Journal articles on the topic 'Caterpillars Biological control'
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1
Agasyeva, Irina. "Ectoparasite Habrobracon Hebetor Say Is an Efficient Biological Control Agent of Lepidopteran Pests." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128503010.
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Ectoparasite Habrobracon hebetor Say is one of the most widely used biological controllers in biological plant protection against a number of harmful lepidopterans, including especially dangerous pests of corn, soy, fruit and vegetable crops. As a result of research conducted in 2017, food specialization and parasitic activity of three different populations of H.hebetor were studied. Two races have been identified for mass rearing and application: pyralid and leaf roller (against corn moth, bean pod borer, apple and plum moths), and pyralid owl-moth (against cotton moth, corn borer, bean pod borer and boxwood moth). As a result of studies of biological features and trophic needs, it has been determined that caterpillars of mill moth (Ephestia cuhniellia Zella) should be used as a host insect for laboratory cultivation of the stock population of the Habrobracon pyralid and leaf roller race (race No. 1). For the introduced from South Kazakhstan the H.hebetor pyralid and noctuid race the most productive rearing is on the caterpillars of large bee moth (Galleria mellonela L.). Optimal temperature for rearing of both races is 26-28 ° C, relative air humidity is 70% and photoperiod is not less than 16 hours. It has been noticed that before laying eggs on the host’s caterpillars, the Habrobracon female preliminarily paralyzes the victim, piercing the sheath with ovipositor. As a result, the caterpillar stops eating and is immobilized. In 3-4 days larvae hatch out of the laid on the caterpillar eggs. The larvae feed on the contents of the caterpillars for 4-5 days, then pupate and after 6-8 days an adult insect leaves the cocoon. The development of one generation lasts 13-16 days, one cocoon includes one parasite. 1,000 large bee moth caterpillars used for infection provide on average 5.8-6.0 thousand cocoons, of which an average of 4.5-4.7 thousand parasites fly out.
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Picanço, Marcelo Coutinho. "Natural Biological Control of Diaphania spp. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Social Wasps." Sociobiology 59, no. 2 (September 26, 2014): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v59i2.618.
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The social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) are important agents of biological control for agricultural pests. Diaphania hyalinata L. and Diaphania nitidalis Cramer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) are among the main pests of plants in the Cucurbitaceae family. Although the importance of social wasps is acknowledged, little is known about their activity as biological control agents in Diaphania spp. Thus, this work aimed to study the natural biological control of the caterpillars D. hyalinata and D. nitidalis by social wasps. We studied the natural biological control of caterpillars of D. hyalinata and D. nitidalis on cucumber hybrids Sprint 440 II and Vlasstar. The main predators of Diaphania caterpillars were the social wasps, followed by Diptera: Syrphidae; Hemiptera: Anthocoridae; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Anthicidae; Neuroptera: Chrysopidae and Arachnida: Araneae. Predation of D. hyalinata caterpillars by social wasps was high from the second to fifth instar. The predation of D. nitidalis caterpillars by social wasps was high from the second to fourth instar. There was no predation by social wasps on the first instar larvae of Diaphania spp. The cucumber hybrids did not influence the predation of Diaphania spp. by social wasps. The main social wasp predator of Diaphania spp. was Polybia ignobilis (Haliday). Also, we observed the social wasp Polybia scutellaris (White) preying on D. hyalinata but at low intensity.
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Afandi, Wandi Marwadi, Sulthon Parinduri, and Guntoro . "KEMAMPUAN PREDATOR (Sycanus annulicornis Dhorn) DALAM MENGENDALIKAN HAMA ULAT API (Setothosea asigna) DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT." Jurnal Agro Estate 3, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jae.v3i1.20.
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Sycanus annulicornis is an important predator for palm leaf-eating caterpillars (UPDKS) from the Limacodidae family. Therefore, these predators need to be propagated and disseminated in the area of oil palm plantations so that they can become a mortality factor in biological control (UPDKS). Predator S. annulicornis is a predator that is very useful for controlling caterpillar pests in oil palm plantations. His ability to prey on fire caterpillars in the field, as well as his short life cycle and high reproductive ability make this predator very potential to be applied in fire caterpillar pest control. This research was carried out at Sycanus House Afdeling V Tanah Raja PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Serdang Bedagai North Sumatra. The time of the study was carried out in August - September 2018. The results showed that fire caterpillar (Setothosea asigna) was able to be controlled by predators (Sycanus annulicornis) in F1 treatment (1 Sycanus annulicornis), F2 (2 Sycanus annulicornis) and F3 on the first day after application, the highest mortality seen in the treatment F3 (3 Sycanus annulicornis).
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Milanovic, Slobodan. "Host plant effect on the susceptibility of gypsy moth caterpillars to insecticides." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 85 (2002): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0285069m.
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Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L) is the most significant pest of broadleaf forests. The dynamics of gypsy moth population depends on several biotic and abiotic factors, but it is also highly dependent on the quality of consumed food. The gypsy moth control increasingly relies on the biological preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki (Btk) and Lymantria dispar Nuclear Poliedrosis virus (NPV). Chemical preparations are still applied although more rarely, the pyrethroids which include also lambda-cyhalothrin This paper presents the study results of the effect of host plant on gypsy moth caterpillar (Lymantria dispar L) susceptibility to lambda cihalotrine insecticide, by which the study oak leaves were contaminated. The study results show the lowest mortality of the caterpillars fed on contaminated leaves of Turkey oak (17.5%), then pedunculate oak (86.1%), and the highest mortality of caterpillars fed on sessile oak leaves (92%). The rate of the gypsy moth caterpillar development depends on the host plant Susceptibility of the gypsy moth caterpillars to the above preparation depends on the host plant The knowledge of the effect of host plant on insecticide efficiency in gypsy moth suppression would render insecticide utilisation optimal.
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de Boer, Jetske, and Jeffrey Harvey. "Range-Expansion in Processionary Moths and Biological Control." Insects 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050267.
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Global climate change is resulting in a wide range of biotic responses, including changes in diel activity and seasonal phenology patterns, range shifts polewards in each hemisphere and/or to higher elevations, and altered intensity and frequency of interactions between species in ecosystems. Oak (Thaumetopoea processionea) and pine (T. pityocampa) processionary moths (hereafter OPM and PPM, respectively) are thermophilic species that are native to central and southern Europe. The larvae of both species are gregarious and produce large silken ‘nests’ that they use to congregate when not feeding. During outbreaks, processionary caterpillars are capable of stripping foliage from their food plants (oak and pine trees), generating considerable economic damage. Moreover, the third to last instar caterpillars of both species produce copious hairs as a means of defence against natural enemies, including both vertebrate and invertebrate predators, and parasitoids. These hairs contain the toxin thaumetopoein that causes strong allergic reactions when it comes into contact with human skin or other membranes. In response to a warming climate, PPM is expanding its range northwards, while OPM outbreaks are increasing in frequency and intensity, particularly in northern Germany, the Netherlands, and southern U.K., where it was either absent or rare previously. Here, we discuss how warming and escape from co-evolved natural enemies has benefitted both species, and suggest possible strategies for biological control.
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Ngapiyatun, Sri, N. Hidayat, and F. Mulyadi. "PENGENDALIAN PALATABILITAS ULAT API PADA TANAMAN SAWIT DENGAN APLIKASI BEBERAPA PESTISIDA NABATI DI LABORATORIUM." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 5, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v5i2.4371.
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One of the factors that cause the minus of palm oil is caterpillar pest attack. This study is conducted to make vegetable pesticides from seeds and soursop leaves, lemon grass, pepper and tobacco to overcome the palatability of the caterpillar. This study aims to determine the best extraction of vegetable pesticide and their effect in reducing the palatability of the caterpillar. The research was carried out in the laboratory and in palm fruit garden of MuaraBadak. The duration of research is 2 months covering preparation of tools and materials, making and application of vegetable pesticide and data retrieval. This study used a complete randomized design consisting of 6 treatments, namely control, soursop seeds, soursop leaves, lemongrass, peppercorn, and tobacco that are repeated 3 times. The leaves are dipped in pesticides according to the treatment and then the leaves are applied to the caterpillars for 7 days in which the leaves and the caterpillar are inserted into a jar being covered with gauze. The observed parameters are the activity of the caterpillar, the day of the caterpillar, and the caterpillar palatability. The results show that the best vegetable pesticides that could decrease the palatability of the caterpillars are tobacco extract treatment, which reaches 100%, where the caterpillars do not want to eat the application leaves and the caterpillars die on the 1st day after application.Keywords : Biological pesticide; palatability; fire caterpillar; palm oil.Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan rendahnya hasil buah sawit adalah serangan hama ulat api. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan pestisida nabati dari biji dan daun sirsak, serai, biji lada dan tembakau untuk mengatasi palatabilitas ulat api. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan ekstraksi pestisida nabati yang terbaik dan pengaruhnya dalam menurunkan palatabilitas ulat api. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan di kebun sawit Muara Badak, lama waktu penelitian 2 bulan meliputi persiapan alat dan bahan, pembuatan dan aplikasi pestisida nabati serta pengambilan data. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri 6 perlakuan yaitu kontrol, biji sirsak, daun sirsak, serai, biji lada, dan tembakau yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Daun dicelupkan ke dalam pestisida sesuai dengan perlakuan kemudian daun diaplikasikan ke ulat selama 7 hari dengan cara daun dan ulat di masukkan ke dalam toples yang ditutup dengan kain kasa. Parameter yang diamati yaitu, aktifitas ulat, hari keberapa ulat mati, dan palatabilitas ulat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pestisida nabati terbaik yang dapat menurunkan palatabilitas ulat api adalah perlakuan ekstrak tembakau yaitu mencapai 100%, dimana ulat tidak mau memakan daun aplikasi dan ulat mati pada hari ke-1 setelah aplikasi.Kata Kunci : Pestisida Nabati; Palatabilitas; Ulat Api; Kelapa Sawit
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Vieira, M. C. S., E. C. S. Vieira, P. G. Silva, I. F. da Silva, C. J. Ávila, N. D. R. da Silva, I. C. Vessoni, and G. F. Rodrigues. "Effectiveness of Insecticides to Control Small and Large Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 6 (May 15, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n6p90.
