Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Categories (Philosohy)'
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Sinyor, Alan. "Gersonides on the Categories." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315915.
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Watt, Robert. "Kant's deduction of the categories." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ee663729-7f4f-4221-a267-fa6dc97c2ee9.
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This thesis defends an interpretation of the argument that Immanuel Kant calls his Transcendental Deduction of the Categories. It is divided into four chapters. The subject of the first chapter is the aim of Kant's Deduction of the Categories. It is argued that what Kant has set out to find is an answer to the question how it is that the Categories are able to serve as representations of objects. This chapter also includes a detailed account of what Kant thinks is required for a concept to serve as a representation of an object. The subject of the second chapter is the strategy of Kant's Deduction of the Categories. It is argued that what Kant thinks he needs to do in order to deduce the Categories is to show that an object must conform to the Categories if we are to make a judgment about this object. The third chapter is concerned with the central claim of Kant's Deduction of the Categories, viz. the Principle of the Original Synthetic Unity of Apperception. It is argued that this principle consists in the claim that if we are to make a judgment about an object then we must be able to achieve a special sort of consciousness - specifically, the consciousness of what Kant calls the necessary unity of synthesis. The fourth and final chapter of the thesis is concerned with Kant's justification for the Principle of the Original Synthetic Unity of Apperception. It is argued that Kant's commitment to this principle is based on his recognition of a key fact about an act of judgment, viz. the fact that in making a judgment about an object, part of what we think is that our representations ought to be connected in a particular way.
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Oliveira, Thiago Silva Freitas 1981. "Distinção entre predicação e inerência nas Categorias de Aristóteles." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281325.
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Orientador: Lucas AngioniTese (doutorado) ¿ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese pretende demonstrar como Aristóteles lança mão de um projeto ontológico, no livro das Categorias, a partir de uma distinção básica entre quatro tipos de entes e das relações possíveis entre estes de acordo com dois critérios fundamentais, tanto lógicos quanto ontológicos, a saber, predicação e inerência. Nossa proposta é mostrar como esses critérios operam dentro da ontologia exposta nos primeiros capítulos da obra em questão e como eles podem ser entendidos dentro de uma ontologia que, nesta obra, assume a ousía primeira como condição fundamental para todos os outros entes e, respectivamente, para as relações estabelecidas entre estes
Abstract: This thesis aims to demonstrate how Aristotle makes use of an ontological project, in the book of Categories, starting from a basic distinction between four types of entities and the possible relations between them, according to two fundamental criteria, both logical and ontological, namely predication and inherence. Our purpose is to show how these criteria operate within the ontology exposed in the Categories' first chapters and how they can be understood within an ontology that, in this work, assumes the próte ousía as a precondition for all other entities and, respectively, to the relations between these
Doutorado
Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia
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Lusignan, Geoffrey. "A proposal to extend the methodological function of Aristotle's categories." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4742.
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Laka, Mugarza Miren Itziar. "Negation in syntax--on the nature of functional categories and projections." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13667.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1990.Title as it appears in the Sept. 1990 M.I.T. Graduate List: On the nature of functional categories and projections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 260-270).
by Miren Itziar Laka Mugarza.
Ph.D.
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Carrera, Alessandro. "The philosophy of popular music : aesthetical categories and cultural relevance : a commentary on my publications." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28415/.
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In the mid-1970s, my approach to popular music was shaped by aesthetical categories developed in the fields of Euroclassical music and continental philosophy. In fact, my interest in the avant-garde movements of the 20th century predated my involvement with popular music. In 1980, however, when I completed my philosophy thesis on Arnold Schönberg at the “Università degli Studi” in Milan, Italy, I had already been working for years in the field of rock, jazz, and folk music. Now that the borders between musical languages have become more porous, my double background in classical and popular music would not be unusual. In late-1970s Italy, it was. Yet in my mind, the two worlds co-existed and have co-existed since. From this dual commitment to the intellectual reasons of criticism and the raisons du coeur of passionate involvement with all genres of music, four themes have emerged in my scholarly production: Section A. The 1977-1982 sociological phase now revived thanks to the new edition of my first book and the volume on music and society in Italy I have edited in 2015. Section B. Articles written mostly in the 1980s and up to 2004, in which I combined post-romantic aesthetics, psychoanalysis, and hermeneutics in a parallel analysis of contemporary minimalism and the “music of the spheres” theme. Section C. Writings on Bob Dylan and American culture (1998 to now), in which I also found the way to expand on the “poetry and music” theme dating back to my Schönberg thesis. Section D. Articles on songwriters and songwriting in which I have combined different critical approaches such as historical survey, “portrait-of-an-artist,” and in-depth analysis of specific songs and of their cultural relevance. Conclusions. An excerpt from my current work on descriptive categories that I intend to apply to the study of popular music.
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Hirsch, Aron Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An inflexible semantics for cross-categorial operators." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113782.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 305-323).
This thesis studies operators such as and and only, which occur in a broad range of environments. And, for instance, appears between sentences, intransitive verbs, quantifiers, and so forth. One line of analysis assigns and/only a "cross-categorial" semantics flexible enough to compose with different arguments. This thesis challenges that view, pursuing the "Semantic Inflexibility Hypothesis" (SIH). Regardless of the surface string, and and only uniformly operate on a meaning characteristic of a sentence -- a truth-value or proposition. The thesis presents four case studies testing a central prediction of the SIH: that when and/only appear to compose with an expression having a non-sentential meaning, there must be covert syntax underlying to furnish an appropriate scope site. Most of the cases involve object DPs: (a) apparent object DP conjunction in basic sentences (John saw every student and every professor) and (b) in pseudo-clefts (What Obama approved was this bill and that bill), along with (c) only preceding an object DP (John learned only one language). The additional case study examines coordination of questions. Novel diagnostics reveal covert syntax in each case, reconciling the data with the SIH -- and, in some cases, leading to a new perspective on the construction. In addition to showing that a range of data may be parsed with covert syntax, I present reason to question whether cross-categorial meanings are available at all. Specifically, I point out that crosscategorial analyses over-generate. First: the mechanisms which give rise to cross-categorial meanings are too powerful, and predict more operators to be cross-categorial than actually are. Second, I show that if and itself were cross-categorial, unattested scope readings would derive. If there are no crosscategorial operators, the over-generation problems resolve without new constraints.
by Aron Hirsch.
Ph. D.
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Bodziak, Junior Paulo Eduardo 1986. "Categorias de Validade Exemplar : sobre a distinção entre político e social em Hannah Arendt." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279521.
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Orientador: Yara Adario FrateschiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Hannah Arendt trouxe uma nova perspectiva de formulação e de compreensão dos problemas políticos contemporâneos. Se, por um lado, foi capaz de evidenciar a insuficiência teórica do século XX diante do ineditismo dos eventos políticos, tendo que elaborar novas estratégias teóricas capazes de responder ao desafio de pensar a política no seu tempo; por outro lado, tal tarefa não pôde ser realizada sem que tais novidades fossem duramente criticadas por seus contemporâneos antes ou após sua morte em 1975. Neste trabalho, veremos que estas críticas se desenvolvem a partir de dois aspectos: da má compreensão das novidades teóricas elaboradas por Arendt e do tratamento dado pela autora à articulação entre social e político. Como resposta ao primeiro aspecto buscaremos construir a noção de "Categorias de Validade Exemplar", termo que tenta reunir as influências importantes de Kant, Benjamin e Sócrates ao pensamento arendtiano. Segundo, notaremos como as categorias políticas de Hannah Arendt podem ser pensadas em um cenário de efetivação da organização moderna da esfera de aparências, isto é, a sociedade. Sustentaremos que a autora acerta ao apontar para a funcionalização da política pela economia, embora seja necessário reinterpretar aspectos teóricos que a conduzem à citada conclusão para nos permitir pensar a política a partir de conflitos sociais
Abstract: Hannah Arendt brought a new perspective to the formulation and understanding of contemporary political problems. If, on the one hand, she was able to show the theoretical inadequacy of the twentieth century in front of unprecedented political events, having to develop new theoretical strategies capable of meeting the challenge of thinking about politics in her time, on the other, such a task could not be performed without such novelties were harshly criticized by his contemporaries before or after his death in 1975. In this work, we will see that these criticisms are developed from two aspects: the poor understanding of theoretical novelties prepared by Arendt and the treatment given by the author to the relationship between social and political. In response to the first aspect we will seek to build the notion of "Categories of Validity Exemplary", a term that attempts to bring together the important influences of Kant, Benjamin and Socrates to Arendt thought. Second, we will note how the political categories of Hannah Arendt can be thought of in a scenario of realization of the modern organization of sphere of appearances, that is, the society. I shall argue that the author hits the point to the functionalization of the political by economy, although it is necessary to reinterpret theoretical aspects that leads it to the above conclusion to enable us to think politics from social conflicts
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia
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Schlenker, Philippe (Philippe D. ). 1971. "Propositional attitudes and indexicality : a cross categorial approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9353.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-177).
