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1
Kreuger, Betty, and Daniel A. Potter. "Does Early-Season Defoliation of Crabapple (Malus sp.) by Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Induce Resistance to Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?" Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.3.457.
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We tested the hypothesis that early-season defoliation of flowering crabapple, Malus sp., by eastern tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americanum F., induces localized or systemic resistance to Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding on the same trees in late June. ‘Candymint Sargent’ crabapple trees were inoculated with M. americanum egg masses, resulting in extensive defoliation during March and April. Second flush leaves of defoliated trees were smaller and thinner than those of control trees. In laboratory feeding assays with non-damaged foliage, beetles generally preferred fully expanded leaves over partially expanded ones, regardless of whether or not the source tree had been defoliated. Detached first flush leaves with caterpillar damage were fed upon less than comparable non-damaged leaves, suggesting that early-season wounding causes some within-leaf reduction in palatability to P. japonica. Other assays with detached first- and second-flush leaves, however, indicated absence of induced, systemic resistance. Previously-defoliated and control trees sustained comparable damage from natural beetle populations in the field. Our results suggest that defoliation of Malus sp. by tent caterpillars in early spring is unlikely to reduce feeding damage by Japanese beetles later in the same growing season.
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Witwicka, Alicja, Danuta Frydryszak, Andrzej Antoł, and Marcin Czarnoleski. "Effects of habitat, leaf damage and leaf rolling on the predation risk of caterpillars in the tropical rain forest of Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 5 (July 11, 2019): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000191.
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AbstractAddressing what affects predation among caterpillars, we conducted an experiment in a Bornean rain forest on 212 clay models of Tortricidae caterpillars (the herbivore) and 53 trees of Kopsia pauciflora (the host), located either in the open or under closed canopies. We predicted that the frequency of predatory attacks towards caterpillars increases (1) in canopy gaps and (2) on leaves damaged by herbivory, but (3) decreases among caterpillars that wrap their body in leaves. Each plant with caterpillar models was consecutively allocated to one of four treatments: caterpillars artificially rolled in leaves vs caterpillars on unrolled leaves, and caterpillars on artificially damaged vs undamaged leaves. Each time, caterpillar models were placed on the plants for 48 h, and then replaced with new models that were subjected to a new treatment. On average, our caterpillar models had a 21% chance of being attacked per 24 h. More attacks were performed by insects (81.6%) than birds. The attack frequency did not depend on the canopy cover or on leaf damage, but decreased among models rolled in leaves. This pattern was mainly attributable to insect attacks, which were also more frequent than bird attacks. Overall, the Tortricidae caterpillars seem to suffer comparable predation rates in the open and under closed canopies irrespective of the herbivory damage of leaves, but their leaf-rolling behaviour might reduce predation.
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Amo, Luisa, Marcel Dicke, and Marcel E. Visser. "Are naïve birds attracted to herbivore-induced plant defences?" Behaviour 153, no. 3 (2016): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003345.
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Arthropod herbivory induces the emission of plant volatiles that can be used by natural enemies of the herbivores to find their prey. Recently it has been shown that insectivorous birds also use these volatiles to locate their prey. Results of a previous study showed that birds with experience in foraging for caterpillars in trees were able to discriminate between caterpillar-infested and uninfested trees, even in the absence of caterpillars or their damage on leaves. Here, we tested whether the attraction to caterpillar-infested trees is exhibited in birds naïve with respect to finding caterpillars on trees. Results show that naïve great tits (Parus major) were not attracted to infested trees, when they could not see the larvae or their feeding damage. Naïve birds cannot discriminate between caterpillar-infested and uninfested trees. Therefore, the attraction to caterpillar-infested trees does not seem to be innate in great tits, and may be acquired through learning.
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Negreiros, Allana A., Adrian M. Pohlit, Fabricio Baccaro, Héctor H. F. Koolen, and Adrian A. Barnett. "The bitter end: primate avoidance of caterpillar-infested trees in a central Amazon flooded forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 3 (March 2019): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0056.
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Animal–plant interactions are often mediated by chemical compounds. It has been widely reported that herbivore damage to plants induces chemical defenses which may then affect subsequent interactions with both invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. Our study investigated the effects of the interaction between larvae of an unidentified nymphalid butterfly and the tanimbuca tree (Buchenavia ochroprumna Eichl.; Combretaceae) on subsequent folivory by a primate, the golden-backed uacari (Cacajao ouakary (Spix, 1823); Pitheciidae). Primate-feeding observations, records of the extent of nymphalid – B. ochroprumna interactions, and tree distribution occurred in Jaú National Park, Amazonas State, Brazil. The values of Ivlev’s electivity index showed that C. ouakary strongly rejected trees infested by caterpillars (−0.68), whereas non-infested trees were highly selected by them (+0.84). Given this behavior, we suggest that C. ouakary may be deterred by (i) caterpillars, (ii) change in leaf chemical composition induced by caterpillars, or (iii) a combination of both.
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Kuntadi, Kuntadi, and Ragil S. B. Irianto. "The impact of leaf-eating caterpillars (Heortia vitessoides) infestation on agar trees in Carita forest research station, Province of Banten." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 7, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2018.vol7iss1pp25-35.
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The gregarious caterpillars of Heortia vitessoides Moore is a major defoliator of agar trees. The pest seriously threatens the existing agar tree plantation that has been widely cultivated in the community. Pest attacks began to occur in Indonesia since 2005, resulting in the damage and death of agar tree plants in various regions.To determine the impact of pest attack, a study was conducted through periodic monitoring at agar plantation in Carita Forest Research Station (CFRS), Banten Province, from April 2012 to March 2015. Monitoring was conducted in three plots of agar plantations. Each plot consists of six permanent subplots and in each subplot 15 samples of agar tree were randomly choosen. Data were collected and analyzed on monthly basis according to the intensity of defoliation and the mortality of agar trees. Defoliation intensity was determined by the percentage number of trees suffering defoliation in four damage categories, i.e.: light (10-25%), moderate (25-50%), heavy (50-75%), and severe (75-100%). Tree mortality was calculated as the annual percentage of dead trees. The study showed that the defoliation occurred throughout the year in varying degrees of damage. The monthly percentage of defoliated trees is about 30-70% annualy. The high percentage of tree defoliation mainly occurs during dry and early rainy season (June-December). Higher percentage of heavy and severe defoliations were found mostly at seedling. Repeated heavy defoliation causes stunted growth and tree mortality. Early monitoring and control of pests are very important to be done regularly to prevent the damage wider and heavier.
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Kashirskaya, Natalia, Andrei Kuzin, and Anna Kochkina. "Biological efficiency of plant protection products to control codling moth on apple immune cultivars." BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213404001.
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The caterpillars of this codling moth can damage up to 90% of fruits during mass reproduction. Changing weather conditions contribute to increasing the harmfulness of the primary pest of the apple tree. The research was carried out to select modern plant protection products with high biological efficiency to control codling moths and increase the productivity of the apple orchard. The research was carried out in the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Centre apple orchard. We studied the efficiency of plant protection products on apple cultivars immune to scab: ‘Akademik Kazakov,’ ‘Vympel,’ ‘Bylina,’ ‘Rozhdestvenskoye,’ ‘Fregat.’ The efficiency of these preparations was studied with low application rates to reduce the fruit damages by codling moth. The values of fruit damage in control without treatment during the years of the research as the result of vital pest activity: Generation 1: 4.9-17.8%; Generation 2: 5.4-16.3%. In the experiment treatment, Generation 1 damaged 0.24-1.50%, and Generation 2 injured 0.36-1.60% of fruits. The biological efficiency of the experimental treatment was high and reached controlling Generation 1: 91.0-98.5%, Generation 2: 90.0-96.0%. The average yield in the experimental treatment was 29.4 kg tree−1 with a share of first-grade fruits 85-90% (2019) and 39.4 kg tree−1, 90-91% (2020).
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Płuciennik, Zofia. "The Control of Codling Moth (Cydia Pomonella L.) Population Using Mating Disruption Method." Journal of Horticultural Research 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2013-0009.
