To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Categorical method.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Categorical method'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 47 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Categorical method.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chang, Janis. "Analysis of ordered categorical data." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27857.
Full textAbstract:
Methods of testing for a location shift between two populations in a longitudinal study are investigated when the data of interest are ordered, categorical and non-linear. A non-standard analysis involving modelling of data over time with transition probability matrices is discussed. Next, the relative efficiencies of statistics more frequently used for the analysis of such categorical data at a single time point are examined. The Wilcoxon rank sum, McCullagh, and 2 sample t statistic are compared for the analysis of such cross sectional data using simulation and efficacy calculations. Simulation techniques are then utilized in comparing the stratified Wilcoxon, McCullagh and chi squared-type statistic in their efficiencies at detecting a location shift when the data are examined over two time points. The distribution of a chi squared-type statistic based on the simple contingency table constructed by merely noting whether a subject improved, stayed the same or deteriorated is derived. Applications of these methods and results to a data set of Multiple Sclerosis patients, some of whom were treated with interferon and some of whom received a placebo are provided throughout the thesis and our findings are summarized in the last Chapter.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Statistics, Department of<br>Graduate
2
Erdural, Serkan. "A Method For Robust Design Of Products Or Processes With Categorical Response." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608015/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In industrial processes decreasing variation is very important while achieving the targets. For manufacturers, finding out optimal settings of product and process parameters that are capable of producing desired results under great conditions is crucial. In most cases, the quality response is measured on a continuous scale. However, in some cases, the desired quality response may be qualitative (categorical). There are many effective methods to design robust products/process through industrial experimentation when the response variable is continuous. But methods proposed so far in the literature for robust design with categorical response variables have various limitations.
This study offers a simple and effective method for the analysis of categorical response data for robust product or process design. This method handles both location and dispersion effects to explore robust settings in an effective way. The method is illustrated on two cases: A foam molding process design and an iron-casting process design.
3
Kjellsson, Maria C. "Methodological Studies on Models and Methods for Mixed-Effects Categorical Data Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9333.
Full text
4
Chantarat, Navara. "Modern design of experiments methods for screening and experimentations with mixture and qualitative variables." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1064198056.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 119 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Theodore T. Allen, Dept. of Industrial and Systems Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-119).
5
鈴木, 郁子, Ikuko SUZUKI, 真雄 和田, Shinyu WADA, 隆. 村上 та Takashi MURAKAMI. "KJ法および多重対応分析を用いた自由記述型応答の数量化". 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9441.
Full text
6
King, David R. "A bayesian solution for the law of categorical judgment with category boundary variability and examination of robustness to model violations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52960.
Full textAbstract:
Previous solutions for the the Law of Categorical Judgment with category boundary variability have either constrained the standard deviations of the category boundaries in some way or have violated the assumptions of the scaling model. In the current work, a fully Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo solution for the Law of Categorical Judgment is given that estimates all model parameters (i.e. scale values, category boundaries, and the associated standard deviations). The importance of measuring category boundary standard deviations is discussed in the context of previous research in signal detection theory, which gives evidence of interindividual variability in how respondents perceive category boundaries and even intraindividual variability in how a respondent perceives category boundaries across trials. Although the measurement of category boundary standard deviations appears to be important for describing the way respondents perceive category boundaries on the latent scale, the inclusion of category boundary standard deviations in the scaling model exposes an inconsistency between the model and the rating method. Namely, with category boundary variability, the scaling model suggests that a respondent could experience disordinal category boundaries on a given trial. However, the idea that a respondent actually experiences disordinal category boundaries seems unlikely. The discrepancy between the assumptions of the scaling model and the way responses are made at the individual level indicates that the assumptions of the model will likely not be met. Therefore, the current work examined how well model parameters could be estimated when the assumptions of the model were violated in various ways as a consequence of disordinal category boundary perceptions. A parameter recovery study examined the effect of model violations on estimation accuracy by comparing estimates obtained from three response processes that violated the assumptions of the model with estimates obtained from a novel response process that did not violate the assumptions of the model. Results suggest all parameters in the Law of Categorical Judgment can be estimated reasonably well when these particular model violations occur, albeit to a lesser degree of accuracy than when the assumptions of the model are met.
7
Kadihasanoglu, Didem. "A Cross-cultural Study On Color Perception: Comparing Turkish And Non-turkish Speakers'." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608556/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Turkish speakers differentiate the blue region of color spectrum into mavi (blue) and lacivert (dark blue)<br>whereas non-Turkish speakers in this study had only one color term in the blue region. The present study aimed to explore the predictions of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Operationally, Categorical Perception (CP) effects were used. In Experiment 1, Turkish speakers performed a naming task to determine an average category boundary between mavi and lacivert. In Experiment 2, both Turkish and non-Turkish speakers&rsquo<br>color-difference detection thresholds were estimated on the average boundary as well as within the mavi and lacivert categories. The thresholds were also estimated in the green region, in which both groups had only one color term. 2-TAFC method, which eliminates the effects of memory or labeling and isolates the perceptual processes, was used to estimate the thresholds. Turkish speakers, and not non-Turkish speakers, were predicted to show CP effects only in the blue region: thresholds should be lower on the boundary than within-category. The result revealed that Turkish speakers&rsquo<br>color-difference detection thresholds were lower than those of non-Turkish speakers both in the blue and the green regions. The difference in the green region does not rule out the LRH. It is possible that this difference resulted from the limitations of the study. Finally, in Experiment 3, Turkish speakers&rsquo<br>thresholds were also estimated on their individual boundaries. The patterns of the thresholds revealed by Experiment 3 were similar to the pattern of the thresholds in Experiment 2.
8
Shrimpton, John. "Graphs, symmetry and categorical methods." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235884.
Full text
9
Amiri, Saeid. "On the Application of the Bootstrap : Coefficient of Variation, Contingency Table, Information Theory and Ranked Set Sampling." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159206.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the bootstrap method. Three decades after the seminal paper by Bradly Efron, still the horizons of this method need more exploration. The research presented herein has stepped into different fields of statistics where the bootstrap method can be utilized as a fundamental statistical tool in almost any application. The thesis considers various statistical problems, which is explained briefly below. Bootstrap method: A comparison of the parametric and the nonparametric bootstrap of variance is presented. The bootstrap of ranked set sampling is dealt with, as well as the wealth of theories and applications on the RSS bootstrap that exist nowadays. Moreover, the performance of RSS in resampling is explored. Furthermore, the application of the bootstrap method in the inference of contingency table test is studied. Coefficient of variation: This part shows the capacity of the bootstrap for inferring the coefficient of variation, a task which the asymptotic method does not perform very well. Information theory: There are few works on the study of information theory, especially on the inference of entropy. The papers included in this thesis try to achieve the inference of entropy using the bootstrap method.
10
Gao, Huanhuan. "Categorical structural optimization : methods and applications." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2471/document.