Universal Grammar uses the same distinctions (features) and the same interpretive procedures for reference to individuals, times, and possible worlds. We give a partial argument for this hypothesis: person, tense and (maybe) mood can be treated on a par when they occur in reported speech. We consider several generalizations that hold across sortal domains, and develop a theory of propositional attitudes and indexicality that captures these facts, and treats all three categories on a par. First, we extend the notion of 'Sequence' phenomena from tense to person. In Russian, the tense of a direct discourse can be preserved in reported speech, but in English tense agreement, i.e. 'Sequence of Tense', must generally hold. The same contrast exists between English and Amharic pronouns: in Amharic the indexical pronoun of a direct discourse can be retained in reported speech, while in English person agreement, i.e. 'Sequence of Person', must hold. Second, we extend the notion of 'Logophoricity' from person to tense. In Ewe, the indexical pronoun of a direct discourse can only be reported in indirect discourse if a special form is used, one that never occurs outside of attitude environments - a 'logophoric pronoun'. But logophoric tense/mood also exists, and is instantiated by one of the subjunctive forms that exist in modem German (the 'Konjunktiv I'). Third, we observe that both tense and person display the same idiosyncratic behavior in Free Indirect Discourse - an interesting fact given that other indexical elements pattern differently. Finally, we speculate that the notion of Obviation can be extended from person to tense, and suggest that English past tenses are the temporal counterpart of obviative person markers in Algonquian. Our main auxiliary assumption is that attitude operators are quantifiers over contexts of speech/thought, which allows an indexical expression to be evaluated with respect to the context of a reported speech act, and thus to be shifted. Every attitude operator is thus a Kaplanian 'monster', and shifted indexicals are analyzed as a morphological variant of De Se pronouns. Logical forms are assumed to be uniform across languages, with morphology as the only source of cross-linguistic variation.
by Philippe Schlenker.
Ph.D.
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Fletcher-Louis, Crispin H. T. "An examination of the relevance of angelomorphic categories for the understanding of early Christology & discipleship, with special reference to Luke-Acts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307226.
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Herrell, Justin Lee. "The implementation impact of continuous quality improvement (CQI) on teacher perceptions of CQI categories." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5611.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 8, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Griffin, Michael J. "The reception of the Categories of Aristotle, c. 80 BC to AD 220." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f4149a7e-2ad0-4d7b-b428-2ba55acf22d3.
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This thesis focuses on the ancient reception of the Categories of Aristotle, a work which served continuously, from late antiquity into the early modern period (Frede 1987), as the student’s introduction to philosophy. There had previously been no comprehensive study of the reception of the Categories during the age of the first philosophical commentaries (c. 80 BC to AD 220). In this study, I have collected, assigned, and analyzed the relevant fragments of commentary belonging to this period, including some that were previously undocumented or inexplicit in the source texts, and sought to establish and characterize the influence of the early commentators’ activity on the subsequent Peripatetic tradition. In particular, I trace the early evolution of criticism and defense of the text through competing accounts of its aim (skopos), which would ultimately lead Stoic and Platonic philosophers to a partial acceptance of the Categories and frame its role in the later Neo-Platonic curriculum.
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Whitman, Philip Neal. "Category neutrality : a type-logical investigation /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1023679306.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 320 p., also contains graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: David R. Dowty, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-320).
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Robertson, Simon. "Rejecting moral obligation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13225.
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The thesis argues that, were there any moral obligations, they would be categorical; but there are no categorical requirements on action; therefore, there are no moral obligations. The underlying claim is that, because of this, morality itself rests on a mistaken view of normativity. The view of categoricity I provide rests on there being 'external reasons' for action. Having explained the connections between oughts (in particular the ought of moral obligation) and reasons for action in the first part of the thesis, I then develop and defend a version of reasons internalism that I call 'recognitional internalism'. The basic idea, which is not itself incompatible with categoricity, is that to have a reason one must be able to recognise that one has that reason. However, I work this basic claim into a substantive truth-condition for reason-statements and argue that the reasons one is able to recognise are controlled by one's subjective motives. I use this to argue that there are no categorical moral obligations. Nonetheless, I also argue that the substantive challenge internalism poses morality is importantly different, indeed more pressing, than usually thought. This is to justify the objective supremacy of the reasons for action constitutive of moral obligation.
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Lubenow, Jorge Adriano. "A categoria de esfera publica em Jurgen Habermas." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280634.
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Orientador: Marcos NobreTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A presente tese tem o objetivo de fazer uma leitura reconstrutiva de um tema fundamental explorado por Jürgen Habermas: a categoria de ?esfera pública?. Este tema da esfera pública é examinado no contexto da passagem entre o universo teórico de Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit (1962) e Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981) em relação àquele de Faktizität und Geltung (1992). Nesta transição, Habermas reformula uma série de questões introduzidas nas suas investigações anteriores sobre o tema da esfera pública e configura uma perspectiva teórica modificada. O momento-chave desta transição é o prefácio à nova edição de Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit, publicada em 1990. Esta retomada pode ser desdobrada em dois eixos que se correlacionam: a) A reformulação do conteúdo da esfera pública (limitações e deficiências), a ampliação da categoria e o alargamento da infra-estrutura da esfera pública, agora com novas características e novos papéis; b) O reposicionamento da esfera pública por um rearranjo interno num contexto teórico mais amplo da teoria da ação comunicativa e da reformulação da relação sistema-mundo da vida da teoria da sociedade. O exame a ser realizado neste trabalho será temático, não cronológico. Isto nos permite mostrar melhor que há dois momentos que podem ser distinguidos analiticamente, e que a autocrítica é dupla, tanto da noção mesma de esfera pública quanto da posição dessa categoria no quadro da teoria social comunicativa, e que andam paralelamente.
Abstract: The present thesis has the objective to do a reconstructive reading of a fundamental theme explored by Jürgen Habermas: the category of ?public sphere?. It is examined in context of the passage between the theoretical universe of Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit (1962) and Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981) in relation to that one of Faktizität und Geltung (1992). In this transition, Habermas reformulating a series of questions introduced in its previous inquiries on the theme of public sphere, and formulating a modified theoretical perspective. The key moment of this transition is the preface to the new edition of Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit, published in 1990. This retaken can be unfolded in two axles that if correlate: a) A reformularization of the category (its limitations and deficiencies), the extending of the content and enlarge of the infrastructure of the public sphere, now with new characteristics and new functions; b) The new position of the public sphere through an internal rearrangement in the extended theoretical context of the communicative action and in the reformularization of the relation system-lifeworld of the theory of society. This examination will be thematic, and not chronological. This allows showing better that it has two moments that can be analytically distinguished, and showing that the self-critique is twofold, of the public sphere as well as the communicative social theory, and that walking parallel.
Doutorado
Historia da Filosofia Contemporanea
Doutor em Filosofia
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Pesce, Antonio Giovanni. "L'etica dell'intersoggettività in Giovanni Gentile." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/308.
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Il pensiero di Giovanni Gentile e' stato spesso accusato di essere una forma di misticismo o di solipsismo. La tesi che qui si sostiene e', invece, che la cifra intima dell'attualismo gentiliano sia l'intersoggettivita'. Grazie alla letture delle fonti del pensiero di Gentile, e all'analisi dei fondamenti teorici del suo pensiero, si e' tentato di dimostrare come l'atto del pensiero prenda identita' facendosi "persona".
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Alves, Antônio José Lopes 1966. "A cientificidade na obra marxiana de maturidade : uma teoria das Daseinsformen." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280418.