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Abstract The series of experiments on codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) control using mating disruption method were conducted in three experimental orchards during 2006-2010 growing seasons. The efficacy of two commercial pheromone preparations: Ecodian CP and Isomate CTT, in comparison to pesticides Calypso 480 SC and Appeal 04 PA, was evaluated on the base of percentage of damaged fruits, number of caterpillars collected during their migration for overwintering in bands of corrugated cardboard placed on tree trunk and number of moths caught in pheromone traps. Two thousands dispensers of Ecodian CP were used twice a season (at 6-week interval) on the area of 1 ha of the orchard. Five hundred of Isomate CTT dispensers were applied once a season on 1 ha of the orchard. In all the experiments, application of mating disruption method significantly reduced the level of apple damage; the control efficacy (calculated according to Abbott’s formula) ranged from 54.2% to 95.8%. The efficacy of chemical control ranged from 58.5% to 93.0%. The lower efficacy of mating disruption method was noticed in orchards with high codling moth population. The treatments also affected the number of caterpillars caught in bands of corrugated cardboard placed on tree trunk. In experiments where the codling moth was not controlled, the number of caterpillars per a band varied from 0.2 to 11.9 whereas in these where the pest was controlled chemically or by mating disruption method, their number varied from 1.4 to 2.8 specimens.
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Ribeiro, Genésio Tâmara, Marcelo da Costa Mendonça, João Basílio de Mesquita, José Cola Zanuncio, and Gervásio Silva Carvalho. "Spittlebug Cephisus siccifolius damaging eucalypt plants in the State of Bahia, Brazil." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 7 (July 2005): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005000700015.
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Most common pests of eucalyptus plants in Brazil are leaf cutting ants and defoliating caterpillars. Other groups, eventually, feeding on eucalyptus include Heteroptera and cicadas. The objectives of this work were to identify and to describe attack symptoms of Cephisus siccifolius (Walker 1851) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) on eucalyptus trees in a stand of 25.77 hectares in the State of Bahia, Brazil, where 99.3% of them were attacked by this spittlebug. Damage was more severe on branches and leaves. Tree death was, relatively, low while those cut showed 4.7 colonies of this spittlebug with 21.9 nymphs per colony. Cultural control with the removal of trees attacked was recommended.
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Wily A. Baringbing and Bariyah Baringbing. "STUDIES ON HIDARI IRAVA LEAF CONSUMPTION IN RELATION TO WARNING SYSTEM IN THE CONTROL OF THE COCONUT PEST." CORD 9, no. 02 (June 1, 1993): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v9i02.273.
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Two‑month laboratory and field experiments were carried out to investigate amount of leaflet consumed by the leaf‑eating caterpillar. Hidari irava Moore, during the larval stadium in an effort to determine the right time to control the pest chemically. The experiment was conducted in Pakuwon Experimental Garden, West Java, Indonesia in 1990. A total of 70 larvae of the hesperiid were reared in laboratory. Mature coconut leaflets replaced daily with fresh material. Were cut arid measured for food of the caterpillars in glass containers.
Fifty mature hybrid coconuts, Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD) x West African Tall (WAT), were studied to calculate the leaflet weight of each leaf. A leaf was cut from each palm. There were 50 leaves used altogether.
Results of the study showed that a single larva, from the second to fifth instars, consumed 13.90 g coconut leaflet. Weight of leaflets per leaf was 2,562.79 g and 66,455.29 g per tree. A population of 18.43 larvae per leaf caused 10% damage to the crown of a palm tree.
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Kosibowicz, M., W. Grodzki, and M. Jachym. "Local outbreak of the spruce needle tortricid Epinotia tedella Clerk (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the Sudetes in Poland." Beskydy 7, no. 1 (2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201407010029.
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In 2004–2006 a local outbreak of Epinotia tedella was recorded on an area of 1,371 ha in Middle and Eastern Sudetes (Sowie and Bialskie Mts.) in Poland. In Bialskie Mts. slight damage dominated, while in Sowie Mts. more concentrated but moderate damage prevailed. The damage on older trees was limited to the lower half of the crowns, while on younger trees the middle parts of the crowns were more affected. The results of one-year field experiments towards the development of monitoring and forecast tools are presented in the paper. The results from ground emergence traps reflected phenology of butterflies’ emergence and the species preferences regarding older stands. The pheromone traps demonstrated the insect concentration on higher (above 900 m a.s.l.) elevations and confirmed the preference of older stands. Field observations revealed that a part of caterpillars can overwinter in the feeding places in tree crowns. The outbreak was incidental, with no effect on trees and stands. No new damage was recorded after 2006. The use of emergence traps and pheromone traps can be an interesting perspective, but further experiments concerning the interpretation of results are needed.
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Fajar Surachman, Ikro, Indriyanto ., and Agus M. Hariri. "Inventarisasi Hama Persemaian Di Hutan Tanaman Rakyat Desa Ngambur Kecamatan Bengkunat Belimbing Kabupaten Lampung Barat." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl227-16.
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Forest pest inventory is research activity to gather and arrange the data of pests existing in seedling periode. Pest inventory activites are used to determine pest types, the number and crop damage order to apply appropriate control. This research was aimed to identity the pest types and its attack levels at community plantation forest nursery. This research was conducted at Community Plantation Forest in Ngambur Village of Bengkunat subdistrict, West Lampung on April to May 2012. The collected data was identified taxonomically. The data was included of pest types, pest density, attack levels, and demages. All samples were collected using systematic method in diagonal pattern. The results was obtained 9 types in kadam nurseries, white albizia, and umbrella tree, which caterpillars (Daphnis hypothous), locust (Locusta migratoria),moths (Hyblaea puera), bag worm (Pteroma plagiophelps), bug (Cosmoleptrus sumatranus), mealy bug (Planococcus citri), leaf caterpillar (Doleschallia polibete), yellow butterfly (Eurema spp.), snail (Achatina fulica) and 1 type of insect predators that weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). Insect population was high enough but not damage the plant nursery while the most dangerous insect pest was a bag worm (Pteroma plagiophelps) and moth (Hyblaea puera). Bag worm larvae cause severe damage, the loss on the leaves. The extent of damage by insect pests classified in the category of still mild attacks. Pest control can be done mechanically or chemically.
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Bąk-Badowska, Jolanta, Ilona Żeber-Dzikowska, and Jarosław Chmielewski. "The impact of brick (Agrochola circellaris Hufn.) and owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the health of seeds of field elms (Ulmus minor Mill.) in the landscape parks of the Świętokrzyskie Province." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 28, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2017-0014.
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Abstract In the period of 2012-2013, a research was conducted to investigate the insects damaging the seeds of field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The aim of the research was to specify the damages to field elm seeds caused mainly by the brick (Agrochola circellaris) and to indicate the possible dependence between the number of damaged seeds by the caterpillars of this moth and stand density. The research was conducted in the areas of Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park (C-OLP) and Nida Landscape Park (NLP) in the Świętokrzyskie Province. In both parks, there were two test stands situated, each of which covered the material collected from the trees. The number of field elms ranged from four to six. Furthermore, a sample of 300 seeds were randomly collected from each tree. The elms in Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park were observed in full density stands (fully stocked stands); however, these trees in Nida Landscape Park were growing in loose density stands (under-stocked stands). In total, there were 12,000 seeds collected from 20 trees. The analysis of the collected research material demonstrated that 436 seeds from the field elms (Ulmus minor) were damaged by the brick (Agrochola circellaris). It constituted 3.6% of the total number of collected samples (Table 1). In the seed samples collected from the test stands in Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park, the damages caused by the caterpillars of the brick moth ranged between 0.8% and 2.9%. In the case of seed samples collected from Nida Landscape Park, the damages caused by the caterpillars of the brick moth were greater and ranged between 4.1% and 6.5%. The percentage of undamaged seeds ranged between 94.4% in Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park and 84.7% in Nida Landscape Park, which constituted, on an average, 89.5% for both parks. The 6.8% of the seeds were also damaged by other insects. The results of the research showed the dependence between the number of field elm seeds damaged by the brick Agrochola circellaris and the stand density (Table 2). The seeds collected from trees growing in the Nida Landscape Park in loose density stands (under-stocked stands) were twice as frequently damaged than those collected from the trees growing in Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park in full density stands. Also, the damages caused by other insects were greater among the seeds collected from trees growing in loose density stands than in full density stands (Table 1).
