Journal articles on the topic 'Catchment runoff'
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1
Thornton, C. M., and B. Yu. "The Brigalow Catchment Study: IV. Clearing brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) for cropping or grazing increases peak runoff rate." Soil Research 54, no. 6 (2016): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15121.
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In Queensland, Australia, large tracts of native vegetation have been cleared for agriculture, resulting in substantial hydrological changes in the landscape. Australia’s longest-running paired catchment study, the Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS), was established in 1965 to monitor hydrological changes associated with land development, particularly that of the 1960s Land Development Fitzroy Basin Scheme. The BCS has unequivocally shown that developing brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) for cropping or for grazing doubles runoff volume. However, to date little research had been undertaken to quantify the changes in peak runoff rate when brigalow is cleared for cropping or grazing. The present study compared peak runoff rates from three brigalow catchments, two of which were subsequently cleared for cropping and pasture. Prior to land development, average peak runoff rates from the three brigalow scrub catchments were 3.2, 5 and 2mmh–1 for catchments 1 to 3 respectively. After development, these rates increased to 6.6mmh–1 from the brigalow scrub control catchment (catchment 1), 8.3mmh–1 from the cropping catchment (catchment 2) and 5.6mmh–1 from the pasture catchment (catchment 3). Peak runoff rate increased significantly from both the cropping and pasture catchments after adjusting for the underlying variation in peak runoff rate due to climatic variation between the pre- and post-development periods. The average peak runoff rate increased by 5.4mmh–1 (96%) for the cropping catchment and by 2.6mmh–1 (47%) for the pasture catchment. Increases in peak runoff rate were most prevalent in smaller events with an average recurrence interval of less than 2 years under cropping and 4 years under pasture.
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Chen, Xueli, and Marianne Bechmann. "Nitrogen losses from two contrasting agricultural catchments in Norway." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 12 (December 2019): 190490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190490.
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Nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural areas, especially into drinking water and marine environments, attract substantial attention from governments and scientists. This study analysed nitrogen loss from runoff water using long-term monitoring data (1994–2016) from the Skuterud catchment in southeastern Norway and the Naurstad catchment in northern Norway. Precipitation and runoff were lower in the Skuterud catchment than in the Naurstad catchment. However, in the Skuterud catchment, the annual total N (TN) losses ranged from 27 to 68 kg hm −2 . High precipitation (1247 mm) in the Naurstad catchment resulted in substantial runoff water (1108 mm) but relatively low total TN losses ranged from 17 to 35 kg hm −2 . The proportion of nitrate losses to TN loss was 51–86% and 28–50% in the Skuterud and Naurstad catchments, respectively. Furthermore, the monthly average TN concentrations and nitrate losses had two peaks, in April–May and October, in the Skuterud catchment; however, no significant fluctuations were found in the Naurstad catchment. The contributions of N and runoff water to TN and nitrate losses were calculated using multiple linear regression, and runoff water was the major contributor to TN loss in both catchments. Runoff water was the main factor in the Skuterud catchment, and the nitrate-N concentration was the main factor in the Naurstad catchment.
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Thornton, C. M., B. A. Cowie, D. M. Freebairn, and C. L. Playford. "The Brigalow Catchment Study: II. Clearing brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) for cropping or pasture increases runoff." Soil Research 45, no. 7 (2007): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07064.
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The Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS) was established to determine the impact on hydrology when brigalow land is cleared for cropping and grazing. The paired catchment study was commenced in 1965 using catchments of approximately 15 ha, with natural vegetation dominated by brigalow scrub (Acacia harpophylla). Three contiguous catchments were selected near Theodore in central Queensland to represent the extensive brigalow bioregion of central and southern Queensland and northern New South Wales (~40 Mha). The hydrology of the 3 catchments was characterised during a 17-year calibration period (1965–81). The catchments were considered hydrologically similar, with sufficient data available for an empirical comparison between catchments. In 1982, two of the catchments were cleared, with one developed for cropping and the other sown to improved pasture. The third catchment was used as an uncleared control. Hydrologic characteristics were then compared for the following 21 years. In their virgin state, the catchments behaved similarly, with average annual runoff being 5% of annual rainfall. Once cleared, total runoff from the cropping catchment increased to 11% of annual rainfall and total runoff from the pasture catchment increased to 9% of annual rainfall; however, timing of the individual runoff events varied between land uses. In order to confirm that changes in hydrology were a function of land use and not just seasonal variability or sampling error, several analytic techniques were used: a simple comparison of runoff totals, comparison of events, comparison of probability of exceedance for daily runoff, and comparison of predicted and observed runoff using a water balance modelling approach.
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Li, Qiaoling, Zhijia Li, Yuelong Zhu, Yuanqian Deng, Ke Zhang, and Cheng Yao. "Hydrological regionalisation based on available hydrological information for runoff prediction at catchment scale." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-13-2018.
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Abstract. Regionalisation provides a way of transferring hydrological information from gauged to ungauged catchments. The past few decades has seen several kinds of regionalisation approaches for catchment classification and runoff predictions. The underlying assumption is that catchments having similar catchment properties are hydrological similar. This requires the appropriate selection of catchment properties, particularly the inclusion of observed hydrological information, to explain the similarity of hydrological behaviour. We selected observable catchments properties and flow duration curves to reflect the hydrological behaviour, and to regionalize rainfall-runoff response for runoff prediction. As a case study, we investigated 15 catchments located in the Yangtze and Yellow River under multiple hydro-climatic conditions. A clustering scheme was developed to separate the catchments into 4 homogeneous regions by employing catchment properties including hydro-climatic attributes, topographic attributes and land cover etc. We utilized daily flow duration curves as the indicator of hydrological response and interpreted hydrological similarity by root mean square errors. The combined analysis of similarity in catchment properties and hydrological response suggested that catchments in the same homogenous region were hydrological similar. A further validation was conducted by establishing a rainfall-runoff coaxial correlation diagram for each catchment. A common coaxial correlation diagram was generated for each homogenous region. The performances of most coaxial correlation diagrams met the national standard. The coaxial correlation diagram can be transferred within the homogeneous region for runoff prediction in ungauged catchments at an hourly time scale.
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Zanial, W. N. C. W., M. A. Malek, and M. N. M. Reba. "A Review on Rainfall Runoff Simulation at Ungauged Catchment." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22350.
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Ungauged catchment occurs when no runoff data are available or when very few ground rain gauges are located in a huge catchment. For these catchments, the parameters to be used in rainfall‐runoff models cannot be attained just by adjusting runoff information and thus should be procured by different techniques. Show parameters that require orientation are normally transposed from comparable measured catchments. The rainfall runoff simulation is very important to estimate and predict the flow in ungauged catchment. This investigation reviews ideas to differentiate hydrological comparability for transposing parameters from a gauged to an ungauged catchment. Model parameters that are physically based are generally derived from other information close to the ungauged catchment of intrigue. The primary challenge with rainfall‐runoff demonstrating in ungauged catchments is the absence of neighborhood ground precipitation and streamflow information to be utilized in aligning the proposed show parameters. Parameter alignment is useful since adjustment can represent the impacts of hydrological set up in a specific catchment. Since hydrological models are especially reliant on their limit conditions, the alignment practice directed can modify the predispositions of info information utilized. Parameters' adjustment can fundamentally improve the execution of rainfall‐runoff models since it included media properties of soil and vegetation which are exceptionally heterogeneous and basically are in every case inadequately known. Alternative methods for ungauged catchments are required which are the subject of this study. This study summarizes the important methods used in an ungauged catchments, discusses the issues of using satellite data as a substitute input to rainfall‐runoff models and its comparison with point scale ground data.
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Pechlivanidis, I. G., N. McIntyre, and H. S. Wheater. "The significance of spatial variability of rainfall on simulated runoff: an evaluation based on the Upper Lee catchment, UK." Hydrology Research 48, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 1118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.038.
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The significance of spatial variability of rainfall on runoff is explored as a function of catchment scale and type, and antecedent conditions via the continuous time, semi-distributed probability distributed model (PDM) hydrological model applied to the Upper Lee catchment, UK. The impact of catchment scale and type is assessed using 11 nested catchments, and further assessed by artificially changing the catchment characteristics and translating these to model parameters (MPs) with uncertainty using model regionalisation. Dry and wet antecedent conditions are represented by ‘warming up’ the model under different rainfall time series. Synthetic rainfall events are introduced to directly relate the change in simulated runoff to the spatial variability of rainfall. Results show that runoff volume and peak are more sensitive to the spatial rainfall for more impermeable catchments; however, this sensitivity is significantly undermined under wet antecedent conditions. Although there is indication that the impact of spatial rainfall on runoff varies as a function of catchment scale, the variability of antecedent conditions between the synthetic catchments seems to mask this significance. Parameter uncertainty analysis highlights the importance of accurately representing the spatial variability of the catchment properties and their translation to MPs when investigating the effects of spatial properties of rainfall on runoff.