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Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a cosmopolitan pest with wide geographical distribution in Brazil. This pest was officially registered in 2013 on cotton, soybean, corn, and some weeds, although this species may have been present in the country since 2008. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of eight insecticides (seven chemicals and a biological product) to control small and large H. armigera caterpillars. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions (T 22±1 °C; RH 70±10%; 12h photoperiod), with nine treatments (g a.i./ha dose): flubendiamide (72), chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (30 + 15), chlorfenapyr (288), spinetoran (18), indoxacarb (120), emamectin benzoate (10), metomil (322.5), Bacillus thuringiensis (500), and control (water). A completely randomized design was used with four replications for each size of caterpillars (small and large), and each repetition (plot) consisted of five H. armigera caterpillars fed with bean leaves immersed in the different treatments evaluated. The larval mortality evaluations were performed at one, three, five, and seven days after contact with the treated bean leaves, determining the control efficiency (E%) through the formula of Abbott (1925). All chemical and biological treatments tested caused significant mortality of small and large H. armigera caterpillars, reaching a control percentage of 100% at seven days after treatment, demonstrating the possibility of using the insecticides tested to control this pest under field conditions.
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XU, R., S. YANG, D. WU, and R. P. KUANFG. "Control effects and economic evaluation of pumpkin leaf extract on caterpillars of the small cabbage butterfly." Journal of Agricultural Science 146, no. 5 (May 28, 2008): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608007909.
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SUMMARYThe control effect of Cucurbita ficifolia (pumpkin) leaf acetone extract on caterpillars of the small cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) was observed in laboratory and field experiments from 1 March 2006 to 30 May 2007. The mechanism of the action by which pumpkin leaf extract (PLE) controls small cabbage caterpillars was examined for feeding restraint, and the values for 0·50 feeding restraint concentration (FC50) and 0·95 feeding restraint concentration (FC95) after 12 and 24 h were estimated. The results showed that the absolute anti-feeding activity for fourth instar caterpillars after 12 h was 0·65 and after 24 h was 0·56, while relative anti-feeding activity was 0·57 after 12 h and 0·59 after 24 h. Field experimental results indicated that the leaf protection effects increased up to day 7, while the feeding control effects remained constant. Comparison of the profits from pest management using indigenous pesticides, biological pesticides and chemical pesticides and without pest management suggested that there are currently economic benefits associated with the use of indigenous pesticides, such as PLE.
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Ismail, Ismail, Rusli Anwar, and Wartomo. "PEMANFAATAN BUNGA PUKUL DELAPAN (Turnera subulata) SEBAGAI TANAMAN INANG BAGI PREDATOR DAN PARASITOID ULAT API (Studi Kasus PT. Tritunggal Sentra Buana)." JURNAL AGRIMENT 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51967/jurnalagriment.v6i2.588.
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This research is motivated by the importance of knowledge about alternative pest control that is safe but still supports the achievement of maximum oil palm production so that the balance of the oil palm plantation ecosystem can occur. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical cultivation and benefits of the Turnera subulata flower as a host plant for predators and parasitoids that function as biological agents for caterpillars and can be a reference for controlling caterpillar pests that are safe and still support the achievement of maximum oil palm production. The method used in this research is field observation and documentation from the company. The scope of this research covers the technical aspects of the biological control of caterpillars. This research data uses primary data and secondary data obtained from field observations and literature studies in the form of company reports in the form of percentages. The realization of Turnera subulata planting reached 21,659 m on CR road and 19,914 m on MR road. The planned planting of Turnera subulata is 57,200 m on the CR road and 45,823 m on the MR road. For the realization of the planting of Turnera subulata itself using seeds that are ready for planting. To obtain the seedling, the company conducts its nurseries. The seedling technique was done using the stem cutting technique. The stems for the cutting technique were taken from the Turnera subulata plant stems that have grown large. The type of stem taken is the old Turnera subulata plant stem. For seed care, the seeds are always watered every morning and evening like other flower plants. For the natural enemy insects, been proven that there are 6 natural enemy insects associated with Turnera subulata plants, 3 predators, and 3 parasitoids, each with a large enough number of insects. The types are Eocanthecona furcellata, Cosmolestes sp., Sycannus dichotomus, Spinaria spinator, Fornicia sp., and Chaetexorista javana. The development and the implementation of a control system are by optimizing the conservation and utilization of these biological control agents is a wise step to obtain an effective, efficient and environmentally friendly technique for controlling caterpillars. The presence of Turnera subulata plants can be used to suppress the development of pests in oil palm plantations by increasing the potential for natural enemies, both predators, and parasitoids. The diversity of wild plants with flowers can increase the variety of insects so that the balance of the ecosystem occurs.
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Georgiev, Georgi, Plamen Mirchev, Margarita Georgieva, Mihail Kechev, Sevdalin Belilov, Maria Matova, Vyara Petrova, Petya Mateva, Maria Kirilova, and Ilian Mutafchiiski. "Biological control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) by the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga in Bulgaria in 2021." Silva Balcanica 22, no. 3 (December 14, 2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e78600.
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In 2021, biological control programme against gipsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations was carried out by introduction of the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga on the territory of four State Forest Enterprises: Municipal Enterprise (ME) ‘Management of Municipal Forests, Agriculture and Forestry’, Nessebar; State Game Enterprises (SGE) Nessebar and Balchik; State Forestry (SF) Vidin. The pathogen was introduced during the period 15-26.03.2021 in 34 localities - five in ME Nessebar, eight in SGE Nessebar, ten in SGE Balchik and eleven in SF Vidin. The average number of gypsy moth population density in the locations of introduction was relatively high, ranging between 0.4-15.9 egg mass/tree in the area of ​​SGE Balchik and 11.9-65.0 egg mass/tree in the area of ​​ME Nessebar. The average mortality of young gypsy moth caterpillars (first-third instar) due to E. maimaiga varied between 2.6% (SGE Balchik) and 13.0% (SF Vidin), and of caterpillars in later fourth-sixth instar - between 20.7% (SF Vidin) and 52.4% (ME Nessebar). The overall mortality of the gipsy moth caterpillars due to E. maimaiga was lowest in the region of SGE Balchik (26.1%), followed by SF Vidin (33.7%), SGE Nessebar (48.5%) and ME Nessebar (55.9%). As a result of the introduction, gipsy moth severe outbreaks in the region of Nessebar was significantly suppressed. The high number of E. maimaiga resting spores persists in the surface layers of the soil in the other two areas (Vidin and Balchik) has the potential to suppress L. dispar attacks in next years.
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Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1." CORD 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.
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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
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Simonato, Juliana, Harley N. de Oliveira, José F. J. Grigolli, Mirian M. Kubota Grigolli, and Ivana F. da Silva. "Potential of Predator Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the Control of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n3p204.
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Managing Helicoverpa armigera is still a major challenge for Brazilian farmers, due to limited information available about chemicals and biological control of this pest in Brazil. This study focused on evaluating the biological aspects of Podisus nigrispinus fed with H. armigera, under laboratory conditions, as well as verifying the capacity of the P. nigrispinus in preying on caterpillars of H. armigera in the field, in soybean crops. The experiments were conducted in laboratory under controlled temperature conditions of 25±2 ºC, relative humidity (RH) 60±10% and 14-hour photophase, as well as in the field, at the experimental station of Fundação MS in Maracaju, MS. In the laboratory, second instar nymphs of P. nigrispinus were placed in plastic jars and fed with H. armigera larvae or Tenebrio molitor larvae throughout the nymphal phase. When they reach adulthood, 15 couples were formed, remaining with the same prey of the previous phase. For the field trial, soybean plants were caged, and inside these cages were released eight quarter-instar H. armigera caterpillars. Subsequently, in each cage were released an adult female or a fifth instar nymph, and after 24 hours, the number of prey caterpillars were assessed. Predator nymphal duration was shorter in treatment with H. armigera than with T. molitor. Nymphal viability was similar between treatments. Adult females and males fed with H. armigera presented greater body mass than those fed with T. molitor. The number of postures per female and the number of eggs per female were similar between treatments. The incubation period of eggs was longer for treatment with H. armigera, differing statistically from treatment with T. molitor. Eggs from treatment with H. armigera showed similar viability to treatment with T. molitor, not differing statistically. Females and males under treatment with H. armigera showed longer longevity compared to treatment with T. molitor. Adult females preyed on average 2.26 caterpillars within 24 hours and fifth instar nymphs preyed on 1.73 caterpillars/day. P. nigrispinus showed better development when fed with H. armigera, demonstrating that it can be used as an alternative host for breeding this predator. The predator showed satisfactory performance for predation rate/day. Release of fifth instar nymphs and adult females of P. nigrispinus may reduce the pest population in relation to the absence of the predator under field conditions, an important alternative to be used in H. armigera integrated management programs.