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Csóka, György, Zoltán Pödör, Gyula Nagy, and Anikó Hirka. "Canopy recovery of pedunculate oak, Turkey oak and beech trees after severe defoliation by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar): Case study from Western Hungary." Forestry Journal 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2015-0022.
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AbstractWe investigated the canopy recovery of 3 tree species (pedunculate oak, Turkey oak, European beech) at two locations in the Veszprém county (Western Hungary) after severe defoliation by gypsy moth caterpillars in the spring of 2005. The Turkey oak has evidently the best recovery potential, and it almost completely replaced the lost foliage in 4 months. The pedunculate oak and beech needed 2 years to reach the same level of recovery. The pedunculate oak suffered from a heavy infection ofMicrosphaera alphitoidesafter defoliation and it probably slowed down its recovery. Neither the presence ofAgrilus biguttatusin the oak plot nor the appearance ofAgrilus viridisin the beech plot was observed during the study period. Population density of the buprestidCoraebus floerentinusshowed a considerable increase in the oak plot, but remained under the damage level. Neither other harmful appearance of other pests nor significant tree mortality were observed within 4 years from the defoliation. These results provide information for the evaluation of longer term influences of the gypsy moth defoliation and may support the decisions concerning pest control.
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Kovalev, Anton, and Vladislav Soukhovolsky. "Analysis of Forest Stand Resistance to Insect Attack According to Remote Sensing Data." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091188.
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Methods for analyzing the resistance of large woodlands (such as Siberian taiga forests) to insect attacks based on remote sensing data are proposed. As an indicator of woodland’s resistance, we suggest a function of normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) susceptibility to changes in the land surface temperature (LST). Both NDVI and LST are obtained via the TERRA/AQUA satellite system. This indicator function was calculated as the spectral transfer function of the response in the integral equation connecting the changes in NDVI and LST. The analysis was carried out for two test sites, both of which are fir stands of the Krasnoyarsk region taiga zone. In the first case, the fir stands have suffered damage inflicted by Siberian silk moth caterpillars, Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv. since 2015. Adjacent intact fir forest areas were also analyzed. In the second case, the object of the study was a fir tree site damaged by Black Fir Sawyer Monochamus urussovii Fischer in 2013. It is demonstrated that the above-mentioned indicator function changed significantly 2–3 years prior to the pest population outbreaks, and therefore this indicator function can be used to assess the risk of pest population outbreak. Thereby, the proposed indicator compares favorably with vegetation cover estimates using NDVI, which register significant defoliation of tree stands and cannot be used for forecasting.
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Fáveri, Sarita B., Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Effects of Amazonian forest fragmentation on the interaction between plants, insect herbivores, and their natural enemies." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 1 (January 2008): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004592.
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Abstract:We evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation on herbivory on central Amazonian trees. Levels of herbivory were measured on leaves from a total of 1200 saplings from 337 species. There was a positive and significant effect of forest fragment area on herbivore damage, with plants from continuous forest having twice as much damage as plants in the smallest fragments studied (1 ha). Measurements of herbivory rates on two species, however, indicate that the effect can be species-specific. Forest area had a positive and linear effect on rates of herbivory in Henriettella caudata (Melastomataceae), whereas in Protium hebetatum (Burseraceae), rates of herbivory were greater in the 10-ha fragments than in the 1-ha fragments and in continuous forest. There is no evidence that the nutritional and defensive characteristics of the leaves of the species we studied changed as a result of forest fragmentation, at least not in a manner consistent with the observed herbivory patterns. Herbivore predation levels, measured with artificial caterpillars, also showed no significant relationship with forest area. Therefore, neither of these top-down and bottom-up forces could explain the observed patterns of herbivory. It is suggested, instead, that forest fragmentation may affect the dispersal of insect herbivores, and reduce their abundances on small forest isolates. Altered patterns of herbivory on tree saplings may have important consequences for forest structure and dynamics.
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Lala, Fredy, Andriko Noto Susanto, Meldy L. A. Hosang, and Deciyanto S. "Implementasi Teknologi Pengendalian Hayati Hama Kelapa Thosea monoloncha Meyrick dengan Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) [Biological Control Technology Implementation on Coconut Pest Thosea monoloncha Meyrick Using Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)]." Buletin Palma 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v19n2.2018.89-100.
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<p>The nettle caterpillars pest <em>Thosea monoloncha</em> (Limacodidae: Lepidoptera) has attacked the coconut plant in Tolonuo Island, North Halmahera district, North Maluku Province with the intensity of attacked varied from light minor damage to severe damage. This research purpose is to control the population of nettle caterpillars <em>T. monoloncha </em>and the response of farmers to technology using <em>Nucleo Polyhedrosis Virus</em> (NPV). The study was conducted from December 2014 to November 2015. The stages of this study are consisted of (a) observation of pest population T. monoloncha, (b) determination of plant damage intensity and (c) farmerd response to control technology. The results showed that the application of NPV extract can decrease the population of coconut pest T. monoloncha, the intensity of the damage decrease from severe, heavy and moderate to light damage. In additon, it also increase the amount of frond and coconut production from 14 to 45 nuts per tree. Farmers' response to various aspects of technology varied from 63.5-97.5%.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p align="center">Hama ulat api <em>Thosea monoloncha </em>(Limacodidae: Lepidoptera) telah menyerang tanaman kelapa di Pulau Tolonuo, Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Provinsi Maluku Utara dengan intensitas kerusakan bervariasi dari ringan sampai sangat berat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengendalikan populasi hama ulat api <em>T. monoloncha </em>dan respon petani terhadap teknologi pemanfaatan <em>Nucleo Polyhedrosis Virus</em> (NPV).<strong> </strong>Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2014 sampai November 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ekstrak NPV dapat menurunkan populasi hama kelapa <em>T. monoloncha</em><em>,</em> menurunkan intesitas kerusakan dari kerusakan sangat berat, berat dan sedang menjadi kerusakan ringan, meningkatkan jumlah pelepah dan buah kelapa dari 14 butir menjadi 45 butir per pohon. Respon petani terhadap berbagai aspek teknologi berada pada kisaran 63,5-97,5%. </p>
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Bevilacqua, Eddie, Ralph D. Nyland, Tori Smith Namestnik, and Douglas C. Allen. "Growth of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) after Ice Storm Damage and Forest Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubner) Defoliation." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050620.
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The January 1998 ice storm broke off tree crowns across a wide geographic area in northeastern North America, and forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubner) defoliated some of the same stands in 2004–2007. We assessed the post-event growth responses of upper canopy sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) in previously thinned and recently rehabilitated even-aged northern hardwood stands in New York State, USA. Cores from ice-storm-damaged trees showed an initial radial growth reduction, a recovery after one year, and an increase to or above pre-storm levels after three years. A later forest tent caterpillar defoliation in the same stand caused a second reduction of growth, and another recovery after one year. We observed greater post-storm radial growth on trees released by a post-ice storm rehabilitation treatment than in the untreated control, with growth exceeding pre-storm rates. Cores from another site thinned 38 years earlier and impacted only by the forest tent caterpillar showed a more moderate growth reduction, and a prompt but smaller post-defoliation growth response than among trees affected by both the ice storm and defoliation. Findings reflect the potential for growth of upper canopy sugar maple trees to recover after a single or two closely occurring crown disturbances, and provide guidance to managers who must decide about removing or continuing to manage stands after similar kinds of ice storm damage or defoliation.
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Mrazova, Anna, and Katerina Sam. "Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate to Ficus hahliana attracts predators of insects along an altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000117.