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Barron, O. V., D. W. Pollock, and W. R. Dawes. "Evaluation of catchment connectivity and storm runoff in flat terrain subject to urbanisation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 30, 2009): 6721–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-6721-2009.
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Abstract. Contributing Catchment Area Analysis (CCAA) is a spatial analysis technique that allows estimation of the hydrological connectivity of relatively flat catchments and the effect of relief depressions on the catchment rainfall-runoff relationship for individual rainfall events. CCAA of the Southern River catchment, Western Australia, showed that catchment contributing area varied from less than 20% to more than 60% of total catchment area for various rainfall events. Such variability was attributed to a compensating effect of relief depressions. CCAA was further applied to analyse the impact of urbanisation on the catchment rainfall-runoff relationship. It was demonstrated that the change in land use resulted in much greater catchment volumetric runoff than expected simply as a result of the increase in proportion of impervious urban surfaces. As urbanisation leads to an increase in catchment hydrological connectivity, the catchment contributing area to the river flow also becomes greater. This effect was more evident for the most frequent rainfall events, when an increase in contributing area was responsible for a 30–100% increase in total volumetric runoff. The impact of urbanisation was greatest in sandy catchments, which were largely disconnected in the pre-development conditions.
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Veinbergs, A., and A. Lagzdins. "The impact of regional and catchment characteristics on long-term runoff in small agricultural catchments in Latvia." Water Practice and Technology 17, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.005.
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Abstract The explanation of runoff behavior is challenging due to variable weather conditions, and catchment characteristics. The parameter equifinality in catchment-scale models turns into the uncertain distribution of water balance components even though models tend to represent total runoff well. This study aims to discuss long-term runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) variations affected by regional allocation and catchment characteristics in Latvia. The study applies the observational runoff data from drainage fields and small catchment scales. The sites represent the spatially different regions in Latvia with relatively variable yearly precipitation amounts. The robust data of surface slope gradients, the share of subsurface drainage systems, arable and grasslands, and ditch networks describes the differences in the catchment characteristics. The results reveal that higher long-term yearly average runoff and ET rates are experienced by the regions with higher yearly precipitation amounts. Simultaneously, the higher the long-term yearly average precipitation and steeper the surface slope gradient, the proportionally (%) higher is the runoff contribution into the water balance. When compared with the small catchments, the soil profiles at drainage fields might store more water after the subsurface drainage runoff is running short. Consequently, the small catchments might experience the later response of subsurface drainage runoff after the dry seasons.
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Procházka, J., J. Brom, and L. Pechar. "The comparison of water and matter flows in three small catchments in the Šumava Mountains." Soil and Water Research 4, Special Issue 2 (March 19, 2010): S75—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/481-swr.
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The comparisons of water and matter flows have been evaluated in three small catchments with different land uses in the Šumava Mountains in the south-west of the Czech Republic since 1999. The catchment of the Mlýnský stream was artificially drained, the areas of the catchment retaining the character of drained, semi‑intensive pasture. The catchment of the Horský stream is covered with forest, mowed meadows, and locations with natural succession (wetlands). The catchment of the Bukový stream is covered with forest, mostly with spruce monoculture. The highest amount of water was discharged from the drained Mlýnský catchment whereas the amounts of water discharged from the Horský and Bukový catchments were lower. The runoff maxima in the hydrologic year of 2002 were recorded in the Mlýnský stream catchment in August – at the time of the catastrophic floods. On the other hand, the maximum discharges in the Horský and Bukový stream catchments in August 2002 were comparable with those that occurred in the spring during the snow melt. In comparison, the water chemistry showed relationships between trends and features and the results of water runoff. The comparison of the runoff and matter flows in the catchments studied confirmed the influence of the land cover and management in both normal and extreme rainfall-runoff conditions.
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Dvořáková, Šárka, Pavel Kovář, and Josef Zeman. "Impact of evapotranspiration on discharge in small catchments." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2014-0039.
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Abstract We apply the Linear Storage Model (LSM) to simulate the influence of the evapotranspiration on discharges. High resolution discharge data from two small catchments in the Czech Republic, the Teply Brook and the Starosuchdolsky Brook catchment are used. The results show the runoff process is simpler in a deeper valley of the Starosuchdolsky catchment where the soil zone is deeper and the valley bottom recharges runoff even during very dry periods. Two-soil zone model is adequate to simulate the diurnal runoff variability. Three-soil zone model is needed in the Teply Brook catchment due to the absence of water transport in the most-upper soil zone. Time delays between minimum and maximum discharge during the day reach up to about 20 hours. Evapotranspiration and hydraulic resistances are as high as 14% of catchment daily runoff in the urbanized Starosuchdolsky Brook catchment and 25% of catchment daily runoff in the forested, less impacted Teply Brook catchment
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Ley, R., M. C. Casper, H. Hellebrand, and R. Merz. "Catchment classification by runoff behaviour with self-organizing maps (SOM)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 16, 2011): 2947–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2947-2011.
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Abstract. Catchments show a wide range of response behaviour, even if they are adjacent. For many purposes it is necessary to characterise and classify them, e.g. for regionalisation, prediction in ungauged catchments, model parameterisation. In this study, we investigate hydrological similarity of catchments with respect to their response behaviour. We analyse more than 8200 event runoff coefficients (ERCs) and flow duration curves of 53 gauged catchments in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, for the period from 1993 to 2008, covering a huge variability of weather and runoff conditions. The spatio-temporal variability of event-runoff coefficients and flow duration curves are assumed to represent how different catchments "transform" rainfall into runoff. From the runoff coefficients and flow duration curves we derive 12 signature indices describing various aspects of catchment response behaviour to characterise each catchment. Hydrological similarity of catchments is defined by high similarities of their indices. We identify, analyse and describe hydrologically similar catchments by cluster analysis using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). As a result of the cluster analysis we get five clusters of similarly behaving catchments where each cluster represents one differentiated class of catchments. As catchment response behaviour is supposed to be dependent on its physiographic and climatic characteristics, we compare groups of catchments clustered by response behaviour with clusters of catchments based on catchment properties. Results show an overlap of 67% between these two pools of clustered catchments which can be improved using the topologic correctness of SOMs.
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Ley, R., M. C. Casper, H. Hellebrand, and R. Merz. "Catchment classification by runoff behaviour with self-organizing maps (SOM)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 3047–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-3047-2011.
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Abstract. Catchments show a wide range of response behaviour, even if they are adjacent. For many purposes it is necessary to characterise and classify them, e.g. for regionalisation, prediction in ungauged catchments, model parameterisation. In this study, we investigate hydrological similarity of catchments with respect to their response behaviour. We analyse more than 8200 event runoff coefficients (ERCs) and flow duration curves of 53 gauged catchments in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, for the period from 1993 to 2008, covering a huge variability of weather and runoff conditions. The spatio-temporal variability of event-runoff coefficients and flow duration curves are assumed to represent how different catchments "transform" rainfall into runoff. From the runoff coefficients and flow duration curves we derive 12 signature indices describing various aspects of catchment response behaviour to characterise each catchment. Hydrological similarity of catchments is defined by high similarities of their indices. We identify, analyse and describe hydrologically similar catchments by cluster analysis using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). As a result of the cluster analysis we get five clusters of similarly behaving catchments where each cluster represents one differentiated class of catchments. As catchment response behaviour is supposed to be dependent on its physiographic and climatic characteristics, we compare groups of catchments clustered by response behaviour with clusters of catchments based on catchment properties. Results show an overlap of 67% between these two pools of clustered catchments which can be improved using the topologic correctness of SOMs.
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Bari, M., and K. R. J. Smettem. "Modelling monthly runoff generation processes following land use changes: groundwater–surface runoff interactions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 5 (October 31, 2004): 903–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-903-2004.
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Abstract. A conceptual water balance model is presented to represent changes in monthly water balance following land use changes. Monthly rainfall–runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments in Western Australia have been analysed. Two of these catchments, "Ernies" (control, fully forested) and "Lemon" (54% cleared) are in a zone of mean annual rainfall of 725 mm, while "Salmon" (control, fully forested) and "Wights" (100% cleared) are in a zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. At the Salmon forested control catchment, streamflow comprises surface runoff, base flow and interflow components. In the Wights catchment, cleared of native forest for pasture development, all three components increased, groundwater levels rose significantly and stream zone saturated area increased from 1% to 15% of the catchment area. It took seven years after clearing for the rainfall–runoff generation process to stabilise in 1984. At the Ernies forested control catchment, the permanent groundwater system is 20 m below the stream bed and so does not contribute to streamflow. Following partial clearing of forest in the Lemon catchment, groundwater rose steadily and reached the stream bed by 1987. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in the groundwater-induced stream zone saturated area after 1987. After analysing all the data available, a conceptual monthly model was created, comprising four inter-connecting stores: (i) an upper zone unsaturated store, (ii) a transient stream zone store, (ii) a lower zone unsaturated store and (iv) a saturated groundwater store. Data such as rooting depth, Leaf Area Index, soil porosity, profile thickness, depth to groundwater, stream length and surface slope were incorporated into the model as a priori defined attributes. The catchment average values for different stores were determined through matching observed and predicted monthly hydrographs. The observed and predicted monthly runoff for all catchments matched well with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. Predictions were relatively poor for: (i) the Ernies catchment (lowest rainfall, forested), and (ii) months with very high flows. Overall, the predicted mean annual streamflow was within ±8% of the observed values. Keywords: monthly streamflow, land use change, conceptual model, data-based approach, groundwater
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Blagojević, Borislava, Slaven Kovačević, Bojana Nedić, Nijaz Lukovac, and Mirza Mujčić. "GIS Based Flood Flow Assessment in Small Catchments for Flood Mapping in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Ovidius University Annals of Constanta - Series Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ouacsce-2018-0013.