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Orientador: João Carlos Kfouri Quartim de MoraesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A presente tese resulta de pesquisa de doutoramento a qual teve por objeto o padrão de cientificidade que orienta e estrutura a crítica marxiana da economia política em sua fase de maturidade. Nesse sentido, buscou-se apreender, compreender e explicitar o conjunto de elementos e determinações conceituais a partir dos quais se organizou o pensamento de Marx no enfrentamento da decifração do modo capitalista de produção da vida humana, bem como quando da tarefa de avaliação de pensadores e correntes da economia política que pretenderam explicar cientificamente o mundo da produção do excedente. A questão inicial a que se volta Marx é precisamente explicitar a natureza do mais-valor, a forma da riqueza como capital, superando as aporias e inconsistências que caracterizaram as aproximações teóricas dos economistas. O trabalho de investigação dos textos marxianos evidenciou a existência de uma teorização cuja base é a definição do estatuto das categorias como Daseinsformen, Existenzbestimmungenen, como formas sociais de ser do existente, seja este ente, processo ou relação. As relações sociais mesmas apareceram a partir desse horizonte como formas de existência historicamente determinada dos indivíduos sociais, de sua atividade e dos produtos desta. Essa determinação vai de encontro com o que a tradição das interpretações marxistas, majoritariamente, assumia como base da exercitação científica de Marx: a dialética hegeliana. Contrapondo-se a essa posição predominante, a pesquisa, e a tese que nela se arrima, intentou descortinar e revelar o caráter da teoria marxiana acerca do capital, como uma analítica categorial das formas de ser da produção capitalista. No âmbito do desenvolvimento da pesquisa, buscou-se então determinar o mais precisamente possível o que distingue essa analítica, a delimitação da differentia specifica do objeto da reflexão marxiana. Nesse contexto, o Forschungsweise marxiano, o seu modo de investigação, e não tanto o seu modo de apresentação constante de O Capital, foi prioritariamente considerado como o centro da própria atividade científica de Marx. Assim, o Darstellungsweise revelou-se como instância determinada, e não determinante do discurso marxiano, estando sempre subsumida à ordem da analítica da forma do existente em questão a cada momento, bem como das relações que aquele guarda com outras determinações dentro de um complexo particular. Resulta disso, que a determinação mesma do momento preponderante não é tributária da eleição a priori de uma categoria em particular tomada como princípio ou chave explicativa. Ao contrário, depende da marcha da analítica como tal, da articulação que preside o ser da coisa como concreto efetivamente existente, independentemente da teoria ou dos procedimentos. A esse respeito, a própria questão de método acabou por ser reposicionada em função disso, não sendo mais entendida como núcleo da cientificidade, mas como momento igualmente determinado pelo talhe do objeto. O que encaminhou a tese da existência de um antimétodo no pensamento marxiano
Abstract: This thesis results from doctoral research which had the object of scientific standard and structure that guides the Marxian critique of political economy at its stage of maturity. Accordingly, we sought to learn, understand and explain the range of conceptual and determinations from which was organized Marx's thought in coping with the unraveling of the capitalist mode of production of human life, and when the evaluation task of thinkers and currents of political economy that sought to explain scientifically the world's production surplus. The threshold issue that turns Marx is precisely explain the nature of surplus-value, the shape of wealth as capital, overcoming the aporia and inconsistencies that have characterized the theoretical approaches of economists. The research of the Marxist texts revealed the existence of a theory whose foundation is the definition of status categories as Daseinsformen, Existenzbestimmungen as social forms of being of the existent, is this entity, process or relationship. The same socials relations that emerged from the horizon as the existence of historically determined forms of social individuals, their activity and products thereof. That determination runs counter to the tradition of Marxist interpretations, mostly, assumed as the basis of scientific exercitation Marx: the Hegelian dialectic. Opposed to this dominant position, research, and the thesis that it is anchored, brought uncover and reveal the character of the Marxian theory of capital as an analytical categorical ways of being of capitalist production. In developing the survey, we sought then to determine as precisely as possible what distinguishes this analysis, the delimitation of the differentia specifica of the object of Marxist reflection. In this context, the Marxian Forschungsweise, its mode of inquiry, rather than its mode of presentation contained in the Capital, was primarily considered as the center of scientific activity itself of Marx. Thus, the Darstellungsweise proved to be instance specific, not a determinant of Marxian discourse, being always subsumed to the order of the analytical form of matter exists in every moment, as well as that of relations with other custody determinations within a particular complex. It follows that the same determination of the tax is not currently leading the election in advance of a particular category or taken as a key explanatory principle. Rather, it's the march of analytics as such, who chairs the joint is the real thing as actually existing, regardless of theory or procedures. In this respect, the very question of method turned out to be repositioned because of this, no longer seen as core scientific, but also time as determined by the intaglio of the object. What forwarded the theory that there was an antimetod in Marxian thought
Doutorado
Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia
18
Cornelli, Gabriele. "Em busca do pitagorismo: o pitagorismo como categoria historiográfica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-25022011-104305/.
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A presente tese explora, como solução para o controvertido quadro geral da moderna história da crítica sobre Pitágoras e seu movimento, a definição do pitagorismo como categoria historiográfica. Superando tanto o dilema entre ceticismo e confiança nas fontes, como a pretensão de alcançar uma única chave hermenêutica que permita resolver a questão pitagórica, procura percorrer a história da tradição em busca de uma imagem suficientemente plural a ponto de possibilitar a compreensão do pitagorismo em sua irredutível articulação de bíos e theoría e não apesar dela. A configuração da comunidade e de seu bíos é percebida como elemento central de identificação do pitagorismo. A análise das duas teorias que mais decididamente contribuíram para a definição do pitagorismo ao longo da história, a transmigração da alma imortal e a doutrina dos números, procura definir as condições de possibilidade de atribuí-las ao pitagorismo mais antigo e as formas pelas quais ambas teriam contribuído, ao longo da história, para a definição do pitagorismo como categoria historiográfica. As fontes pré-socráticas, a platonização do pitagorismo, o testemunho aristotélico sobre os assim chamados pitagóricos, a literatura pseudoepigráfica helenística e o pitagorismo de época imperial são entendidos como momentos de um percurso histórico que resulta em uma imagem poliédrica de um dos maiores fenômenos intelectuais da história ocidental.This thesis explores the definition of Pythagoreanism as historiographical category, seen as solution for the controversial general framework of modern history of criticism about Pythagoras and his movement. Overcoming both the dilemma between skepticism and faith in the sources and the claim to achieve a single hermeneutical key to solve the Pythagorean question, in it searches are made throughout the history of tradition looking for an image sufficiently plural in order to understand Pythagoreanism in accordance with its irreducible articulation of bíos and theoría, not despite it. The setting of the community and its bíos is understood as central element for Pythagorean identification. An analysis of the two theories that more decisively contributed to the definition of Pythagoreanism throughout history, the transmigration of the immortal soul and the doctrine of numbers, attempts to define the conditions of possibility to assign them to the earlier Pythagoreanism and the ways in which these have contributed throughout history to the definition of Pythagoreanism as historiographical category. Presocratic sources, the platonization of Pythagoreanism, Aristotle\'s testimony about the \"so-called\" Pythagoreans, the hellenistic Pseudoepigrapha and Pythagoreanism in imperial age are understood as moments of an historical route resulting in a polyhedral image of one of the greatest intellectual phenomena in Western history.
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Caminada, Niccolo'. "Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), Book of the Cure, Categories (al-Maqūlāt), Part I: Introduction and Translation." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86159.
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Martins, Jeferson Tadeu. "A categoria da ação política em Hannah Arendt." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20990.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work aims to study the category of political action in the book The Human Condition by Hannah Arendt. This is a category that evidences the search of the author in valorizing the vita activa, understood as labor, work and action. Considering that the totalitarianism of the twentieth century caused a rupture with the tradition of western political thought, Arendt proposes to think of the category of political action from a recovery of what she believes has been relegated to oblivion throughout tradition, to investigate some political phenomena, as originally manifested. In this dissertation, after the proposal of Arendt’s work is presented in general, the author's understanding about vita activa was evidenced, briefly addressing the categories of labor and work, and then presenting the main aspects of the action, based on the book The Human Condition. Finally, Arendt's analysis of modernity is clarified, along with the process of alienation from the world and the reflection on the system of councils, in which, for Arendt, political action is manifested in an authentic way
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a categoria da ação política na obra A Condição Humana de Hannah Arendt. Essa é uma categoria que evidencia a busca de Arendt em valorizar a vita activa, entendida enquanto trabalho, obra e ação. Partindo da consideração de que o totalitarismo do século XX ocasionou uma ruptura com a tradição do pensamento político ocidental, Arendt se propõe a pensar a categoria de ação política, a partir de uma recuperação daquilo que ela acredita ter sido relegado ao esquecimento ao longo da tradição, para investigar alguns fenômenos políticos, tal qual se manifestaram originalmente. Nesta dissertação, após se apresentar de modo geral a proposta de trabalho arendtiana, evidencia-se sua compreensão a respeito da vita activa, abordando de maneira sucinta as categorias de trabalho e obra, para depois apresentar os aspectos principais da ação, tendo como base sua obra A Condição Humana. Por fim, esclarece-se a análise arendtiana a respeito da modernidade, juntamente com seu processo de alienação frente ao mundo e à reflexão acerca do sistema de conselhos, nos quais, para Arendt, a ação política se manifesta de modo autêntico
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TACCOLA, Sebastiano. "Categorie marxiste e storiografia del mondo antico : critica” e “storia” in un dibattito italiano degli anni Settanta." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/94222.