Full textAbstract:
La thèse se concentre sur une recherche méthodologique sur l'optimisation structurelle catégorielle au moyen d'un apprentissage multiple. Dans cette thèse, les variables catégorielles non ordinales sont traitées comme des variables discrètes multidimensionnelles. Afin de réduire la dimensionnalité, les nombreuses techniques d'apprentissage sont introduites pour trouver la dimensionnalité intrinsèque et mapper l'espace de conception d'origine sur un espace d'ordre réduit. Les mécanismes des techniques d'apprentissage à la fois linéaires et non linéaires sont d'abord étudiés. Ensuite, des exemples numériques sont testés pour comparer les performances de nombreuses techniques d’apprentissage. Sur la base de la représentation d'ordre réduit obtenue par Isomap, les opérateurs de mutation et de croisement évolutifs basés sur les graphes sont proposés pour traiter des problèmes d'optimisation structurelle catégoriels, notamment la conception du dôme, du cadre rigide de six étages et des structures en forme de dame. Ensuite, la méthode de recherche continue consistant à déplacer des asymptotes est exécutée et fournit une solution compétitive, mais inadmissible, en quelques rares itérations. Ensuite, lors de la deuxième étape, une stratégie de recherche discrète est proposée pour rechercher de meilleures solutions basées sur la recherche de voisins. Afin de traiter le cas dans lequel les instances de conception catégorielles sont réparties sur plusieurs variétés, nous proposons une méthode d'apprentissage des variétés k-variétés basée sur l'analyse en composantes principales pondérées<br>The thesis concentrates on a methodological research on categorical structural optimizationby means of manifold learning. The main difficulty of handling the categorical optimization problems lies in the description of the categorical variables: they are presented in a category and do not have any orders. Thus the treatment of the design space is a key issue. In this thesis, the non-ordinal categorical variables are treated as multi-dimensional discrete variables, thus the dimensionality of corresponding design space becomes high. In order to reduce the dimensionality, the manifold learning techniques are introduced to find the intrinsic dimensionality and map the original design space to a reduced-order space. The mechanisms of both linear and non-linear manifold learning techniques are firstly studied. Then numerical examples are tested to compare the performance of manifold learning techniques mentioned above. It is found that the PCA and MDS can only deal with linear or globally approximately linear cases. Isomap preserves the geodesic distances for non-linear manifold however, its time consuming is the most. LLE preserves the neighbour weights and can yield good results in a short time. KPCA works like a non-linear classifier and we proves why it cannot preserve distances or angles in some cases. Based on the reduced-order representation obtained by Isomap, the graph-based evolutionary crossover and mutation operators are proposed to deal with categorical structural optimization problems, including the design of dome, six-story rigid frame and dame-like structures. The results show that the proposed graph-based evolutionary approach constructed on the reduced-order space performs more efficiently than traditional methods including simplex approach or evolutionary approach without reduced-order space. In chapter 5, the LLE is applied to reduce the data dimensionality and a polynomial interpolation helps to construct the responding surface from lower dimensional representation to original data. Then the continuous search method of moving asymptotes is executed and yields a competitively good but inadmissible solution within only a few of iteration numbers. Then in the second stage, a discrete search strategy is proposed to find out better solutions based on a neighbour search. The ten-bar truss and dome structural design problems are tested to show the validity of the method. In the end, this method is compared to the Simulated Annealing algorithm and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy, showing its better optimization efficiency. In chapter 6, in order to deal with the case in which the categorical design instances are distributed on several manifolds, we propose a k-manifolds learning method based on the Weighted Principal Component Analysis. And the obtained manifolds are integrated in the lower dimensional design space. Then the method introduced in chapter 4 is applied to solve the ten-bar truss, the dome and the dame-like structural design problems
11
Gao, Huanhuan. "Categorical Structural Optimization: Methods and Applications." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/278020/5/contrathg.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis concentrates on a methodological research on categorical structural optimization by means of manifold learning. The main difficulty of handling the categorical optimization problems lies in the description of the design variables: they are presented in a discrete manner and do not have any orders. Thus the treatment of the design space is a key issue. In this thesis, the non-ordinal categorical variables are treated as multi-dimensional discrete variables, thus the dimensionality of corresponding design space becomes high. In order to reduce the dimensionality, the manifold learning techniques are introduced to find the intrinsic dimensionality and map the original design space to a reduced-order space. The mechanisms of both linear and non-linear manifold learning techniques are firstly studied. Then numerical examples are tested to compare the performance of manifold learning techniques. It is found that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS) can only deal with linear or globally approximately linear cases. Isomap preserves the geodesic distances for non-linear manifold, however, its time consuming is the most. Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) preserves the neighbour weights and can yield good results in a short time. Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) works as a non-linear classifier and we proves the reason why it cannot preserve distances or angles in some cases.Based on the reduced-order representation obtained by Isomap, the graph-based evolutionary crossover and mutation operators are proposed to deal with categorical structural optimization problems, including the design of dome, six-story rigid frame and dame-like structures. The results show that the proposed graph-based evolutionary approach constructed on the reduced-order space performs more efficiently than traditional methods including simplex approach or evolutionary approach without reduced-order space.The Locally Linear Embedding is applied to reduce the data dimensionality and a polynomial interpolation helps to construct the responding surface from lower dimensional representation to original data. Then the continuous search method of moving asymptotes is executed and yields a competitively good but inadmissible solution within only a few of iteration numbers. Then in the second stage, a discrete search strategy is proposed to find out better solutions based on a neighbour search. The ten-bar truss and dome structural design problems are tested to show the validity of the method. In the end, this method is compared to the Simulated Annealing algorithm and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy, showing its better optimization efficiency.In order to deal with the case in which the categorical design instances are distributed on several manifolds, we propose a k-manifolds learning method based on the Weighted Principal Component Analysis. The obtained manifolds are integrated in the lower dimensional design space. Then the two-stage search method is applied to solve the ten-bar truss, the dome and the dam-like structural design problems.<br>Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
12
Miranda, Samantha. "Investigation of Multiple Imputation Methods for Categorical Variables." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3722.
Full textAbstract:
We compare different multiple imputation methods for categorical variables using the MICE package in R. We take a complete data set and remove different levels of missingness and evaluate the imputation methods for each level of missingness. Logistic regression imputation and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used for binary variables. Multinomial logit imputation and LDA are used for nominal variables while ordered logit imputation and LDA are used for ordinal variables. After imputation, the regression coefficients, percent deviation index (PDI) values, and relative frequency tables were found for each imputed data set for each level of missingness and compared to the complete corresponding data set. It was found that logistic regression outperformed LDA for binary variables, and LDA outperformed both multinomial logit imputation and ordered logit imputation for nominal and ordered variables. Simulations were ran to confirm the validity of the results.
13
Berrett, Candace. "Bayesian Probit Regression Models for Spatially-Dependent Categorical Data." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1285076512.
Full text
14
Guo, Lei. "Bayesian Biclustering on Discrete Data: Variable Selection Methods." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11201.
Full textAbstract:
Biclustering is a technique for clustering rows and columns of a data matrix simultaneously. Over the past few years, we have seen its applications in biology-related fields, as well as in many data mining projects. As opposed to classical clustering methods, biclustering groups objects that are similar only on a subset of variables. Many biclustering algorithms on continuous data have emerged over the last decade. In this dissertation, we will focus on two Bayesian biclustering algorithms we developed for discrete data, more specifically categorical data and ordinal data.<br>Statistics
15
Gates, Peter J. "Analyzing categorical traits in domestic animal data collected in the field /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5473-5.pdf.
Full text
16
Niesterowicz, Jacek. "Unsupervised pattern-based regionalization of large multi-categorical raster maps using machine vision methods." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490351367846515.
Full text
17
Brander, Matthew Cuchulain. "Extending the attributional-consequential distinction to provide a categorical framework for greenhouse gas accounting methods." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25448.
Full textAbstract:
As part of the response to the threat of dangerous climate change a variety of methods have emerged for measuring greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, assigning responsibility for those emissions, and informing decisions on mitigation actions. Many of these greenhouse gas accounting methods have developed in semi-isolated fields of practice, and this raises questions about how these different methods relate to each other, and whether they form ‘families’ of conceptually similar approaches. A useful distinction has developed within the field of life cycle assessment (LCA) between attributional and consequential methods, and this thesis explores the possibility of extending that distinction to categorise other forms of greenhouse gas accounting. Broadly, attributional methods are inventories of emissions/removals for a defined inventory boundary, while consequential methods aim to estimate system-wide changes in emissions that result from a decision or action. This thesis suggests that national greenhouse gas inventories, city inventories, corporate inventories, and attributional LCA are all attributional in nature, while project-level assessments, policy-level assessments, and consequential LCA are all consequential in nature. The potential benefits from creating this categorical framework include ensuring that individual methods are conceptually coherent, transposing lessons between methods of the same categorical type, and ensuring that the correct type of method is used for a given purpose. These various benefits are explored conceptually through the analysis of existing greenhouse gas accounting standards, and also empirically with the use of a bioenergy case study. The findings suggest that the attributional-consequential distinction is highly useful for conceptualising and developing greenhouse gas accounting methods, which is important, ultimately, for addressing dangerous climate change.
18
Božíková, Barbora. "Analýza spotřebitelských úvěrů pomocí statistických metod." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264541.