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Abstract An initial step in flood hazard mapping is hydrological modelling. We present a recent river flood modelling approach in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) for small ungauged catchments of drainage area up to 32 km2. To estimate peak flow of required probability in small catchments, we use the rational method. The paper focus is GIS based procedure for producing the runoff coefficient map for BiH from the DTM and land cover map. For validation of the peak flow modelling results in small ungauged catchments we use diagrams of peak flow per catchment area (specific runoff) versus catchment area in medium and large gauged catchments. The results indicate agreement in specific runoff for 100 and 500 years return period compared to reference runoff in gauged catchments and a mild drop in specific runoff for 20 years.
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Thorndahl, S., C. Johansen, and K. Schaarup-Jensen. "Assessment of runoff contributing catchment areas in rainfall runoff modelling." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2006): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.621.
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In numerical modelling of rainfall caused runoff in urban sewer systems an essential parameter is the hydrological reduction factor which defines the percentage of the impervious area contributing to the surface flow towards the sewer. As the hydrological processes during a rainfall are difficult to determine with significant precision the hydrological reduction factor is implemented to account all hydrological losses except the initial loss. This paper presents an inconsistency between calculations of the hydrological reduction factor, based on measurements of rainfall and runoff, and till now recommended literature values for residential areas. It is proven by comparing rainfall-runoff measurements from four different residential catchments that the literature values of the hydrological reduction factor are over-estimated for this type of catchment. In addition, different catchment descriptions are presented in order to investigate how the hydrological reduction factor depends on the level of detail regarding the catchment description. When applying a total survey of the catchment area, including all possible impervious surfaces, a hydrological reduction factor of approximately 0.5 for residential areas with mainly detached houses is recommended–contrary to the literature recommended values of 0.7–0.9.
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Barron, O. V., D. Pollock, and W. Dawes. "Evaluation of catchment contributing areas and storm runoff in flat terrain subject to urbanisation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 2 (February 11, 2011): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-547-2011.
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Abstract. Contributing Catchment Area Analysis (CCAA) is a spatial analysis technique developed and used for estimation of the hydrological connectivity of relatively flat catchments. It allows accounting for the effect of relief depressions on the catchment rainfall-runoff relationship which is not commonly considered in hydrological modelling. Analysis of distributed runoff was based on USDA runoff curves numbers (USDA, 1986), which utilised the spatial information on land cover and soil types, while CCAA was further developed to define catchment area contributing to river discharge under individual rainfall events. The method was applied to the Southern River catchment, Western Australia, showing that contributing catchment area varied from less than 20% to more than 60% of total catchment area under different rainfall and soil moisture conditions. Such variability was attributed to a compensating effect of relief depressions. CCAA was further applied to analyse the impact of urbanisation on the catchment rainfall-runoff relationship. It was demonstrated that in addition to an increase in runoff coefficient, urbanisation leads to expansion in the catchment area contributing to the river flow. This effect was more evident for the most frequent rainfall events, when an increase in contributing area was responsible for a 30–100% rise in predicted catchment runoff.
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Peel, Murray C. "Hydrology: catchment vegetation and runoff." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 6 (October 12, 2009): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309350122.
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The interactions between catchment vegetation and runoff continue to be a staple area of hydrological research. Drawing mainly upon material published since 2002, this report briefly reviews progress in this area with specific reference to: (1) paired and single catchment studies; (2) top-down models; and (3) the likely impact of climate change. Results from a wider range of paired and single catchments studies are revealing the complex relationship between catchment vegetation and runoff and prompting a reassessment of the methodologies used to generalize this relationship. Vegetation appears to have a significant influence on runoff at small scales, which reduces to a second-order influence, relative to aridity, at larger scales. Top-down models of catchment behaviour generally reflect this second-order influence at the large scale. As vegetation responds to CO2 enrichment under climate change, the magnitude and direction of associated changes in runoff remains uncertain. A key element in quantifying the hydrological impact of climate change is the relationship between catchment vegetation and runoff, which continues to be a productive area of research within hydrology.
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Li, Hongxia, Yongqiang Zhang, and Xinyao Zhou. "Predicting Surface Runoff from Catchment to Large Region." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/720967.
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Predicting surface runoff from catchment to large region is a fundamental and challenging task in hydrology. This paper presents a comprehensive review for various studies conducted for improving runoff predictions from catchment to large region in the last several decades. This review summarizes the well-established methods and discusses some promising approaches from the following four research fields: (1) modeling catchment, regional and global runoff using lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff models, distributed hydrological models, and land surface models, (2) parameterizing hydrological models in ungauged catchments, (3) improving hydrological model structure, and (4) using new remote sensing precipitation data.
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Montanari, L., M. Sivapalan, and A. Montanari. "Investigation of dominant hydrological processes in a tropical catchment in a monsoonal climate via the downward approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 20, 2006): 159–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-159-2006.
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Abstract. This study explores the dominant processes that may be responsible for the observed streamflow response in Seventeen Mile Creek, a tropical catchment located in a monsoonal climate in Northern Territory, Australia. The hydrology of this vast region of Australia is little understood due to the low level of information and gauging that is available. Any insights that can be gained from the few well gauged catchments that exist can be valuable for predictions and water resource assessments in other poorly gauged or ungauged catchments in the region. To this end, the available rainfall and runoff data from Seventeen Mile Creek catchment are analyzed through the systematic and progressive development and testing of rainfall-runoff models of increasing complexity, by following the "downward" or "top-down" approach. At the end a multiple bucket model (4 buckets in parallel) is developed. Modelling results suggest that the catchment's soils and the landscape in general have a high storage capacity, generating a significant fraction of delayed runoff, whereas saturation excess overland flow occurs only after heavy rainfall events. The sensitivity analyses carried out with the model with regard to soil depth and temporal rainfall variability reveal that total runoff from the catchment is more sensitive to rainfall variations than to soil depth variations, whereas the partitioning into individual components of runoff appears to be more influenced by soil depth variations. The catchment exhibits considerable inter-annual variability in runoff volumes and the greatest determinant of this variability turns out to be the seasonality of the climate, the timing of the wet season, and temporal patterns of the rainfall. The water balance is also affected by the underlying geology, nature of the soils and the landforms, and the type, density and dynamics of vegetation, although, information pertaining to these is lacking.
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Montanari, L., M. Sivapalan, and A. Montanari. "Investigation of dominant hydrological processes in a tropical catchment in a monsoonal climate via the downward approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 5 (October 19, 2006): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-769-2006.
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Abstract. This study explores the dominant processes that may be responsible for the observed streamflow response in Seventeen Mile Creek, a tropical catchment located in a monsoonal climate in Northern Territory, Australia. The hydrology of this vast region of Australia is poorly understood due to the low level of information and gauging that are available. Any insights that can be gained from the few well gauged catchments that do exist can be valuable for predictions and water resource assessments in other poorly gauged or ungauged catchments in the region. To this end, the available rainfall and runoff data from Seventeen Mile Creek catchment are analyzed through the systematic and progressive development and testing of rainfall-runoff models of increasing complexity, by following the "downward" or "top-down" approach. This procedure resulted in a multiple bucket model (4 buckets in parallel). Modelling results suggest that the catchment's soils and the landscape in general have a high storage capacity, generating a significant fraction of delayed runoff, whereas saturation excess overland flow occurs only after heavy rainfall events. The sensitivity analyses carried out with the model with regard to soil depth and temporal rainfall variability revealed that total runoff from the catchment is more sensitive to rainfall variations than to soil depth variations, whereas the partitioning into individual components of runoff appears to be more influenced by soil depth variations. The catchment exhibits considerable inter-annual variability in runoff volumes and the greatest determinant of this variability turns out to be the seasonality of the climate, the timing of the wet season, and temporal patterns of the rainfall. The water balance is also affected by the underlying geology, nature of the soils and the landforms, and the type, density and dynamics of vegetation, although information pertaining to these is lacking.
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Votrubova, Jana, Michal Dohnal, Tomas Vogel, Martin Sanda, and Miroslav Tesar. "Episodic runoff generation at Central European headwater catchments studied using water isotope concentration signals." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0002.
