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Linke, S., R. H. Norris, and R. L. Pressey. "Irreplaceability of river networks: towards catchment-based conservation planning." Journal of Applied Ecology 45, no. 5 (October 2008): 1486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01520.x.
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Lana-Renault, N., M. López-Vicente, E. Nadal-Romero, R. Ojanguren, J. A. Llorente, P. Errea, D. Regués, et al. "Catchment based hydrology under post farmland abandonment scenarios." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 44, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3475.
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Vegetation expansion following farmland abandonment is a complex process that depends on multiple natural and human-induced factors, resulting in differences in the evolution of land cover on former cultivated fields, with various environmental implications. To assess the complexity of the hydrogeomorphological consequences of farmland abandonment, the Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) and the University of La Rioja monitored three small catchments, representative of different post land abandonment scenarios, in the Pyrenees and Iberian Range respectively. In the Pyrenees, a fourth small catchment, covered by natural forest, was monitored as a reference for an undisturbed environment. This study describes the evolution of land use in the abandoned catchments and examines its implications on catchment hydrological connectivity. It also analyses the hydrological responses of the three abandoned scenarios to similar rainfall events, and compares them to that of natural forested areas. .Vegetation tended to increase in the three catchments, but there were important differences in the characteristics of the current land cover. Arnás, the catchment left to a process of natural revegetation, contained a mosaic of shrubs (64%) and forest (27%) at different stages of succession, largely conditioned by the topography and soil properties. Araguás_afforestation was extensively afforested in the 1960s, with 75% of this catchment currently covered by forest, most of it planted artificially. In Munilla, occupied by terraced fields, vegetation recovery was partly restrained by the introduction of cattle, and 80% of the catchment was covered by sparse shrubs. Land abandonment resulted in a general reduction in computed hydrological connectivity in the three studied catchments, except in localized areas close to the main channel, new forest roads and trails, and upstream of terrace wall collapses, all areas of increased hydrological connectivity. The decrease in hydrological connectivity was much lower in Munilla, characterized by an absence of dense vegetation and still dominated by a terraced topography. The hydrological responses of the catchments to similar rainfall events differed significantly, showing the influence of not only vegetation cover but of the properties of soil remaining after previous agricultural activities. Significant storm-flow discharge was observed in Arnás, even under dry conditions, with high peakflows and fast responses. Lower streamflow response was observed in Araguás_Afforestation under dry conditions; however, once the soils were wet the hydrological response was notable and was characterized by high peakflow. The response under afforested trees differed greatly from that of a catchment covered by natural forest, with the latter characterized by gentler hydrographs. The hydrological response in Munilla was the lowest, with long response times and recessions, associated with the thick soils of the terraced fields. These results demonstrated the large variability of post land abandonment scenarios and associated hydrological implications, and highlighted the need to consider these differences to reduce future uncertainties in forecasting water resources and soil conservation.
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Jung, I. W., H. Chang, and H. Moradkhani. "Quantifying uncertainty in urban flooding analysis considering hydro-climatic projection and urban development effects." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-617-2011.
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Abstract. How will the combined impacts of land use change, climate change, and hydrologic modeling influence changes in urban flood frequency and what is the main uncertainty source of the results? Will such changes differ by catchment with different degrees of current and future urban development? We attempt to answer these questions in two catchments with different degrees of urbanization, the Fanno catchment with 84% urban land use and the Johnson catchment with 36% urban land use, both located in the Pacific Northwest of the US. Five uncertainty sources – general circulation model (GCM) structures, future greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios, land use change scenarios, natural variability, and hydrologic model parameters – are considered to compare the relative source of uncertainty in flood frequency projections. Two land use change scenarios, conservation and development, representing possible future land use changes are used for analysis. Results show the highest increase in flood frequency under the combination of medium high GHG emission (A1B) and development scenarios, and the lowest increase under the combination of low GHG emission (B1) and conservation scenarios. Although the combined impact is more significant to flood frequency change than individual scenarios, it does not linearly increase flood frequency. Changes in flood frequency are more sensitive to climate change than land use change in the two catchments for 2050s (2040–2069). Shorter term flood frequency change, 2 and 5 year floods, is highly affected by GCM structure, while longer term flood frequency change above 25 year floods is dominated by natural variability. Projected flood frequency changes more significantly in Johnson creek than Fanno creek. This result indicates that, under expected climate change conditions, adaptive urban planning based on the conservation scenario could be more effective in less developed Johnson catchment than in the already developed Fanno catchment.
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Ayton, W. J. "Catchment Management Planning in the National Rivers Authority." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0133.