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CAMARGO, LENIO CESAR MORAES DE, DANILO DE BRITO GARCIA, OTÁVIO JORGE GRÍGOLI ABI SAAB, AMARILDO PASINI, DANILO AUGUSTO SARTI, and CARLOS TADEU DOS SANTOS DIAS. "INSECTICIDE APPLICATION SPEED IN THE CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS IN SOYBEAN1." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 1 (March 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n108rc.
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ABSTRACT During the chemical control of pests, diseases and weeds, great importance is given to the phytosanitary product and little attention to the application technology. The control of soybean pests did not escape the general rule and, therefore, some pests known as secondary, and even nonexistent, became responsible for great damage to the soybean crop. The objective of this work was to test the application of insecticide at different speeds (5 and 16 km h-1) by varying the rates of application in 108 to 110 and 199 to 216 L ha-1 to quantify the difference in the coverage percentage of the applied insecticide in the canopy of soybean plants, and to verify the interaction of these factors with efficacy parameters for the control of caterpillars (Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens). In general, the highest leaf coverage by the insecticide was observed in the upper part of the canopy, regardless of the rate and speed of application, resulting in lower leaf damage. For the middle and lower thirds of the plant, the decrease in speed influenced more the decrease in leaf damage by the caterpillars than the increase in the spray volume.
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Noronha, Aloyséia Cristina da Silva, Dimison Garcia Blanco, Valmir Antonio Costa, Ranyse Barbosa Querino, Dênmora Gomes de Araújo, and Norman F. Johnson. "Egg parasitoids of the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis spp.) associated to cassava in the Pará State, Brazil." EntomoBrasilis 13 (December 18, 2020): e932. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e932.
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The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and identify the egg-parasitoid species of the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis spp.) in cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz - Euphorbiaceae), facilitating their usage in the biological control as a management strategy in the Pará State. During February to December of 2016, cassava hornworm eggs were collected in the Cassava Germplasm Bank area of the Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, located at the city of Belém, State of Pará. In the laboratory, eggs were separated in viable and parasitized and were daily observed until the hatching of the caterpillars and emergence of the parasitoids. The caterpillars were reared until reaching the adult stage and the sex determined at the pupae stage. A total of 482 eggs were collected, with a higher occurrence at March, and 244 caterpillars were obtained with sex ratio of 0.52 with 191 specimens reaching adult stage. Among these adults, 95.81% were Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus) and 4.19% Erinnyis alope (Drury). A total of 1,087 parasitoids were obtained from 131 eggs and belong to four Hymenoptera families: Platygastridae (Telenomus dilophonotae Cameron), Eulophidae (Chrysonotomyia sp. aff. serjaniae), Trichogrammatidae (Trichogramma marandobai Brun, Moraes & Soares) and Encyrtidae (Ooencyrtus sp.). The Erinnyis spp. eggs were mostly parasitized by T. dilophonotae, which was classified along with T. marandobai as constant. The occurrence of these natural enemies highlights the potential for natural biological control against Erinnyis spp.
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Chirinzane, Cacilda João, Nilton José Sousa, Eduardo Henrique Rezende, Antonio Carlos Batista, Marcos Giongo, and Veruza Cristina Mendonça. "EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS ON THE BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF Condylorrhiza vestigialis." FLORESTA 51, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v51i1.67580.
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The objective of this work was to determine the influence of different artificial diets on biological parameters related to the life cycle of C Condylorrhiza vestigialis aiming to determine the most suitable diet for the rearing of a population of this insect. Four diet formulations were tested. Ten repetitions were used, with 30 caterpillars per repetition. All stages of C. vestigialis life cycle were followed to evaluate biological parameters: viability of larvae, pre pupa, pupa and adults, as well as the sex ratio. The number of larval instars, the pupal mass and the total number of eggs per day and per female day were also calculated. The four diets tested allowed the development of C. vestigialis caterpillars. All diets were considered adequate for the purpose of the work, which is the production of baculovirus used in the control program of this pest. It was the diet 2 that provided the best results, the largest pupal mass, and the quantity and viability of the eggs produced by C. vestigialis females fed in this larval phase.
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Oliveira, Matheus Montefusco, Flávia Batista Gomes, Alexandre Somavilla, and Cristiane Krug. "Polistes canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vespidae: Polistinae) in the Western Amazon: a Potential Biological Control Agent." Sociobiology 64, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i4.1936.
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Wasps of the genus Polistes (Vespidae: Polistinae) are eusocial, considered valuable biological control agents. The objective of this work was to determine the resources collected by Polistes canadensis wasps, evaluate their performance and importance as a natural enemy and possible agent of biological control in the Brazilian Amazon. Between 8 October and 20 November of 2014, 20 evaluations were performed, totalizing 101 hours of observations of the foraging activity of an aggregation out in stage of development post-emergence with approximately 50 adult individuals distributed in 15 colonies. Additionally, observations of the predatory activity of Polistes canadensis on Plutella xylostella on a small organic plantation of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC), were also made. During the evaluations 1742 returns were recorded, 11.72% of them with prey, 3.10% with plant fiber, 16.76% with nectar, 45.17% with water and 23.25% without any visible load. All the preys identified were classified as Lepidoptera, belonging to ten morphospecies. Only one morphospecies was identified as Spodoptera frugiperda, which was the most commonly resource used by the wasps in 37 % in immature feeding. Only returns with nectar had statistically significant difference between the evaluated schedules. Polistes canadensis wasps did not prey Plutella xylostella caterpillars. The wasp aggregation studied was able to prey an average of 10.2 caterpillars per day, which demonstrates the potential of this species for the biological control of pests in the Amazon region.
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Isichenko, N. V., V. M. Litvin, G. I. Babayeva, B. T. Stegniy, O. V. Dmitriyeva, and I. I. Degtyar. "NEW PARTNENCLONES OF BOOMBYX MORI L. FROM THE COLLECTION OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.19.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the research is to investigate the ability to heat the parthenogenesis of new breeds silkworm T–1, T–2, D–1 silkworm breeds and to establish the reproductive, biological and technological parameters of the T–1clone, T–2clone and D–1clone created on their basis.
Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of silkworm and technical entomology of the National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine" during 2016–2018.
For the study of the ability of new breeds of silkworm D–1, T–1, T–2 to the thermal parthenogenesis, the females of the aforementioned silkworms were used. Activation of the gravel to ameiotic parthenogenesis (complete thermal pathogenesis) was carried out using the method B. L. Astaurov
The reproductive parameters of parthenoclon were studied: the ability to parthenogenesis (%), the total number of eggs (pieces), the weight of one egg (mg), the output of caterpillars from eggs (%).
The economic-valuable and technological indicators of the created clones were investigated: viability of caterpillars (%), cocoon yields of 1 g of caterpillars (kg), silkworm cocoons (%), cocoon mass (g), length of filaments (m), length of continuous- unwound thread (m), raw silk output (%).
The main results obtained. It is established that the new clones of silkworm silk created by the ability to parthenogenesis are at the control level. In terms of the viability of caterpillars in 2018, they are somewhat inferior to Ukr.28, but according to the results of three years of research, this indicator is at a level, and T–2clone even exceeds control by 4.84% (p < 0,05). Similar results are obtained on the basis of the weight of the cocoon.
By the cocoon yield, the new Parthenoclon exceeds control in 2018 by an average of 0.44 kg and for three years of research – by 0.50 kg. The indicator of silk worminess of cocoons in T–1clones and D–1clones was at the level of the indicator Ukr.28clones, at T–2clone – was higher than the parameters of part-clones and control at 0.83–2.73%. The length of the thread, the length of the continuously unwound yarn and the output of raw silk is dominated by T–2clone – its values exceed the similar indicators of T–1clone and D–1clone, dominated by control indicators – Ukr.28clones.
Thus, the new clones of silkworm, adapted to the changed climate in Ukraine, were introduced and evaluated. They can be components for the creation of new clone-breed hybrids with high biological and technological performance. The stands of silkworm hybrids will provide domestic branches of production of organic raw materials for the production of modern products. This will allow import substitution of organic goods for everyday use to our country's inhabitants. Domestic production of organic products in the form of clothing, medical and cosmetic products will provide the work of thousands of compatriots and reduce the cost of goods in comparison with imported ones.
Prospects for further scientific research are the creation of new clone-breed hybrids with high biological and technological indices for Ukraine.