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AbstractHydrological monitoring in small headwater catchments provides the basis for examining complex interrelating hydraulic processes that govern the runoff generation. Contributions of different subsurface runoff mechanisms to the catchment discharge formation at two small forested headwater catchments are studied with the help of their natural isotopic signatures. The Uhlirska catchment (Jizera Mts., Czech Republic) is situated in headwater area of the Lusatian Neisse River. The catchment includes wetlands at the valley bottom developed over deluviofluvial granitic sediments surrounded by gentle hillslopes with shallow soils underlain by weathered granite. The Liz catchment (Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic) is situated in headwater area of the Otava River. It belongs to hillslope-type catchments with narrow riparian zones. The soil at Liz is developed on biotite paragneiss bedrock. The basic comparison of hydrological time series reveals that the event-related stream discharge variations at the Uhlirska catchment are bigger and significantly more frequent than at Liz. The analysis of isotope concentration data revealed different behavior of the two catchments during the major rainfall-runoff events. At Uhlirska, the percentage of the direct runoff formed by the event water reaches its maximum on the falling limb of the hydrograph. At Liz, the event water related fraction of the direct outflow is maximal on the rising limb of the hydrograph and then lowers. The hydraulic functioning of the Uhlirska catchment is determined by communication between hillslope and riparian zone compartments.
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Skøien, J. O., and G. Blöschl. "Catchments as space-time filters – a joint spatio-temporal geostatistical analysis of runoff and precipitation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 3 (June 12, 2006): 941–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-941-2006.
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Abstract. In this paper catchments are conceptualised as linear space-time filters. Catchment area A is interpreted as the spatial support and the catchment response time Tis interpreted as the temporal support of the runoff measurements. These two supports are related by T~Aκ which embodies the space-time connections of the rainfall-runoff process from a geostatistical perspective. To test the framework, spatio-temporal variograms are estimated from about 30 years of quarter hourly precipitation and runoff data from about 500 catchments in Austria. In a first step, spatio-temporal variogram models are fitted to the sample variograms for three catchment size classes independently. In a second step, variograms are fitted to all three catchment size classes jointly by estimating the parameters of a point/instantaneous spatio-temporal variogram model and aggregating (regularising) it to the spatial and temporal scales of the catchments. The exponential, Cressie-Huang and product-sum variogram models give good fits to the sample variograms of runoff with dimensionless errors ranging from 0.02 to 0.03, and the model parameters are plausible. This indicates that the first order effects of the spatio-temporal variability of runoff are indeed captured by conceptualising catchments as linear space-time filters. The scaling exponent κ is found to vary between 0.3 and 0.4 for different variogram models.
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Skøien, J. O., and G. Blöschl. "Catchments as space-time filters – a joint spatio-temporal geostatistical analysis of runoff and precipitation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 5 (September 26, 2006): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-645-2006.
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Abstract. In this paper catchments are conceptualised as linear space-time filters. Catchment area A is interpreted as the spatial support and the catchment response time T is interpreted as the temporal support of the runoff measurements. These two supports are related by T~Aκ which embodies the space-time connections of the rainfall-runoff process from a geostatistical perspective. To test the framework, spatio-temporal variograms are estimated from about 30 years of quarter hourly precipitation and runoff data from about 500 catchments in Austria. In a first step, spatio-temporal variogram models are fitted to the sample variograms for three catchment size classes independently. In a second step, variograms are fitted to all three catchment size classes jointly by estimating the parameters of a point/instantaneous spatio-temporal variogram model and aggregating (regularising) it to the spatial and temporal scales of the catchments. The exponential, Cressie-Huang and product-sum variogram models give good fits to the sample variograms of runoff with dimensionless errors ranging from 0.02 to 0.03, and the model parameters are plausible. This indicates that the first order effects of the spatio-temporal variability of runoff are indeed captured by conceptualising catchments as linear space-time filters. The scaling exponent κ is found to vary between 0.3 and 0.4 for different variogram models.
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Sawa, Karolina, Leszek Hejduk, Johannes Deelstra, and Lillian Øygarden. "Nutrient output from rural areas on the example of two catchments Skuterud and Zagożdżonka." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0094-2.
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Nutrient output from rural areas on the example of two catchments Skuterud and Zagożdżonka In this paper, two rural catchment - the Zagożdżonka catchment in Poland and the Skuterud catchment in Aas, Akershus county in Norway are compared. In addition to the general description, more in particular information, runoff, N-NO3 load, P-PO4 load, total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in streams are compared. The data compared are from 1993 to 1995 in Zagożdżonka catchment and from 1994-1996 from Skuterud catchment. The average concentration of N-NO3 in Zagożdżonka River in the period was 0.85 mg·l-1 and the mean concentration of P-PO4 was 0.13 mg·l-1. In the stream in Skuterud catchment the average concentration of N-NO3 was 4.95 mg·l-1 and the mean concentration of P-PO4 was 0.04 mg·l-1. For both catchments the same data were also compared for the 2008. In Skuterud catchment the highest concentration of nutrients occurred in November, March and April, which was connected to the higher runoff from agricultural areas during the snowmelt period. In Zagożdżonka catchment the highest concentration of nutrients was noted in March, April and in summer time, which was connected to periods with high amounts of precipitation. Comparison of the two rural catchments showed many differences in applied measurement methods for water sampling, water measurement, discharge measurement, runoff amounts and management practices, which had an effect on results of monitoring program. The compared data can be useful to predict the development of future environmental conditions for example water quality. It can also be useful for predict how nutrient runoff will be in future. What is more the different conditions for runoff in Skuterud and Zagożdżonka then different measures are needed.
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Świątek, Małgorzata Autor, and Szymon Autor Walczakiewicz. "Changes in specific runoff in river catchments of Western Pomerania versus climate change." Geographia Polonica 95, no. 1 (2022): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0225.
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This paper examines specific runoffs in the catchments of the rivers Ina, Rega, Parsęta, Radew and Wieprza in the hydrological years 1981 through 2019. The magnitude of specific runoff is an indirect measure of water resources in a given region. Except for the Radew catchment, mean annual specific runoffs have diminished in all the analyzed catchments through the study period. In some or all of the catchments, runoffs from April through July have also diminished. The largest changes have been observed for June in the Ina and Parsęta catchments. These changes are basically due to the increase in air temperature.
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Zhu, Ye, Wen Wang, Yi Liu, and Hongjie Wang. "Runoff changes and their potential links with climate variability and anthropogenic activities: a case study in the upper Huaihe River Basin, China." Hydrology Research 46, no. 6 (April 9, 2015): 1019–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.099.
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The impacts of climate variability and anthropogenic activities on hydrological processes have been of wide concern in the hydrology community during recent decades. In this study, specific investigations of individual impacts of climate variability and anthropogenic activities on runoff during 1964–2010 are conducted for the upper Huaihe River Basin at Huaibin (HB) and its five sub-catchments. The non-stationary relationship between precipitation and runoff was firstly analyzed, and according to change point detection results, long-term series for each catchment was divided into pre-change period and post-change period, respectively. Then, the climate variability and human activities that occurred in the whole HB catchment were analyzed. Finally, using two quantitative evaluation methods, the individual impacts of climate variability and human activities for each catchment were assessed. The results showed that for the whole HB catchment, runoff changes during the whole post-change period are mainly attributed to climate variability, as for its sub-catchments except the Xinxian catchment. As for decadal behaviors, runoff generally suffered more human-induced impacts in dry decades (1990s) than wet decades (1980s and 2000s). These results reflected the complex role of climate variability and human activities in influencing the runoff regime, which could be considered in local water resources management.
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Laha, Sourav, Argha Banerjee, Ajit Singh, Parmanand Sharma, and Meloth Thamban. "Climate sensitivity of the summer runoff of two glacierised Himalayan catchments with contrasting climate." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 627–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-627-2023.
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Abstract. The future changes in runoff of Himalayan glacierised catchments will be determined by the local climate forcing and the climate sensitivity of the runoff. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of summer runoff to precipitation and temperature changes in the winter-snow-dominated Chandra (the western Himalaya) and summer-rain-dominated upper Dudhkoshi (the eastern Himalaya) catchments. We analyse the interannual variability of summer runoff in these catchments during 1980–2018 using a semi-distributed glacio–hydrological model, which is calibrated with the available runoff and glacier mass-balance observations. Our results indicate that despite the contrasting precipitation regimes, the catchments have a similar runoff response: the summer runoff from the glacierised parts of both catchments is sensitive to temperature changes and insensitive to precipitation changes; the summer runoff from the non-glacierised parts of the catchments has the exact opposite pattern of sensitivity. The precipitation-independent glacier contribution stabilises the catchment runoff against precipitation variability to some degree. The estimated sensitivities capture the characteristic “peak water” in the long-term mean summer runoff, which is caused by the excess meltwater released by the shrinking ice reserve. As the glacier cover depletes, the summer runoff is expected to become more sensitive to precipitation forcing in these catchments. However, the net impact of the glacier loss on the catchment runoff may not be detectable, given the relatively large interannual runoff variability in these catchments.