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The National Rivers Authority of England and Wales is a non-departmental governmental regulatory body with a range of responsibilities for the water environment. These include pollution control, water quality improvement, flood defence, water resource management, fisheries management, conservation of the natural water environment, promotion of water based recreation and also navigation in some locations. Arising from the multiple use of river systems, their interactions and use requirements, the concept of Catchment Management Planning has been developed. Each river use should have an assigned objective and standard determined in respect of water quality, water quantity and river topography. Catchment Management Plans are prepared in consultation with interested parties. A review of some European river management suggests the size of some rivers and the responsibilities of relevant organisations exacerbates comprehensive and integrated river management.
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Fang, Haiyan. "Using WaTEM/SEDEM to Configure Catchment Soil Conservation Measures for the Black Soil Region, Northeastern China." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 10421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810421.
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In recent years, to combat soil erosion, large-scale soil conservation measures have been implemented in the world. Evaluation of the integrated catchment management is urgently required. In the present study, soil erosion and sediment yield under 24 scenarios were predicted, based on the water and tillage erosion model and sediment delivery deposition model (WaTEM/SEDEM). The current catchment management was not ideal, with a catchment soil loss rate (SLR) of 599.88 t km−2 yr−1 and a sediment yield of 240.00 t km−2 yr−1. The catchment management with contour tillage on <3° slopes, hedgerow planting on 3–5° slopes, terracing on 5–8° slopes, and forestation on >8° slopes with trenches along the forest and dams in gullies was the best catchment management to control soil loss, with catchment SLR that was less than the tolerable value of 200 t km−2 yr−1. However, the SLR on the <3° slopes was still higher than the tolerable value. It is not enough to control soil loss by only implementing contour tillage measure on <3° slopes, and other measures should be further implemented on these slopes. In gullies, more measures should be implemented to prevent sediment flowing out of the catchments, in Northeastern China.
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Jung, I. W., H. Chang, and H. Moradkhani. "Quantifying uncertainty in urban flooding analysis caused by the combined effect of climate and land use change scenarios." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 5, 2010): 5369–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-5369-2010.
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Abstract. How will the combined impacts of land use change and climate change influence changes in urban flood frequency and what is the main uncertainty source of the results? We attempt to answer to these questions in two catchments with different degrees of urbanization, the Fanno catchment with 84% urban land use and the Johnson catchment with 36% urban land use, both located in the Pacific Northwest of the US. Five uncertainty sources – general circulation model (GCM) structures, future greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios, land use change scenarios, natural variability, and hydrologic model parameters – are considered to compare the relative source of uncertainty in flood frequency projections. Two land use change scenarios conservation and development, representing possible future land use changes are used for analysis. Results show the highest increase in flood frequency under the combination of medium high GHG emission (A1B) and development scenarios, and the lowest increase under the combination of low GHG emission (B1) and conservation scenarios. Although the combined impact is more significant to flood frequency change than individual scenarios, it does not linearly increase flood frequency. Changes in flood frequency are more sensitive to climate change than land use change in the two catchments for 2050s (2040–2069). Shorter term flood frequency change, 2 and 5 year floods, is highly affected by GCM structure, while longer term flood frequency change above 25 year floods is dominated by natural variability. Projected flood frequency changes more significantly in Johnson creek than Fanno creek. This result indicates that, under expected climate change conditions, an adaptive urban planning based on the conservation scenario could be more effective in less developed Johnson catchment than in the already developed Fanno catchment.
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Scotts, David, Graham R. Fulton, and Michael Drielsma. "Developing landscape frameworks for regional conservation planning; an approach integrating fauna spatial distributions and ecological principles." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 4 (2002): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030235.
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Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation are heavily implicated in the decline of biodiversity throughout the world. Numerous conservation programmes have emerged in the attempt to deal with these primary threats but they are often isolated and disparate, foregoing opportunities for integrated, cumulative approaches and benefits. This paper describes an approach that, through the integration of species' modelled distributions, and the application of landscape ecology principles, systematically considers the spatial requirements of priority forest fauna as surrogates for biodiversity across the landscape. With the aid of innovative Geographic Information System analysis tools, key habitats and corridors for priority faunal assemblages are delineated across north-east New South Wales. The mapped outputs from this study provide spatially complete, data-driven, systematically derived conservation frameworks for the region. The frameworks provide an explicit basis for regional protected area networks and a landscape context for regional conservation planning. As predicted high conservation value habitats, the mapped key habitats and corridors are also focus areas for the protection, enhancement and restoration of native vegetation. The Geographic Information System-referenced key habitats and corridors conservation frameworks have been adopted for conservation planning in north-east New South Wales, including "off-reserve" planning (e.g., government and community-based programmes at regional, catchment and local levels), and "on-reserve" planning (e.g., national park and nature reserve management planning). The approach is applicable to other regions, wherever Geographic Information System-based spatial mapping, describing habitat quality for fauna species, can be collated.