Full textAbstract:
Consumer loans are part of loan products provided by bank institutions. This diploma thesis is focused on possibility of identifying risk clients with the consumer loans, using available data set. In the first part of the work was briefly mentioned the credit process and also theoretical basis of statistic methods used in empirical part of the work. In the second part were investigated dependencies, and was described the clients structure. Then the discriminant analysis was applied, with the aim to identify the sorting criteria, which could recognize the risk and unproblematic clients. Subsequently the results of the analysis were evaluated and described the identified connections.
19
Chen, Keke. "Geometric Methods for Mining Large and Possibly Private Datasets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11561.
Full textAbstract:
With the wide deployment of data intensive Internet applications and continued advances in sensing technology and biotechnology, large multidimensional datasets, possibly containing privacy-conscious information have been emerging. Mining such datasets has become increasingly common in business integration, large-scale scientific data analysis, and national security. The proposed research aims at exploring the geometric properties of the multidimensional datasets utilized in statistical learning and data mining, and providing novel techniques and frameworks for mining very large datasets while protecting the desired data privacy.
The first main contribution of this research is the development of iVIBRATE interactive visualization-based approach for clustering very large datasets. The iVIBRATE framework uniquely addresses the challenges in handling irregularly shaped clusters, domain-specific cluster definition, and cluster-labeling of the data on disk. It consists of the VISTA visual cluster rendering subsystem, and the Adaptive ClusterMap Labeling subsystem.
The second main contribution is the development of ``Best K Plot'(BKPlot) method for determining the critical clustering structures in multidimensional categorical data. The BKPlot method uniquely addresses two challenges in clustering categorical data: How to determine the number of clusters (the best K) and how to identify the existence of significant clustering structures. The method consists of the basic theory, the sample BKPlot theory for large datasets, and the testing method for identifying no-cluster datasets.
The third main contribution of this research is the development of the theory of geometric data perturbation and its application in privacy-preserving data classification involving single party or multiparty collaboration. The key of geometric data perturbation is to find a good randomly generated rotation matrix and an appropriate noise component that provides satisfactory balance between privacy guarantee and data quality, considering possible inference attacks. When geometric perturbation is applied to collaborative multiparty data classification, it is challenging to unify the different geometric perturbations used by different parties. We study three protocols under the data-mining-service oriented framework for unifying the perturbations: 1) the threshold-satisfied voting protocol, 2) the space adaptation protocol, and 3) the space adaptation protocol with a trusted party. The tradeoffs between the privacy guarantee, the model accuracy and the cost are studied for the protocols.
20
Plan, Elodie L. "Pharmacometric Methods and Novel Models for Discrete Data." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150929.
Full textAbstract:
Pharmacodynamic processes and disease progression are increasingly characterized with pharmacometric models. However, modelling options for discrete-type responses remain limited, although these response variables are commonly encountered clinical endpoints. Types of data defined as discrete data are generally ordinal, e.g. symptom severity, count, i.e. event frequency, and time-to-event, i.e. event occurrence. Underlying assumptions accompanying discrete data models need investigation and possibly adaptations in order to expand their use. Moreover, because these models are highly non-linear, estimation with linearization-based maximum likelihood methods may be biased. The aim of this thesis was to explore pharmacometric methods and novel models for discrete data through (i) the investigation of benefits of treating discrete data with different modelling approaches, (ii) evaluations of the performance of several estimation methods for discrete models, and (iii) the development of novel models for the handling of complex discrete data recorded during (pre-)clinical studies. A simulation study indicated that approaches such as a truncated Poisson model and a logit-transformed continuous model were adequate for treating ordinal data ranked on a 0-10 scale. Features that handled serial correlation and underdispersion were developed for the models to subsequently fit real pain scores. The performance of nine estimation methods was studied for dose-response continuous models. Other types of serially correlated count models were studied for the analysis of overdispersed data represented by the number of epilepsy seizures per day. For these types of models, the commonly used Laplace estimation method presented a bias, whereas the adaptive Gaussian quadrature method did not. Count models were also compared to repeated time-to-event models when the exact time of gastroesophageal symptom occurrence was known. Two new model structures handling repeated time-to-categorical events, i.e. events with an ordinal severity aspect, were introduced. Laplace and two expectation-maximisation estimation methods were found to be performing well for frequent repeated time-to-event models. In conclusion, this thesis presents approaches, estimation methods, and diagnostics adapted for treating discrete data. Novel models and diagnostics were developed when lacking and applied to biological observations.
21
Sánchez-Martínez, Felipe. "Using unsupervised corpus-based methods to build rule-based machine translation systems." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/13879.
Full text
22
Kocáb, Jan. "Statistické usuzování v analýze kategoriálních dat." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76171.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis introduces statistical methods for categorical data. These methods are especially used in social sciences such as sociology, psychology and political science, but their importance has increased also in medical and technical sciences. In the first part there is mentioned statistical inference for a proportion. Here is written about classical, exact and Bayesian methods for estimating and hypothesis testing. If we have a large sample then we can approximate exact distribution by normal distribution but if we have a small sample cannot use this approximation and it is necessary to use discrete distribution which makes inference more complicated. The second part deals with two categorical variables analysis in contingency tables. Here are explained measures of association for 2 x 2 contingency tables such as difference of proportion and odds ratio and also presented how we can test independence in the case of large sample and small one. If we have small sample we are not allowed to use classical chi-squared tests and it is necessary to use alternative methods. This part contains variety of exact tests of independence and Bayesian approach for the 2 x 2 table too. In the end of this part there is written about a table for two dependent samples and we are interested whether two variables give identical results which occurs when marginal proportions are equal. In the last part there are methods used on data and discussed results.
23
Bueno, Eduardo Silva. "A área urbana e as áreas naturais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: de compartimentos fisiográficos a categorias geográficas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-24022014-113819/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre a urbanização e os terrenos sedimentares e cristalinos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Para isso se intentou identificar uma área de caráter urbano e demais áreas de caráter natural. A primeira devendo ser aquela que abriga toda ou grande parte de uma forma espacial, a mancha urbana, ocorrendo sobre a maior parte dos terrenos sedimentares e cristalinos associados (de aplainamento generalizado). Já as segundas seriam as caracterizadas pelo predomínio do cinturão verde que envolve a mancha urbana, ocorrendo sobre os terrenos cristalinos não associados aos sedimentares, que não possuem aplainamento generalizado, nem abrigam pacotes sedimentares que poderiam facilitar a urbanização nos mesmos. Outro objetivo foi demonstrar que tal organização é reproduzida por ações de cunho espacial, estabelecimento e proposições de unidades espaciais ao longo do tempo. Identificada e demonstrada tal organização, intentou-se também utilizar a mesma para sugerir a divisão da RMSP em setores com diferentes prioridades para a conservação do cinturão verde. Para isso se articulou o Método Regional de Richard Hartshorne (1978), que propõe uma relação entre a Geografia Idiográfica e Nomotética, com a utilização de amostras espaciais localizadas no Município de São Paulo, bem representativas de toda a transição e diferenciação entre ambiente associado à mancha urbana e ao cinturão verde. Em cada amostra se realizou integrações espaciais específicas, da comparação das mesmas identificou-se um parâmetro associado à ocorrência da mancha urbana, e o mesmo foi associado à delimitação e configuração espacial da organização espacial pretendida. A cota 800 m correspondeu a esse parâmetro, dessa forma, as terras baixas de significância regional foram associadas à área urbana e as altas às áreas naturais. Demonstrouse que ações de cunho espacial, o eixo Leste-Oeste de expansão urbana induzida pelo poder público desde a década de 1970, bem como as unidades de proteção ambiental de diversas categorias de conservação presentes na RMSP, reproduzem tal organização espacial, a corroborando, podendo-se ainda identificar aquelas que concordaram com a mesma e poderiam ser justificadas na lógica da sociedade e não só na científica ou ambiental. Tal análise permitiu a identificação de uma organização espacial complementar que associa a expansão urbana a tipos climáticos e justifica socialmente a presença de grande parte das unidades de proteção ambiental localizadas em área de caráter urbano na RMSP. Baseado em tal conhecimento se sugeriu setores desde os mais vulneráveis à conservação do cinturão verde, aqueles constituídos de unidades de proteção ambiental dadas em área de caráter urbano, aos com vulnerabilidade menor, de unidades de proteção ambiental dadas em área de caráter natural. Foram sugeridos também os mais adequados e em que se prognostica a intensa expansão urbana e aqueles em que podem ser estabelecidos parques urbanos metropolitanos, ambos cumprem o papel de atender as necessidades da metrópole e amenizar a ocupação dos setores que devem ter conservação prioritária. Concluiu-se que na RMSP a organização espacial vislumbrada só não é válida para os trechos de escarpa das Serras do Mar e de Paranapiacaba e que a realidade pode ser abordada sob o ponto de vista da área das formas espaciais, sendo que a partir desse tipo de análise é possível sugerir setores espaciais que visem contribuir ao planejamento de determinados territórios, seja sob o foco ambiental ou social.