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Vaze, J., D. A. Post, F. H. S. Chiew, J. M. Perraud, J. Teng, and N. R. Viney. "Conceptual Rainfall–Runoff Model Performance with Different Spatial Rainfall Inputs." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1100–1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1340.1.
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Abstract Different methods have been used to obtain the daily rainfall time series required to drive conceptual rainfall–runoff models, depending on data availability, time constraints, and modeling objectives. This paper investigates the implications of different rainfall inputs on the calibration and simulation of 4 rainfall–runoff models using data from 240 catchments across southeast Australia. The first modeling experiment compares results from using a single lumped daily rainfall series for each catchment obtained from three methods: single rainfall station, Thiessen average, and average of interpolated rainfall surface. The results indicate considerable improvements in the modeled daily runoff and mean annual runoff in the model calibration and model simulation over an independent test period with better spatial representation of rainfall. The second experiment compares modeling using a single lumped daily rainfall series and modeling in all grid cells within a catchment using different rainfall inputs for each grid cell. The results show only marginal improvement in the “distributed” application compared to the single rainfall series, and only in two of the four models for the larger catchments. Where a single lumped catchment-average daily rainfall series is used, care should be taken to obtain a rainfall series that best represents the spatial rainfall distribution across the catchment. However, there is little advantage in driving a conceptual rainfall–runoff model with different rainfall inputs from different parts of the catchment compared to using a single lumped rainfall series, where only estimates of runoff at the catchment outlet is required.
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Dessie, M., N. E. C. Verhoest, V. R. N. Pauwels, T. Admasu, J. Poesen, E. Adgo, J. Deckers, and J. Nyssen. "Analyzing runoff processes through conceptual hydrological modeling in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 12, 2014): 5149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5149-2014.
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Abstract. Understanding runoff processes in a basin is of paramount importance for the effective planning and management of water resources, in particular in data-scarce regions such as the Upper Blue Nile. Hydrological models representing the underlying hydrological processes can predict river discharges from ungauged catchments and allow for an understanding of the rainfall–runoff processes in those catchments. In this paper, such a conceptual process-based hydrological model is developed and applied to the upper Gumara and Gilgel Abay catchments (both located within the Upper Blue Nile Basin, the Lake Tana sub-basin) to study the runoff mechanisms and rainfall–runoff processes in the basin. Topography is considered as a proxy for the variability of most of the catchment characteristics. We divided the catchments into different runoff production areas using topographic criteria. Impermeable surfaces (rock outcrops and hard soil pans, common in the Upper Blue Nile Basin) were considered separately in the conceptual model. Based on model results, it can be inferred that about 65% of the runoff appears in the form of interflow in the Gumara study catchment, and baseflow constitutes the larger proportion of runoff (44–48%) in the Gilgel Abay catchment. Direct runoff represents a smaller fraction of the runoff in both catchments (18–19% for the Gumara, and 20% for the Gilgel Abay) and most of this direct runoff is generated through infiltration excess runoff mechanism from the impermeable rocks or hard soil pans. The study reveals that the hillslopes are recharge areas (sources of interflow and deep percolation) and direct runoff as saturated excess flow prevails from the flat slope areas. Overall, the model study suggests that identifying the catchments into different runoff production areas based on topography and including the impermeable rocky areas separately in the modeling process mimics the rainfall–runoff process in the Upper Blue Nile Basin well and yields a useful result for operational management of water resources in this data-scarce region.
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Dessie, M., N. E. C. Verhoest, V. R. N. Pauwels, T. Admasu, J. Poesen, E. Adgo, J. Deckers, and J. Nyssen. "Analyzing runoff processes through conceptual hydrological modelling in the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2014): 5287–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-5287-2014.
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Abstract. Understanding runoff processes in a basin is of paramount importance for the effective planning and management of water resources, in particular in data scarce regions of the Upper Blue Nile. Hydrological models representing the underlying hydrological processes can predict river discharges from ungauged catchments and allow for an understanding of the rainfall–runoff processes in those catchments. In this paper, such a conceptual process-based hydrological model is developed and applied to the upper Gumara and Gilgel Abay catchments (both located within the Upper Blue Nile basin, the Lake Tana sub-basin) to study the runoff mechanisms and rainfall–runoff processes in the basin. Topography is considered as a proxy for the variability of most of the catchment characteristics. We divided the catchments into different runoff production areas using topographic criteria. Impermeable surfaces (rock outcrops and hard soil pans, common in the Upper Blue Nile basin) were considered separately in the conceptual model. Based on model results, it can be inferred that about 65% of the runoff appears in the form of interflow in the Gumara study catchment, and baseflow constitutes the larger proportion of runoff (44–48%) in the Gilgel Abay catchment. Direct runoff represents a smaller fraction of the runoff in both catchments (18–19% for the Gumara, and 20% for the Gilgel Abay) and most of this direct runoff is generated through infiltration excess runoff mechanism from the impermeable rocks or hard soil pans. The study reveals that the hillslopes are recharge areas (sources of interflow and deep percolation) and direct runoff as saturated excess flow prevails from the flat slope areas. Overall, the model study suggests that identifying the catchments into different runoff production areas based on topography and including the impermeable rocky areas separately in the modeling process mimics well the rainfall–runoff process in the Upper Blue Nile basin and brings a useful result for operational management of water resources in this data scarce region.
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Douinot, Audrey, Jean François Iffly, Cyrille Tailliez, Claude Meisch, and Laurent Pfister. "Flood patterns in a catchment with mixed bedrock geology and a hilly landscape: identification of flashy runoff contributions during storm events." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 19 (October 14, 2022): 5185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022.
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Abstract. With flash flood events having been repeatedly observed in Central and Western Europe in recent years, there is a growing interest in how catchment physiographic properties and hydrological conditions are eventually controlling rapid and concentrated hydrological responses. Here we focus on a set of two nested catchments in Luxembourg (Europe) that have been exposed in 2016 and 2018 to flash flood events and study their seasonal runoff time transfer distributions. Both catchments are of similar size (∼ 30 km2) and have analogous hydrological distance distributions, but their geological bedrock and landscape features are notably different. The upper catchment (KOE) is dominated by a low land area (38 % of the catchment is located less than 30 m above the river network) consisting of variegated marly bedrock (middle Keuper Km3) and moderately steep Luxembourg sandstone outcrops (lower Liassic Li2). The lower catchment (HM) has its drainage network deeply cut into the Luxembourg sandstone, with half of it being covered by marly plateaus (Lower Liassic Li3, located between 80 and 100 m above the river network) featuring heavy clay soil. Based on data generated from a dedicated hydro-meteorological monitoring network, we calculated for 40 rainfall–runoff events observed between August 2019 and July 2021 the corresponding net rainfall transfer time distributions (TTDs) from the hillslopes to the catchment outlet. We then compared the TTD properties and related them to the catchment's hydrological state and rainfall properties. We observed a marked seasonality in TTDs for both catchments. The KOE catchment reacts fastest during the winter period (December–February), while its response time is most delayed and spread out during periods of catchment recharging (October–November) and drying (March–May). The HM catchment exhibits similar TTDs during the mid-October to mid-April period, but they diverge markedly during the remaining part of the year, with opposite variations. During the mid-April to mid-October period, the average response time increases progressively in the KOE catchment. This behavior is in stark contrast to the HM catchment, where response times are significantly shorter (peak discharge delay time decreases by −70 % ± 28 %) and more concentrated (runoff volume occurring in 1 h increases by +48 % ± 87 %) during the mid-April to mid-October, in comparison to the extended winter period. This opposite seasonality leads us to consider different control factors of the runoff transfer processes in relation with the topographic and geological layout of the catchment areas. In the KOE catchment, we found the TTD to be essentially driven by onset and cessation of hydrological connectivity on the flat marly terrain – the latter operating like a variable contributing area in terms of deep soil storage dynamics (except for one summer event). The HM section exhibits contrasted TTDs throughout the year, suggesting threshold-dependent hydrological processes. More specifically, particularly quick runoff transfers seem to dominate under dry conditions (mid-April to mid-October). Correlation analyses compared to the literature on runoff generation on the one hand and our descriptive knowledge of the catchments on the other hand suggest multiple causes for the triggering of these rapid flows. The fractured marly plateaus, but also the hydrophobic forest litter forming during dry conditions on steep slopes, stand as our main hypotheses in this respect. Moreover, the absence of a riparian zone, preventing any dampening of (observed) abrupt and massive flows during extreme precipitation events, also seems to be a key feature of the rapid runoff transfer. For improving our understanding and forecasting capabilities in Luxembourg (and more broadly in the nearby regions of Germany, Belgium, and France with similar physiographic and climate conditions), we recommend further studies focusing on catchments with fractured bedrock and limited riparian zones. Special attention may equally be given to the hypothesized responses of hydrophobic soil surfaces on steep hillslopes and marly soils to heavy precipitation events occurring after extended dry spells.
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K K, Shaheemath Suhara, Raviraj A, Karishma C G, Vidya K N, and Rahul R. "Surface runoff estimation using geographic information system and soil conservation service-curve number method for sub catchments of Karamadai, Tamil Nadu." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3710.