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Fiener, Peter, Tomáš Dostál, Josef Krása, Elmar Schmaltz, Peter Strauss, and Florian Wilken. "Operational USLE-Based Modelling of Soil Erosion in Czech Republic, Austria, and Bavaria—Differences in Model Adaptation, Parametrization, and Data Availability." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103647.
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In the European Union, soil erosion is identified as one of the main environmental threats, addressed with a variety of rules and regulations for soil and water conservation. The by far most often officially used tool to determine soil erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its regional adaptions. The aim of this study is to use three different regional USLE-based approaches in three different test catchments in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Austria to determine differences in model results and compare these with the revised USLE-base European soil erosion map. The different regional model adaptations and implementation techniques result in substantial differences in test catchment specific mean erosion (up to 75% difference). Much more pronounced differences were modelled for individual fields. The comparison of the region-specific USLE approaches with the revised USLE-base European erosion map underlines the problems and limitations of harmonization procedures. The EU map limits the range of modelled erosion and overall shows a substantially lower mean erosion compared to all region-specific approaches. In general, the results indicate that even if many EU countries use USLE technology as basis for soil conservation planning, a truly consistent method does not exist, and more efforts are needed to homogenize the different methods without losing the USLE-specific knowledge developed in the different regions over the last decades.
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Meulenbroek, Paul, Urban Hammerschmied, Stefan Schmutz, Steven Weiss, Michael Schabuss, Horst Zornig, Spase Shumka, and Friedrich Schiemer. "Conservation Requirements of European Eel (Anquilla anquilla) in a Balkan Catchment." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208535.
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The European eel (Anquilla anquilla) has been declining throughout its area of distribution, is addressed in several pieces of legislation, and is the target of extensive restoration efforts. Therefore, investigating and conserving natural eel habitats is urgently needed. Large, near-natural rivers have become rare in Europe but the Balkans host some of the extant examples. However, several Balkan rivers–among them the transboundary river Vjosa/Aoos of Albania and Greece–are under threat from planned hydropower constructions. This study synthesizes European eel catch data from four institutions and the results of a recent electrofishing survey. Population density and structure as well as habitat choice were studied at different spatial scales. We calculated densities for each meso-habitat (0–1303 ind./ha) and extrapolated these values across three different hydromorphological channel sections (meandering: 70 ind./ha, braided: 131 ind./ha, constrained: 334 ind./ha), resulting in an overall mean density of 168 ind./ha. Proposed hydropower plants would cut off about 80% of the catchment currently accessible and impact river sections downstream of the dams by disturbing hydrological dynamics. By linking study results to relevant legislation and literature we provide evidence-based data for water management decisions. We call for the Vjosa/Aoos to be protected in order to secure its outstanding conservation value.
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Dittes, Beatrice, Maria Kaiser, Olga Špačková, Wolfgang Rieger, Markus Disse, and Daniel Straub. "Risk-based flood protection planning under climate change and modeling uncertainty: a pre-alpine case study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 15, 2018): 1327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1327-2018.
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Abstract. Planning authorities are faced with a range of questions when planning flood protection measures: is the existing protection adequate for current and future demands or should it be extended? How will flood patterns change in the future? How should the uncertainty pertaining to this influence the planning decision, e.g., for delaying planning or including a safety margin? Is it sufficient to follow a protection criterion (e.g., to protect from the 100-year flood) or should the planning be conducted in a risk-based way? How important is it for flood protection planning to accurately estimate flood frequency (changes), costs and damage? These are questions that we address for a medium-sized pre-alpine catchment in southern Germany, using a sequential Bayesian decision making framework that quantitatively addresses the full spectrum of uncertainty. We evaluate different flood protection systems considered by local agencies in a test study catchment. Despite large uncertainties in damage, cost and climate, the recommendation is robust for the most conservative approach. This demonstrates the feasibility of making robust decisions under large uncertainty. Furthermore, by comparison to a previous study, it highlights the benefits of risk-based planning over the planning of flood protection to a prescribed return period.
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Harjadi, Beny. "Terrain Characterization and Soil Erosion Risk Assessment for Watershed Prioritization Using Remote Sensing and GIS (A case study of Nawagaon Maskara Rao Watershed, Saharanpur, India)." Forum Geografi 23, no. 1 (July 20, 2009): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v23i1.5001.