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AbstractIn many plants, the defence systems against herbivores are induced, and may be involved in recruiting the natural enemies of herbivores. We used methyl jasmonate, a well-known inducer of plant defence responses, to manipulate the chemistry of Ficus hahliana along a tropical altitudinal gradient in order to test its ability to attract the enemies of herbivores. We examined whether chemical signals from MeJA-treated trees (simulating leaf damage by herbivores) attracted insect enemies in the complex settings of a tropical forest; and how this ability changes with altitude, where the communities of predators differ naturally. We conducted the research at four study sites (200, 700, 1700 and 2700 m asl) of Mt Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea. Using dummy plasticine caterpillars to assess predation on herbivorous insect, we showed that, on average, inducing plant defences with jasmonic acid in this tropical forest increases predation twofold (i.e. caterpillars exposed on MeJA-sprayed trees were attacked twice as often as caterpillars exposed on control trees). The predation rate on control trees decreased with increasing altitude from 20.2% d−1 at 200 m asl to 4.7% d−1 at 2700 m asl. Predation on MeJA-treated trees peaked at 700 m (52.3% d−1) and decreased to 20.8% d−1 at 2700 m asl. Arthropod predators (i.e. ants and wasps) caused relatively more attacks in the lowlands (200–700 m asl), while birds became the dominant predators above 1700 m asl. The predation pressure from birds and arthropods corresponded with their relative abundances, but not with their species richness. Our study found a connection between chemically induced defence in plants and their attractivity to predators of herbivorous insect in the tropics.
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Hartnett, David C., Jacqueline P. Ott, Kathryn Sebes, and Marks K. Ditlhogo. "Coping with herbivory at the juvenile stage: responses to defoliation and stem browsing in the African savanna tree Colophospermum mopane." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000028.
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Abstract:Responses of plants to herbivory are dependent on the type of damage and the ontogenetic stage of the plant. We compared the effects of stem pruning and defoliation on seedlings of Colophospermum mopane, an ecologically important tree species widely distributed in southern Africa. The growth of 160 greenhouse-grown juveniles were measured for 6-mo after germination and then 6-mo after treatments including 50% defoliation, 100% defoliation, 50% stem pruning and controls. Pruning resulted in 30% reductions in total leaf area, height and biomass. Partial defoliation resulted in 30% reductions in total leaf area and plant biomass. However, complete defoliation resulted in a 30% increase in biomass production, a doubling in leaf and lateral branch number, a 45% reduction in leaf size, and no change in total leaf area. Thus, completely defoliated seedlings showed greater performance than those that were only partially defoliated, indicating that C. mopane has become adapted to the chronic and severe defoliation inflicted by Imbrasia belina caterpillars. Comparison of our results with other studies indicates that C. mopane seedlings are less herbivory-tolerant than adults and that pruning has more negative effects than defoliation. Thus, seedling browsers may constrain recruitment in C. mopane, influencing its population dynamics and abundance.
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Van Bael, Sunshine A., Annette Aiello, Anayansi Valderrama, Enrique Medianero, Mirna Samaniego, and S. Joseph Wright. "General herbivore outbreak following an El Niño-related drought in a lowland Panamanian forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 6 (October 14, 2004): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001725.
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A severe outbreak of Lepidoptera followed the 1997–98 El Niño Southern Oscillation event, during which the climate in central Panama was unusually dry. The outbreak involved the larvae of at least 12 species of Lepidoptera and occurred at a seasonally dry, deciduous forest site, where extensive background data were available regarding climate, tree species and non-outbreak herbivory levels. Most Lepidoptera were associated with only one or two larval host plant species belonging to the same family, and the majority were monophagous during this study. During the outbreak, caterpillar densities for the major outbreak species averaged 1.6 larvae per young leaf and 0.18 larvae per leaf for leaves of all ages. For canopy trees and lianas, the mean level of leaf damage was 13.8%, ranging from 1–100%. Seven out of 20 tree species sustained most of the damage, with 21–37% of the leaf area consumed. Relative to non-outbreak years, damage levels increased by more than 250% during the outbreak. Single-species outbreaks were observed in other areas with a similar drought, but wetter forests in central Panama did not experience outbreaks during this period. Historically, fewer outbreaks have been reported from tropical forests than from temperate forests, however, similar El Niño-related outbreaks have occurred recently in several other locations throughout the tropics.
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Ismailov, V. Ya, I. S. Agasieva, and A. S. Nastasiy. "Habrobracon hebetor Say as an effi cient parasite to control codling moth." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-2-52-57.
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The article presents the estimation of the parasitic activity of Habrobracon hebetor against the codling moth, the initial population of which was captured in the apple orchard of All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plants Protection. As a result of the research the biological peculiarities of the natural population of ectoparasite were studied, the host insect – the wax moth (Galleria mellonela L.) was selected, the effi ciency of the bioagent against caterpillars of middle and older ages of codling moth was studied, which was 51.7 and 75.6 %, respectively. In the organic apple orchard of the «List» group companies, the production of gabrobracon against codling moth was carried out on Liberty and Florina varieties of autumn maturation at the rate of 1500 individuals/ha. As a result of the experiment, uniform distribution of gabrobracon throughout the orchard was established. The degree of infection of the pest’s caterpillars by ectoparasite was 50-65 % and the fruit damage was 3.8 %. In order to include the bioagent in the system of orchard protection against the codling moth, a number of biological, biorational and chemical insecticides were evaluated in laboratory conditions for compatibility with ectoparasite. The survival rate of the gabrobracon population after Lepidocid, CK treatment was 79.8 %. The baculoviruses preparation FermoVirin YaP, based on granulosis of the codling moth, is absolutely non-toxic for H. hebetor (the imago emergence after treatment was 100 %, which indicates the complete compatibility of the entomophage and the preparation). On the basis of the received data the inclusion H. hebetor bioagent into the system of apple tree protection against the codling moth in conditions of plain part of Krasnodar region is expedient as it allows to increase the effi ciency of the biological protection system of the apple orchard.
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Risley, Lance S. "Relationships Among Potassium, Calcium and Trace Elements in Tree Leaves and Associated Canopy Arthropods." Journal of Entomological Science 25, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.3.439.
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There is a paucity of information that describes the relationship between the suite of nutrient elements in tree foliage and associated arthropod assemblages. Foliage from chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), hickories (Carya spp.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and associated canopy arthropods were collected in an undisturbed and a 15 yr-old successional forested watershed and analyzed for K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr. Foliar Mn and Sr were found in higher concentrations in the undisturbed watershed. Foliage from hickories was generally higher in concentrations of metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) compared with other tree species. Dogwood foliage had significantly higher concentrations of Ca and significantly lower concentrations of Mn than other tree species (P < 0.05). Concentrations of foliar elements in herbivore-damaged and undamaged leaves did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Concentrations of elements in and among arthropod feeding categories varied substantially such that no trends were apparent among tree species and between watersheds. The most apparent trend among arthropod feeding categories was the relatively large accumulation of K in chewing herbivores (primarily caterpillars). In general, there appeared to be increases in K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations from primary producers to consumers. This study contributes to arthropod nutritional ecology and to defining the role of canopy arthropods in forest ecosystem nutrient cycles.
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de Boer, Jetske, and Jeffrey Harvey. "Range-Expansion in Processionary Moths and Biological Control." Insects 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050267.
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Global climate change is resulting in a wide range of biotic responses, including changes in diel activity and seasonal phenology patterns, range shifts polewards in each hemisphere and/or to higher elevations, and altered intensity and frequency of interactions between species in ecosystems. Oak (Thaumetopoea processionea) and pine (T. pityocampa) processionary moths (hereafter OPM and PPM, respectively) are thermophilic species that are native to central and southern Europe. The larvae of both species are gregarious and produce large silken ‘nests’ that they use to congregate when not feeding. During outbreaks, processionary caterpillars are capable of stripping foliage from their food plants (oak and pine trees), generating considerable economic damage. Moreover, the third to last instar caterpillars of both species produce copious hairs as a means of defence against natural enemies, including both vertebrate and invertebrate predators, and parasitoids. These hairs contain the toxin thaumetopoein that causes strong allergic reactions when it comes into contact with human skin or other membranes. In response to a warming climate, PPM is expanding its range northwards, while OPM outbreaks are increasing in frequency and intensity, particularly in northern Germany, the Netherlands, and southern U.K., where it was either absent or rare previously. Here, we discuss how warming and escape from co-evolved natural enemies has benefitted both species, and suggest possible strategies for biological control.
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Markova, T. O., M. V. Маslov, N. V. Repsh, and A. S. Sakhnov. "Tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae, Tachininae) – parasites of insect pests." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-3-6.