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Berg, Tábata 1987. "A gênese das categorias trabalho e habitus : pistas ontológicas apreendidas do diálogo entre os "jovens" Lukács e Bourdieu." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279743.
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Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro AntunesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem por pretensão estabelecer um diálogo críticoentre os textos de "juventude" de György Lukács e Pierre Bourdieu, ressaltando que, ao partirmos de um recorte temporal entre "juventude" e "maturidade", o fazemos enquanto uma divisão exclusivamente geracional a ser utilizada como recurso método-analítico. Logo, esta dissertação não tem qualquer pretensão em defender uma separação substantiva e radical entre as obras nesses recortestemporais ¿ capaz de fundar uma oposição: jovem X velho. Ao contrário, defendemos uma relação genética entre as etapas, ainda que com rupturas e mudanças qualitativas fundamentais. Elencamos, para tanto, duas categorias ¿ hipótese levantada por este trabalho ¿ que, a nosso ver, concentram a questão do lugar da subjetividade na teoria social, ou, para começarmos a apontar os pressupostos que perpassam nossa pesquisa, a relação entre a subjetividade (consciência) e objetividade, do ponto de vista de uma ontologia materialista do ser social. São elas: trabalho e habitus
Abstract: This work has the intention to establish a critical dialogue between the texts of "youth" of György Lukács and Pierre Bourdieu, noting that we do, to leave a time frame between "youth" and "maturity" while a purely generational divide to be used as a method-analytical resource. Therefore, this dissertation has no claim to defend a substantive and radical separation between these works clippings temporal - capable of founding an opposition: young X old. Unlike advocate a genetic relationship between the stages, and even with tear fundamental qualitative changes. We list both for two categories - hypothesis for this work - which, in our view, focus the question of the place of subjectivity in social theory, or, to begin to point out the assumptions that underlie our research, the relationship between subjectivity (consciousness) and objectively from the point of view of a materialist ontology of social being. They are: work and habitus
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestra em Sociologia
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Pioletti, Giuseppe. "Stato ed economia nel pensiero di J.Ch.L. Simonde de Sismondi." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/309.
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La ricerca ha come oggetto lo studio dei principi costitutivi del pensiero economico e politico-costituzionale di J.Ch.L Simonde de Sismondi al fine di coglierne i nessi interni e le corrispondenze. Sulla base di una sistematica analisi condotta innanzitutto sulle fonti e quindi a partire dal vaglio della vasta bibliografia critica esistente sul pensiero del Ginevrino, si prendono in esame il contesto in cui visse e opero', i contributi da lui apportati nel campo dell'analisi economica e di quella dei sistemi costituzionali. Viene proposta un'interpretazione che coglie il carattere "interdisciplinare" delle sue ricerche e i peculiari aspetti sistematici del suo pensiero, caratterizzato da uno sviluppo non sempre lineare, riflesso quest'ultimo, della complessita' dei tempi nei quali egli visse.This study investigates the fundamental principles of the J.Ch.L Sismonde de Sismondi's economic and political thought as an integrated whole. Based on the systematic analysis of the original sources compared with the vast bibliography about the Genevan author, the research reconstructs the backgrounds where he lived and his contributions to the fields of the economic and constitutional systems' analysis. The main aims is to prove the interdisciplinary approach of Sismondi's researches, their sometimes non-linear developing as a effect of the complexity of the historical time where he lived.
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Polanowska, Beata. "Reading philosophy through literature : a study of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz's novels "Farewell to autumn" and "Insatiability" and his metaphysical categories from a perspective of the philosophical work of Søren Kierkegaard." Thesis, University of Derby, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/208796.
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My thesis develops along several themes. I begin by looking at the relationship between literature and philosophy. I then study Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz's novels Farewell to Autumn and Insatiability, and his metaphysical categories from the perspective ofthe philosophical writing of Soren Kierkegaard. The first theme explores the question of the fusion of literature and philosophy and establishes a theoretical background for the analysis of novels through a philosophical perspective. It also provides an explanation for my choice of the hermeneutic methodology for the analysis I undertake in my thesis. The main aim of my thesis is the analysis of Witkiewicz's novels through the application of Kierkegaardian concepts. Referring to Kierkegaard's philosophy places my analysis in the domain of existentialism. I explore his concept of irony, as introduced in The Concept of Irony, and treat it not merely as a rhetorical figure but as a particular existential stance which accepts that human existence extends beyond the `here and now'. I provide an elaboration ofthe philosophical nature of Kierkegaardian irony when I explore his understanding of existence as being a process of continuous becoming in the quest for knowledge, as portrayed in The Concept of Anxiety. Subsequently, I employ Kierkegaardian philosophical irony in the analysis of Witkiewicz's work. Initially, I refer Kierkegaard's concepts to Witkiewicz's metaphysical categories and by so doing emphasize their existential character. I then employ them in the analysis of Witkiewicz's novels as I treat his narratives as a realisation of existential themes. I study the way the existential nature of Farewell to Autumn and Insatiability is manifested. The model of Kierkegaardian irony enables me to treat Witkiewicz's playfulness as a particular expression of an ironical stance. I study the variety of forms his playfulness takes. I look at the way it has been expressed in the development of his fictional world and through the language and style of the narrative, which together create the overall impression that Witkiewicz's narratives constitute a particular playful communication between the author and reader. I also indicate that this playfulness accompanies, or is an expression of, deep concern for the most fundamental questions about human existence. I indicate the direct and indirect presence of existential reflections in the text. As a result I demonstrate that Witkiewicz's novels constitute a playful, ironical expression of profoundly existential reflections about human existence, and in this way, encompass his own quest for meaning.
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Klimmek, Nikolai F. "Kants System der transzendentalen Ideen /." Berlin [u.a.] : de Gruyter, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013107619&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Mannino, Francesco. "Genesi di periferie storiche tra retaggi e paesaggi nella Catania del XIX-XX secolo." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/307.
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La ricerca condotta sul tema "Genesi di periferie storiche tra retaggi e paesaggi nella Catania del XIX-XX secolo" ha puntato a soddisfare alcuni quesiti relativi alle dinamiche territoriali che portarono, tra Otto e Novecento, allo sviluppo di quel territorio oggi convenzionalmente descritto da quartieri quali Angeli Custodi, San Cristoforo e parte del Fortino.
Il caso di studio di Catania sud e dei quartieri rappresenta un utile esempio di applicazione della categoria di Paesaggio Urbano Storico in un contesto di citta' mediterranea contemporanea. Gli elementi di urbanizzazione connessi allo sviluppo industriale, la condizione di periferia con netta valenza storica, la caratteristica di spazio capace di attirare popolazioni provenienti da aree rurali di retroterra ed entroterra, sommate alla percezione che la citta' tutta sviluppo' nei suoi confronti, permette di leggere l'area dei tre quartieri sia dal punto di vista degli outsiders che da quello degli insiders, nel contesto del dibattito sulla storia dei quartieri, sul paesaggio e sulla pianificazione urbana.The research titled "Genesi di periferie storiche tra retaggi e paesaggi nella Catania del XIX-XX secolo" intended to answer some questions about territorial behaviors and history, that played a role "in nineteenth and twentieth century " in the development of the urban space corresponding to the districts Angeli Custodi, San Cristoforo and a part of Fortino. The case study of south of Catania and its districts is a useful example to apply the category of Historic Urban Landscape to a contemporary Mediterranean city. The urban development related to industrial growth; the condition of a historical suburb; the capacity to attract the people from rural areas; peopleâ s perception have of this area: all these help us to understand the south area considering the insiders and outsidersâ point of view, in the international discussion about districts history, urban landscape and planning.
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Patti, Manoela. "Gli Alleati nel lungo dopoguerra del Mezzogiorno (1943-1946)." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/302.