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Soil erosion is crucial problem in India where more than 70% of land in degraded. This study is to establish conservation priorities of the sub watersheds across the entire terrain, and suggest suitable conservation measures. Soil conservation practices are not only from erosion data both qualitative SES (Soil Erosion Status) model and quantitative MMF (Morgan, Morgan and Finney) model erosion, but we have to consider LCC (Land Capability Classification) and LULC (Land Use Land Cover). Study demonstrated the use of RS (Remote Sensing) and GIS (Geographic Information System) in soil erosion risk assessment by deriving soil and vegetation parameters in the erosion models. Sub-watersheds were prioritized based on average soil loss and the area falls under various erosion risk classes for conservation planning. The annual rate of soil loss based on MMF model was classified into five soil erosion risk classes for soil conservation measures. From 11 sub watersheds, for the first priority of the watershed is catchment with the small area and the steep slope. Recommendation for steep areas (classes VI, VII, and VIII) land use allocation should be made to maintain forest functions.
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Fatahudin, Muhammad, M. Yanuar Jawardi Purwanto, and Maulana Ibrahim Rau. "Perencanaan Pengembangan Prasarana Kawasan Ekowisata Situ Gede Kota Bogor." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsil.6.1.49-60.
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Situ Gede area includes a local protection area, functioning as a water catchment area and protected area that will be developed into an ecotourism area based on RTRW and RTBL Situ Gede area and CIFOR fiscal year 2014. The research was conducted to evaluate the existing infrastructure and to make the planning of its development special on environmental roads, waste systems, and parking buildings. The research method begins with the creation of the basic map of Situ Gede area, the retrieval of existing data using secondary data, infrastructure planning in the form of environmental roads, waste management system, and parking building planning, and the creation of infrastructure development planning map Situ Gede area as an external expected from this research. Planning to observe the conservation aspects of water resources by conducting zoning utilization. The zoning arrangement was conducted to provide protection, use, and control of existing resources, especially the creation of a lake boundary of 50 m wide from the body.
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Räsänen, Aleksi, Terhikki Manninen, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Tarmo Virtanen. "Predicting catchment-scale methane fluxes with multi-source remote sensing." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01194-x.
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Abstract Context Spatial patterns of CH4 fluxes can be modeled with remotely sensed data representing land cover, soil moisture and topography. Spatially extensive CH4 flux measurements conducted with portable analyzers have not been previously upscaled with remote sensing. Objectives How well can the CH4 fluxes be predicted with plot-based vegetation measures and remote sensing? How does the predictive skill of the model change when using different combinations of predictor variables? Methods We measured CH4 fluxes in 279 plots in a 12.4 km2 peatland-forest-mosaic landscape in Pallas area, northern Finland in July 2019. We compared 20 different CH4 flux maps produced with vegetation field data and remote sensing data including Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and digital terrain model (DTM). Results The landscape acted as a net source of CH4 (253–502 µg m−2 h−1) and the proportion of source areas varied considerably between maps (12–50%). The amount of explained variance was high in CH4 regressions (59–76%, nRMSE 8–10%). Regressions including remote sensing predictors had better performance than regressions with plot-based vegetation predictors. The most important remote sensing predictors included VH-polarized Sentinel-1 features together with topographic wetness index and other DTM features. Spatial patterns were most accurately predicted when the landscape was divided into sinks and sources with remote sensing-based classifications, and the fluxes were modeled for sinks and sources separately. Conclusions CH4 fluxes can be predicted accurately with multi-source remote sensing in northern boreal peatland landscapes. High spatial resolution remote sensing-based maps constrain uncertainties related to CH4 fluxes and their spatial patterns.
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Das, Susanta, Proloy Deb, Pradip Kumar Bora, and Prafull Katre. "Comparison of RUSLE and MMF Soil Loss Models and Evaluation of Catchment Scale Best Management Practices for a Mountainous Watershed in India." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010232.
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Soil erosion from arable lands removes the top fertile soil layer (comprised of humus/organic matter) and therefore requires fertilizer application which affects the overall sustainability. Hence, determination of soil erosion from arable lands is crucial to planning conservation measures. A modeling approach is a suitable alternative to estimate soil loss in ungauged catchments. Soil erosion primarily depends on soil texture, structure, infiltration, topography, land uses, and other erosive forces like water and wind. By analyzing these parameters, coupled with geospatial tools, models can estimate storm wise and annual average soil losses. In this study, a hilly watershed called Nongpoh was considered with the objective of prioritizing critical erosion hazard areas within the micro-catchment based on average annual soil loss and land use and land cover and making appropriate management plans for the prioritized areas. Two soil erosion models namely Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Modified Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) models were used to estimate soil loss with the input parameters extracted from satellite information and automatic weather stations. The RUSLE and MMF models showed similar results in estimating soil loss, except the MMF model estimated 7.74% less soil loss than the RUSLE model from the watershed. The results also indicated that the study area is under severe erosion class, whereas agricultural land, open forest area, and scrubland were prioritized most erosion prone areas within the watershed. Based on prioritization, best management plans were developed at catchment scale for reducing soil loss. These findings and the methodology employed can be widely used in mountainous to hilly watersheds around the world for identifying best management practices (BMP).