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The study area included 127 species of parasites from the Tachininae subfamily (Diptera: Tachinidae) belonging to 53 genera and 14 tribes. The study was conducted in 2008-2018 in Primorsky Territory. Presently the list of tachinid fl ies with known hosts is made up of 52 species (40.9% of the total number). The Tachininae parasitize insect orders of Lepidoptera (86.6% of the total number of species with known data), Coleoptera (9.6%), Diptera (1.9%), Dermaptera (1.9%). Among representatives of Lepidoptera, species of Noctuidae (34.1%), Lymantriidae (10.7%) and Tortricidae (9.2%) families prevail. During the study, 28 host species of tachinids fl ies were revealed in the Lepidoptera order which are pests of agricultural crops, park, garden and forest vegetation. These insects, in the larval stage, feed on leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits of trees and shrubs. They also damage fruit trees, park plants, sown seedlings, grain crops, basal parts and stems of vegetables. In the order of Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae family, 3 species are classifi ed as pests.It is for the fi rst time that the information was given on parasitizing of Тachina fera L. in caterpillars Spodoptera exigua Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Parhamaxia discalis Mesn. in imago Holotrichia parallela Motsch. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Hamaxia incongrua Walk. in imago Gametis jucunda (Fald.) and Anomala luculenta Er. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Mikia tepens Walk. in caterpillars Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The study of the fauna of Tachinidae and trophic relations in the larval stage is of great scientifi c and practical importance in the fi ght against insect pests of agriculture and forestry.
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Stryukova, N. M., and A. A. Stryukov. "New data on invasive insects in the republic of Сrimea." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation 1, no. 157 (January 11, 2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-4-157-56-66.
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In recent years, the emergence of new invaders has been discovered in Crimea – the mealy lantern fly Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Flatidae), the indian wax scale Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccoidea), the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), the stink bug Oxycarenus lavaterae (Fabricius, 1787) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and palm moth Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Timely information on the penetration of new alien species that damage agricultural and ornamental crops into the entomofauna of Crimea, their distribution, biological characteristics that are relevant for specialists in the field of plant protection and landscape architecture. The number of mealy lantern fly has increased over the years of observations, and the list of host plants has also expanded, which has confirmed its polyphagia. In Crimea, a pest has appeared that can cause significant damage to fruit, berry, nut-bearing and ornamental crops. During the years of research, we discovered another alien species – the indian wax scale. As a result of damage to ornamental crops, individual branches dried out and some plants died. We assume that this phytophage was brought to the Crimea with planting material, because it occurs focally on objects of landscape architecture. Since 2018, palm trees have been damaged by the palm moth – one of the invasive pests of these plants on the southern coast of Crimea. Caterpillars damage the vascular system and the plant's growth point. As a result of the damage caused, the plants die. Since the same year, a new alien species, the southern green stink bug, has shown harmfulness on vegetable, berry and flower crops, as well as on weeds, and in 2020, for the first time in the Crimea, in the Nizhnegorsk region, another stink bug, O. lavaterae, was found on a linden. There is little information about this insect. It can form massive clusters on linden and hibiscus bark.
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Sam, K., B. Koane, and V. Novotny. "Herbivore damage increases avian and ant predation of caterpillars on trees along a complete elevational forest gradient in Papua New Guinea." Ecography 38, no. 3 (July 31, 2014): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00979.
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Robbins, Robert K., Qian Cong, Jing Zhang, Jinhui Shen, Julia Quer Riera, Debra Murray, Robert C. Busby, et al. "A switch to feeding on cycads generates parallel accelerated evolution of toxin tolerance in two clades of Eumaeus caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 7 (February 10, 2021): e2018965118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018965118.
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We assembled a complete reference genome of Eumaeus atala, an aposematic cycad-eating hairstreak butterfly that suffered near extinction in the United States in the last century. Based on an analysis of genomic sequences of Eumaeus and 19 representative genera, the closest relatives of Eumaeus are Theorema and Mithras. We report natural history information for Eumaeus, Theorema, and Mithras. Using genomic sequences for each species of Eumaeus, Theorema, and Mithras (and three outgroups), we trace the evolution of cycad feeding, coloration, gregarious behavior, and other traits. The switch to feeding on cycads and to conspicuous coloration was accompanied by little genomic change. Soon after its origin, Eumaeus split into two fast evolving lineages, instead of forming a clump of close relatives in the phylogenetic tree. Significant overlap of the fast evolving proteins in both clades indicates parallel evolution. The functions of the fast evolving proteins suggest that the caterpillars developed tolerance to cycad toxins with a range of mechanisms including autophagy of damaged cells, removal of cell debris by macrophages, and more active cell proliferation.
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Hogg, E. H., James P. Brandt, and B. Kochtubajda. "Growth and dieback of aspen forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-152.
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Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is the most important deciduous tree in the Canadian boreal forest, with >1000 Tg of carbon stored in the aboveground biomass of this species. Since the early 1990s, aspen dieback has been noted over parts of the southern boreal forest and aspen parkland in western Canada. In this study, tree-ring analysis and forest health assessments were conducted in 18 aspen stands near Grande Prairie, Alta., to examine causes of reduced growth and dieback. Defoliation histories were reconstructed based on light-colored ("white") tree rings and records of past insect outbreaks. The results indicated that several factors contributed to the observed dieback. Defoliation by forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) and drought in the 1960s and 1980s led to reduced growth and predisposed some stands to secondary damage by wood-boring insects and fungal pathogens. Thawfreeze events during a period (19841993) of unusually light snow cover in late winter may have also contributed to the observed dieback. Under global change, the severity of these stressors may increase, which would pose a serious concern for the future health, productivity, and carbon sequestration of aspen forests in the region.
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Gaoping, Wang, Yan Qing, Zhang Kai, and William M. Ciesla. "Factors affecting production of Chinese Chestnut in Xinxian County, Henan Province, China." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77839-5.
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Chestnuts, Castanea mollissima Blume, are an important non-wood forest product in XinXian County, Henan Province, China. As part of an effort to improve capacity to reduce crop losses caused by insects and other damaging factors, a monitoring system was established in four orchards representing various ages, growing conditions and management practices. Monitoring consisted of periodic observations of the condition of chestnuts through a portion of the 2000 season on sample trees. Resulting data were summarized into life tables.The monitoring indicated that less than 50% of the chestnut burrs present on the trees in early July survived to harvest. Missing burrs were the highest cause of chestnut loss in three of the four orchards sampled. This may in part be the result of chestnut burrs aborting because of insect attack, spontaneous abortion or early maturation of chestnuts. Losses that could be directly attributed to insects ranged between 12.75 and 28.58%, caused mainly by several species of caterpillars that bore into chestnuts. Occurrence of "empty burrs" was roughly equal to insect damage levels in two orchards that did not receive a supplemental boron fertilizer treatment at the time of flowering.Based on monitoring data obtained during the 2000 growing season, opportunities to increase chestnut production in XinXian County include application of boron to increase nut set and development of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system with emphasis on management of lepidopterous borers. Key words: Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima, integrated pest management, life tables, insect pests, non-wood forest products
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Sambiran, W. J., Fredy Lala, Andriko N. Susanto, Deciiyanto Soetopo, and Meldy L. A. Hosang. "Ledakan Populasi Hama Kelapa Thosea monoloncha Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) di Pulau Tolonuo, Maluku Utara / Outbreaks of Coconut Pest Thosea monoloncha Meyrick (Lepidoptera : Limacodidae) at Tolonu Island, North Maluku." Buletin Palma 17, no. 2 (October 18, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v17n2.2016.127-137.