<br>The goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between the urbanization and the sedimentary and crystalline lands in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). In order to achieve this, two types of areas were identified: an area with urban character, and areas with natural character. The first is the one which contains all or most of a specific spatial shape, the metropolitan area, occurring in the majority of the sedimentary and associated crystalline lands (with widespread planning). The latter are characterized by the predominance of the greenbelt, which surrounds the metropolitan area, occurring on the crystalline lands not associated to the sedimentary ones. The greenbelt areas neither have widespread planning, nor contain sedimentary lands that could facilitate their urbanization. Another goal was to demonstrate that such organization is reproduced through actions of spatial character, which are here understood as the establishment and proposition of spatial units over time. Once such organization was identified and demonstrated, it was used as a base to propose the division of the MRSP in sectors with different priorities for the greenbelt conservation. In order to do so, the Regional Method of Richard Hartshorne (1978), that proposes a relationship between the Idiographic and Nomothetic Geography, was articulated. This approach involved the utilization of spatial samples located in the City of São Paulo, well representative of all the transition and differentiation between environments associated to the metropolitan area and to the greenbelt. In every sample, specific spatial integrations were performed, and from their comparison it was identified a parameter associated to the occurrence of the metropolitan area. This parameter was associated to the delimitation and configuration of the intended spatial organization. The elevation of 800 meters corresponded to this parameter, thus, the lowlands with regional significance were associated to the urban area, and the higher ones to the natural areas. It was demonstrated that actions of spatial nature, the east-west axis of urban expansion induced by the government since the 1970s, as well as the environmental protection units of several categories of conservation located in the MRSP, reproduce such spatial organization, and corroborate it. It was also possible to identify actions which agreed with this spatial organization and might be justified in the societys logic, and not only in the scientific or environmental logic. Such analysis allowed the identification of a complementary spatial organization that associates the urban expansion to climatic types and socially justifies the presence of a great part of the environmental protection units located in the urban area in MRSP. Based in such knowledge, it were suggested sectors ranging from the most vulnerable ones for the greenbelt conservation, which are constituted of environmental protection units situated in the area with urban character, to the less vulnerable ones, with environmental protection units situated in the areas with natural character. It was also suggested the most suitable sectors in which it is prognosticated the intense urban expansion, and those in which metropolitan parks can be established. Both of them fulfill the role of answering the needs of the metropolis and mitigate the occupation of sectors that must have priority conservation. It was concluded that in MRSP the spatial organization glimpsed is not valid only for the escarpment areas of Serra do Mar and Paranapiacaba, and that the reality can be approached from the point of view of the area of the spatial shapes. From this type of analysis its possible to suggest spatial sectors that aim to contribute to the territorial planning,under the environmental or social focus.
24
Mendonça, Maria Luiza Vianna Pessoa de. "A história das religiões de Mircea Eliade: estatuto epistemológico, metodologia e categorias fundamentais." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1847.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T14:19:05Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
marialuizaviannapessoademendonca.pdf: 4089662 bytes, checksum: c52edde5b2edf7a0dc3516fd910107e8 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:38:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
marialuizaviannapessoademendonca.pdf: 4089662 bytes, checksum: c52edde5b2edf7a0dc3516fd910107e8 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
marialuizaviannapessoademendonca.pdf: 4089662 bytes, checksum: c52edde5b2edf7a0dc3516fd910107e8 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015-12-11<br>No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo da História das Religiões de Mircea Eliade
realizado sobre três aspectos desta obra: os aspectos epistemológico, metodológico e
categorial. Na primeira parte do trabalho, postula-se que a História das Religiões
eliadiana se trata de uma disciplina autônoma e integral, com objeto próprio de estudo –
o fenômeno religioso considerado no seu plano específico de referência, o plano
religioso – e com método próprio de trabalho – um método histórico-fenomenológicohermenêutico
unitário –; que tal disciplina gira em torno de dois eixos – a
fenomenologia da religião stricto sensu e a história das religiões; que, no seu todo, a
História das Religiões eliadiana tem o estatuto de uma fenomenologia existencial da
religião, situando-se no âmbito da Filosofia. Na segunda parte deste trabalho discorre-se
sobre o método apenas implícito na obra eliadiana, o qual leva em conta o aspecto
histórico do fenômeno religioso e o qual conjuga fenomenologia e hermenêutica,
desenvolvendo-se em dois planos: o primeiro plano é o da análise fenomenológicodescritiva
do fenômeno religioso realizada no campo da fenomenologia da religião
stricto sensu, no qual o autor romeno conforma sua morfologia do sagrado; o segundo
plano é o da análise hermenêutico-filosófica dos fenômenos religiosos históricos, no
qual o citado autor procede à interpretação dos fenômenos religiosos historicamente
acontecidos para a elaboração de sua história das religiões; Eliade utiliza ainda a análise
hermenêutico-filosófica dos simbolismos religiosos para a realização de uma
hermenêutica filosófica dos símbolos religiosos por meio da qual formula juízos
normativos sobre a condição humana. Na terceira parte deste trabalho, realiza-se um
estudo das principais categorias do pensamento eliadiano com ênfase para a hierofania,
a dialética da hierofania, a dialética do sagrado e do profano, o sagrado, a religião, a
experiência religiosa, o espaço sagrado, tempo e história, o homo religiosus, o homem
ocidental moderno a-religioso, o arquétipo, o arquétipo da coincidentia oppositorum,
imagens e símbolos, a a-historicidade da vida religiosa, o símbolo religioso, o
simbolismo religioso, o mito, o rito, a camuflagem e a ocultação do sagrado no profano,
a irreconhecibilidade do sagrado na História (ou a irreconhecibilidade do milagre) e o
sagrado no mundo ocidental secularizado.<br>In this thesis a study of Mircea Eliade’s History of Religions is presented carried
through on three different approaches: the epistemological approach, the
methodological approach and the categorical approach. In the first Chapter of this
thesis, it is claimed that Eliade’s History of Religions constitutes an autonomous and
integral discipline, with proper object of study – the religious phenomenon in its
specific plan of reference, the religious plan - and with proper method of work – a
unitary historical-phenomenological-hermeneutic method -; that such discipline turns
around two axles – the phenomenology of religion stricto sensu and the history of
religions -; that, in its all, the eliadian History of Religions has the statute of an
existential phenomenology of religion placing itself in the branch of Philosophy. In the
second Chapter of this thesis, it is discoursed on the only implicit method in the
eliadian workmanship, which takes in account the historical aspect of the religious
phenomenon and which conjugates phenomenology and hermeneutics, developing itself
in two plans: the first plan is that of the phenomenological-descriptive analysis of the
religious phenomenon carried through on the field of the phenomenology of religion
stricto sensu, in which the Rumanian author conforms his morphology of the Sacred;
the second plan is that of the hermeneutic-philosophical analysis of the historical
religious phenomena in which the cited author proceeds to the interpretation of the
religious phenomena historically happened for the elaboration of his history of
religions; Eliade also use the hermeneutic-philosophical analysis of the religious
symbolisms for the accomplishment of a philosophical hermeneutics of the religious
symbols by means of which he formulates normative judgments on the human being
condition. In the third Chapter of this work, a study of the main categories of the
eliadian thought is developed with emphasis for the hierophany, the dialectic of the
hierophany, the dialectic of the Sacred and the Profane, the Sacred, the religion, the
religious experience, the sacred space, time and history, homo religiosus, the modern
Occidental man of the secularized societies, the archetype, the archetype of coincidentia
oppositorum, images and symbols, the non-historicity of the of religious life, the
religious symbol, the religious symbolism, the Myth, the Rite, the Camouflage and the
Occultation of the Sacred in the Profane, the unrecognizableness of the Sacred in
History (or the unrecognizableness of miracle), and the Sacred in the modern
secularized Occidental world.