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Angelstam, Per, Michael Manton, Taras Yamelynets, Ole Sørensen, and Svetlana Kondrateva (Stepanova). "Landscape Approach towards Integrated Conservation and Use of Primeval Forests: The Transboundary Kovda River Catchment in Russia and Finland." Land 9, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050144.
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Regional clear-felling of naturally dynamic boreal forests has left remote forest landscapes in northern Europe with challenges regarding rural development based on wood mining. However, biodiversity conservation with higher levels of ambition than what is possible in regions with a long forest history, and cultural heritage, offer opportunities for developing new value chains that support rural development. We explored the opportunities for pro-active integrated spatial planning based on: (i) landscapes’ natural and cultural heritage values in the transboundary Kovda River catchment in Russia and Finland; (ii) forest canopy loss as a threat; and (iii) private, public and civil sector stakeholders’ views on the use and non-use values at local to international levels. After a 50-year history of wood mining in Russia, the remaining primeval forest and cultural heritage remnants are located along the pre-1940 Finnish-Russian border. Forest canopy loss was higher in Finland (0.42%/year) than in Russia (0.09%/year), and decreased from the south to the north in both countries. The spatial scales of stakeholders’ use of forest landscapes ranged from stand-scale to the entire catchment of Kovda River in Russia and Finland (~2,600,000 ha). We stress the need to develop an integrated landscape approach that includes: (i) forest landscape goods; (ii) other ecosystem services and values found in intact forest landscapes; and (iii) adaptive local and regional forest landscape governance. Transboundary collaboration offers opportunities for effective knowledge production and learning.
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Gilewski, Paweł, and Marek Nawalany. "Inter-Comparison of Rain-Gauge, Radar, and Satellite (IMERG GPM) Precipitation Estimates Performance for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in a Mountainous Catchment in Poland." Water 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111665.
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Precipitation is one of the essential variables in rainfall-runoff modeling. For hydrological purposes, the most commonly used data sources of precipitation are rain gauges and weather radars. Recently, multi-satellite precipitation estimates have gained importance thanks to the emergence of Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG GPM), a successor of a very successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) mission which has been providing high-quality precipitation estimates for almost two decades. Hydrological modeling of mountainous catchment requires reliable precipitation inputs in both time and space as the hydrological response of such a catchment is very quick. This paper presents an inter-comparison of event-based rainfall-runoff simulations using precipitation data originating from three different sources. For semi-distributed modeling of discharge in the mountainous river, the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) is applied. The model was calibrated and validated for the period 2014–2016 using measurement data from the Upper Skawa catchment a small mountainous catchment in southern Poland. The performance of the model was assessed using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), Percent bias (PBias) and Relative peak flow difference (rPFD). The results show that for the event-based modeling adjusted radar rainfall estimates and IMERG GPM satellite precipitation estimates are the most reliable precipitation data sources. For each source of the precipitation data the model was calibrated separately as the spatial and temporal distributions of rainfall significantly impact the estimated values of model parameters. It has been found that the applied Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number loss method performs best for flood events having a unimodal time distribution. The analysis of the simulation time-steps indicates that time aggregation of precipitation data from 1 to 2 h (not exceeding the response time of the catchment) provide a significant improvement of flow simulation results for all the models while further aggregation, up to 4 h, seems to be valuable only for model based on rain gauge precipitation data.
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Bekele, Meseret. "Geographic information system (GIS) based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model for soil and water conservation planning in anka_shashara watershed, southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Hydrology 5, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2021.05.00260.
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Water induced soil erosion has been continued to threaten the land resources in sub humid northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Human-induced land cover (LC) changes due to improper land management practices are contributing factors in deteriorating soil quality. Soil and water conservation measures have been implemented without site-specific scientifically quantified soil erosion data and priority bases in this regard; this study was conducted with a view to quantifying soil erosion in Anka-Shashara watershed. To do this, we have opted to use the RUSLE model based on geographic information systems. By collecting data on rainfall, soils, vegetation, slopes and conservation practices separately as a layer and determining the pixel values for each of these factors, a quantified assessment of erosion in the basin is obtained. The result reveals that the mean annual soil loss (15.22t/ha/yr) of the most parts of study area falls in tolerable levels and almost 66% (1594 ha), moderate level about 23% and 10% at high level of watershed. The soil loss of watershed is classified in to four main classes. None to Slight rates of soil erosion (0-10t/ha) is cover the almost 66% of watershed moderate about 23% and high about 10% of erosion rate as seen from the erosion rate distribution map. The upstream of catchment needs management and protection of those existing resources and the fundamental attention for SWC as recommended bases. Therefore, to reduce sedimentation problem and ensue sustainability of the watershed need to special attention for implementing recommended SWC intervention at the earlier.