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<p>Nettle caterpillars pest Thosea monoloncha Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) attacking coconut palms in several regions in Indonesia such as Sulawesi, Maluku (North Halmahera, South Hamahera and Kei Islands) and New Guinea. The objectives of the research were to determine the condition of the pests population, natural enemies and palm damage due to attack T. monoloncha. The research was conducted in October to December 2014 at Tolonuo island, North Maluku Province, and Laboratory Indonesia Palm Crop Research Institute. Samples plants are taken inside and outside the sites of the attack of T. monoloncha. At each location have been selected randomly, 10 sample plants each from immature coconut trees and mature coconut trees. The results showed that outbreaks of Coconut pest, Thosea monoloncha Meyrick have been occured in 2014 at Tolonuo Island, North Maluku Province. The level of damage caused by the pests consists of 32 ha high damage, 20 ha medium damage, and 35 ha low damage. At the location of heavy attacks from T. monoloncha, of 1056 healthy larvae, most have entered the mature larval stage (instar 4-5) with an average of 26.4 larvae/frond. Potential natural enemies that can infect the larvae of T. monoloncha is Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV). These pathogens can suppress pest populations up to 96 % in high damage locations or average 41.21% of infected larvae for the entire area is infested with the pest.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Hama ulat api Thosea monoloncha Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) menyerang tanaman kelapa dan menyebar di beberapa wilayah di Indonesia antara lain Sulawesi, Maluku (Halmahera Utara, Halmahera Selatan dan Pulau Kei) dan New Guinea. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui populasi hama, musuh alami dan kerusakan tanaman akibat serangan T. monoloncha. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Tolonuo, Provinsi Maluku Utara dan Laboratorium Balai Penelitian tanaman Palma. Pengambilan tanaman contoh dilakukan di dalam dan di luar lokasi serangan T. monoloncha. Pada setiap lokasi dipilih secara acak masing-masing 10 tanaman contoh dari tanaman kelapa yang belum menghasilkan dan tanaman kelapa menghasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serangan hama ulat api T. monoloncha Meyrick telah terjadi pada bulan November 2014 di Pulau Tolonuo. Tingkat kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh hama ini terdiri dari 32 ha serangan berat, 20 ha serangan sedang dan 35 ha serangan ringan. Pada lokasi serangan berat ternyata dari 1056 larva sehat, sebagian besar sudah memasuki stadia larva dewasa (instar 4-5) dengan rata-rata 26,4 larva/pelepah. Musuh alami potensial yang ditemukan menginfeksi larva T. monoloncha adalah Nuclear Polyhidrosis Virus (NPV). Patogen ini dapat menekan populasi hama sampai 96% pada lokasi serangan berat atau rata-rata 41,21% larva terinfeksi untuk seluruh areal yang terserang hama ini.</p>
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Pečiulytė, Dalė, and Audrius Kačergius. "Lecanicillium Aphanocladii – A New Species to the Mycoflora of Lithuania and a New Pathogen of Tree Leaves Mining Insects." Botanica Lithuanica 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10279-012-0015-5.
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Abstract Pečiulytė D., Kačergius A., 2012: Lecanicillium aphanocladii - a new species to the mycoflora of Lithuania and a new pathogen of tree leaves mining insects [Lecanicillium aphanocladii - nauja Lietuvos mikofloros rūšis ir naujas medžių lapus minuojančių vabzdžių patogenas pasaulyje]. - Bot. Lith., 18(2); 133-146. Popular park and city trees horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L. and small-leaved linden, Tilia cordata Miller suffer from damages of leaf mining moths, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic 1968 and Lithocolletis issikii Kumata 1825 (= Phyllonorycter issikii Humber 1822 (both Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), respectively. In 2010-2011, fungi causing moth caterpillar mortality under field conditions were investigated in Vilnius city, Lithuania. Statistical analyses showed high recovery percentage (30.36 % and 31.92 % from C. ohridella and L. issikii caterpillar cadavers, respectively) of a new fungus, which was thereafter identified as Lecanicillium aphanocladii Zare & W. Gams 2001 based on a morphological characteristics and ITS rDNR sequence, which showed 99 % identity with Aphanocladium aranearum (Petch) W. Gams 1971 GenBank accessions No. AF455489 and AF455405 of ribosomal RNA gene (now renamed as L. aphanockladii).
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Pratiwi, Tyas, Karmanah Karmanah, and Rini Gusmarianti. "INVENTARISASI HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN JATI UNGGUL NUSANTARA DI KEBUN PERCOBAAN COGREK BOGOR." Jurnal Sains Natural 2, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v2i2.42.
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Inventory of Plant Pest and Disease of Superior Nusantara Teak in Experimental Garden Cogrek, Bogor Research on inventory and identification of pests and diseases of plants (PDP) which attacked Superior Teak Plant Nusantara (JUN), aimed to be able to control more effectively and efficiently. The experiment was conducted from November to January 2012, at the Experimental garden Cogrek, University of Nusa Bangsa. Inventory PDP was done with looking around the teak tree stands. The parameters investigated were the symptoms of an attack, the damage caused by PDP and other pests that were in the enveroment of teak stands. Sampling was done by taking the part of plant pests and plant diseases of teak. Identification was done directly or indirectly. Direct identification was through direct observation in the field by observing the symptoms of an attack and assess the extent of damage and the pathogen bioecology information. While indirect way was done with sampling of pathogen of infected plants. then taken to the laboratory to be identified. The results of this study concluded that : the type of pests that were found were various types of grasshoppers (Order Orthoptera), teak leaf caterpillar (Hiblaea puera), tree termites, termite rods, subterranean termites, mealybug (Pseudococcus) and beetle pests, powder wet (Xyleborus destruens). Type of disease found Wet leaf blight (Blight), stem rot and open wounds caused by a fungus (Phytophteras, sp). While the percentage of crop damage index of teak was lower than the results of previous studies on plant of age 3 years old.Keywords : Teak Superior archipelago, Inventory, Pests, Diseases. ABSTRAK Penelitian mengenai inventarisasi dan identifikasi hama dan penyakit tanaman (HPT) yang menyerang tanaman Jati Unggul Nusantara (JUN), bertujuan untuk dapat melakukan pengendalian yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Nopember sampai Januari 2012, di Kebun Percobaan Cogrek Universitas Nusa Bangsa. Inventarisasi HPT dilakukan dengan mengadakan pengamatan HPT disekitar tegakan pohon Jati (JUN). Parameter yang diamati berupa gejala serangan dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh HPT serta jenis hama lainnya yang berada pada lingkungan sekitar tegakan jati. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara mengambil bagian tanaman yang terserang hama dan penyakit tanaman Jati (JUN). Identifikasi dilakukan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Identifikasi secara langsung melalui pengamatan langsung di lapangan dengan mengamati gejala serangan dan menilai tingkat kerusakan serta informasi bioekologi patogen tersebut. Sedangkan cara tidak langsung dilakukan dengan pengambilan contoh/sampel spesimen patogen dan tanaman terserang. Selanjutnya dibawa ke laboratorium untuk diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa : jenis hama yang ditemukan adalah berbagai jenis belalang (Ordo Orthoptera), ulat daun jati (Hiblaea puera), rayap pohon, rayap batang, rayap tanah, kutu putih (Pseudococcus), dan Hama Kumbang, Bubuk Basah (Xyleborus destruens). Jenis penyakit yang ditemukan adalah Hawar Daun (Blight), busuk batang dan luka terbuka yang disebabkan oleh jamur (Phytophteras, sp). Sedangkan persentase indeks kerusakan tanaman jati lebih rendah dibandingkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya yaitu pada umur tanaman 3 tahun.Kata Kunci : Jati Unggul Nusantara, Inventarisasi, Hama, Penyakit.
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Urban, Jaroslav. "The biology of Anacampsis populella (Clerck) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 4 (2010): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058040223.
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The paper deals with the occurrence, development and harmfulness of Anacampsis populella (Clerck) (Gelechiidae) on Populus tremula L. The pest was monitored on 5 to 15-year old trees of the species at Forest District Bílovice nad Svitavou (near the city of Brno) in 2008 and 2009. Caterpillars made leaf rolls of a mean length of 37.3 mm and width 5.5 mm there. In 80% leafrolls, one leaf was rolled up and in 20% two to five leaves. Towards the abaxial face of leaves, all leaves with caterpillars were rolled up but only part of peripheral leaves. Caterpillars occurred from 20 April to 25 June. They developed only through three instars and damaged leaves on an area of about 12.2 cm2. Grown up caterpillars pupated mostly in leaf- rolls. Pupae occurred from 10 May to 25 July and imagoes from 20 May to the beginning of August. Some 63 to 88% population of caterpillars and pupae were killed by natural enemies (particularly insect parasitoids, insect predators and birds). Eggs overwinter. The pest development is univoltine.1
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Payette, Serge, Marie-Josée Fortin, and Claude Morneau. "The recent sugar maple decline in southern Quebec: probable causes deduced from tree rings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-118.