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A partire dallo sbarco alleato in Sicilia, il 10 luglio del 1943, inizia il lungo percorso del dopoguerra dell'Italia meridionale, che una felice espressione di Nicola Gallerano ha definito l'"altro dopoguerra", distinguendone il peculiare percorso da quello resistenziale. Tema della ricerca e' dunque la ricostruzione e l'analisi dell'occupazione alleata nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia, tra il 1943 e il 1946, attraverso le fonti della Commissione di Controllo Alleata. La Commissione, un organismo formato in prevalenza da militari, americani e britannici,opero' in Italia come strumento alleato per garantire il rispetto dei termini dell'armistizio, costruendo un poderoso sistema amministrativo tramite cui governare l'Italia fino alla fine del conflitto. In questa cornice si colloca il processo di transizione dell'Italia dal fascismo alla democrazia, attraverso le molteplice problematiche del dopoguerra. La fame, il mercato nero,la criminalita' mafiosa e il separatismo in Sicilia, la nascita del movimento di occupazione delle terre nel Mezzogiorno, sono tutte tematiche che emergono con forza dall'analisi delle fonti alleate. Scopo del lavoro e' comprendere se e in che misura gli Alleati seppero far fronte ai problemi dell'occupazione, e in che modo si articolo' la relazione fra vinti e vincitori da un lato, e fra governi alleati e Commissione Alleata dall'altro. Ampio spazio e' dedicato anche al tema dell'identita', soprattutto per quanto riguarda la partecipazione al conflitto degli italo-americani.From the Allies landing in Sicily, on 1oTh july 1943, the post war phase starts in the Southern Italy. This work studies and analyzes the Allies occupation in Italy by the Allied Control Commission papers. The thesis reconstructs the Allies administrative machine and the relationship between Acc leadership and Allies governments.The other topic is people life in the war hardships, and the Allies ability to manage with the many problems in the occupied territories.In this hard challenge,which the Allies didn't win at all times,Italy passes from fascism to a new democratic government, but the burden of allies occupation isn't not always easy to carry on.In this picture, an important part is played from Italian-americans:in the assimilation process, indeed, the war experience in Italy represents the key to be finally Americans. And also the Roosevelt war strategy to take advantage of this. With licterature and stories, the work reserves one important chapter to this topic.
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Sirena, Concetta. "Le elites urbane di Siracusa e Noto Sistemi locali e nuova politica nell'Ottocento borbonico." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/303.
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Il lavoro analizza il rinnovamento che attraversa la societa' dopo lo spartiacque della Rivoluzione francese in una realta' periferica, la Sicilia Sud Orientale, rispetto ai centri propulsori dell'economia capitalistica.
Sullo sfondo della nuova politica, con la riforma amministrativa borbonica del 1817 per la prima volta le nascenti borghesie di Noto e Siracusa emergono scena pubblica, partecipano alle gestione del potere locale e alla distribuzione di impieghi pubblici. Si aprono nuove opportunita' dalla modifica delle gerarchie territoriali: cosi', le elites delle due citta' intraprendono una gara municipalistica, lontana dai vecchi localismi d' Ancien Regime, ma si auto-rappresentano verso il potere centrale utilizzando forme e linguaggi moderni innestati dalle riforme borboniche.
Sono molti i nobili e i borghesi che assumono un ruolo dinamico anche nell'economia, affrontando investimenti per piantare le lucrose colture votate all'esportazione, come vite e in misura minore gli agrumi. La risorsa della provincia e' il vino, che, stipato su piccole imbarcazioni, parte dai numerosi porti e rade del lungo litorale sudorientale prendendo la via di Malta, d©p´t del commercio internazionale inglese.
Il censo sostituisce il criterio ascrittivo della nobilta' logorando le barriere dei confini sociali e le regole della stratificazione, stimolando la nascita di nuove forme di sociabilita' delle elites. Nella provincia, caffe', case di conversazione e gabinetti letterari sono i luoghi in cui i notabili dei paesi imbastiscono reti sociali, e, tra una partita a carte e un bicchiere di rosolio, concludono affari e parlano di politica, ma a voce bassa per sfuggire ai controlli di polizia.
Il brusio alza il tono durante gli eventi rivoluzionari che costellano il XIX secolo, 1820-21, 1837, 1848 e 1860. Cospirazioni, rivolte e insorgenze si sono rivelate un punto di osservazione privilegiato per studiare come le classi dirigenti delle due citta' si compongono e ricompongono e dimostrazione di quanto la Sicilia dell'Ottocento borbonico non sia affatto "immobile".
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Cudney, Thomas Wayne. "Kant's Use of Transcendental Arguments." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/62.
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Kant is famous for his use of transcendental arguments in the transcendental deduction. This thesis examines how such a transcendental argument is used within Kant’s methodological framework. Following the work of Henrich and Walker, the paper asks whether transcendental arguments in the Critique of Pure Reason are compatible with Kant’s methodology in general. We find that these arguments and Kant’s methodology are compatible, and that transcendental arguments are indeed very weak arguments by Walker’s standards. However, the entire transcendental deduction should be understood as a deduction writing that uses transcendental arguments particularly effectively according to Kant’s own methodological standards.
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Caruso, Alfio. "Il piano Marshall e l'economia siciliana, 1947-1952." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011.
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Il periodo 1947-1952 e' ricco di avvenimenti storici fondamentali per la ricostruzione democratica del mondo occidentale. In questo panorama occupa un ruolo preminente il Piano Marshall, programma di aiuti straordinari attuato dagli Stati Uniti per avviare la ricostruzione europea. La Sicilia ricevette numerose somme dal Fondo à à à à à ¢ Lire, ma non riusci', nonostante cio' ad uscire dalla sua condizione di area depressa.
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Resende, Júnior José de. "A teoria do objeto de Emil Lask." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11549.
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The purpose of the present work is to introduce the object theory developed by Emil Lask in his Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1910). Even if such theory is not its goal, it works as auxiliary support in the attainment of book´s aim: to hold categorically the validity (Geltung) and save it from all hypostases forms, through that Lask deepens and transforms the value theory (Werttheorie) of Windelband and Rickert indeed under the critics of Husserl and the influence of the Lebensphilosophie. The present work will just expose and analyse the objectivity (Gegenständlichkeit) species developed by Lask, among which is included, for instance, objects as the tree, the green, the being, the beautiful, the ethical, the language and the numbers. In fact such objectivity is a sense theory completely independent of subjectivity
Este trabalho visa apresentar a teoria do objeto que Emil Lask desenvolve na sua obra Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1910). Apesar de não ser a meta de Lask, esta teoria do objeto se desenvolve como instrumento auxiliar na consecução do objetivo da obra: tratar categorialmente a validade (Geltung) e livra-la de todas as formas de hipóstase, através do que Lask aprofunda e transforma a teoria do valor (Werttheorie) de Windelband e Rickert em face das críticas de Husserl e da influência da Lebensphilosophie. O presente trabalho limita-se à exposição e análise das espécies de objetualidade (Gegenständlichkeit) desenvolvidas por Lask, dentro das quais se incluem, por exemplo, objetos como a árvore, o verde, o ser, o belo, o ético, a linguagem e os números. Objetualidade esta que em última instância se constitui numa teoria do sentido totalmente independente da subjetividade
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Mendonça, Maria Luiza Vianna Pessoa de. "A história das religiões de Mircea Eliade: estatuto epistemológico, metodologia e categorias fundamentais." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1847.
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No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo da História das Religiões de Mircea Eliade realizado sobre três aspectos desta obra: os aspectos epistemológico, metodológico e categorial. Na primeira parte do trabalho, postula-se que a História das Religiões eliadiana se trata de uma disciplina autônoma e integral, com objeto próprio de estudo – o fenômeno religioso considerado no seu plano específico de referência, o plano religioso – e com método próprio de trabalho – um método histórico-fenomenológicohermenêutico unitário –; que tal disciplina gira em torno de dois eixos – a fenomenologia da religião stricto sensu e a história das religiões; que, no seu todo, a História das Religiões eliadiana tem o estatuto de uma fenomenologia existencial da religião, situando-se no âmbito da Filosofia. Na segunda parte deste trabalho discorre-se sobre o método apenas implícito na obra eliadiana, o qual leva em conta o aspecto histórico do fenômeno religioso e o qual conjuga fenomenologia e hermenêutica, desenvolvendo-se em dois planos: o primeiro plano é o da análise fenomenológicodescritiva do fenômeno religioso realizada no campo da fenomenologia da religião stricto sensu, no qual o autor romeno conforma sua morfologia do sagrado; o segundo plano é o da análise hermenêutico-filosófica dos fenômenos religiosos históricos, no qual o citado autor procede à interpretação dos fenômenos religiosos historicamente acontecidos para a elaboração de sua história das religiões; Eliade utiliza ainda a análise hermenêutico-filosófica dos simbolismos religiosos para a realização de uma hermenêutica filosófica dos símbolos religiosos por meio da qual formula juízos normativos sobre a condição humana. Na terceira parte deste trabalho, realiza-se um estudo das principais categorias do pensamento eliadiano com ênfase para a hierofania, a dialética da hierofania, a dialética do sagrado e do profano, o sagrado, a religião, a experiência religiosa, o espaço sagrado, tempo e história, o homo religiosus, o homem ocidental moderno a-religioso, o arquétipo, o arquétipo da coincidentia oppositorum, imagens e símbolos, a a-historicidade da vida religiosa, o símbolo religioso, o simbolismo religioso, o mito, o rito, a camuflagem e a ocultação do sagrado no profano, a irreconhecibilidade do sagrado na História (ou a irreconhecibilidade do milagre) e o sagrado no mundo ocidental secularizado.