Conclusions. 1. Three new high-yield silkworm clones with the optimal combination of silk productivity and ability to ameiotic parthenogenesis, characterized by the following biological indices, are derived: T–1clone – caterpillar livelihood 84.13%, cocoon yield 3.76 kg, cocoon mass 2.30 g, silkiness 21.62%; T–2clone – caterpillars' survivability 88.94%, cocoon yield 4.23 kg, cocoon mass 2.53 g, silicone 24.25%; D–1clone. – The viability of the caterpillars is 85.52%, the cocoons are 4.08 kg, the cocoon mass is 2.41 g, and the silicone content is 21.62%.
The estimation of reproductive indices of created T–1clone, T–2clone and D–1clone clones was made and their ability to heat parthenogenesis was determined. The highest ability to ameiotic parthenogenesis has D–1clone – 72.73%.
Parthenoclones T–1clone, T–2clone and D–1clone for reproductive characteristics are at the level of the control clone Ukr.28clones and are promising for clone- breed hybridization.
The technological parameters of the new clones are established: the T–2clone is the leader in the length of the filament (1432m), the length of the continuous unwound yarn (734 m) and the output of raw silk (46.3%) – its parameters exceed the similar indicators in T–1clone and D–1clone at 2.5% and prevail over control indicators – Ukr.28clones – by 5.5%.
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Oliveira, Carlos Romero Ferreira de, Cláudia Helena Cysneiros Matos, and Eduardo Hatano. "Occurrence of Pyemotes sp. on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, no. 6 (November 2007): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000700003.
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The aim of this work was to study the population reduction of the tomato leafminer moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), by Pyemotes sp. in the laboratory. The mite became greenish when fed on caterpillars, pupae, and adults of T. absoluta. The caterpillars and adults of T. absoluta were quickly paralyzed by the mite venom. A single T. absoluta could host many Pyemotes sp, physogastric females, which were allowed to grow on the moth. Pyemotes sp. can be a new alternative for the biological control of T. absoluta. However, this possibility must be better understood before it could be recommended, because Pyemotes sp. could also cause dermatitis in the humans.
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Santos, L. M., L. R. Redaelli, L. M. G. Diefenbach, and C. F. S. Efrom. "Larval and pupal stage of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sweet and field corn genotypes." Brazilian Journal of Biology 63, no. 4 (November 2003): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842003000400009.
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Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm, is a very significant polyphagous pest due to the damages it causes, and control difficulties. Lack of information about its impact on sweet corn motivated a comparison of its biology, with respect to the larval and pupal stages, among the genotypes ELISA, BR 400 (sweet corns), and BR PAMPA (field corn). In laboratory conditions (25 ± 1ºC; 70 ± 10% RH; photophase 12 hours), 35 caterpillars were individualized and fed daily with 3.14 cm² sections of corn leaves from the referred-to genotypes, cultivated in plots in the experimental area of the Departament of Fitossanidade, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS from October to November 2000. The caterpillars were weighed daily; after each molt, the cephalic capsules were collected and measured (in width), to establish growth rate; pupae were weighed and sexed when 24 hours old. The duration of the larval instars, the pupal sex ratio, and the mortality of larvae and pupae were evaluated. In the first three instars there were no differences registered in capsule width. In the fourth and fifth instars, capsules of caterpillars kept in BR 400 were smaller. The weight of caterpillars and pupae, instar duration and sex ratio did not differ among the genotypes. Pupal phase duration was less in females kept in BR 400. Mortality was greater in the larval phase in ELISA and in the pupal phase in BR PAMPA.
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Ismailov, V. Ya, I. S. Agasieva, and A. S. Nastasiy. "Habrobracon hebetor Say as an effi cient parasite to control codling moth." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-2-52-57.
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The article presents the estimation of the parasitic activity of Habrobracon hebetor against the codling moth, the initial population of which was captured in the apple orchard of All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plants Protection. As a result of the research the biological peculiarities of the natural population of ectoparasite were studied, the host insect – the wax moth (Galleria mellonela L.) was selected, the effi ciency of the bioagent against caterpillars of middle and older ages of codling moth was studied, which was 51.7 and 75.6 %, respectively. In the organic apple orchard of the «List» group companies, the production of gabrobracon against codling moth was carried out on Liberty and Florina varieties of autumn maturation at the rate of 1500 individuals/ha. As a result of the experiment, uniform distribution of gabrobracon throughout the orchard was established. The degree of infection of the pest’s caterpillars by ectoparasite was 50-65 % and the fruit damage was 3.8 %. In order to include the bioagent in the system of orchard protection against the codling moth, a number of biological, biorational and chemical insecticides were evaluated in laboratory conditions for compatibility with ectoparasite. The survival rate of the gabrobracon population after Lepidocid, CK treatment was 79.8 %. The baculoviruses preparation FermoVirin YaP, based on granulosis of the codling moth, is absolutely non-toxic for H. hebetor (the imago emergence after treatment was 100 %, which indicates the complete compatibility of the entomophage and the preparation). On the basis of the received data the inclusion H. hebetor bioagent into the system of apple tree protection against the codling moth in conditions of plain part of Krasnodar region is expedient as it allows to increase the effi ciency of the biological protection system of the apple orchard.
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Бачинська, Я. О., Т. Ю. Маркіна, І. О. Ликова, and Л. П. Харченко. "EFFICIENCY OF USING GALLERIA MELLONELLA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) FOR WASTE PROCESSING OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS." Біорізноманіття, екологія та експериментальна біологія, no. 22 (2020): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/2708-5848.2020.22.1.05.
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The problem of waste processing of synthetic polymers makes scientific society look for biodestructors that can digest them. Recently there have appeared some studies that claimed that caterpillars Galleria mellonella L. can influence the integrity of synthetic polymers. In terms of evolution, this species is related to beehives and can digest bee wax. The capability of this insect to digest polyethylene is still under issue. During the research, it was analyzed how the addition of polyethylene to the artificial nutrient medium affects the biological parameters of Pyralidae when cultured in the laboratory. It was shown that adding polyethylene to the standard nutrient medium in proportions of 1/4 та 1/3 does not influence the biological parameters of the species. The viability of caterpillars and chrysalides stays within the control framework. Adding polyethylene to the artificial nutrient medium in proportions of 1/2 leads to 23% lower viability during the pupa phase. The viability of chrysalides was within control framework and their individual fertility did not differ significantly. When the artificial nutrient medium contained 3/4 of polyethylene, the viability of chrysalides decreased significantly by 61%. Increasing the quantity of polyethylene in the artificial nutrient medium led to the extinguished viability which means polyethylene cannot be digested (processed). In this case, the experiment showed a delay in the development and the population reproduction was impossible. In addition to that, the individual fertility of females decreased 6 times if compared to the control group. The development phase under the conditions when the artificial nutrient medium contained ½ of polyethylene was 30 days longer than the development phase of the control group. The sex correlation in this research was 44 % of females and 56 % of males on average. As the results demonstrated the decrease of biological parameters of Galleria mellonella species when using polyethylene, we can assert that caterpillars do not digest polyethylene but in their digestive system, they have enzymes or bacteria that can influence the integrity of polyethylene.
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De Souza Loureiro, Elisângela, Ricardo Alexandre De Souza Tosta, Pamella Mingotti Dias, Luis Gustavo Amorim Pessoa, Francisco Mendes de Oliveira Neto, Gabriel Luiz Reis Devoz, and Franciele Muchalak. "PERFORMANCE OF Metarhizium rileyi APPLIED ON Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 7, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v7i1.4208.
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This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different strains of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi in the control of Helicoverpa armigera caterpillars in laboratory conditions. Caterpillars between the 2nd and 3rd instar were used, ranging in size from 0.7 to 1.2 cm length. The experimental design used was completely randomized, composed of five treatments and five replications, each one consisting of 50 insects. The treatments T1 - Control (sterile distilled water), T2 - M. rileyi UFMS 02 strain, T3 - M. rileyi UFMS 03 strain, T4 - M. rileyi UFMS 06 strain, and T5 - M. rileyi UFMS 07 strain were evaluated. All treatments were applied (2 mL/insect) in suspensions of the order of 1.0 × 109 conidia mL-1, and Tween 80® was added in all treatments. Evaluations were performed daily to verify mortality and sublethal effects. For emerging adults, Filial Generation (FG), the biological cycle was evaluated. The data referring to larval mortality for the Parental Generation (PG) and GF and pupal for GF were submitted to analysis of variance, and the Scott-Knott test grouped the averages at 5% probability. The strains tested did not provide pathogenicity in the larval phase of H. armigera for PG and FG. However, there was a reduction in oviposition in all treatments regarding the control. There was an effect on the reproductive phase of GF caterpillars exposed to M. rileyi.
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Bauserman, Melissa, Adrien Lokangaka, Justin Gado, Kelly Close, Dennis Wallace, Kule-Koto Kodondi, Antoinette Tshefu, and Carl Bose. "A cluster-randomized trial determining the efficacy of caterpillar cereal as a locally available and sustainable complementary food to prevent stunting and anaemia." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 10 (January 29, 2015): 1785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014003334.