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Bedoui, Chokri. "Predicting water erosion in arid lands using the GIS-based RUSLE model: A case study of Bedour catchment, central Tunisia." Journal of Water and Land Development 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0006.
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Abstract This study was conducted with a view to quantifying soil erosion in arid lands of Tunisia. To do this, we have opted to use the RUSLE model based on geographic information systems. By collecting data on rainfall, soils, vegetation, slopes and conservation practices separately as a layer and determining the pixel values for each of these factors, a quantified assessment of erosion in the basin is obtained. The data superposition and computing, following the model equations and protocol, allowed us to know the spatialized water erosion values at the pixel level. For the whole catchment, the study showed values oscillating between 0 and 163 Mgꞏha−1ꞏyear−1 with an average annual rate of 3 Mgꞏha−1ꞏyear−1. With such a low R (rainfall erosivity) factor (between 21.43 and 21.88 MJꞏmmꞏha–1ꞏh–1ꞏyear–1) itself related to low monthly and annual rainfall amounts, the region experiences locally very high annual erosion rates. Soil protection through conservation practices has saved the basin from even higher erosion. While plains cultivated and equipped with contour benches often suffer from low rates of erosion (less than 2 Mg·ha–1·year–1), unused slopes are neglected without protection, resulting in significantly high rates of erosion.
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Schneider, P., A. Davison, A. Langdon, G. Freeman, C. Essery, R. Beatty, and P. Toop. "Integrated water cycle planning for towns in New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0675.
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Integration means different things to different people and as a consequence appears to only partially deliver on promised outcomes. For effective integrated water cycle management these outcomes should include improved water use efficiency, less waste, environmental sustainability, and provide secure and reliable supply to meet social and economic needs. The objective of integration is the management and combination of all these outcomes as part of a whole, so as to provide better outcomes than would be expected by managing the parts independently. Integration is also a consequence of the Water Reforms embarked on by the NSW State Government in 1995. The key goals of the reforms are clean and healthy rivers and groundwaters, and the establishment of more secure water entitlements for users. They are also essential for meeting the Council of Australian Government (COAG) water management strategies. The policies and guidelines that formed the NSW Water Reforms were the basis of the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW) (WMA) which is the legislative framework for water management in NSW. The NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation has developed an approach to integrated water cycle management for rural centres in NSW based on a catchment and policy context. This approach includes consideration of catchment wide needs and issues, environmental sustainability, government policy and community objectives in the development of an integrated water cycle plan. The approach provides for a transparent assessment of priorities and how to deal with them, and while specific to urban centres, could easily be expanded for use in the management of the whole of the catchment water cycle. Integration of the water cycle is expected to offer benefits to the local environment, community and economy. For instance, any unused proportion of an urban centre's water entitlement, or an offset against this entitlement created through returned flows (such as via good quality sewage effluent discharge to a river), can provide a surplus which is available to be traded on an annual basis. Further, improved demand management within an urban centre can be expected to result in a reduction in abstraction against the licence entitlement. This may result in the increased availability of in-stream water for environmental or other purposes and is expected to increase the economic value of returned water. Improved water use efficiencies are also expected to result in reduced capital works (and their associated costs) as the efficiency of service delivery and resource use improves. In this paper an example of the application of this process is provided and the outcomes discussed.
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Huang, Chenlu, Qinke Yang, Weidong Huang, Junlong Zhang, Yuru Li, and Yucen Yang. "Hydrological Response to Precipitation and Human Activities—A Case Study in the Zuli River Basin, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122780.
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Precipitation and human activities are two essential forcing dynamics that influence hydrological processes. Previous research has paid more attention to either climate and streamflow or vegetation cover and streamflow, but rarely do studies focus on the impact of climate and human activities on streamflow and sediment. To investigate those impacts, the Zuli River Basin (ZRB), a typical tributary basin of the Yellow River in China, was chosen to identify the impact of precipitation and human activities on runoff and sediment discharge. A double mass curve (DMC) analysis and test methods, including accumulated variance analysis, sequential cluster, Lee-Heghnian, and moving t-test methods, were utilized to determine the abrupt change points based on data from 1956 to 2015. Correlation formulas and multiple regression methods were used to calculate the runoff and sediment discharge reduction effects of soil conservation measures and to estimate the contribution rate of precipitation and soil conservation measures to runoff and sediment discharge. Our results show that the runoff reduction effect of soil conservation measures (45%) is greater than the sediment discharge reduction effect (32%). Soil conservation measures were the main factor controlling the 74.5% and 75.0% decrease in runoff and sediment discharge, respectively. Additionally, the contribution rate of vegetation measures was higher than that of engineering measures. This study provides scientific strategies for water resource management and soil conservation planning at catchment scale to face future hydrological variability.