In this thesis a study of Mircea Eliade’s History of Religions is presented carried through on three different approaches: the epistemological approach, the methodological approach and the categorical approach. In the first Chapter of this thesis, it is claimed that Eliade’s History of Religions constitutes an autonomous and integral discipline, with proper object of study – the religious phenomenon in its specific plan of reference, the religious plan - and with proper method of work – a unitary historical-phenomenological-hermeneutic method -; that such discipline turns around two axles – the phenomenology of religion stricto sensu and the history of religions -; that, in its all, the eliadian History of Religions has the statute of an existential phenomenology of religion placing itself in the branch of Philosophy. In the second Chapter of this thesis, it is discoursed on the only implicit method in the eliadian workmanship, which takes in account the historical aspect of the religious phenomenon and which conjugates phenomenology and hermeneutics, developing itself in two plans: the first plan is that of the phenomenological-descriptive analysis of the religious phenomenon carried through on the field of the phenomenology of religion stricto sensu, in which the Rumanian author conforms his morphology of the Sacred; the second plan is that of the hermeneutic-philosophical analysis of the historical religious phenomena in which the cited author proceeds to the interpretation of the religious phenomena historically happened for the elaboration of his history of religions; Eliade also use the hermeneutic-philosophical analysis of the religious symbolisms for the accomplishment of a philosophical hermeneutics of the religious symbols by means of which he formulates normative judgments on the human being condition. In the third Chapter of this work, a study of the main categories of the eliadian thought is developed with emphasis for the hierophany, the dialectic of the hierophany, the dialectic of the Sacred and the Profane, the Sacred, the religion, the religious experience, the sacred space, time and history, homo religiosus, the modern Occidental man of the secularized societies, the archetype, the archetype of coincidentia oppositorum, images and symbols, the non-historicity of the of religious life, the religious symbol, the religious symbolism, the Myth, the Rite, the Camouflage and the Occultation of the Sacred in the Profane, the unrecognizableness of the Sacred in History (or the unrecognizableness of miracle), and the Sacred in the modern secularized Occidental world.
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Voelpel, John. "Descartes' Bête Machine, the Leibnizian Correction and Religious Influence." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3527.
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René Descartes’ 1637 “bête machine” characterization of nonhuman animals has assisted in the strengthening of the Genesis 1:26 and 1: 28 disparate categorization of nonhuman animals and human animals. That characterization appeared in Descartes’ first important published writing, the Discourse on the Method, and can be summarized as including the ideas that nonhuman animals are like machines; do not have thoughts, reason or souls like human animals; and thus, cannot be categorized with humans; and, as a result, do not experience pain or certain other feelings. This characterization has impeded the primary objective of environmental ethics - the extension of ethical consideration beyond human animals - and has supported the argument that not only the nonhuman animal but also the rest of nature has only instrumental worth/value. As is universally recognized, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, just a few decades after Descartes’ death, took issue with Descartes’ dualism by arguing that the Leibnizian monad, with its active power, was the foundation of, at least, all of life. This argument must result in the conclusion that nonhuman and human animals are necessarily categorized collectively, just as Charles Darwin later argued. In fact, when the writings of Descartes and Michel de Montaigne are reviewed, it becomes apparent that Descartes never believed his bête machine characterization but embraced it to achieve not only his philosophical objectives but also his anatomical and physiological objectives. Philosophically, Descartes was answering Montaigne’s skepticism and his use of nonhuman animal examples to discredit human reason. Also, Descartes spent a major part of, at least, the last twenty-two years of his fifty-four year life dissecting nonhuman animals. Finally, the role that the politics and policies of the Christian institutions played in these matters is of primary importance. Similar politics and policies of the Christian institutions have since played, and still play, an important role in the continuing, unreasonable, disparate categorization of human animals and nonhuman animals. Philosophy seems to be the only discipline that can, if it will, take issue with that characterization.
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Batista, Gustavo Araujo. "O naturalismo e o contratualismo em John Locke e em Jean-Jacques Russeau : convergencias mapeadas pela analise de algumas categorias de seus pensamentos a luz metodologica do materialismo historico-dialetico." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251863.
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Orientador: Martha Rosa Pisani DestroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo : Este trabalho é uma síntese feita a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de filosofia comparada da educação, desenvolvida sobre dois tipos de pensamento pedagógico, elaborados, respectivamente, por John Locke (1632-1704) e por Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778); nessa pesquisa faz-se uma leitura de suas propostas pedagógicas à luz teórico-metodológica do materialismo histórico-dialético. Procurou-se contextualizar historicamente os dois autores abordados, com o intuito de demonstrar em que medida as rupturas e as permanências geradas pelas contradições nas infraestruturas econômicas das sociedades de suas respectivas épocas interferiram nas superestruturas políticas, filosóficas, intelectuais, religiosas e pedagógicas e, conseqüentemente, em suas trajetórias existenciais e em suas obras. Dividindo-se em três capítulos, no primeiro discorre-se sobre a contextualização histórica dos dois filósofos estudados, passando-se em revista os Séculos XVII e XVIII em seus vários aspectos, assim como nele se faz uma descrição acerca das biografias e das personalidades desses autores; no segundo incumbe-se de abordar os pensamentos lockeano e rousseauniano como um todo, ressaltando-se as principais categorias pelas quais seus autores estruturam e articulam as suas idéias acerca do conhecimento, da política, da religião e da tolerância; no terceiro aborda-se algumas categorias pedagógicas desses pensamentos, as quais, comparadas entre si, têm o intuito de aclarar as convergências entre os seus dois autores, ao mesmo tempo em que se procura ressaltar a influência que este recebe daquele em se tratando de constituir o seu pensamento pedagógico; também nesse capítulo são explicitadas as visões de mundo e de homem nas quais esses autores enquadrar-se-iam, assim como são tratadas outras categorias que permitem vincular os seus pensamentos não apenas entre si, mas sim às classes sociais para as quais suas obras constituem significado
Abstract : This work is a synthesis done from a bibliographical research of compared philosophy of education, developed about two kinds of pedagogical thinking, done, respectively, by John Locke (1632-1704) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778); in that research one does a reading of their pedagogical proposals by the theoretical-methodological light of the historical-dialectical materialism. One looked for doing historically a context about the two authors approached, with the aim of showing in what measure the ruptures and the permanencies produced by the contradictions in the economical infrastructure of the societies of their respective eras interfered into the political, philosophical, intellectual, religious and pedagogical superstructures and, consequently, into their existential trajectories and into their works. Being divided into three chapters, in the first one discusses about the historical context of the two philosophers studied, passing on review the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries in their several aspects, as well as in this it is done a description concerning the biographies and personalities of those authors; in the second one undertakes to approach the lockean and rousseaunian thoughts at all, standing out the main categories by which their authors structure and articulate their ideas concerning knowledge, politics, religion and toleration; in the third one approaches some pedagogical categories of those thoughts, that, compared to one another, have the aim of clearing the convergences between their two authors, at the same time on which one looks for standing out the influence that this receives from that in regarding of constructing his pedagogical thinking; also in this chapter are made explicit the visions of world and man into which those two authors would be fitted, as well as are treated others categories that permit to link their thoughts not only each other, but so to the social classes to which their works make meaning
Doutorado
Historia, Filosofia e Educação
Doutor em Educação
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Quidel, Lincoleo José 1967. "La idea de "Dios" y "Diablo" en el discurso ritual mapuche = las resignificaciones de las categoría Dios y Diablo entre las autoridades socioreligiosas mapuche del territorio Wenteche = A idéia de "Deus" e "Diabo" no discurso ritual mapuche: as ressignificações das categorias de Deus e Diabo entre as autoridades sociorreligiosas mapuche do território wenteche." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281576.