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AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a cereal made from caterpillars, a micronutrient-rich, locally available alternative animal-source food, on reducing stunting and anaemia in infants in the Democratic Republic of Congo.DesignSix-month-old infants were cluster randomized to receive either caterpillar cereal daily until 18 months of age or the usual diet. At 18 months of age, anthropometric measurements and biological samples were collected.SettingThe rural Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo.SubjectsOne hundred and seventy-five infants followed from 6 to 18 months of age.ResultsStunting was common at 6 months (35 %) and the prevalence increased until 18 months (69 %). There was no difference in stunting prevalence at 18 months between the intervention and control groups (67 % v. 71 %, P=0·69). Infants in the cereal group had higher Hb concentration than infants in the control group (10·7 v. 10·1 g/dl, P=0·03) and fewer were anaemic (26 v. 50 %, P=0·006), although there was no difference in estimates of body Fe stores (6·7 v. 7·2 mg/kg body weight, P=0·44).ConclusionsSupplementation of complementary foods with caterpillar cereal did not reduce the prevalence of stunting at 18 months of age. However, infants who consumed caterpillar cereal had higher Hb concentration and fewer were anaemic, suggesting that caterpillar cereal might have some beneficial effect. The high prevalence of stunting at 6 months and the lack of response to this micronutrient-rich supplement suggest that factors other than dietary deficiencies also contribute to stunting.
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Wellham, Peter A. D., Abdul Hafeez, Andrej Gregori, Matthias Brock, Dong-Hyun Kim, David Chandler, and Cornelia H. de Moor. "Culture Degeneration Reduces Sex-Related Gene Expression, Alters Metabolite Production and Reduces Insect Pathogenic Response in Cordyceps militaris." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081559.
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Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete, known primarily for infecting lepidopteran larval (caterpillars) and pupal hosts. Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by this fungus has anti-inflammatory properties and other pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the biological role of this adenosine derivate and its stabilising compound pentostatin in the context of insect infection the life cycle of C. militaris. During repeated subcultivation under laboratory conditions a degeneration of C. militaris marked by decreasing levels of cordycepin production can occur. Here, using degenerated and parental control strains of an isolate of C. militaris, we found that lower cordycepin production coincides with the decline in the production of various other metabolites as well as the reduced expression of genes related to sexual development. Additionally, infection of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) caterpillars indicated that cordycepin inhibits the immune response in host haemocytes. Accordingly, the pathogenic response to the degenerated strain was reduced. These data indicate that there are simultaneous changes in sexual reproduction, secondary metabolite production, insect immunity and infection by C. militaris. This study may have implications for biological control of insect crop pests by fungi.
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Hausmann, C., L. Mattiacci, and S. Dorn. "Role of host feeding niches and host refuges in habitat-related behaviour ofHyssopus pallidus(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a larval parasitoid of the codling moth." Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, no. 5 (October 2005): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005374.
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AbstractParasitoid fitness depends largely on the capability to locate a host in an ecosystem. A parasitoid of a polyphagous host might not be able to find or to access the host in all its feeding niches. This study evaluated the niche selection ofHyssopus pallidus(Askew), a larval parasitoid ofCydia pomonella(Linnaeus), at the plant level with the goal of assessing its potential for biological control on different fruit crops throughout the plant cycle. Parasitoid behaviour during host location and reproduction rate were investigated on host caterpillars actively feeding on apple, pear, apricot or plum, and on caterpillars diapausing under the bark. Under laboratory conditions, the host searching behaviour ofH. pallidusvaried depending on the fruit species offered and the infestation of the fruits. Parasitoid females searched longer on apples than on other fruit species, and they searched longer on infested than on uninfested apples. Female wasps were able to locate and parasitize host caterpillars under the tree bark, and their behaviour did not vary with host accessibility. The numbers of caterpillars attacked byH. pallidusdepended on the fruit species. The highest numbers of caterpillars were parasitized in apples and apricots. Their accessibility (i.e. position) within the fruit or on the branch did not influence parasitism success. Although hosts were parasitized throughout the season, the best results were achieved with early and late releases. Therefore, the host niche selection behaviour ofH. pallidusmost likely co-evolved with the hostC. pomonellaon apples, which rendersH. pallidusa valuable biocontrol agent for successful release at different times of the season into apple orchards.
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Zaché, Bruno, Ronelza da Costa Zaché, Natália de Souza, Thaíse Dias, and Carlos Wilcken. "New Record of Trichospilus Diatraeae Margabandhu & Cherian, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Parasitizing Sarsina Violascens (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Brazil." Journal of Plant Protection Research 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-011-0069-x.
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New Record ofTrichospilus DiatraeaeMargabandhu & Cherian, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) ParasitizingSarsina Violascens(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in BrazilThis is the first report ofTrichospilus diatraeae(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) found in the field, parasitizing pupae of the eucalyptus defoliatingSarsina violascens(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Brazil. This offers a new perspectives for the use of this parasitoid in biological control programs against caterpillars of forestry importance.
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Silva, Cinthia Conceição Matias da, Edmilson Jacinto Marques, José Vargas de Oliveira, Auristela Correia de Albuquerque, Eliana Maria Dos Passos, and Jennifer Guimarães. "Effects of entomopathogenic fungi on different developmental stages of Cotesia flavipes (Cam.) a parasitoid of Diatraea flavipennella (Box) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n1p25.
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Biological control using the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cam.) is one of the main components in the integrated management of the sugarcane moth borer Diatraea spp. Besides this parasitoid, the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. are used to control sugarcane pests, and they can be found naturally parasitizing caterpillars. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana on different developmental stages of the C. flavipes parasitoid on Diatraea flavipennella (Box). The experiments were carried at laboratory with isolates PL 43 of M. anisopliae and ESALQ 447 of B. bassiana were applied to the parasitoid at the immature and adult phases. No negative effects were observed on the larval development of C. flavipes, and it could complete its development on caterpillars of D. flavipennella treated with fungi. The fungi did not cause pupal mortality. However, B. bassiana caused high mortality in the adult parasitoid (76%). The fungi had negative effects on parasitoids when applied during certain developmental stages of C. flavipes.
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Fallet, Patrick, Lara De Gianni, Ricardo A. R. Machado, Pamela Bruno, Julio S. Bernal, Patrick Karangwa, Joelle Kajuga, et al. "Comparative Screening of Mexican, Rwandan and Commercial Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Be Used against Invasive Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda." Insects 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020205.
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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize originating from the Americas. It recently invaded Africa and Asia, where it causes severe yield losses to maize. To fight this pest, tremendous quantities of synthetic insecticides are being used. As a safe and sustainable alternative, we explore the possibility to control FAW with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). We tested in the laboratory whether local EPNs, isolated in the invasive range of FAW, are as effective as EPNs from FAW native range or as commercially available EPNs. This work compared the virulence, killing speed and propagation capability of low doses of forty EPN strains, representing twelve species, after placing them with second-, third- and sixth-instar caterpillars as well as pupae. EPN isolated in the invasive range of FAW (Rwanda) were found to be as effective as commercial and EPNs from the native range of FAW (Mexico) at killing FAW caterpillars. In particular, the Rwandan Steinernema carpocapsae strain RW14-G-R3a-2 caused rapid 100% mortality of second- and third-instar and close to 75% of sixth-instar FAW caterpillars. EPN strains and concentrations used in this study were not effective in killing FAW pupae. Virulence varied greatly among EPN strains, underlining the importance of thorough EPN screenings. These findings will facilitate the development of local EPN-based biological control products for sustainable and environmentally friendly control of FAW in East Africa and beyond.
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Seliqe, Gazı Galib. "The dynamics of development of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera H?bner, 1805) and turnipmoth (Agrotis segetumSchif, 1775) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in the sugar beet agrocenosis." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i11pp54-57.
Full textAbstract:
There is comprehensive information about the dynamics of the development of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and turnip moth (Agrotis segetum) belonging to order Lepidoptera in the sugar beet agrocenosis. The seasonal and diurnal flying-dynamics of both species, harmful period of the caterpillars in the agrocenosis, and some biological characteristics have been investigated during the studies. Obtained results can have practical importance for the control of these pests.
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Semerenko, Sergey, and Nadezhda Bushneva. "The efficiency of control of the number of Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. in sunflower sowings." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202035.
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The insect Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a widespread species in the Palearctic. It is considered one of the main pests of many agricultural crops, annually causing more than $ 2 billion of losses to agriculture in the world. Therefore, insecticide treatment of sowings is crucial in pest control. The frequent application of pesticides increases resistance in insects, resulting in an increase in dosage and (or) in the usage of new highly toxic chemicals. Consequently, the search for reliable means of pest control remains a problem. In 2017-2019, we studied the efficiency of insecticides against H. armigera in sunflower sowings at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (Krasnodar). In 2017, the colonization of sunflower heads with H. armigera caterpillars was at the level of 3.2 specimen/plant, in 2018 – 4.5 specimen/plant, in 2019 it reached 6.0 specimen/plant. Bifetrin + Chlorpyrifos, EC (87 %) and Chlorantraniliprole, SC (91 %) showed the highest biological efficiency. Fitoverm-M, EC was the best organic insecticide – 56 %. The treatment of sunflower plants with Beta-cypermethrin + Dimethoate, EC (standard) and Chlorantraniliprole, SC in a production experiment contributed to a significant decrease in the number of caterpillars – 71.7 and 97.0 %, respectively. The yield reliably exceeded the control one, the kept yield was 0.23-0.39 t/ha.