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Water conservation becomes essential as the resource becomes scarcer. The most important step in managing water resources is estimating watershed runoff generated from rainfall, as the runoff and rainfall are the key factors in determining water availability for surface storage and groundwater recharge. So, this study is mainly focused on estimating the surface runoff generated from the three sub-catchments of Karamadai, Tamil Nadu, India, using the heavy to extreme daily rainfall events received in the study area within the span of 20 years (2000–2019). The study was performed in the ArcGIS environment using remote sensing data. The SCSCN (Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number) method was used to estimate surface runoff. The changes in the land use in each sub-catchment were analysed in each decade and studied for their impact on the runoff depth. The land use and land cover classification map of the study area was prepared from LISS III satellite imagery for the years 2006 and 2016 by using supervised classification. The curve number was assigned based on land use as well as the hydrologic soil group. The weighted curve number was calculated from the area under each land use and then used to calculate storm runoff. The maximum runoff occurred in 2011 in all the catchments of the Karamadai block. It was found that more runoff occurred in the Mandrai Pallam catchment compared to Periya Pallam and Pare Pallam, as the Mandrai Pallam catchment had less soil moisture retention capacity than the other two catchments. So, more priority must be given to this catchment while planning to implement the soil and water conservation measures.
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Wang, G., T. Mao, J. Chang, and G. Liu. "Soil temperature-threshold based runoff generation processes in a permafrost catchment." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 5957–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-5957-2015.
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Abstract. The contributing-area concept was the universal approach in rainfall–runoff processes modelling. However, it is unclear of the role of permafrost in controlling runoff generation processes. The areas that contribute to runoff generation are complex, variable and difficult to determine in permafrost catchments, and thus, there is no suitable quantitative approach for the simulation of runoff generating dynamics. To understand how thaw-freezing cycle in permafrost catchment effect the runoff generation processes, a typical catchment of continuous permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau was measured, and the spring and autumn season when runoff generation obviously differs from non-permafrost regions were focused on in this study. By introducing soil temperature threshold functions for surface saturation excess runoff generation and subsurface groundwater discharge, two dominant runoff generation types for permafrost catchments in different seasons are analysed, and corresponding simple quantitative approach related to the thawing and freezing periods are presented. The results show that the new approach can exactly identify the runoff generation dynamics of spring thawing and autumn freezing processes. In the permafrost headwater catchments of alpine meadows, the surface soil temperature or thawed depth threshold for variable runoff generation area depend on the zero thawing isotherms, which reach a depth of 40 cm. The subsurface groundwater discharge, which is controlled by soil temperature, contributes more than 85 % of the total river discharge in the autumn freezing period. The crucial variable for the spatial–temporal variation of runoff contributing area in the permafrost catchment is the soil temperature rather than soil moisture.
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Kshirsagar, Mugdha, Rushikesh Satpute, Digant Chavda, and Kanchan Khare. "Exploring an Approach to Estimate Runoff in an Ungauged Mixed Urban Micro Catchment - A Case Study, Pune, India." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 5405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2569.
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Sustainable and integrated water resource management needs an hour, and achieving accurate estimation of runoff is key. The decision-making on urban landscaping planning for low-impact development techniques depends largely on the accuracy of rainfall. The haphazardly developed cities in India are encountering flooding crises due to the unexpected expansion. These mixed urban catchments comprise a muddle of residential, commercial, urban-rural, and industrial zones in any combination. Due to this change in urban catchments, the hydrological cycle gets affected and results in elevated runoff volume. The solutions to these are therefore necessary to be planned at a micro catchment level. This paper aims to explore an approach to calculate the runoff of such a micro mixed urban catchment. The geographical scope of this study is the fringe boundary of Pune city. For this ungauged basin, the basic mass balance equation was used to estimate runoff values compared with the runoff values calculated from empirical equations previously developed. From this comparison, it is observed that runoff values obtained from empirical equations were underestimated, which may be due to rapid land-use caused by urbanization. Hence, a need was felt to re-evaluate the coefficients of these empirical models, which take into cognizance the current scenario and its allied changes over the years. An attempt is made to modify the coefficients of empirical equations considering precipitation as the primary parameter. These modified coefficients fetched better runoff results than the runoff results obtained from the coefficients of previously established empirical equations. However, even with these modified coefficients, the runoff results were underestimated, which may be because of not considering the physical characteristics of the catchment in these equations. Therefore, to increase the accuracy of these results, a numerical model that considers these catchment characteristics was chosen. In the present study, a dynamic rainfall-runoff model - stormwater management models (SWMM) is used and compared to assess runoff for an ungauged micro-catchment. The runoff results achieved from these SWMM models better reproduced the hydrologic and hydraulic behavior of the study area (with RMSE of 2.51) by considering detailed catchment characteristics compared to those obtained from all the other empirical models.
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M., Kshirsagar,, Satpute, R., Chavda, D., and Khare, K. "Exploring an Approach to Estimate Runoff in an Ungauged Mixed Urban Micro Catchment - A Case Study, Pune, India." CARDIOMETRY, no. 24 (November 30, 2022): 584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.24.584592.
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Sustainable and integrated water resource management needs an hour, and achieving accurate estimation of runoff is key. The decision-making on urban landscaping planning for low-impact development techniques depends largely on the accuracy of rainfall. The haphazardly developed cities in India are encountering flooding crises due to the unexpected expansion. These mixed urban catchments comprise a muddle of residential, commercial, urban-rural, and industrial zones in any combination. Due to this change in urban catchments, the hydrological cycle gets affected and results in elevated runoff volume. The solutions to these are therefore necessary to be planned at a micro catchment level. This paper aims to explore an approach to calculate the runoff of such a micro mixed urban catchment. The geographical scope of this study is the fringe boundary of Pune city. For this ungauged basin, the basic mass balance equation was used to estimate runoff values compared with the runoff values calculated from empirical equations previously developed. From this comparison, it is observed that runoff values obtained from empirical equations were underestimated, which may be due to rapid land-use caused by urbanization. Hence, a need was felt to re-evaluate the coefficients of these empirical models, which take into cognizance the current scenario and its allied changes over the years. An attempt is made to modify the coefficients of empirical equations considering precipitation as the primary parameter. These modified coefficients fetched better runoff results than the runoff results obtained from the coefficients of previously established empirical equations. However, even with these modified coefficients, the runoff results were underestimated, which may be because of not considering the physical characteristics of the catchment in these equations. Therefore, to increase the accuracy of these results, a numerical model that considers these catchment characteristics was chosen. In the present study, a dynamic rainfall-runoff model - stormwater management models (SWMM) is used and compared to assess runoff for an ungauged micro-catchment. The runoff results achieved from these SWMM models better reproduced the hydrologic and hydraulic behavior of the study area (with RMSE of 2.51) by considering detailed catchment characteristics compared to those obtained from all the other empirical models.
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Deelstra, J., M. Bechmann, and S. H. Kvaernø. "SOIL and SOIL-NO at catchment scale – a case study for an agriculture-dominated catchment." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0193.
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A one-dimensional model, SOIL/SOIL-NO, is used to simulate the water and nitrogen balance at catchment scale. The objective is to use the model in simulating the effects of best management practices on nitrogen runoff. The model was applied to individual farm fields in an agriculture dominated catchment and simulations were carried out for the period from 94–98. The results were promising. The simulated nitrogen runoff agreed quite well with the measured nitrogen loss at the main station. The effects of best management practices like optimal fertiliser application, catch crops and irrigation were simulated. For this particular catchment, the introduction of catch crops resulted in the best effect on reducing nitrogen runoff from agricultural dominated catchments.
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Park, Sanghyun, Hyeonjun Kim, and Choelhee Jang. "Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on Hydrological Responses during Extreme Drought Periods in the Boryeong Dam Catchment, Korea." Water 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152132.
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Groundwater withdrawal results in a significant depletion of groundwater storage due to the frequency and intensity of droughts and increasing irrigation demands. To ensure the sustainable use of groundwater resources, it is necessary to accurately simulate the groundwater behavior of catchments using a surface–groundwater integrated runoff model. Most of the existing catchment runoff models have been applied to surface water management; thus, integrated runoff analysis studies that consider the interaction between surface water and groundwater are required. Due to the intensive agricultural sector in Korea and the position of rice as the staple in the Korean diet, more than 50% of groundwater abstraction is used for irrigation. Therefore, it is very important to understand the hydrological interrelationships between agricultural areas and the entire watershed. This study aimed to compare and analyze the groundwater levels in the mountainous areas and paddy field areas in the Boryeong Dam catchment through a surface–groundwater integrated runoff simulation using the Catchment Hydrologic Cycle Assessment Tool model, and to compare the hydrological responses in wet years (2010–2012) and dry years (2014–2016). The maximum difference in the monthly groundwater level in the dry years compared to the wet years was 1.07 m at the forest catchment and 0.37 m at the paddy catchment. These results indicate that the impact of drought on the groundwater level of paddy catchments is not significant compared to the forest catchments; however, drought slows the recovery of the groundwater level before the rainy season, thereby limiting the agricultural groundwater use in the catchment.