25
Ashrafi, Parivash. "Predicting the absorption rate of chemicals through mammalian skin using machine learning algorithms." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17310.
Full textAbstract:
Machine learning (ML) methods have been applied to the analysis of a range of biological systems. This thesis evaluates the application of these methods to the problem domain of skin permeability. ML methods offer great potential in both predictive ability and their ability to provide mechanistic insight to, in this case, the phenomena of skin permeation. Historically, refining mathematical models used to predict percutaneous drug absorption has been thought of as a key factor in this field. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) models are used extensively for this purpose. However, advanced ML methods successfully outperform the traditional linear QSAR models. In this thesis, the application of ML methods to percutaneous absorption are investigated and evaluated. The major approach used in this thesis is Gaussian process (GP) regression method. This research seeks to enhance the prediction performance by using local non-linear models obtained from applying clustering algorithms. In addition, to increase the model's quality, a kernel is generated based on both numerical chemical variables and categorical experimental descriptors. Monte Carlo algorithm is also employed to generate reliable models from variable data which is inevitable in biological experiments. The datasets used for this study are small and it may raise the over-fitting/under-fitting problem. In this research I attempt to find optimal values of skin permeability using GP optimisation algorithms within small datasets. Although these methods are applied here to the field of percutaneous absorption, it may be applied more broadly to any biological system.
26
Nemer, Rodrigo Cohen Mota. "Resultados de multiplicidade para equações de Schrödinger com campo magnético via teoria de Morse e topologia do domínio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55135/tde-03012014-145233/.
Full textAbstract:
Neste trabalho, estudamos a existência de soluções não triviais para uma classe de equações de Schrödinger não lineares envolvendo um campo magnético com condição de Dirichlet ou condição de fronteira mista Dirichlet-Neumann. Nos dois primeiros capítulos, damos uma estimativa para o número de soluções não triviais para o problema de Dirichlet em termos da topologia do domínio. Nos dois capítulos restantes, consideramos o problema de fronteira mista e estimamos o número de soluções não triviais em termos da topologia da porção da fronteira onde é prescrita a condição de Neumann. Em ambos os casos, usamos a teoria de categoria de Ljusternik-Schnirelmann e a teoria de Morse<br>We study the existence of nontrivial solutions for a class of nonlinear Schrödinger equations involving a magnetic field with Dirichlet or mixed DirichletNeumann boundary condition. In the first two chapters we give an estimate for the number of nontrivial solutions for the Dirichlet boundary value problem in terms of topology of the domain. In the last two chapters we consider mixed DirichletNeumann boundary value problems and the estimation of the number of nontrivial solutions is given in terms of the topology of the part of the boundary where the Neumann condition is prescribed. In both cases, we use Lyusternik- Shnirelman category and the Morse theory
27
Rodriguez, Edwin Gonzalo Murcia. "Positive solutions for Schrödinger-Poisson type systems." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45131/tde-17122017-094108/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis we study Schrödinger-Poisson systems and we look for positive solutions. Our work consists in three chapters. Chapter 1 includes some basic facts on critical point theory. In Chapter 2 we consider a fractional Schrödinger-Poisson system in the whole space R^N in presence of a positive potential and depending on a small positive parameter . We show that, for suitably small (i.e. in the \"semiclassical limit\") the number of positive solutions is estimated below by the Ljusternick-Schnirelmann category of the set of minima of the potential. Finally, in Chapter 3, we analyze a Schrödinger-Poisson system in R^3 under an asymptotically cubic nonlinearity. We prove the existence of positive, radial solutions inside a ball and in an exterior domain.<br>Nesta tese nós estudamos sistemas de Schrödinger-Poisson e procuramos soluções positivas. Nosso trabalho consiste em três capítulos. O Capítulo 1 contém alguns fatos básicos sobre a teoria de pontos críticos. No Capítulo 2 nós consideramos um sistema fracionário de Schrödinger-Poisson em todo o espaço R^N em presença de um potencial positivo e que depende de um pequeno parâmetro positivo . Nós mostramos que, para suficentemente pequeno (i.e. no limite semiclássico) o número de soluções positivas é estimado por abaixo pela categoria de Ljusternick-Schnirelmann dos conjuntos onde o potencial é mínimo. Finalmente, no Capítulo 3 nós analisamos um sistema Schrödinger-Poisson em R^3 sob a não linearidade assintoticamente cúbica. Mostramos a existência de soluções radiais positivas dentro de uma bola e em um domínio exterior.
28
Prazeres, Disson Soares dos. "Multiplicidade de Soluções para Problemas Elípticos Semilineares Envolvendo o Expoente Crítico de Sobolev." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7464.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
arquivototal.pdf: 549935 bytes, checksum: f7562c326b5af177cb80a71a184aa0c9 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010-08-04<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>In this dissertation, we study the multiplicity of solutions for the following class of semilinear elliptic problems involving the critical Sobolev exponent, ---u = - juj2---2 u + f (x; u) ; x 2 e u = 0; x 2 @ ; where N - 3, - RN is a smooth and bounded domain, - is a positive real parameter
and 2- = 2N= (N - 2) is the critical Sobolev exponent. In obtaining our result, we use variational methods, such as, minimax theorems, Lusternik-Schnirelman theorems, as well
as, concentration-compactness lemma.<br>Nesta dissertação, estudamos a multiplicidade de soluções para a seguinte classe de
problemas elípticos semilineares envolvendo o expoente crítico de Sobolev, --u = - juj2---2 u + f (x; u) ; x 2
e u (x) = 0; x 2 @ ; onde N - 3, - RN é um dominio suave e limitado, - é um parâmetro real positivo e 2* = 2N= (N - 2) é o expoente crítico de Sobolev. Na prova dos resultados, usamos métodos variacionais, tais como, teoremas do tipo minimax, teoremas do tipo Lusternik-Schnirelman, bem como, lemas de concentração-compacidade.
29
Silva, Ailton Rodrigues da. "Existência, multiplicidade e concentração de soluções positivas para uma classe de problemas quasilineares em espaços de Orlicz-Sobolev." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9258.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-15T12:49:10Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
arquivototal.pdf: 1323834 bytes, checksum: 530efbd6b56f11c5cc1b4369c8c44888 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T12:49:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
arquivototal.pdf: 1323834 bytes, checksum: 530efbd6b56f11c5cc1b4369c8c44888 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-02-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>In this work we establish existence, multiplicity and concentration of positive solutions
for the following class of problem
8<:
div 2 ( jruj)ru + V (x) (juj)u = f(u); in RN;
u 2 W1; (RN); u > 0 in RN;
where N 2, is a positive parameter, ; V; f are functions satisfying technical conditions
that will be presented throughout the thesis and (t) = Rjtj
0 (s)sds. The main tools used
are Variational methods, Lusternik-Schnirelman of category, Penalization methods and
properties of Orlicz-Sobolev spaces.<br>Neste trabalho estabelecemos resultados de existência, multiplicidade e concentração de
soluções positivas para a seguinte classe de problemas quasilineares
8<:
div 2 ( jruj)ru + V (x) (juj)u = f(u); em RN;
u 2 W1; (RN); u > 0 em RN;
onde N 2, é um parâmetro positivo, ; V; f são funções satisfazendo condições técnicas
que serão apresentadas ao longo da tese e (t) = Rjtj
0 (s)sds. As principais ferramentas
utilizadas são os Métodos Variacionais, Categoria de Lusternik-Schnirelman, Método de
Penalização e propriedades dos espaços de Orlicz-Sobolev.
30
Freitas, Luciana Roze de. "Existência e multiplicidade de soluções para uma classe de problemas quasilineares com crescimento crítico exponencial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55135/tde-18012011-145302/.