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Orientador: Vanessa Rosemary LeaTexto em espanhol
Acompanha DVD
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Résumén: El presente trabajo da cuenta de un proceso de relación entre sociedades de ontologías diferentes, situación que conlleva entre otros fenómenos una transformación del lenguaje ritual entre los mapuche, producto de múltiples factores sociales, militares, migracionales, religiosos y políticos. Es así como este estudio aborda una dimensión de dicho fenómeno relativa a dos categorías potentes y universales sobre las cuales el cristianismo construye imaginarios y mito, Dios y Diablo, dos entidades inexistentes hasta antes de la llegada de las colonias a tierras mapuche. Esta investigación deja en claro que se trata dos entidades que hoy son parte del discurso cotidiano explicativo de un sinnúmero de fenómenos espirituales, mientras que en lo específico de la categoría Dios, se asume como parte del discurso ritual mapuche, llegando a sustituir en muchos casos las categorías y conceptos propios pre-existentes
Resumo: Este trabalho trata sobre o processo de relação entre sociedades com distintas ontologias, o que leva, entre outros fenômenos, a uma transformação da linguagem ritual entre os mapuche, o que é produto de diversos fatores sociais, militares, migratórios, religiosos e políticos. Assim, esta pesquisa aborda uma dimensão desse fenômeno relativa a duas categorias potentes e universais sobre as quais o cristianismo constrói imaginários e mitos: Deus e o diabo, duas entidades inexistentes até a chegada das colonias em terra mapuche. Este estudo deixa claro que se trata de duas entidades que hoje são parte do discurso explicativo cotidiano de diversos fenômenos espirituais, enquanto que, especificamente, a categoria Deus, é assumida como parte do discurso ritual mapuche, substituindo, em muitos casos, as categorias e conceitos pré-existentes
Abstract: This thesis is an account of the relationship between societies with distinctive ontologies, a process that (amongst other phenomena) brings about a transformation of the ritual language of the Mapuche due to a multiplicity of factors - social, military, migrational, religious and political. This study focuses on one particular dimension of this phenomenon, related to powerful and universal categories on which Christianity constructs both imaginings and myths: God and the Devil, two entities that were inexistent prior to the arrival of the colonialists in the lands of the Mapuche. This investigation makes it clear that it is a question of entities that are nowadays part of the daily explicative
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social
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Hed, Anna. "Kategorier i kontrollerade ämnesordlistor : En kritik ur ett pragmatiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ABM, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413712.
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Subject description is a linguistic practice, and therefore all controlled vocabularies are built upon theories of language. However, the underlying theories are rarely discussed in greater length. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what epistemological foundations controlled vocabularies are built upon and what consequences that has for their internal structure. The main object of interest is the category. From a rationalistic point of view categories are universal and well defined. In a pragmatic point of view categories are contextual with fluid boundaries. A pragmatic point of view has been shown by Wittgenstein and Rosch to more accurately describe how language works, therefore the standpoint of this thesis is that a controlled vocabulary that takes a pragmatic approach will be a better tool for indexing and searching. The study is done in three parts. First the theoretical literature on knowledge organisation is investigated. The findings are that there is a divide among writers who take a rationalistic and pragmatic approach. Then, guidelines and principles from IFLA, LCSH, Svenska ämnesord and MeSH are examined. In all cases the rationalist view is favored but the quirks of language are handled in different ways. In IFLA's FRSAD, the writers claim to take no theoretical stance but in reality they take a rationalistic perspective. LCSH blame the inconsistencies in the system on the many people that have worked on it over a long period of time. SAO is built with LCSH as a role model and therefore have the same problems, although they have gone towards a more pragmatic approach. MeSH, however, acknowledges that language is more complicated, and the controlled vocabulary is built on a more pragmatic foundation. Lastly, examples from the controlled vocabularies are discussed. The finding is that, in practice, controlled vocabularies work in accordance with a pragmatic perspective. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.
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BORACCHI, STEFANO. "ENS INDIFFERENS. HEIDEGGER E DUNS SCOTO (1910 - 1917)." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/20587.
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Il rapporto del giovane Heidegger con Duns Scoto viene analizzato con particolare riferimento alla tesi del 1916 "La dottrina delle categorie e del significato in Duns Scoto". Il pensatore scolastico viene indicato come fonte di primaria importanza per lo sviluppo dell'ontologia heideggeriana matura attraverso alcuni elementi chiave: l'univocità del concetto di essere, la razionalità di principio dell'individuo, la ricerca di un linguaggio descrittivo adatto alla filosofia. Carl Braig risulta uno degli autori il cui contributo determinò maggiormente in Heidegger l'interesse per i problemi dell'ontologia scotista.The young Heidegger’s relationship to Duns Scotus is analysed with particular reference to the thesis on “Duns Scotus’s Doctrine of Categories and Meaning” (1916). The scholastic thinker is shown to be a source of primary importance for Heidegger’s mature ontology by the means of some key features: the univocity of the concept of Being, the basic intelligibility of the individual, the search for a descriptive language suitable for philosophy. Carl Braig turns out to be one of the authors who contributed the most to determine Heidegger’s interest in the problems of scotist ontology.
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BORACCHI, STEFANO. "ENS INDIFFERENS. HEIDEGGER E DUNS SCOTO (1910 - 1917)." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/20587.
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Il rapporto del giovane Heidegger con Duns Scoto viene analizzato con particolare riferimento alla tesi del 1916 "La dottrina delle categorie e del significato in Duns Scoto". Il pensatore scolastico viene indicato come fonte di primaria importanza per lo sviluppo dell'ontologia heideggeriana matura attraverso alcuni elementi chiave: l'univocità del concetto di essere, la razionalità di principio dell'individuo, la ricerca di un linguaggio descrittivo adatto alla filosofia. Carl Braig risulta uno degli autori il cui contributo determinò maggiormente in Heidegger l'interesse per i problemi dell'ontologia scotista.The young Heidegger’s relationship to Duns Scotus is analysed with particular reference to the thesis on “Duns Scotus’s Doctrine of Categories and Meaning” (1916). The scholastic thinker is shown to be a source of primary importance for Heidegger’s mature ontology by the means of some key features: the univocity of the concept of Being, the basic intelligibility of the individual, the search for a descriptive language suitable for philosophy. Carl Braig turns out to be one of the authors who contributed the most to determine Heidegger’s interest in the problems of scotist ontology.
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Girard, Charles. "Le réalisme des relations : étude des réponses apportées au problème de la différence entre la relation et son fondement (1250-1350)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040047.
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La question de savoir si la relation est différente réellement de son fondement se rencontre fréquemment dans les textes médiévaux à partir du milieu du treizième siècle. Elle se pose avant tout dans un cadre aristotélicien de discussion des catégories et revient à se demander si la catégorie de relation ajoute véritablement une chose supplémentaire, la relation, dans la réalité. Cette question s'inscrit dans une représentation réaliste des relations : pour la plupart des auteurs du treizième et du quatorzième siècle, le fait que des choses soient réellement reliées entre elles ne fait pas de doute. Deux hommes de même taille sont bel et bien égaux, c'est-à-dire réellement reliés entre eux par une relation d'égalité. La difficulté est alors de comprendre comment ces choses sont reliées entre elles, ou encore, ce qu'est exactement cette relation dont il est alors question. Faut-il dire que l'égalité dans chacun des hommes de même taille est une nouvelle chose qui s'ajoute à la substance de chacun d'eux et aux accidents de taille, appartenant à la catégorie de quantité, sur lesquels ces relations d'égalité sont fondées ? Ou faut-il dire que l'égalité est réelle d'une autre manière, c'est-à-dire sans pour autant ajouter une nouvelle chose à ce à quoi elle advient ? Ce problème, qui se rencontre déjà dans les tensions existant entre les différents exposés qu'Aristote a consacrés à cette catégorie, a reçu de multiples réponses. Celles-ci nous éclairent sur la manière dont le réel est appréhendé au Moyen-Âge et sur les débats ontologiques de l'époque. Le travail ici résumé entreprend de délimiter précisément ces réponses et propose une manière de les classerWhether relation is really distinct from its foundation or not is a question that can easily be found in medieval texts from the mid-thirteenth century onwards. It comes from an aristotelian background, the discussion about the categories, and asks if the category of relation really posits another thing, i.e. a relation, in reality. It results from a realist perspective on relations. In fact, most thirteenth and fourteenth century thinkers held without doubt that things outside the mind are really connected between them. Two men sharing the same height are really equal, that is, really linked to each other by a relation of equality. What is then left to understand is how these things are linked between them, or the exact nature of the aforementioned relation. Should we say that the equality in each of the equally sized men is a new thing that adds to the substance of each of them and to the accidents of height, belonging tho the category of quantity, on which these relations are founded? Or should we say that equality is real in another way, that is, without adding a new thing to the subject acquiring it? We can already find this issue in Aristotle himself, emerging from disagreeing texts devoted to this category. It received various answers that enable us to understand better how reality was defined in the Middle Age and some of the ontological debates of the time. The work that is here summed up attempts to precisely delineate these various answers and to provide a way of classifying them
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van, Zwol Erik. "Responsibility, spontaneity and liberty." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5763.