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Boughton, WC, and DM Freebairn. "Hydrograph recession characteristics of some small agricultural catchments." Soil Research 23, no. 3 (1985): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850373.
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Five-min recession constants were calculated for surface runoff and interflow using hydrographs of runoff from five 1-ha catchments at Greenmount near Toowoomba in south-east Queensland. The recession constants were converted to half-flow periods, i.e. the time required for flow rate to halve during an exponential recession. The half-flow periods of surface runoff and interflow on the 1 ha catchment are compared with published data from catchments of much larger size in New South Wales, and it is shown that the ratio of interflow half-flow period to surface runoff half-flow period does not vary much over six orders of magnitude of catchment size. Calculations of maximum rates of interflow and volumes of interflow storage show that both rates and volumes are possible in the plough depth of surface soil. The results support the evidence of interflow obtained earlier in unit hydrograph studies of runoff on these same catchments.
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Zhang, Yunfan, Lei Cheng, Lu Zhang, Shujing Qin, Liu Liu, Pan Liu, and Yanghe Liu. "Does non-stationarity induced by multiyear drought invalidate the paired-catchment method?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 24 (December 20, 2022): 6379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6379-2022.
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Abstract. Multiyear drought has been demonstrated to cause non-stationary rainfall–runoff relationship. But whether this change can occur in catchments that have also experienced vegetation change and whether it invalidates the most widely used methods for estimating impacts of vegetation change – i.e., the paired-catchment method (PCM), the time–trend method (TTM), and the sensitivity-based method (SBM) – on runoff is still unknown and rarely discussed. Estimated inconsistent afforestation impacts were 32.8 %, 93.5 %, and 76.1 % of total runoff changes in the Red Hill paired experimental catchments in Australia during the period of 1990–2015 by the PCM, TTM, and SBM, respectively. In addition to afforestation, the Red Hill paired experimental catchments have experienced a 10-year drought (2000–2009) and have been demonstrated to lead to non-stationary rainfall–runoff relationships of paired catchments. Estimated impacts of vegetation change by the PCM (32.8 %) is still reliable and is not invalided by multiyear drought-induced non-stationarity, because the PCM can eliminate all impacts by different factors on paired catchments (multiyear drought and climate variability), except the purposed treatment (afforestation). For the TTM and SBM, traditional application did not further differentiate different drivers of non-stationary rainfall–runoff relationship (i.e., multiyear drought and vegetation change), which led to significant overestimation of afforestation effects. A new framework was further proposed to separate the effects of three factors on runoff changes, including vegetation change, climate variability, and hydroclimatic non-stationarity (i.e., multiyear drought). Based on the new framework, impacts of multiyear drought and climate variability on runoff of the control catchment (Kileys Run) were 87.2 % and 12.8 %, respectively. Impacts of afforestation, multiyear drought, and climate variability on runoff of the treated catchment (Red Hill) were 32.8 %, 54.7 %, and 23.9 %, respectively. Impacts of afforestation on runoff were 38.8 % by the TTM and 21.4 % by the SBM, agreeing well with that by the PCM (32.8 %). This study not only demonstrated that multiyear drought can induce non-stationary rainfall–runoff relationship using field observations, but also proposed a new framework to better separate the impact of vegetation change on runoff under climate-induced non-stationary condition. More importantly, it is shown that non-stationarity induced by multiyear drought does not invalidate the PCM, and PCM is still the most reliable method even though the control catchment experienced climate-induced shift in the rainfall–runoff relationship.
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Chavda, Dipesh, Jaydip Makwana, Hitesh Parmar, Arvind Kunapara, and Girish Prajapati. "Estimation of Runoff for Ozat Catchment using RS and GIS Based SCS-CN Method." Current World Environment 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.1.26.
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Estimation of runoff in a watershed is a prerequisite for design of hydraulic structures, reservoir operation and for soil erosion control measures. Water resource planning and management is important and critical issue in arid and semi-arid regions. Runoff from a watershed affected by several geo-morphological parameters and for a particular watershed land use change can affect the runoff volume and runoff rate significantly. Several methods are investigated to estimate the surface runoff from a catchment but the Curve Number method is mostly used. Present study was undertaken to estimate surface runoff and water availability for two sites (Ozat-2 and Zanzesri) in the Ozat catchment situated in Junagadh, Gujarat, India using RS and GIS based curve number method. The Weight curve number for the ozat catchment is 73.00. The correlation coefficient between calculated and observed runoff was good for both catchments. In this study found that SCS-curve number method along with RS and GIS can be used successfully in semi-arid region to simulate rainfall runoff and to estimate total surface water.
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Li, Q., Z. Li, L. Chen, and C. Yao. "Regionalization of coaxial correlation diagrams for the semi-humid and semi-arid catchments in Northern China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 7, 2015): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-317-2015.
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Abstract. This study aims to identify both hydrologically and physically similar catchments which would be the best donors for runoff prediction in ungauged catchments. For this study, eight gauged catchments located in the semi-humid and semi-arid regions of Northern China were used. Hydrological similarity was defined based on the transferability of coaxial correlation diagrams. The physical similarity among catchments was determined by a weighted Euclidean distance based on 19 catchment descriptors including catchment topography, land cover, and soil type. The overlap between hydrologically similar catchments and physically similar catchments was then analysed to identify the best donors. The results suggest that six catchments were hydrologically similar, of which four catchments were both hydrologically and physically similar. It is argued that once a reliable coaxial correlation diagram has been established, the coaxial correlation diagram can be transferred from one catchment to another for runoff prediction, provided that these catchments are physical similar.
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Wang, G. Q., J. Y. Zhang, Y. Q. Xuan, J. F. Liu, J. L. Jin, Z. X. Bao, R. M. He, C. S. Liu, Y. L. Liu, and X. L. Yan. "Simulating the Impact of Climate Change on Runoff in a Typical River Catchment of the Loess Plateau, China." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 1553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-081.1.
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Abstract Global warming will have direct impacts on regional water resources by accelerating the hydrological cycle. Hydrological simulation is an important approach to studying climate change impacts. In this paper, a snowmelt-based water balance model (SWBM) was used to simulate the effect of climate change on runoff in the Kuye River catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Results indicated that the SWBM is suitable for simulating monthly discharge into arid catchments. The response of runoff in the Kuye River catchment to climate change is nonlinear, and runoff is more sensitive to changes in precipitation than to changes in temperature. The projections indicated that the Kuye River catchment would undergo more flooding in the 2020s, and global warming would probably shorten the main flood season in the catchment, with greater discharge occurring in August. Although projected changes in annual runoff are uncertain, the possibilities of regional water shortages and regional flooding are essential issues that need to be fully considered.
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Shahzad, Hussain, Baden Myers, Guna Hewa, Tim Johnson, John Boland, and Hassan Mujtaba. "Characterizing the Stormwater Runoff Quality and Evaluating the Performance of Curbside Infiltration Systems to Improve Stormwater Quality of an Urban Catchment." Water 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010014.
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The conveyance of stormwater has become a major concern for urban planners, considering its harmful effects for receiving water bodies, potentially disturbing their ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to characterize the quality of catchment outflows. This information can assist in planning for appropriate mitigation measures to reduce stormwater runoff discharge from the catchment. To achieve this aim, the article reports the field data from a typical urban catchment in Australia. The pollutant concentration from laboratory testing is then compared against national and international reported values. In addition, a stochastic catchment model was prepared using MUSIC. The study in particular reported on the techniques to model distributed curbside leaky wells with appropriate level of aggregation. The model informed regarding the efficacy of distributed curbside leaky well systems to improve the stormwater quality. The results indicated that catchment generated pollutant load, which is typical of Australian residential catchments. The use of distributed storages only marginally improves the quality of catchment outflows. It is because ability of distributed leaky wells depended on the intercepted runoff volume which is dependent on the hydrological storage volume of each device. Therefore, limited storage volume of current systems resulted in higher contributing area to storage ratio. This manifested in marginal intercepted volume, thereby only minimum reduction in pollutant transport from the catchment to outlet. Considering strong correlation between contributing impervious area and runoff pollutant generation, the study raised the concern that in lieu of following the policy of infill development, there can be potential increase in pollutant concentration in runoff outflows from Australian residential catchments. It is recommended to monitor stormwater quality from more residential catchments in their present conditions. This will assist in informed decision-making regarding adopting mitigations measures before considering developments.
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Munyaneza, O., A. Mukubwa, S. Maskey, J. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Assessment of surface water resources availability using catchment modeling and the results of tracer studies in the meso-scale Migina Catchment, Rwanda." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2013): 15375–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-15375-2013.