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de Freitas Bueno, R. C. O., J. R. P. Parra, and A. de Freitas Bueno. "Trichogramma pretiosum parasitism and dispersal capacity: a basis for developing biological control programs for soybean caterpillars." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 1 (June 15, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000289.
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AbstractIn order to succeed in biological control programs, not only is it crucial to understand the number of natural enemies to be released but also on how many sites per area this releasing must be performed. These variables might differ deeply among egg parasitoid species and crops worked. Therefore, these trials were carried out to evaluate the parasitism (%) in eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens after the release of different densities of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum. Field dispersal was also studied, in order to determine appropriate recommendations for the release of this parasitoid in soybean fields. The regression analysis between parasitism (%) and densities of the parasitoid indicated a quadratic effect for both A. gemmatalis and P. includens. The maximum parasitism within 24 h after the release was reached with densities of 25.6 and 51.2 parasitoids per host egg, respectively, for the two pests. Parasitism of T. pretiosum in eggs of P. includens decreased linearly as the distance of the pest eggs from the parasitoid release sites increased. For P. includens, the mean radius of T. pretiosum action and the area of parasitoid dispersal in the soybean crop were 8.01 m and 85.18 m2, respectively. We conclude that for a successful biological control program of lepidopteran pests using T. pretiosum in soybean fields, a density of 25.6 parasitoids per host egg, divided into 117 sites per hectare, should be used.
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FERNANDES, MARCOS GINO, MÁRIO ADRIANO S. MOREIRA, PAULO EDUARDO DEGRANDE, ANTÔNIO CARLOS CUBAS, and ANDERSON MIGUEL SILVA. "Vertical distribution, population density, and natural egg parasitism of cotton leafworm on cotton under IPM." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v33i1.9311.
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Alabama argillacea is one of the most important pests of cotton crops in Brazil, and therefore it is necessary to research its behavior and natural biological control in areas under IPM conditions to improve the management of its population. In the pursuit of this objective, experiments were carried out on cotton crops in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, in the 1997-1998 growing season. With the object of determining the population density and vertical distribution of eggs, larvae, and pupae, the total number of eggs, small, medium and large sized larvae and pupae found on the upper, middle, and lower sections of the plants were weekly recorded. This was conducted in an area where pest management was done according to IPM techniques and tactics. In the same area, eggs of this species were also gathered to determine the proportion of parasitism. The pest lays the majority of eggs on the upper part of the plants where the majority of midand large-sized larvae were also found. Small larvae were generally found on both middle and lower parts of the plants. A growing percentage of parasitism by Trichogramma pretiosum was found from the beginning through the end of the crop season, reaching almost 100% parasitized eggs by the end of plant development. The average number of eggs found per plant was high during almost the whole crop cycle, reaching about 30 eggs per plant by the end of the cycle. The total number of small caterpillars was high and constant during the whole evaluation period, while medium and large ones were more abundant in the final phase of the crop cycle. The total caterpillar population reached peaks of around four caterpillars per plant.
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Mineva, R., V. Yankova, and N. Valchev. "Possibilities for integrated control of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1808) in the growing tomato in greenhouses." Agricultural Science and Technology 13, no. 4 (December 2021): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2021.04.063.
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Abstract. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hb., 1808) due to changing climatic conditions, the covert life cycle of caterpillars and the formation of resistance in the populations to some of the commonly used insecticides. Experiments with tomato variety Pink Rock F1 grown in greenhouses to determine the biological activity of some products for plant protection against cotton bollworm were conducted at the “Maritsa” Vegetable Crops Research Institute – Plovdiv. The bioproducts Rapax, Dipel 2X, Helicovex, Neem Azal T/S and Sineis 480 SC have good effectiveness >77% towards cotton bollworm in the interval 7-14 days after treatment. The tested insecticides Lanate 25 WP, Coragen 20 SC 200 ml/ha, Exalt 25 SC, Voliam Targo 063 SC, Ampligo 150 ZC and Affirm 095 SG show very good biological activity (E>84%) 7-14 days after treatment.
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Fernandes, Fabrício O., Jéssica A. Abreu, Lucas M. Christ, and Ana Paula S. A. Rosa. "Efficacy of Insecticides Against Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797)." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n1p494.
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The Brazil’s economy is supported by agribusiness, however, the continuous cycle of food production and favorable climate contributes to the incidence of pest insects all year round. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is considered the main insect in the corn crop, due to voracity of the caterpillars and occurrence throughout the crop cycle. Therefore, the chemical control has been demanded considerably, causing emergence of populations resistant to the different products, as well as implications in the environment. Thus, studies are needed to evaluate the efficiency of chemical insecticide control according to the susceptibility and the stages of biological development of the pest. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of isolated and combined insecticides for the control of S. frugiperda caterpillars under laboratory conditions. In the residual and direct contact bioassays, 8 treatments with 5 replications were used in a completely randomized design, performed with 2nd and 5th instar. The results showed that by residual contact after 72 hours, clofenapir + zeta-cypermethrin treatment had 100% efficacy in the mortality of both instars. When applied via direct contact 72 hours later, the combined treatments showed an efficiency above 80%. However, for an integrated pest management program, where it was recommended the association of different control tactics, the management of insecticides with clofenapir + zeta-cypermethrin was effective with 100% control efficiency in both instars.
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Schifani, Enrico, Cristina Castracani, Daniele Giannetti, Fiorenza Augusta Spotti, Roberto Reggiani, Stefano Leonardi, Alessandra Mori, and Donato Antonio Grasso. "New Tools for Conservation Biological Control: Testing Ant-Attracting Artificial Nectaries to Employ Ants as Plant Defenders." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020129.
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Knowledge of the role of ants in many agroecosystems is relatively scarce, and in temperate regions the possibility to exploit ants as biocontrol agents for crop protection is still largely unexplored. Drawing inspiration from mutualistic ant–plant relationships mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), we tested the use of artificial nectaries (ANs) in order to increase ant activity on pear trees and to evaluate the effects on the arthropods, plant health and fruit production. While EFNs secrete a complex solution mainly composed of sugars and amino acids, ANs were filled with water and sucrose only. The results suggest that ANs can be used as manipulative instruments to increase ant activity over long periods of time. High ant activity was significantly linked to lower incidence of the pathogen fungus Venturia pyrina (pear scab) on pear leaves, and of the presence of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) caterpillars on pear fruit production. These results further encourage exploring underrated possibilities in the development of new tools for conservation biological control (CBC).
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Kashirskaya, Natalia, Andrei Kuzin, and Anna Kochkina. "Biological efficiency of plant protection products to control codling moth on apple immune cultivars." BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213404001.
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The caterpillars of this codling moth can damage up to 90% of fruits during mass reproduction. Changing weather conditions contribute to increasing the harmfulness of the primary pest of the apple tree. The research was carried out to select modern plant protection products with high biological efficiency to control codling moths and increase the productivity of the apple orchard. The research was carried out in the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Centre apple orchard. We studied the efficiency of plant protection products on apple cultivars immune to scab: ‘Akademik Kazakov,’ ‘Vympel,’ ‘Bylina,’ ‘Rozhdestvenskoye,’ ‘Fregat.’ The efficiency of these preparations was studied with low application rates to reduce the fruit damages by codling moth. The values of fruit damage in control without treatment during the years of the research as the result of vital pest activity: Generation 1: 4.9-17.8%; Generation 2: 5.4-16.3%. In the experiment treatment, Generation 1 damaged 0.24-1.50%, and Generation 2 injured 0.36-1.60% of fruits. The biological efficiency of the experimental treatment was high and reached controlling Generation 1: 91.0-98.5%, Generation 2: 90.0-96.0%. The average yield in the experimental treatment was 29.4 kg tree−1 with a share of first-grade fruits 85-90% (2019) and 39.4 kg tree−1, 90-91% (2020).
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Ramos, Ruth da Silva, Carlos Alberto Domingues da Silva, Tardelly de Andrade Lima, Paulo de Souza Albuquerque Junior, Maria Aparecida Castellani, José Eduardo Serrão, and José Cola Zanuncio. "Development, Survival and Reproduction of Spodopterafrugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Fed an Artificial Diet or on Cotton, Castor Bean and Corn Leaves." Insects 13, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050428.
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The polyphagy of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) renders its control difficult because variations in the phenology of host plants grown in different seasons of the year and near each other can facilitate the movement of this pest between crops. The objective of this work was to examine certain biological characteristics of S. frugiperda fed on an artificial diet or on cotton, castor bean, or corn leaves. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four treatments represented by S. frugiperda caterpillars fed an artificial diet (T1) or pieces of cotton (T2), castor bean (T3) or corn (T4) leaves with five replications (five caterpillars per replication). The duration and survival of the egg, larva, pre-pupa, pupa and egg-adult period and the reproductive characteristics of this insect were determined. The survival, development and reproduction data of S. frugiperda originated from individuals reared with cotton and castor bean leaves were lower than those fed on corn leaves or an artificial diet. The number of nonviable eggs laid by females originated from caterpillars fed on castor bean leaves was higher than those fed on cotton and corn leaves or an artificial diet. The very higher number of unviable S. frugiperda eggs resulting from castor leaves can reduce outbreaks of this pest in cotton and corn crops after the cultivation of that plant, or by intercropping with this plant, in the main producing regions of Brazil.