Full textAbstract:
Neste trabalho, mostramos a existência e multiplicidade de soluções para a seguinte classe de equações elípticas quasilineares { - \'DELTA IND. \'NÜ\' POT. \'upsilon\' + \'|\'upsilon\'| POT. \'NÜ\' - 2 \'upsilon\' = f(x, u), \'upsilon\' \'DIFERENTE\' 0, \'upsilon\' \'PERTENCE A >>: Nu + jujN2 u = f(x; u); x 2 ; u 6= 0; u 2 W1;N( ); onde e um domnio em RN, N 2, N e o operador N-Laplaciano e f e uma func~ao que possui um crescimento crtico exponencial. Para obter nossos resultados utilizamos o Princpio Variacional de Ekeland, Teorema do Passo da Montanha, Categoria de Lusternik- Schnirelman, Ac~ao de Grupo e tecnicas baseadas na Teoria do G^enero. Palavras chaves: Problemas elpticos quasilineares, Metodo Variacional, N-Laplaciano, crescimento crtico exponencial, Princpio Variacional de Ekeland, Categoria de Lusternik- Schnirelman, Desigualdade de Trudinger-Moser<br>In this work, we show the existence and multiplicity of solutions for the following class of quasilinear elliptic equations { - \'DELTA\' IND. \'NÜ\' \'upsilon\'\' + |\'upsilon\'| POT. \'NÜ\' - 2 = f(x, \'upsilon\'), x \"IT BELONGS\' \'OMEGA\', \'upsilon\' \'DIFFERENT\' 0, \'upsilon\' \'IT BELONGS\' W POT. 1, \'NÜ\' ( OMEGA), where \'OMEGA\' is a domain in \' R POT. \'NÜ\' > OR = 2, \'DELTA\' IND. \'NÜ\' is the N-Laplacian operator and f is a function with exponential critical growth. To obtain our results we utilize the Ekeland Variational Principle, the Mountain Pass Theorem, Lusternik-Schnirelman of Category, Group Action and techniques based on Genus Theory
31
Pompigne, Florent. "Modélisation logique de la langue et Grammaires Catégorielles Abstraites." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921040.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'intéresse à la modélisation de la syntaxe et de l'interface syntaxe-sémantique de la phrase, et explore la possibilité de contrôler au niveau des structures de dérivation la surgénération que produit le traitement des dépendances à distance par des types d'ordre supérieur. À cet effet, nous étudions la possibilité d'étendre le système de typage des Grammaires Catégorielles Abstraites avec les constructions de la somme disjointe, du produit cartésien et du produit dépendant, permettant d'étiqueter les catégories syntaxiques par des structures de traits. Nous prouvons dans un premier temps que le calcul résultant de cette extension bénéficie des propriétés de confluence et de normalisation, permettant d'identifier les termes beta-équivalents dans le formalisme grammatical. Nous réduisons de plus le même problème pour la beta-eta-équivalence à un ensemble d'hypothèse de départ. Dans un second temps, nous montrons comment cette introduction de structures de traits peut être appliquée au contrôle des dépendances à distances, à travers les exemples des contraintes de cas, des îlots d'extraction pour les mouvements explicites et implicites, et des extractions interrogatives multiples, et nous discutons de la pertinence de placer ces contrôles sur les structures de dérivation.
32
Yang, Houng-Kee, and 楊宏基. "The analysis method of incomplete repeated categorical ta." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15385502125793413066.
Full text
33
Chien, Chia-Hsuan, and 錢佳萱. "Genetic Algorithm-Based Multiobjective Fuzzy Clustering Method on Categorical Data." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76118927311179961401.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>工業管理系<br>101<br>For the categorical data which can be nominal or ordinal, due to the different dissimilarity measurement, a variety of clustering algorithms which accommodates the dissimilarity measurement of categorical data has been proposed. For example, K-modes algorithm, an extension of the K-means algorithm for clustering categorical data, uses modes instead of mean as centroid of a cluster to perform data clustering on categorical data. In this research, based on K-modes method, a data clustering algorithm which combines fuzzy genetic algorithm and multiobjective optimization was proposed to improve the clustering quality on categorical data. The proposed method uses fuzzy membership value as chromosome. The multiple objective functions: fuzzy compactness within a cluster (π) and separation among clusters (sep) are used to optimize the clustering quality. In addition, a more efficient solution selection technique which selects a solution from non-dominated pareto front is integrated in the algorithm. A series of experiments by using three UCI categorical datasets were conducted to compare the clustering results of the proposed Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Fuzzy Membership Chromosome (NSGA-FMC), Genetic Algorithm fuzzy K-modes (GA-FKM) and Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm-Based Fuzzy Clustering of Categorical Attributes (MOGA(π, sep)). Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), π, sep, and computation time (running time) were used as performance indexes for comparison. The experimental result showed the proposed method can obtain better clustering quality in terms of ARI, π, and sep simultaneously.
34
Lin, Tzu-Yin, and 林姿吟. "An Empirical Bayes Process Monitoring Technique for Categorical Data Utilizing the Likelihood Ratio Method." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/338ub5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>統計學研究所<br>92<br>The purpose of the paper is to develop an empirical Bayes process monitoring technique for manufacturing categorical data utilizing the likelihood ratio method. First, assuming the normal-binomial or -multinomial model, an empirical Bayes inference for manufacturing categorical data is discussed. Next, utilizing the likelihood ratio method, an empirical Bayes process monitoring technique for manufacturing categorical data is proposed. Finally, the average run length behavior of the proposed process monitoring scheme is investigated.
35
"Empirical investigation of the performance of Mplus for analyzing structural equation model with mixed continuous and ordered categorical variables." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891552.
Full textAbstract:
Lam Ho-Suen Joffee.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 40).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter 2 --- Review of Mplus --- p.3<br>Chapter 3 --- Design of the Simulation Study --- p.6<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Simulation Design --- p.6<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Covariance Structure Analysis and Mplus Restriction --- p.10<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Implementation --- p.10<br>Chapter 4 --- Method of Evalution --- p.12<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Accuracy of Parameter Estimates --- p.12<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Distribution of the Goodness-of-fit Statistic --- p.13<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Precision of Standard Errors --- p.14<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Number of Replications --- p.15<br>Chapter 5 --- Results of the Simulation Study --- p.17<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Accuracy of the Parameter Estimates --- p.17<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Distribution of the Goodness-of-fit Statistic --- p.18<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Precision of the Standard Error --- p.19<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Results when the Sample Size is Extremely Large --- p.20<br>Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.21<br>Chapter 6 --- Additional Simulation Study --- p.27<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Precision of Standard Error when the Model Consists of Only Con- tinuous and Only Ordinal Variables --- p.28<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Comparison of the Simulation Results of Mplus and LISREL --- p.29<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.31<br>Chapter 7 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.33<br>Chapter A --- Mplus Sample Program (Condition C1 S2 N=500) --- p.36<br>Chapter B --- PRELIS Sample Program (Condition C1 S1 N=500) --- p.37
36
Haddadian, Rojiar. "Simulation-based estimation in regression models with categorical response variable and mismeasured covariates." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31535.
Full textAbstract:
A common problem in regression analysis is that some covariates are measured with errors. In this dissertation we present simulation-based approach to estimation in two popular regression models with a categorical response variable and classical measurement errors in covariates. The first model is the regression model with a binary response variable. The second one is the proportional odds regression with an ordinal response variable.
In both regression models we consider method of moments estimators for therein unknown parameters that are defined via minimizing respective objective functions. The later functions involve multiple integrals and make obtaining of such estimators unfeasible. To overcome this computational difficulty, we propose Simulation-Based Estimators (SBE). This method does not require parametric assumptions for the distributions of the unobserved covariates and error components. We prove consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed SBE's under some regularity conditions. We also examine the performance of the SBE's in finite-sample situations through simulation studies and two real data sets: the data set from the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG175) study for our logistic and probit regression models and one from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills (ALL) Survey for our regression model with the ordinal response variable and mismeasured covariates.<br>October 2016
37
"Non-inferiority testing for correlated ordinal categorical data with misclassification." Thesis, 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075222.