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We used tree-ring chronologies from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) stands showing various degrees of dieback (i.e., 16 sugar maple chronologies from healthy trees and 11 from damaged trees), distributed throughout the species range in southern Quebec, to analyze the spatial extent and timing of the recent sugar maple decline. Furthermore, six tree-ring chronologies of American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.) from six damaged sugar maple stands were used to compare for differential responses associated with factors such as insect defoliation (from the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosomadisstria Hbn., for which American beech is a nonpreferred species), drought, and other climatic events. It was found that several small-scale drought-induced disturbances occurred repetitively over the last 100 years in the western part of the species range in southern Quebec. Most sugar maple chronologies from stands located west, north, and south of Québec City also show extreme narrow tree rings, indicating the incidence of three large and deep growth depressions from the early to mid-1910s, mid-1950s, and early 1980s. The factors explaining the large growth depression of dominant sugar maple of the early 1980s, in the region where the 1980s maple decline was the most severe, are likely associated with the synergistic influence of drought and insect defoliators. The recovery of sugar maple stands from the 1980s growth decline emphasizes the positive responsiveness of the robust native trees to frequent natural disturbances. The 1980s maple decline corresponds to the category of natural disturbances affecting stand dynamics by the combination of events such as drought and insect infestations, and possibly (but to a minor extent) winter thaw-frost, which has yet to be demonstrated, rather than by anthropogenic pollution.
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Parvathi, N., and S. Vidyanandini. "Graceful Labeling of a Tree from Caterpillars." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 35, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02522667.2014.961811.
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Tautz, Jürgen, and Michael Rostás. "Honeybee buzz attenuates plant damage by caterpillars." Current Biology 18, no. 24 (December 2008): R1125—R1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.038.
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Dulio, Paolo, and Virgilio Pannone. "Joining caterpillars and stability of the tree center." Discrete Mathematics 308, no. 7 (April 2008): 1185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2007.04.006.
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Marzano, Mariella, Bianca Ambrose-Oji, Clare Hall, and Darren Moseley. "Pests in the City: Managing Public Health Risks and Social Values in Response to Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) in the United Kingdom." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020199.
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Oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) or OPM was accidentally introduced into London on imported oak trees and now poses a threat to the future of oak in the urban landscape. Early attempts at eradication of the moth failed and significant resources have since been spent by government on monitoring and controlling OPM (through the use of insecticides or bio-pesticides) as it spreads into new areas. OPM is regulated in the UK to minimize risk of new introductions and reduce spread. Surveying for OPM and issuing of statutory notices for control is based on a geographical system of core, control and protected zones. While OPM will defoliate the trees leaving them vulnerable to other pests and diseases and stress factors, the caterpillars can also harm people and animals via tiny urticating hairs with the potential for dermatological or respiratory impacts. However, the biggest threat to the iconic British oak may be that the perceived risks associated with OPM, and costs of management may lead land managers to fell their oak trees, and not plant oak in the future. There is a need to better understand awareness, risk perceptions and decision-making around OPM management. We use a conceptual framework to explore decision-making and the trade-offs between the social, economic and ecological values associated with oak trees, and assessment of risk related to both the moth and control options. Twenty nine interviews were conducted in two London boroughs and across Greater London and in some surrounding counties covering a range of land types (e.g., parks, school grounds, amenity areas and private gardens) with infested or non-infested oak. We found a lack of evidence of human health impacts from OPM although land managers were concerned about public duty of care and potential reputational damage if they do not manage OPM. To address the challenges of dealing with OPM, land managers were taking a risk-based approach and managing OPM where it posed the highest potential risk to people. Respondents expressed strong emotional attachments to oak but it also has high biodiversity value which can lead to difficult decisions about management options. A risk-based approach moves beyond a ‘one-size-fits-all’ control method and focuses available resources where they are most needed and socially acceptable. An approach that allows for multiple values and perspectives on risk may provide a more sustainable long-term option for OPM management to ensure the future of oak in the city.
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Peric-Mataruga, Vesna, Marija Mrdakovic, Milena Vlahovic, Larisa Ilijin, Jankovic Tomanic, D. Mircic, and Vera Nenadovic. "Biogenic amines in protocerebral A2 neurosecretory neurons of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae): Response to trophic stress." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 3 (2011): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1103571p.
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The number, morphometric parameters and amount of aminergic neurosecretory product of protocerebral A2 neurosecretory neurons were investigated in the fifth instar of Lymantria dispar caterpillars, following a suitable or unsuitable trophic regime. Caterpillars originated from two populations (Quercus rubra or Robinia pseudoacacia forest) and were differently adapted to trophic stress, i.e. feeding on locust tree leaves - unsuitable host plant. The number of neurosecretory neurons was higher in the caterpillars originated from Robinia population than in Quercus population, regardless of feeding. A2 neurosecretory neurons, nuclei and their nucleoli were larger in caterpillars fed with unsuitable leaves in both populations. There was more aminergic product in the A2 neurosecretory neurons of the caterpillars fed with unsuitable leaves independently of population origin.
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Abreu, Nair, Oscar Rojo, and Claudia Justel. "Algebraic connectivity for subclasses of caterpillars." Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics 4, no. 1 (2010): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aadm1000004a.
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A caterpillar is a tree in which the removal of all pendent vertices make it a path. In this paper, we consider two classes of caterpillars. We present an ordering of caterpillars by algebraic connectivity in one of them and find one that maximizes the algebraic connectivity in the other class.
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Tavares, Wagner de Souza, Alexandre Igor de Azevedo Pereira, Olaf Hermann Hendrik Mielke, José Eduardo Serrão, and José Cola Zanuncio. "Mechanitis polymnia casabranca and Ithomia lichyi lichyi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) damaging tree of Solanum granuloso-leprosum (Solanaceae)." CERNE 20, no. 1 (March 2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602014000100020.
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The Zona da Mata region is located in southeastern Minas Gerais State, Brazil with fauna and flora diversified, including herbivorous insects and Solanaceae plants. Ithomiinae caterpillars were observed damaging tree of Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal (Solanaceae), used for different purposes and abundant in secondary forest. The objective of this study was to identify defoliating caterpillars of S. granuloso-leprosum at the campus of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil and review host plants of Mechanitis polymnia L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Thirteen caterpillars found damaging a tree of S. granuloso-leprosum at the campus of UFV were collected and maintained in the Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Insetos (LCBI) from UFV until adult emergence. These caterpillars were of two species, being ten of the first and three of the second species. Adult specimens of the latter species were identified as Ithomia lichyi lichyi D'Almeida, 1939 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Departamento de Zoologia of Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) in Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil and of the group of ten caterpillars as Mechanitis polymnia casabranca Haensch, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Museu de Zoologia of Universidade de São Paulo (USP) in São Paulo State, Brazil. This is the first report of M. polymnia casabranca and I. lichyi lichyi together damaging plant of S. granuloso-leprosum in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil and 57 plants are recorded as host of M. polymnia.
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Nell, Colleen S., Luis Abdala-Roberts, Victor Parra-Tabla, and Kailen A. Mooney. "Tropical tree diversity mediates foraging and predatory effects of insectivorous birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1890 (November 7, 2018): 20181842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1842.
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Biodiversity affects the structure of ecological communities, but little is known about the interactive effects of diversity across multiple trophic levels. We used a large-scale forest diversity experiment to investigate the effects of tropical tree species richness on insectivorous birds, and the subsequent indirect effect on predation rates by birds. Diverse plots (four tree species) had higher bird abundance (61%), phylogenetic diversity (61%), and functional diversity (55%) than predicted based on single-species monocultures, which corresponded to higher attack rates on artificial caterpillars (65%). Tree diversity effects on attack rate were driven by complementarity among tree species, with increases in attack rate observed on all tree species in polycultures. Attack rates on artificial caterpillars were higher in plots with higher bird abundance and diversity, but the indirect effect of tree species richness was mediated by bird diversity, providing evidence that diversity can interact across trophic levels with consequences tied to ecosystem services and function.
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Balaji, Hrishikesh, and Hosam Mahmoud. "The Gini index of random trees with an application to caterpillars." Journal of Applied Probability 54, no. 3 (September 2017): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2017.28.
