos gêneros Bacillus (26,4 e 32.4% em D. saccharalis e S. frugiperda, respectivamente), Enterococcus (12,1 e 13%) e Microbacterium (18 e 12%). As análises das seqüências obtidas do DNA metagenômico revelaram que Klebsiella esteve presente em todas as amostras analisadas de D. saccharalis. As comunidades de bactérias em S. frugiperda apresentaram maior variação em função do alimento. Entretanto, Ralstonia e Hydrogenophilus estiveram presentes na maioria das lagartas. As variações das estruturas das comunidades bacterianas de S. frugiperda e de D. saccharalis estão diretamente relacionadas com a origem das populações e o tipo de alimentação dos insetos. A presença constante de algumas bactérias na maioria dos insetos indica que estas possam ser indispensáveis, exercendo alguma função vital para o inseto ou que apresentam alguma relação vantajosa para o hospedeiro.The identification of members of the microbe communities is the first step to understand their roles on insect biology. We have characterized the midgut bacterial community of fifth ínstar caterpillars of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, and of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, through isolation on tryptic soy agar medium and through culture-independent molecular techniques. D. saccharalis caterpillars were collected on nine sugarcane varieties in Bocaina, Tanabi and Luís Antônio cities in São Paulo State. S. frugiperda were collected directly from corn fields in Piracicaba-SP and field and laboratory populations were reared on artificial diet, corn, cotton, sorghum and rice. Ninety D. saccharalis caterpillars and 40 S. frugiperda caterpillars were used. The microbiota community of each caterpillar was evaluated individually. The ability of bacterial isolates to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and sugarcane bagasse was assessed. The molecular analyses were based on Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences amplified from metagenomic DNA extracted from 57 individual midgut of D. saccharalis and 26 from S. frugiperda. Latter, 6 of these metagenomic DNA of each insect species were cloned and the 12 clone libraries were sequenced. The cultivable bacterial community of these two insect species is composed by representatives of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The phylotypes from the clone libraries of 16S rRNA were comprised by Bacteroidetes in D. saccharalis and Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria in S. frugiperda, besides the three phyla found by culturing. Only bacteria isolated from D. saccharalis had ability to degrade cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and sugarcane bagasse in the in vitro tests. The ability to degrade cellulose was more common than the ability to degrade hemicelullose and just a few isolates had the ability to degrade lignin. The only two bacteria presenting a positive response to degradation of all carbon sources were clustered with Phyllobacterium trifolii and Bacillus subtilis. The greatest number of cultivable bacteria sequences belongs to genera Bacillus (26.4 and 32.4%, in D. saccharalis and S. frugiperda, respectively), Enterococcus (12.1 and 13%) and Microbacterium (18 and 12%). Sequence analysis from metagenomic DNA revealed the genera Klebsiella in all samples from D. saccharalis. Bacterial community varied according to S. frugiperda host plant; however, both Ralstonia and Hydrogenophilus genera were present in the digestive tracts of insects from most host plants. Community structure variation of S. frugiperda and D. saccharalis is related directly to insect population origin and type of insect food source. The constant presence of some bacteria in the majority of insects indicates that those microorganisms might either be indispensable, playing a vital role to the insect, or have some symbiotic or commensal relation with the insect.
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Cox, S. C. "The action of formamidines at octopamine-sensitive receptors in Antheraea larvae." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376606.
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