Full textAbstract:
Keywords: Non-inferiority Test, Bootstrap, Misclassification, Partially Validated Data.<br>Moreover, misclassification is frequently encountered in collecting ordinal categorical data. We also consider the non-inferiority test based on the data with misclassification. We have explored two different approaches. The first approach can be applied when misclassification probabilities are known or can be calibrated. The second approach deals with the case when we have partially validated data that provide the information on misclassification. The proposed approaches have wide applications that are not confined to tests in medical research. We design a substantive study to illustrate the practicality and applicability of the proposed approaches.<br>When a new treatment comes out, it is likely to find benefits of the new one, such as fewer side effects, greater convenience of employment, or lower cost in terms of money and time. Therefore, the more appropriate research question is whether the new one is non-inferior or equivalent to, but not necessarily superior to the reference treatment. Consequently, the non-inferiority test or equivalence test is widely used in medical research, which is oriented towards showing that the difference of effect between the two treatments probably lies in a tolerance interval with the pre-defined lower or upper bounds. In this thesis, we consider non-inferiority tests when the data are ordinal categorical. In particular, we are interested in correlated data. We will develop non-inferiority testing procedures for data that are obtained by the paired design and three-armed design. We take advantage of a latent normal distribution approach to model ordinal categorical data.<br>Han, Yuanyuan.<br>Adviser: Poon Wai-Yin.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: .<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-117).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstract also in Chinese.
38
Liu, Shi Rong, and 劉士榮. "A study on Bayesian methods for categorical data under informative censoring." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07337660319169521297.
Full text
39
Khosa, Floyd Vukosi. "Categorical data imputation using non-parametric or semi-parametric imputation methods." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20380.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, for the degree of Master of Science by Coursework and Research Report.<br>Researchers and data analysts often encounter a problem when analysing data with missing values. Methods for imputing continuous data are well developed in the literature. However, methods for imputing categorical data are not well established. This research report focuses on categorical data imputation using non-parametric and semi-parametric methods. The aims of the study are to compare different imputation methods for categorical data and to assess the quality of the imputation. Three imputation methods are compared namely; multiple imputation, hot deck imputation and random forest imputation. Missing data are created on a complete data set using the missing completely at random mechanism. The imputed data sets are compared with the original complete data set, and the imputed values which are the same as the values in the original data set are counted. The analysis revealed that the hot deck imputation method is more precise, compared to random forest and multiple imputation methods. Logistic regression is fitted on the imputed data sets and the original data set and the resulting models are compared. The analysis shows that the multiple imputation method affects the model fit of the logistic regression negatively.
40
"Evaluating Person-Oriented Methods for Mediation." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.54790.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Statistical inference from mediation analysis applies to populations, however, researchers and clinicians may be interested in making inference to individual clients or small, localized groups of people. Person-oriented approaches focus on the differences between people, or latent groups of people, to ask how individuals differ across variables, and can help researchers avoid ecological fallacies when making inferences about individuals. Traditional variable-oriented mediation assumes the population undergoes a homogenous reaction to the mediating process. However, mediation is also described as an intra-individual process where each person passes from a predictor, through a mediator, to an outcome (Collins, Graham, & Flaherty, 1998). Configural frequency mediation is a person-oriented analysis of contingency tables that has not been well-studied or implemented since its introduction in the literature (von Eye, Mair, & Mun, 2010; von Eye, Mun, & Mair, 2009). The purpose of this study is to describe CFM and investigate its statistical properties while comparing it to traditional and casual inference mediation methods. The results of this study show that joint significance mediation tests results in better Type I error rates but limit the person-oriented interpretations of CFM. Although the estimator for logistic regression and causal mediation are different, they both perform well in terms of Type I error and power, although the causal estimator had higher bias than expected, which is discussed in the limitations section.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Psychology 2019
41
Anderson, Nicholas. "Meta-analyzing logistic regression slopes: A partial effect size for categorical outcomes." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-37cs-mp34.
Full textAbstract:
Meta-analysis refers to the quantitative synthesis of information across different studies. Since outcomes from different studies are likely to be reported in different units, study-level results are typically transformed to the same scale before quantitative integration. Typically, this leads to the accumulation and combination of effect sizes. To date, most social scientists have synthesized, or meta-analyzed, zero-order statistics like a correlation. Synthesizing partial effect sizes is an alternative which allows a meta-analysis to account for the influence of nuisance variables when estimating the association between two variables. This dissertation proposes that logistic regression coefficients from different studies, which are a type of partial effect size, can be meta-analyzed. Logistic regression models how a set of covariates relates to a binary dependent variable.
Given a key independent variable (IV) of interest, which we can call the focal IV or Xf, the slope estimate (βf) in a logistic regression measures the impact of Xf on Y on the logit (log-odds) scale, while controlling for other variables. Four assumptions justify the possibility of comparing and possibly combing logistic slopes across studies: (1) Y must be on the same scale, (2) Xf must be on the same scale, (3) all effect sizes are logistic regression slopes adjusted for the same covariates, and (4) model specifications are identical. In practice, the third assumption is particularly challenging as different studies inevitably include different sets of control variables.
Three simulation studies are implemented to understand how synthesizing a logistic regression slope on the logit scale is affected by several factors. Across these three simulation studies, the following meta-analytic variables are tested: (1) the size of the partial effect size (βf), (2) Study-level sample size (k), (3) Within-study sample size (N), (4) the degree of between-study variance, (5) a continuous vs. a binary focal predictor, (6) the level of collinearity between Xf and other covariates included in primary studies, (7) the magnitude of non-focal variable slopes, (8) different covariate sets used in primary-level studies, and (9) meta-analytical method.
Simulation performance is based on how the bias and mean-squared error (MSE) are affected by each of these simulation parameters. Overall, results suggest that when the four assumptions introduced above are satisfied, meta-analyzing logistic regression slopes is remarkably accurate as the summary effect resulting from the standard random-effects meta-analytic model leads to small levels of bias and MSE under a variety of conditions. When the assumptions are broken (and particularly the third assumption of identical covariate sets), the pooled slope estimator can have large degrees of bias. The bias is a function of within-study sample size, between-study sample size, distribution of the focal IV (i.e., continuous vs. categorical variable), multicollinearity, the magnitude of non-focal variable slope parameters, diversity in covariate sets, and choice of meta-analytical methods. The MSE is a function of study-level sample size, within-study sample size, distribution of the focal IV (i.e., continuous vs. categorical variable), multicollinearity, the magnitude of non-focal variable slope parameters, diversity in covariate sets, and choice of meta-analytical methods. A complex four-way interaction is discovered between collinearity, the magnitude of non-focal variable slope parameters, diversity in covariate sets, and choice of meta-analytical methods. An applied example focusing on estimating the effects of albumin on mortality is also presented to complement the simulation results.
42
Wu, Cheng-Ken. "A Comparison of Imputation Methods for Incomplete Categorical Data Using Latent Class Model." 2008. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0023-1507200817501200.
Full text
43
Wu, Cheng-Ken, and 吳丞根. "A Comparison of Imputation Methods for Incomplete Categorical Data Using Latent Class Model." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48069704306645691207.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>統計學系<br>96<br>Survey is a popular research tool, but often causes missing values for some reasons. When the proportion of the missing value is high, it can seriously affect the conclusion. Imputation is an alternative is to handle missing data.
For categorical missing data, both model-based and non- model based imputation methods have been proposed, for example, hot deck imputation and loglinear models. However, there are still some problems for these methods. Latent class model (LCM) is a popularly used method for categorical variable. We extended the research of Vermunt al (2007) to study what are the important factors on accuracy rate of imputation for categorical data. Four imputation methods and 6 other independent variables were examined for their effects on accuracy of imputation.
The imputation methods were evaluated in terms of accuracy rates. The result shows the significant factors are conditional probability, latent class proportions, number of manifest variables, imputation method, sample size, missing data mechanism. The accuracy rate of imputation is higher with substantially different conditional probability and latent class proportions, more manifest variables, method2 or method3, larger sample sizes, MCAR, and lower missing rate.