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Abstract We propose two distance-based topological indices (level index and Gini index) as measures of disparity within a single tree and within tree classes. The level index and the Gini index of a single tree are measures of balance within the tree. On the other hand, the Gini index for a class of random trees can be used as a comparative measure of balance between tree classes. We establish a general expression for the level index of a tree. We compute the Gini index for two random classes of caterpillar trees and see that a random multinomial model of trees with finite height has a countable number of limits in [0, ⅓], whereas a model with independent level numbers fills the spectrum (0, ⅓].
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Bohinc, Tanja, M. Devetak, and S. Trdan. "Quantity of glucosinolates in 10 cabbage genotypes and their impact on the feeding of Mamestra brassicae caterpillars." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 2 (2014): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1402867b.
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In 2011, we studied the glucosinolate content in 5 cultivars and 5 cabbage hybrids grown outdoors in order to study their influence on the feeding of cabbage moth caterpillars (Mamestra brassicae). The selected genotypes were categorized into three groups, early (the growth period from 55 to 70 days), mid-early (80-90 days) and mid-late (110-140 days), while the samples of cabbage for glucosinolate analysis were taken at five intervals, during which we also assessed genotypes for the extent of damage caused by caterpillars. We found that the feeding of caterpillars affected primarily the mid-early and mid-late genotypes of cabbage, and that the glucosinolate content among the different cabbage genotypes varies. The highest content of the analyzed glucosinolates was established in mid-late genotypes. Glucobrassicin was the only glucosinolate found in all cabbage genotypes, yet its antixenotic effect (r=0.20) was very low. We found that sinalbin negatively affects the feeding of cabbage moth caterpillars in mid-early cabbage genotypes (r=-0.34), while the same effect of sinigrin on the extent of damage can be observed in mid-late genotypes (r=-0.27). We have established a strong or moderate correlation between the gluconapin (r=0.87) and progoitrin (r=0.66) contents in mid-late genotypes and the extent of damage caused by caterpillars. Our research proves that different cabbage genotypes are responsible for different susceptibilities to damage by the cabbage moth, and that one of the factors of natural resistance of cabbage are also glucosinolates. Despite this, due to their variability in cabbage we cannot precisely determine the set of genotypes that would ensure a higher cabbage yield as a result of less damage caused by the cabbage moth. Thus, we need to identify in more detail the reasons for the time and quantum variability of glucosinolates in Brassicaceae.
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Weseloh, Ronald M. "ANT TRAFFIC ON DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES IN CONNECTICUT." Canadian Entomologist 127, no. 4 (August 1995): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent127569-4.
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AbstractForest ants in Connecticut, especially Formica neogagates Emery and F. subsericea Say (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), feed on first- to third-instar larvae of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), but mainly forage on the ground while most young caterpillars are in trees. It would be helpful to obtain information about the individual ants that do climb trees. Thus, numbers of ants climbing up and down different species of forest trees were determined. Numbers varied with both tree species and trunk diameter. Some oaks, plus hickories, tended to have the most ant traffic. These trees were also the most likely to have trunk diameters positively correlated with ant activity. Ants appeared to obtain honeydew or perhaps nectar from the trees, as the crop contents of some ants tested positive for sugar. A possible way to induce more ants to climb trees, and thus to attack caterpillars in trees more frequently, would be to increase numbers of honeydew-producing insects in trees. It should also be possible to encourage ants by spraying trees with sugar solutions or other materials.
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B. J. Boman and R. C. Bullock. "Damage to Microsprinkler Riser Assemblies from Selenisa Sueroides Caterpillars." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10, no. 2 (1994): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25845.
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Knight, Kathryn. "Tobacco hornworm caterpillars held up by imaginal disc damage." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): jeb213678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.213678.
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Konečná, Hana, and Hana Šefrová. "Morphology, Biology and Control Possibilities of Two Argyresthia species – A. thuiella and A. trifasciata (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 3 (2014): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462030529.
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The bionomics of Argyresthia thuiella (Packard, 1871) and A. trifasciata Staudinger, 1871 was studied on ornamental conifers in southern Moravia, Czech Republic. Argyresthia thuiella overwinters as caterpillar inside twigs and pupates the following spring there. Moths are on the wing during June until the beginning of July. Argyresthia trifasciata adults were observed from mid May till the beginning of June. Its larvae reach the stage of maturity from October to December. They pupate in the debris under trees. Both species develop one generation annually. Argyresthia thuiella was found on Thuja occidentalis, T. plicata and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; A. trifasciata on Juniperus virginiana, J. chinensis, J. sabina, J. × media, J. squamata and J. horizontalis. Both species cause mainly aesthetic damage to plants. Stronger attack of Argyresthia may cause damage to trees. Control possibilities were tested on both species. The chaetotaxy of these species was first done in this experiment.
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Hosang, Meldy L. A., Jelfina C. Alouw, and Fadjry Djufry. "Ulat Bulu Orgyia sp. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Hama Potensial pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit [Hairy Caterpillar, Orgyia sp. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Potential Pest on Oil Palm]." Buletin Palma 18, no. 1 (October 28, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v18n1.2017.33-42.
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<p>The outbreaks of hairy caterpillar pests on oil palm plants that are quite severe in one of the estate oil palm plantations in West Papua occurred in 2016. Species of hairy caterpillar and the level of its damage are not known yet for certain. The purposes of this research were to identify the pest causing oil palm damage and to determine the level of palm damage, pest population and their natural enemies. Three locations were selected on the Marmare Sub District, Manokwari, West Papua. In each location, 30 plants were selected randomly in the area of the pest attack and the leaf damage was estimated. Identification result of the pest that attack young oil palm trees in PT Yongjing Investindo, West Papua was the hairy caterpillar called tusock moth, Orgyia sp. The pest caused low (5-20%) and moderate (30-40%) level of foliar damage found in 81.1% (73 plants) and 18.9% (17 plants) palm population respectively. Since palm damage potentially reduced oil palm production, regularly monitoring pest populations are needed to prevent pest outbreak.</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Ledakan serangan hama ulat bulu pada tanaman kelapa sawit, cukup parah di salah satu perkebunan sawit swasta di Papua Barat terjadi pada tahun 2016. Jenis ulat bulu dan tingkat kerusakannya belum diketahui secara pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis hama ulat bulu, tingkat kerusakan, populasi hama, dan musuh alaminya. Survei hama dilakukan di tiga lokasi di Distrik Marmare, Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat. Pada masing-masing lokasi dipilih 30 pohon contoh secara acak pada lokasi serangan hama kemudian diestimasi tingkat kerusakan. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa jenis ulat yang menyerang tanaman kelapa sawit muda di PT Yongjing Investindo, Papua Barat adalah ulat bulu Orgyia sp. Dari 90 tanaman contoh, kerusakan ringan (5-20%) akibat serangan Orgyia sp. dapat mencapai 81,1% (73 tanaman) dan sebanyak 18,9% (17 tanaman), termasuk tingkat serangan sedang (30-40%). Serangan ulat bulu Orgyia sp. pada perkebunan sawit masih terbatas di Distrik Marmare, tetapi berpotensi meluas ke areal pertanaman sawit lainnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan tindakan monitoring dan pengendalian di lapangan untuk mencegah kerusakan lebih parah.</p>
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van Houte, Stineke, Monique M. van Oers, Yue Han, Just M. Vlak, and Vera I. D. Ros. "Baculovirus infection triggers a positive phototactic response in caterpillars to induce ‘tree-top’ disease." Biology Letters 10, no. 12 (December 2014): 20140680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0680.
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Many parasites manipulate host behaviour to enhance parasite transmission and survival. A fascinating example is baculoviruses, which often induce death in caterpillar hosts at elevated positions (‘tree-top’ disease). To date, little is known about the underlying processes leading to this adaptive host manipulation. Here, we show that the baculovirus Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) triggers a positive phototactic response in S. exigua larvae prior to death and causes the caterpillars to die at elevated positions. This light-dependent climbing behaviour is specific for infected larvae, as movement of uninfected caterpillars during larval development was light-independent. We hypothesize that upon infection, SeMNPV captures a host pathway involved in phototaxis and/or light perception to induce this remarkable behavioural change.