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Quang, Dao Ngoc, Pham Quang Thu, Nguyen Minh Chi, Le Van Binh, Nguyen Quoc Thong, Nguyen Hoai Thu, Vo Dai Nguyen, and Bernard Dell. "Management of Needle-Eating Caterpillars Associated with Pinus massoniana and P. merkusii in Vietnam." Forests 12, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111610.
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Pine tussock moth (Dasychira axutha Collenette (Lymantriidae)) and masson pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lasiocampidae)) cause serious damage to Pinus massoniana and P. merkusii plantations in Vietnam. An integrated pest management (IPM) program is required to control these pests. Therefore, this study was undertaken to identify damage thresholds and to evaluate control options for implementing IPM in the Northeast and North Central regions of Vietnam. Three damage thresholds were considered: <25%, 25%–50% and >50% loss of leaf area. Control options were manual collection of eggs and pupae and the use of light traps and biological agents. An initial IPM model was developed for each pest and these gave control efficacies of 82.4% (Da. axutha on P. massoniana) and 77.8% (De. punctatus on P. merkusii). Six extended IPM models were undertaken by forest companies giving pest control efficacies of 79.2%–85.9%. The collection of pine resin provides an important source of income to local communities and the resin yield in the IPM models increased by 20.9%–22.7% compared to untreated control plots. The IPM protocols would help in developing policies that promote a more sustainable management of forest pests in Vietnam, thus reducing dependence on the use of insecticides of environmental and public health concerns.
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Markina, T. Y. "New approaches to quality control for cultures of insects for rearing." Biosystems Diversity 24, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011620.
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An analytical review of existing methods of quality control for cultures of insects for rearing is presented. It is shown that there is a need to search for new approaches to solving this problem. The suggested methods for quality control for insect cultures are based on the rule of taxis intensity dependence on insect viability level. Testing of new methods of control and prediction of biological material viability was carried out on several breeds of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and a laboratory culture of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). It was established that the caterpillars of silkworm breeds with high viability show higher chemotaxis intensity. It was found that intensity of taxis manifestation can be considered as a criterion of population condition. Selection of the most promising breeds of silkworm can be carried out at the moment of hatching without expensive rearing. It was shown that testing of neonate caterpillars by chemotaxis intensity provides the control of viability in all stages of insect development. Evaluation of chemotaxis intensity of adult males on female sex pheromone gives the possibility to select the specimens with the highest physiological properties for hybridization as well as to predict viability for progeny. The method of biological material selection by chemotaxis intensity was improved due to decrease the time of selection from 30 to 15 minutes and preliminary starvation of these insects. Positive correlation was evaluated between general viability of silkworm culture and intensity of chemotaxis of neonate larvae to the smell of mulberry leaf during 15 minutes after 12 hours of starvation. A significant increase of viability for silkworm breeds and hybrids was registered using such selection method during the spring and summer rearing. This selection method can be used also for assessment of culture viability. A new express-method of biological material selection for insect cultures establishment has been approbated. It is based on the positive correlation between insect viability parameters and their trophotaxis intensity. It is shown that for establishment of a laboratory culture of gypsy moth it is necessary to obtain the material from populations with the highest chemotaxis intensity. It was experimentally proved that parameters of chemotaxis intensity and insect viability reflect a certain level of population heterozygosity. The higher is the intensity of chemotaxis, the higher is the relative level of population heterozygosity. This fact gives the possibility to determine the level of heterozygosity for artificial insect populations by testing larvae for chemotaxis intensity. This method may be suitable for monitoring of natural populations condition in zones with intensive anthropogenic loading.
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Silva-Filho, Reinildes, Bruno Pandelo Brügger, José Cola Zanúncio, and Paulo César R. Cassino. "Social Wasps in Exotic Forest Planting and Atlantic Rainforest in the Neotropical Region." Sociobiology 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i2.4834.
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Social wasps play an important role in communities, whether in natural or agricultural ecosystems, performing pollination and/or predation on other organisms, especially caterpillars, which reveals their potential for biological control. We register species of predatory wasps found in a eucalypt reforested area compared with a native rainforest. Five species of social wasps were found: Agelaia myrmecophila (Ducke), Mischocyttarus punctatus (Ducke), Polistes carnifex (Fabricius), Polybia liliacea (Fabricius), and Polybia striata (Fabricius), with higher numbers in the eucalypt monoculture than in the Atlantic rainforest, suggesting no negative impact of the monoculture on the population of that natural enemies.
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Chen, Li-Lin, Pei Yuan, Min-Sheng You, Gabor Pozsgai, Xu Ma, Huaiping Zhu, and Guang Yang. "Cover Crops Enhance Natural Enemies While Help Suppressing Pests in a Tea Plantation." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 4 (January 14, 2019): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say050.
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Abstract Tea is an economically important crop, consumed by billions of people. Despite the increasing market for pesticide-free products, the use of pesticide in tea is still high. In order to investigate whether intercropping promotes biological control organisms, Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene, Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq., Trifolium repens L., and Vigna sinensis (L.) were separately intercropped with free weeding as control in a tea plantation at Yangli, China. Arthropods were collected by taking sweep-net samples, and treatment effects on assemblages were investigated. The combined species richness of all arthropods and that of parasitoids was significantly increased in intercropped treatments while the species richness of herbivores and predators was only greater in C. rotundifolia and I. hendecaphylla intercropped treatments. Compared with control, the combined abundance of all arthropods, and that of herbivores was lower, while the abundance of parasitoids and its taxa was greater in all intercropped treatments. The abundance of predators and its taxa was greater only in tea plantations intercropped with C. rotundifolia or I. hendecaphylla. Of the herbivores, the abundance of Empoasca onukii Matsuda, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae, and Pentatomidae was greater in the areas intercropped with C. rotundifolia in comparison with the control, but the abundance of Thysanoptera and Geometridae caterpillars was lower. The recorded increase in the abundance of beneficial arthropods may explain the lower abundance of Thysanoptera or Geometridae caterpillars detected in the intercropped tea plantations. Our results indicate that intercropping has the potential to enhance arthropod biodiversity, and to provide an option for sustainable pest control in tea plantations.
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Kulakova, Natalia Ivanovna, Valentina Mikhailovna Rastegaeva, Nikolai Georgievich Todorov, and Ekaterina Vitalievna Sinitsyna. "The effectiveness of tomato leaf miner control by disorientation in greenhouses." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 5 (May 29, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i5pp31-36.
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The article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of the biological control method of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta by the disorientation method using synthetic sexual pheromones of the pest in greenhouses with tomato grown. The effectiveness of two preparative forms of lures: rubber rings and rubber stoppers which contain the similar compositions of the synthetic sex pheromone of the tomato leaf miner – acetate E3, Z8, Z11-tetradecatriene-1-ola, at a dosage of 15 mg/ lure, was evaluated. It was managed to disrupt the orientation of males in an enclosed space and reduce the influence of the natural pheromone of females on their attraction by using synthetic sexual pheromones of Tuta absoluta. During the study, the effectiveness of the method ranged from 50 to 95%. In greenhouses, the disorientation method allowed to reduce the number of tomato fruits damaged by tomato leaf miner caterpillars by up to 12%, as well as to improve the quality of the crop by up to 30%.
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Passos, Eliana Maria dos, Valéria Wanderley-Teixeira, Ana Lucia Figueiredo Porto, Edmilson Jacinto Marques, Álvaro Aguiar Coelho Teixeira, and Flávio Silva Oliveira Silva. "Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) alters the nutrients in the hemolymph, fat body, and cytochemistry of Diatraea flavipennella Box (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) hemocytes." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n2p539.
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Nutritional and physiological interactions depend on the evolutionary history of the host-parasitoid interaction considering that the host’s regulation by the parasitoid is species-specific. Cotesia flavipes Cameron was introduced in Brazil in the 70’s to be used in the control of Diatraea sugarcane borer complex; however, Diatraea flavipennella Box is restricted to Brazil. Thus, this study investigated the possible nutritional changes in the hemolymph and fat body, and cytochemistry of D. flavipennella hemocytes parasitized by Cotesia flavipes. The levels of nutrients were quantified using colorimetric tests in the hemolymph and fat body. Levels of acidic polysaccharides, mucin, and lipids were investigated only in hemocytes using cytochemical techniques. In addition, histological sections of parasitized and non-parasitized caterpillars were prepared to observe volume changes and the presence of glycogen in the fat body. The results showed a reduction in protein and lipid concentration in the hemolymph of parasitized caterpillars. The parasitism reduced the levels of total carbohydrate, glycogen, and protein in the fat body and almost completely consumed the perivisceral fat body. It changed the cytochemistry of hemocytes and reduced acidic glycans in prohemocytes and oenocytoids, mucin in plasmatocytes and granulocytes, and lipids in adipohemocytes, granulocytes, and prohemocytes. We concluded that the presence of the parasitoid leads to different changes in D. flavipennella hemolymph and fat body and alters the cytochemistry of hemocytes causing a significant reduction in the reserve tissue. The results from this study contribute to consolidating the use of C. flavipes in biological control programs targeting D. flavipennella in sugarcane crops.