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Zhang, Zeyu, Junrui Chai, Shuilong Yuan, Zhanbin Li, and Zengguang Xu. "Simulation of Rainfall-Runoff Process in a Catchment with a Check-Dam System Equipped with a Perforated Riser Principal Spillway on the Loess Plateau of China." Water 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172450.
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Check dams are applied worldwide as an effective approach for soil and water conservation. To improve the simulation accuracy of the hydrological processes in a catchment with a check-dam system, this study analyzed the applicability and accuracy of a formula for the drainage process of a perforated riser principal spillway based on observational experiments. The rainfall-runoff processes in a catchment with a check-dam system were also simulated with the recommended formulas for the drainage process of a perforated riser principal spillway. The deviations in the calculated discharge from the observed values of the experiment with the recommended formulas under normal and abnormal working conditions were within ±15% and ±5%, respectively. The hydrologic model used in this study needed only a few parameters to achieve a satisfactory simulation accuracy. The recommended formulas for the drainage process of a perforated riser principal spillway can improve the simulation accuracy of a flood peak by 7.42% and 19.58% compared with the accuracies of the technical code formula scenario and no drainage scenario, respectively. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for flood warnings and safe operations of check-dam systems.
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Krvavica, Nino, and Josip Rubinić. "Evaluation of Design Storms and Critical Rainfall Durations for Flood Prediction in Partially Urbanized Catchments." Water 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072044.
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This study investigates and compares several design storms for flood estimation in partially urbanized catchments. Six different design storms were considered: Euler II, alternating block method, average variability method, Huff’s curves, and uniform rainfall. Additionally, two extreme historical storms were included for comparison. A small, ungauged, partially urbanized catchment in Novigrad (Croatia) was chosen as a study area to account for the infiltration impact on the rainfall-runoff process. The performance of each design storm was assessed based on the flood modeling results, namely the water depth, water velocity, flow rate, and overall flood extent. Furthermore, several rainfall durations were considered to identify a critical scenario. The excess rainfall was computed using the Soil Conservation Service’s Curve Number method, and two-dimensional flooding simulations were performed by the HEC-RAS model. The results confirmed that the choice of the design storm and the rainfall duration has a significant impact on the flood modeling results. Overall, design storms constructed only from IDF curves overestimated flooding in comparison to historical events, whereas design storms derived from the analysis of observed temporal patterns matched or slightly underestimated the flooding results. Of the six considered design storms, the average variability method showed the closest agreement with historical storms.
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Manan, A., and M. Ibrahim. "Community-based river management in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia: a case study of the Bau-Bau River." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0439.
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In this paper we explain the current condition of the Bau-Bau River, examine community participation for management of the river system, and consider options for improving the institutional capacity for a community-based approach. This assessment is based on a research project with the following objectives: (1) analyse the biophysical and socio-economic condition of the river as a basis for future planning; (2) identify current activities which contribute waste or pollution to the river; (3) assess the status and level of pollution in the river; (4) analyse community participation related to all stages of river management; and (5) identify future river management needs and opportunities. Due to the increasing population in Bau-Bau city, considerable new land is required for housing, roads, agriculture, social facilities, etc. Development in the city and elsewhere has increased run-off and erosion, as well as sedimentation in the river. In addition, household activities are generating more solid and domestic waste that causes organic pollution in the river. The research results show that the water quality in the upper river system is still good, whilst the quality of water in the vicinity of Bau-Bau city, from the mid-point of the watershed to the estuary, is not good, being contaminated with heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and organic pollutants. However, the levels of those pollutants are still below regulatory standards. The main reasons for pollution in the river are mainly lack of management for both liquid and solid wastes, as well as lack of community participation in river management. The government of Bau-Bau city and the community are developing a participatory approach for planning to restore and conserve the Bau-Bau River as well as the entire catchment. The activities of this project are: (1) forming institutional arrangements to support river conservation; (2) implementing extension initiatives to empower the community; (3) identifying a specific location to establish an urban forest; (4) implementing demonstration projects for liquid system management; (5) promoting coordination amongst the different organisations and agencies in the catchment; (6) improving domestic waste transportation; and (7) recycling waste to create compost material to become an income source for the community.