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Abstract. In the last couple of years, different hydrological research projects were undertaken in the Migina catchment (243.2 km2), a tributary of the Kagera river in Southern Rwanda. These projects were aimed to understand hydrological processes of the catchment using analytical and experimental approaches and to build a pilot case whose experience can be extended to other catchments in Rwanda. In the present study, we developed a hydrological model of the catchment, which can be used to inform water resources planning and decision making. The semi-distributed hydrological model HEC-HMS (version 3.5) was used with its soil moisture accounting, unit hydrograph, liner reservoir (for base flow) and Muskingum-Cunge (river routing) methods. We used rainfall data from 12 stations and streamflow data from 5 stations, which were collected as part of this study over a period of two years (May 2009 and June 2011). The catchment was divided into five sub-catchments each represented by one of the five observed streamflow gauges. The model parameters were calibrated separately for each sub-catchment using the observed streamflow data. Calibration results obtained were found acceptable at four stations with a Nash–Sutcliffe Model Efficiency of 0.65 on daily runoff at the catchment outlet. Due to the lack of sufficient and reliable data for longer periods, a model validation (split sample test) was not undertaken. However, we used results from tracer based hydrograph separation from a previous study to compare our model results in terms of the runoff components. It was shown that the model performed well in simulating the total flow volume, peak flow and timing as well as the portion of direct runoff and base flow. We observed considerable disparities in the parameters (e.g. groundwater storage) and runoff components across the five sub-catchments, that provided insights into the different hydrological processes at sub-catchment scale. We conclude that such disparities justify the need to consider catchment subdivisions, if such parameters and components of the water cycle are to form the base for decision making in water resources planning in the Migina catchment.
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Venohr, M., I. Donohue, S. Fogelberg, B. Arheimer, K. Irvine, and H. Behrendt. "Nitrogen retention in a river system and the effects of river morphology and lakes." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0571.
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The mean annual transfer (loss and retention) of nitrogen in a river system was estimated using a conceptual approach based on water surface area and runoff. Two different approaches for the calculation of water surface area were applied to determine riverine nitrogen retention in four European catchments, ranging between 860–14,000 km2 in area, and differing considerably in the proportion and distribution of surface waters, specific runoff and specific nutrient emissions. The transfer rate was estimated sequentially as either the mean value for the total catchment, on a sub-catchment scale, or considering the distribution of water surface area within a sub-catchment. For the latter measure, nitrogen retention in larger lakes was calculated separately. Nitrogen emissions modelled with MONERIS and HBV-N were used to calculate nitrogen river loads and compare those with observed loads. Inclusion of the proportion of water area within a sub-catchment improved modelled results in catchment with large lakes in sub-catchments, but not where there was a homogenous distribution of surface waters among sub-catchments.
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Futter, M. N., M. A. Erlandsson, D. Butterfield, P. G. Whitehead, S. K. Oni, and A. J. Wade. "PERSiST: a flexible rainfall-runoff modelling toolkit for use with the INCA family of models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-855-2014.
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Abstract. Runoff generation processes and pathways vary widely between catchments. Credible simulations of solute and pollutant transport in surface waters are dependent on models which facilitate appropriate, catchment-specific representations of perceptual models of the runoff generation process. Here, we present a flexible, semi-distributed landscape-scale rainfall-runoff modelling toolkit suitable for simulating a broad range of user-specified perceptual models of runoff generation and stream flow occurring in different climatic regions and landscape types. PERSiST (the Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Runoff Simulator for Solute Transport) is designed for simulating present-day hydrology; projecting possible future effects of climate or land use change on runoff and catchment water storage; and generating hydrologic inputs for the Integrated Catchments (INCA) family of models. PERSiST has limited data requirements and is calibrated using observed time series of precipitation, air temperature and runoff at one or more points in a river network. Here, we apply PERSiST to the river Thames in the UK and describe a Monte Carlo tool for model calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.
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Langusch, J. J., and E. Matzner. "N fluxes in two nitrogen saturated forested catchments in Germany: dynamics and modelling with INCA." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2002): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-383-2002.
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Abstract. The N cycle in forests of the temperate zone in Europe has been changed substantially by the impact of atmospheric N deposition. Here, the fluxes and concentrations of mineral N in throughfall, soil solution and runoff in two German catchments, receiving high N inputs are investigated to test the applicability of an Integrated Nitrogen Model for European Catchments (INCA) to small forested catchments. The Lehstenbach catchment (419 ha) is located in the German Fichtelgebirge (NO Bavaria, 690-871 m asl.) and is stocked with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of different ages. The Steinkreuz catchment (55 ha) with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as the dominant tree species is located in the Steigerwald (NW Bavaria, 400-460 m asl.). The mean annual N fluxes with throughfall were slightly higher at the Lehstenbach (24.6 kg N ha-1) than at the Steinkreuz (20.4 kg N ha-1). In both catchments the N fluxes in the soil are dominated by NO3. At Lehstenbach, the N output with seepage at 90 cm soil depth was similar to the N flux with throughfall. At Steinkreuz more than 50 % of the N deposited was retained in the upper soil horizons. In both catchments, the NO3 fluxes with runoff were lower than those with seepage. The average annual NO3 concentrations in runoff in both catchments were between 0.7 to 1.4 mg NO3-N L-1 and no temporal trend was observed. The N budgets at the catchment scale indicated similar amounts of N retention (Lehstenbach: 19 kg N ha-1yr-1 ; Steinkreuz: 17 kg N ha-1yr-1). The parameter settings of the INCA model were simplified to reduce the model complexity. In both catchments, the NO3 concentrations and fluxes in runoff were matched well by the model. The seasonal patterns with lower NO3 runoff concentrations in summer at the Lehstenbach catchment were replicated. INCA underestimated the increased N3 concentrations during short periods of rewetting in late autumn at the Steinkreuz catchment. The model will be a helpful tool for the calculation of "critical loads" for the N deposition in Central European forests including different hydrological regimes. Keywords: forest ecosystem, modelling, N budgets, N saturation, NO3 leaching, water quality, INCA
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Jones, Michael G., R. Willem Vervoort, and Julie Cattle. "Nutrient losses under simulated rainfall from pasture plots in the Great Lakes District, New South Wales." Soil Research 47, no. 6 (2009): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08116.
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Understanding the process by which nutrients and solids enter waterways from pastures in the Great Lakes district, New South Wales, Australia, may assist in maintaining water quality to ensure ongoing environmental and economic sustainability of the region. Rainfall simulations, using a 100-year return storm event, were conducted to determine nutrient and suspended solid concentrations in the runoff of 8 pasture sites in 3 of the catchments in the district. On 5 of the 8 sites, considerable concentrations of N or P were mobilised during the simulated rainfall event, but average nutrient concentrations and total loads across all sites were relatively low and similar to other studies of nutrient runoff from pastures. In addition, low runoff coefficients indicated that runoff is probably not the major pathway for nutrient losses from pasture in this area. Overall, rainfall runoff responses at the sites were similar in the 3 catchments. In contrast, the results suggest that, despite generating more runoff, the sites in the Wang Wauk catchment generated less nutrients in runoff than the sites in the Wallamba and Myall catchments. There was no difference in total suspended solids loads for the sites analysed by catchment. Relationships between soil physical and chemical characteristics and total nutrients loads or cumulative runoff were not strong.
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Ekundayo, Ariwadun Martha. "The Role of Hydrologic Processes in Catchments." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 8, 2020): 1216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug571.
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Hydrological processes within a catchment perform an important role in the functioning of the ecosystem, by incorporating the complex processes (physical, chemical and biological) that sustain life. Water is a very vital factor that determines the efficiency of the ecosystem, species composition and biodiversity, hence the imperativeness of a review of the catchment hydrological processes causing runoff. Some of the models, such as the Stochastic and the Physical and Probability Distribution Models, will be reviewed. The factors affecting these hydrological processes, determining their functioning within the catchment will be reviewed to examine their effects on the productivity of the basin. For proper catchment management, this review is important for examining integration and understanding the important challenges of the interaction between economic, environmental, and productivity values of catchments as complex socioecological systems. Catchments have common hydrological characteristics but vary in their runoff response within the basin which is subject to the dominant hydrological factor controlling the catchment
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Preti, F., G. Forzieri, and G. B. Chirico. "Forest cover influence on regional flood frequency assessment in Mediterranean catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 7, 2011): 3077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3077-2011.
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Abstract. The paper aims at evaluating to what extent the forest cover can explain the component of runoff coefficient as defined in a regional flood frequency analysis based on the application of the rational formula coupled with a regional model of the annual maximum rainfall depths. The analysis is addressed to evaluate the component of the runoff coefficient which cannot be captured by the catchment lithology alone. Data mining is performed on 75 catchments distributed from South to Central Italy. Cluster and correlation structure analyses are conducted for distinguishing forest cover effects within catchments characterized by hydro-morphological similarities. We propose to improve the prediction of the runoff coefficient by a linear regression model, exploiting the ratio of the forest cover to the catchment critical rainfall depth as dependent variable. The proposed regression enables a significant bias correction of the runoff coefficient, particularly for those small mountainous catchments, characterised by larger forest cover fraction and lower critical rainfall depth.