44
Si, Yajuan. "Nonparametric Bayesian Methods for Multiple Imputation of Large Scale Incomplete Categorical Data in Panel Studies." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5837.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The thesis develops nonparametric Bayesian models to handle incomplete categorical variables in data sets with high dimension using the framework of multiple imputation. It presents methods for ignorable missing data in cross-sectional studies, and potentially non-ignorable missing data in panel studies with refreshment samples.</p><p>The first contribution is a fully Bayesian, joint modeling approach of multiple imputation for categorical data based on Dirichlet process mixtures of multinomial distributions. The approach automatically models complex dependencies while being computationally expedient. </p><p>I illustrate repeated sampling properties of the approach</p><p>using simulated data. This approach offers better performance than default chained equations methods, which are often used in such settings. I apply the methodology to impute missing background data in the 2007 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study.</p><p>For the second contribution, I extend the nonparametric Bayesian imputation engine to consider a mix of potentially non-ignorable attrition and ignorable item nonresponse in multiple wave panel studies. Ignoring the attrition in models for panel data can result in biased inference if the reason for attrition is systematic and related to the missing values. Panel data alone cannot estimate the attrition effect without untestable assumptions about the missing data mechanism. Refreshment samples offer an extra data source that can be utilized to estimate the attrition effect while reducing reliance on strong assumptions of the missing data mechanism. </p><p>I consider two novel Bayesian approaches to handle the attrition and item non-response simultaneously under multiple imputation in a two wave panel with one refreshment sample when the variables involved are categorical and high dimensional. </p><p>First, I present a semi-parametric selection model that includes an additive non-ignorable attrition model with main effects of all variables, including demographic variables and outcome measures in wave 1 and wave 2. The survey variables are modeled jointly using Bayesian mixture of multinomial distributions. I develop the posterior computation algorithms for the semi-parametric selection model under different prior choices for the regression coefficients in the attrition model. </p><p>Second, I propose two Bayesian pattern mixture models for this scenario that use latent classes to model the dependency among the variables and the attrition. I develop a dependent Bayesian latent pattern mixture model for which variables are modeled via latent classes and attrition is treated as a covariate in the class allocation weights. And, I develop a joint Bayesian latent pattern mixture model, for which attrition and variables are modeled jointly via latent classes.</p><p>I show via simulation studies that the pattern mixture models can recover true parameter estimates, even when inferences based on the panel alone are biased from attrition. </p><p>I apply both the selection and pattern mixture models to data from the 2007-2008 Associated Press/Yahoo News election panel study.</p><br>Dissertation
45
Sperl, Benjamin J. "Augmenting Indiana's groundwater level monitoring network: optimal siting of additional wells to address spatial and categorical sampling gaps." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6305.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Groundwater monitoring networks are subject to change by budgetary actions and stakeholder initiatives that result in wells being abandoned or added. A strategy for network design is presented that addresses the latter situation. It was developed in response to consensus in the state of Indiana that additional monitoring wells are needed to effectively characterize water availability in aquifer systems throughout the state. The strategic methodology has two primary objectives that guide decision making for new installations: (1) purposive sampling of a diversity of environmental variables having relevance to groundwater recharge, and (2) spatial optimization by means of maximizing geographic distances that separate monitoring wells. Design objectives are integrated in a discrete facility location model known as the p-median problem, and solved to optimality using a mathematical programming package.
46
Correia, Jorge Filipe Almeida. "A decision support tool for retail product assortment." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4293.
Full textAbstract:
Classificação JEL: C63 – Técnicas computacionais, Simulação.
C81 – Metodologia para recolha, estimação e organização de dados microeconómicos; Análise de dados.<br>A gestão de uma gama de produtos é uma das áreas mais importantes para o retalho e para os gestores de categoria. A criação de uma gama de produtos exige a análise de um vasto número de artigos e variáveis.
Daqui resulta a necessidade de criar uma ferramenta informática que auxilie o gestor na criação de gamas de produtos.
Assim, foi desenvolvido um modelo de simulação com base num problema de programação não linear inteira mista, cuja resolução, recorrendo ao software Solver, conduz a uma proposta para a gama de produtos. Este modelo foi aplicado numa grande rede de retalho em Portugal.
As principais variáveis do modelo são as vendas, o lucro e as dimensões dos artigos e das lojas. Adicionalmente o modelo utiliza a segmentação de clientes para poder direccionar a gama para um ou vários segmentos e utiliza o parâmetro de substituição de procura para produzir uma solução mais realista.
Em termos gerais a ferramenta produz uma solução admissível em menos de dois minutos e os resultados obtidos, comparando com os da solução actualmente adoptada, revelam uma melhoria significativa na performance do lucro da categoria mantendo os níveis de vendas. A discrepância entre resultados é tanto maior quanto maior o número de hipóteses de gamas, o qual aumenta à medida que o espaço disponível nas prateleiras diminui. Uma vez que o aumento do número de gamas conduz a um acréscimo de possibilidades para o gestor analisar, a probabilidade da solução produzida não ser óptima tem tendência a aumentar.<br>The assortment planning is one of the most important areas for retail and for category managers. The creation of a single assortment requires the analysis of an enormous amount of variables and products.
Therefore there is a need to create an informatics tool to assist managers in the creation of product assortments.
In this sense, it was developed a simulation model based on a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem that with the help of software Solver can produce a proposal to the product assortment. This model was applied at a big retailer network in Portugal.
The principal model variables are the sales, the profit and product and store dimensions. Additionally the model uses the customer segmentation to be able to direct the assortment, and also uses the demand substitution parameter in order to produce a more realistic solution.
In general terms the tool produces a feasible solution within two minutes, and the results compared with the currently adopted solution, show a significant improvement in profit performance category, while maintaining the sales levels. The discrepancy between results is greater the larger the number of assortment possibilities, which increases as the available space on the shelves decreases. Since the increase in the number of assortments leads to an increase in possibilities that the manager needs to analyze, the probability that the solution produced is not the optimum tends to augment.
47
Martins, José Carlos Lourenço. "Método de planeamento de segurança da informação para organizações militares em ambiente de guerra de informação." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/35769.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação.<br>A investigação realizada responde à questão: - Como garantir a confidencialidade, a integridade e a disponibilidade da informação de uma organização militar, inserida num ambiente de Guerra de Informação, de forma a minimizar o risco de segurança da informação? A resposta a esta questão, que é o foco da investigação e cujo nível de análise é a organização militar, segue predominantemente uma abordagem de investigação de orientação epistemológica interpretativista, qualitativa e indutiva, que utiliza como métodos de investigação, a Análise de Conteúdo, o Focus Group e o Estudo de Caso. Apoia-se simultaneamente num quadro conceptual de referência desenvolvido para o estudo e em disciplinas académicas de foco tecnológico, (Segurança de Redes de Computadores, Segurança no Software). A tese apresentada é de Design Science, em que se obtém um método de planeamento de segurança da informação para apoio aos decisores militares do Exército Português. Este interliga um modelo de métodos de ataque à informação, uma framework de categorias de controlos de segurança da informação e uma matriz de apoio à decisão que permite planear a seleção dos controlos de segurança da informação a implementar na organização. O método proposto permite efetuar a gestão das lições aprendidas com os incidentes de segurança da informação. Considera-se neste estudo que a segurança da informação se consegue através de um processo de gestão onde exista uma integração de dimensões de segurança e onde é fundamental ter em consideração, para as organizações militares, a Cadeia de Comando e o princípio da Unidade de Comando.<br>The research answer the following question: how to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information of a military organization that is part of an Information Warfare Environment, in order to minimize the risk of information security? The answer to this question, which is the focus of this research and its level of analysis, is the military organization. The author follows a predominately interpretive, qualitative and inductive research approach of epistemological orientation. The following research methods are used: Content Analysis, the Focus Groups and the Case Study. The author relies on both a conceptual framework developed for the study and in academic disciplines of technological focus (Network Security Computer Safety Software). The presented thesis is of Design Science, where a method of planning of information security support is obtained, to aid military decision-makers of the Portuguese Army. This interconnects a model of attack method to information, a framework of categories of information security controls, and a matrix of support for the decision that allows one to plan the selection of controls of information security to implement in the organization. The proposed method allows one to manage the lessons learned from the incidents of information security. It is considered in this study that information security is achieved through a management process where there exists an integration of security dimensions, and where it is fundamental for military organizations to regard: the Chain of Command and the Unity of Command principle.