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Isaiah Berlin maintains that there are two distinct forms of freedom or liberty: negative and positive. Berlin’s principal claim is that negative liberty does not require that the self be somehow separate from the empirical world (causally aloof, or an originator of causal chains). My principal claim is that to be an agent is to be committed to a separation of self in this sense, thus that the self for its very being requires to possess a species of positive liberty. This conception proceeds in part from Immanuel Kant’s claim that there is a separation between spontaneity and receptivity. Commitment to this assertion allows there to be an understood distinction between the self as a spontaneous self-active agent that makes choices, and the self as a mere reactionary brute that does what it does by biological imperatives. In this thesis, I defend the view that negative liberty is subsumed under positive liberty: you cannot have the former without the latter. I am therefore taking a rationalist stance towards Berlin’s thinking. My methodology is to bring into consideration two perspectives upon the underlying normative principles within the space of reason. The first is of Kant’s understanding of the principle of responsibility and the activity of spontaneity; the second is John McDowell’s understanding of that principle and activity. The key claim of this thesis is that Berlin misunderstands what it is to be a chooser. To be a chooser is to be raised under the idea that one is an efficient cause; human children are brought up being held responsible for their reasons for acting. This principle allows mere animal being to be raised into the space of reason, where we live out a second nature in terms of reason. Using their conclusions I further investigate Berlin’s understanding of conceptual frameworks, taking particular interest in historic ‘universal’ conceptions that shape human lives. He too finds that that we are choosers is necessary for what it is to be human. I take his conclusion, and suggest that if he had had a clear understanding of the space of reason, the historic claim that we have choice would find a more solid footing in the principle of that space, in that we are responsible for our actions. I conclude that the upshot of understanding the ‘I’ as an originating efficient cause is that we treat ourselves as free from a universal determinism that Berlin himself disparages; and that the cost to Berlin is that all choice is necessarily the activity of a higher choosing self. It is part of a Liberal society’s valuing, by their societal commitment to, the ideology of raising our children to understand themselves as choosers, that we have choice at all. This is irrespective of whether that which fetters choice is internal or external to the agent, or of whether having self-conscious itself requires such a cultural emergence of second nature.
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Correia, Mário João Rosas Rebelo. "De sufficientia praedicamentorum: suficiência e distinção das categorias na escolástica medieval." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134615.
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Correia, Mário João Rosas Rebelo. "De sufficientia praedicamentorum: suficiência e distinção das categorias na escolástica medieval." Tese, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134615.
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Human, Leon. "The metaphysics of individuation." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16905.
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Oliver, Jill. "A Multidimensional Model of Biological Sex." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6444.
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This dissertation is about biological sex and how we ought to make sense of it. By biological sex I mean those elements of an individual’s body that are involved in reproduction of the individual’s species; by make sense of it I mean the way in which the occurrence of these elements and their interactions are conceptualized in our minds. Given certain things that are known about sex and reproduction, I argue in this dissertation that sex, maleness, and femaleness ought to be conceptualized in a specific way: this specific way is what I call the multidimensional model of sex.
My argument challenges what I call the folk understanding of biological sex, which is (generally speaking) the understanding that most people in most places have about what makes a person male or female. This understanding, I argue, takes the concepts MALE and FEMALE to be logically opposed and atomistic, and constitutive of categories with homogeneous members. I explore three important facts that challenge this understanding: 1) the emphasis on continuity within biological thought, 2) the understanding of sex differences within biology, and 3) the occurrence of intersexuality in human beings.
Some authors have already proposed continuum-based understandings of SEX as a replacement for the folk understanding. I identify and discuss three of these: 1) the basic continuum model (Fausto-Sterling 1993, 2000; Blackless, et al. 2000; Kessler 1998; Preves 2003; Intersex Society of North America 2011a; Organisation International des Intersexués 2011a), 2) the multiple continua model (Stoltenberg 1989), and 3) the hybrid model (Stein 2001; Dreger 1998). Inherent to different degrees within each of these models is the belief that maleness and femaleness are somehow conceptually opposite (which is a belief also shared by the folk understanding). This belief, I argue, is not borne out in nature, as demonstrated in part by the occurrence of intersexuality in the species Homo sapiens, and the occurrence of hermaphroditism in other species. These occurrences, I argue, suggest another way to make sense of sex.
The model of sex that I present is inspired by the occurrence of intersexuality and hermaphroditism, and also by Sandra Bem’s (1974) work on the concept ANDROGYNY. Bem reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as dimensions of psychological androgyny. I argue that the concepts MALE and FEMALE, and thus BIOLOGICAL SEX, can be understood in a similar way. I propose a multidimensional model of SEX that includes the concepts MALE and FEMALE as intersecting continua that create a space in which the separate features of an individual’s sex are each individually located.
The dissertation concludes by discussing the moral implications of the multidimensional model, as some of our judgments about the rightness or wrongness of a person’s actions are related to our understanding of that person’s sex. But if the words male and female come to refer to individual parts of the body and not whole people (as I argue they would, if the multidimensional model were adopted), how would our ideas about the moral acceptability of certain actions and practices change? By examining this general question, I show that adoption of the multidimensional model of sex is important not just because it offers a more biologically accurate representation of sex: it is also important, I conclude, because there is good reason to think that adopting it could improve the quality of life for many.
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Legg, Catherine Wendy. "Modes of being : a comparison of the realism question in Charles Peirce and contemporary analytic philosophy." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147997.
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Castro, Vasco Quinta Araújo. "A subjetividade e o seu epitáfio prematuro. Um retorno ao cogito e às categorias do sujeito: um diagnóstico às filosofias do sujeito e à legitimidade do seu discurso." Master's thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/82687.
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Castro, Vasco Quinta Araújo. "A subjetividade e o seu epitáfio prematuro. Um retorno ao cogito e às categorias do sujeito: um diagnóstico às filosofias do sujeito e à legitimidade do seu discurso." Dissertação, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/82687.
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Simes, Mark. "Tempora Mutantur: an examination of time in physics, biology, and human mental experience." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15242.
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This dissertation seeks to examine the essential nature of time--both the concept in physics, biology, and philosophy, and the phenomenon in life and culture--with the ultimate goal of deepening our understanding of the empirical manifestation of time in human mental experience. It thus engages with both philosophy and with empirical science, natural as well as humanistic, in the paradigms of history, social theory, fundamental (or philosophical) anthropology, as well as with human neuroscience. The central argument is that while time is not an empirical phenomenon in physics - time itself is not an absolute quality of matter - one can make a certain argument for the real existence of time in biology, and still a different argument for a unique, linear phenomenon of time that derives from the specific human, cultural, experience. To make these arguments the dissertation devotes attention to the analysis of both the concept of time and the empirical phenomenon to which it refers successively in physics, biology, philosophy and history/sociology. Arriving at the conclusion that the linear concept of time (the causally significant relationship between the past, present and future) reflects a phenomenon that is uniquely human and suggests the ways in which this experience is necessarily reflected in the brain.2022-02-26T00:00:00Z
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Teel, Paul David Wilkinson. "The metaphysics of dappledness: Charles S. Peirce and Nancy Cartwright on the philosophy of science." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3289.
Full textAbstract:
Contemporary philosopher of science Nancy Cartwright (b. 1944) has raised many an eyebrow with her books How the Laws of Physics Lie (1983) and The Dappled World (1999), among others. The primary task of this dissertation is to link her philosophy with that of Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914)—a link that includes Duns Scotus. My focus is especially on the criticism Peirce would have of Cartwright, and on the philosophical support he can offer her. The question is this: Given her stated philosophy of science, to what else must Cartwright be philosophically committed? This includes discussions of metaphysics, scholastic realism, laws of nature, and the very possibility of science. There are many striking similarities between Peirce and Cartwright, but I argue that he sees further and deeper into the metaphysical implications of her views on science.Graduate
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Smiešková, Kornélia. "Vědecké kategorie a klasifikace lidí: Historická analýza jako metodologický nástroj pro filosofii věd o člověku?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404668.
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(in English): The aim of the work is to reconstruct and interpret the method of historicized analysis and its employment to examine the phenomenon of "making up people". The concept is Hacking's description for the impact scientific classifications can have on classified people. The point of departure for the examination in the work is the thesis that historicized analysis employs the elements of philosophical conceptual analysis together with historical tools philosophy of science corroborates and whose strategies are often in opposition to the analytical tradition. As a follow-up of the main thesis the work also examines whether the historicized analysis can be understood as a history of the present. Moreover, it asks questions that come up in connection with the project of "making up people" such as: "What are the conditions for a scientific category to emerge? When categories emerge do new kinds of people emerge as well? What is the specific structure that enables the mutual interaction and effect scientific categories and classified people make? One of the aims will therefore be to elucidate to what extend the historicized analysis is able to answer those questions. Last but not least the work looks into the critical implications and usefulness of the method of historicized analysis.