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Visentin, Ana Paula Vargas, Lúcia Rosane Bertholdo, Rahyssa Chagas Hahn, Rafaela Andressa Thomazoni, Luciana Bavaresco Andrade Touguinha, Catia Santos Branco, Mirian Salvador, and Neiva Monteiro de Barros. "Comparative effectiveness of Metarhizium rileyi, novaluron, and glyphosate on immune system, development, and redox metabolism of Anticarsia gemmatalis." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): e19810615611. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15611.
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Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the most important pests in world soybean crop. The most common intervention is the application of agrochemicals, such as novaluron and glyphosate. Among biological control agents, much attention has been drawn to entomopathogenic fungi, as Metarhizium rileyi. Here, we examined the changes that occur in the immune system (total and differential hemocyte count), secondary effects (caterpillar morphology), and oxidative metabolism after the caterpillars were exposed to M. rileyi, novaluron or glyphosate. M. rileyi was able to induce changes in the width, length, and weight of A. gemmatalis pupae, along with an increased in the number of defense cells. Novaluron prompt changes the insect’s immunity, and glyphosate caused milder immunological effects. However, it caused significant secondary effects including malformations in pupae and adults, and an increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels. Mortality observed when treating insects with novaluron and malformations due to glyphosate treatments did not occur due to oxidative stress. However, when insects were exposed to M. rileyi, we verified significantly increased levels of NO and concluded that these insects died due to oxidative stress. Our data provide evidence that contributes to better understanding the mechanism of herbicide-fungus interaction in the management of Anticarsia gemmatalis.
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Queiroz, Abel Felipe Oliveira, Bianca Giuliano Ambrogi, Jucileide Lima Santos, and Eduardo Silva Nascimento. "First Record of Venturia sp. Parasitizing the Coconut Moth." EntomoBrasilis 8, no. 2 (August 23, 2015): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i2.527.
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The coconut moth Atheloca subrufella Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is considered an important pest of coconut crops in Brazil, which is the fourth largest global coconut producer. Concerning the economic importance of this crop and aiming to increase the knowledge related to biological control, the present research aimed records the first occurrence of Venturia sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing A. subrufella caterpillars in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Coconuts infested by A. subrufella caterpillars were collected in coconut plantation and kept in the Entomology Laboratory (Universidade Federal de Sergipe – UFS) until the emergence of A. subrufella adults or the parasitoids. The parasitoids obtained were identified as Venturia sp..Primeira ocorrência de Venturia sp. Parasitando a Traça-do-CoqueiroResumo. A traça-do-coqueiro Atheloca subrufella Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) é considerada uma importante praga da cultura do coqueiro no Brasil, o qual é o quarto maior produtor mundial de coco. Devido à importância econômica desta cultura e visando aumentar o conhecimento relacionado ao controle biológico, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a primeira ocorrência de Venturia sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitando lagartas de A. Subrufella no estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Cocos infestados por lagartas de A. subrufella foram coletados em plantações de coco e mantidos no laboratório de Entomologia (Universidade Federal de Sergipe – UFS) até a emergência de adultos de A. subrufella ou dos parasitoides. Os parasitoides obtidos foram identificados como Venturia sp..
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Avila, G., and L. A. Berndt. "Release of a new biological control agent Cotesia urabae against Uraba lugens in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5983.
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In July 2010 the Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand gave approval to Scion to release the parasitoid Cotesia urabae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) as a biological control agent for the gum leaf skeletonizer Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in New Zealand as part of a project supported by the Sustainable Farming Fund To date four releases of the biological control agent have been made three at the Auckland Domain and one at the Manukau Memorial Gardens Further releases will be made to ensure establishment Three C urabae cocoons were found 1 month after the first release suggesting initial establishment Monitoring is continuing to determine if the population persists It is predicted that the introduction of C urabae into New Zealand will (1) lead to a decrease in the existing population of U lugens (2) have no impacts on nontarget species and (3) provide socioeconomic benefits such as reducing the number of encounters between humans and caterpillars (and therefore decreasing the incidence of allergic responses) and reducing the substantial costs associated with maintaining the utility of eucalypts for wood and pulp production and the costs of protecting or replacing amenity trees
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Thuler, Robson Thomaz, Fernando Henrique Iost Filho, Hamilton César De Oliveira Charlo, and Sergio Antônio De Bortoli. "Effects of rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 43, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v43i2.5943.
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Plant induced resistance is a tool for integrated pest management, aimed at increasing plant defense against stress, which is compatible with other techniques. Rhizobacteria act in the plant through metabolic changes and may have direct effects on plant-feeding insects. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cabbage plants inoculated with rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Cabbage seeds inoculated with 12 rhizobacteria strains were sowed in polystyrene trays and later transplanted into the greenhouse. The cabbage plants with sufficient size to support stress were then infested with diamondback moth caterpillars. Later, healthy leaves suffering injuries were collected and taken to the laboratory to feed P. xylostella second instar caterpillars that were evaluated for larval and pupal viability and duration, pupal weight, and sex ratio. The reduction of leaf area was then calculated as a measure of the amount of larval feeding. Non-preference for feeding and oviposition assays were also performed, by comparing the control treatment and plants inoculated with different rhizobacterial strains. Plants inoculated with the strains EN4 of Kluyvera ascorbata and HPF14 of Bacillus thuringiensis negatively affected the biological characteristics of P. xylostella when such traits were evaluated together, without directly affecting the insect behavior.
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Zou, Manling, Bei Xin, Xin Sun, Runmao Lin, Junru Lu, Jing Qi, Bingyan Xie, and Xinyue Cheng. "URA3 as a Selectable Marker for Disruption and Functional Assessment of PacC Gene in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Isaria javanica." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010092.
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An effective selection marker is necessary for genetic engineering and functional genomics research in the post-genomic era. Isaria javanica is an important entomopathogenic fungus with a broad host range and prospective biocontrol potentials. Given that no antibiotic marker is available currently in this fungus, developing an effective selection marker is necessary. In this study, by applying overlap PCR and split-marker deletion strategy, combining PEG-mediated protoplasm transformation method, the uridine auxotrophy gene (ura3) in the I. javanica genome was knocked out. Then, using this transformation system, the pH response transcription factor gene (IjpacC) was disrupted successfully. Loss of IjpacC gene results in an obvious decrease in conidial production, but little impact on mycelial growth. The virulence of the ΔIjpacC mutant on caterpillars is similar to that of the wild-type strain. RT-qPCR detection shows that expression level of an acidic-expressed S53 gene (IF1G_06234) in ΔIjpacC mutant is more significantly upregulated than in the wild-type strain during the fungal infection on caterpillars. Our results indicate that a markerless transformation system based upon complementation of uridine auxotrophy is successfully developed in I. javanica, which is useful for exploring gene function and for genetic engineering to enhance biological control potential of the fungus.
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Sousa Neto, Maurilio de, Franciele Cristina da Silva, André Cirilo De Sousa Almeida, Antônio Carlos Severo Menezes, Márcio Da Silva Araujo, and Flávio Gonçalves de Jesus. "Toxicity of Andira paniculata (Fabaceae) Extracts to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p264.
Full textAbstract:
Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most important pests of soybean crop in Brazil. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic Andira paniculata extracts on its biology, feeding and the attractiveness of soybean plants to H. armigera. Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% were evaluated. For the biological parameters the period and viability of larval stage, caterpillar weight at ten days, period, viability and pupal weight at 24 hours, total longevity, LC50 and deterrence were evaluated. The non-preference for feeding and attractiveness, the number of caterpillars and the dry matter consumed in each fraction of the extracts were evaluated. The extract of A. paniculata in hexane (0.01%) resulted up to 85% mortality of H. armigera. The A. paniculata extract did not affect the larval period, weight, pupal period and mortality or the consumption of H. armigera. The hydroalcoholic extracts obtained the better results for deterrence. The A. paniculata extract in dichloromethane fraction had the lowest LC50. The A. paniculata extracts in the hexane fractions (0.1%), ethyl acetate (0.01 and 0.5%) and hydroalcoholic (0.01 and 0.5%) were fagodeterrents for H. armigera. Thus, A. paniculata extract in hexane fraction is the most promising for use in the control of H. armigera in soybean.
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Silva, RB, I. Cruz, JC Zanuncio, MLC Figueiredo, GC Canevari, AG Pereira, and JE Serrão. "Biological aspects of Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on different insect pests of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)]." Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, no. 2 (May 2013): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000200025.
Full textAbstract:
Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) occurs in several countries of South America and its mass rearing is important for biological control programmes. This work evaluated biological aspects of E. connexa larva fed on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) frozen for one day, fresh eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), S. frugiperda newly-hatched caterpillars, nymphs of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Duration of larva, pupa and larva to adult stages differed among prey offered, whereas the prepupa stage was similar. Larva, pupa, prepupa and larva to adult viabilities were equal or major of 87.5% in all prey, except for larva fed on newly-hatched larvae of S. frugiperda. Eriopis connexa has good adaptation to different prey corroborating its polyphagous feeding habit, which evidences the potential of this natural enemy for controlling corn and sorghum pests.