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Palacio Cordoba, Johnnatan, Martin Mergili, and Edier Aristizábal. "Probabilistic landslide susceptibility analysis in tropical mountainous terrain using the physically based r.slope.stability model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-815-2020.
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Abstract. Landslides triggered by rainfall are very common phenomena in complex tropical environments such as the Colombian Andes, one of the regions of South America most affected by landslides every year. Currently in Colombia, physically based methods for landslide hazard mapping are mandatory for land use planning in urban areas. In this work, we perform probabilistic analyses with r.slope.stability, a spatially distributed, physically based model for landslide susceptibility analysis, available as an open-source tool coupled to GRASS GIS. This model considers alternatively the infinite slope stability model or the 2.5-D geometry of shallow planar and deep-seated landslides with ellipsoidal or truncated failure surfaces. We test the model in the La Arenosa catchment, northern Colombian Andes. The results are compared to those yielded with the corresponding deterministic analyses and with other physically based models applied in the same catchment. Finally, the model results are evaluated against a landslide inventory using a confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The model performs reasonably well, the infinite slope stability model showing a better performance. The outcomes are, however, rather conservative, pointing to possible challenges with regard to the geotechnical and geo-hydraulic parameterization. The results also highlight the importance to perform probabilistic instead of – or in addition to – deterministic slope stability analyses.
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Asdak, Chay, and Munawir Munawir. "Integrated Water Resources Conservation Management for a Sustainable Food Security." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1045.
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Many of Indonesia’s watersheds are reaching a critical stage. As a result of higher rates of erosion and sedimentation, the number of critical watersheds in Indonesia has increased from 22 in 1984 to 58 in 2000 and in 2014 this number has reached 108. This result in food security is being threatened because there is insufficient water available for agriculture purposes due to catchment degradation, especially in the upper parts of the watersheds. At the same time, Indonesia’s new government focused its national development programs on food security for the next five years. For these reasons Indonesia’s National Development Planning Agency believes that it is timely to develop a national policy on Integrated Water Conservation Management (IWCM). To provide the rationale and suggested content for such a national policy, this paper has been prepared based onfocused group discussions with relevant interests at the national and regional levels. To obtain specific input from regional stakeholders, workshops were held in Medan, Yogyakarta, Banjarmasin, Nusa Tenggara Barat and Makassar as well as line agencies based in the state capital of Jakarta from October 2014 to March 2015. At the landscape level, the formulation of national policy on IWCM was based on integrated watershed management analysis as water resources within a specific watershed are integrated into other resources within an ecosystem. This action research recommends the following: a) integrating the IWCM into the regular regional development activities, b) encouraging local agreements on water resource conservation including local adat communities, c) formulating attractive economic incentives in implementing IWCM programs, d) using corporate social responsibility and payment for environment services funding to boost water resource conservation program at village level, and e) involving actively women in the IWCM programs. Considering that socio-cultural aspects are also playing an important role in the IWCM, a national-level of institutional arrangement on IWCM will also be proposed. Keywords: IWCM; food security; green and blue water; watershed; institutional arrangement; Indonesia
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Fan, Juntao, Mengdi Li, Fen Guo, Zhenguang Yan, Xin Zheng, Yuan Zhang, Zongxue Xu, and Fengchang Wu. "Priorization of River Restoration by Coupling Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) Models in the Taizi River Basin, Northern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 23, 2018): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102090.
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Identifying priority zones for river restoration is important for biodiversity conservation and catchment management. However, limited data due to the difficulty of field collection has led to research to better understand the ecological status within a catchment and develop a targeted planning strategy for river restoration. To address this need, coupling hydrological and machine learning models were constructed to identify priority zones for river restoration based on a dataset of aquatic organisms (i.e., algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish) and physicochemical indicators that were collected from 130 sites in September 2014 in the Taizi River, northern China. A process-based model soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) was developed to model the temporal-spatial variations in environmental indicators. A support vector machine (SVM) model was applied to explore the relationships between aquatic organisms and environmental indicators. Biological indices among different hydrological periods were simulated by coupling SWAT and SVM models. Results indicated that aquatic biological indices and physicochemical indicators exhibited apparent temporal and spatial patterns, and those patterns were more evident in the upper reaches compared to the lower reaches. The ecological status of the Taizi River was better in the flood season than that in the dry season. Priority zones were identified for different hydrological seasons by setting the target values for ecological restoration based on biota organisms, and the results suggest that hydrological conditions significantly influenced restoration prioritization over other environmental parameters. Our approach could be applied in other seasonal river ecosystems to provide important preferences for river restoration.
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Li, Peng, Yuxiao Zhang, Weikun Lu, Min Zhao, and Meng Zhu. "Identification of Priority Conservation Areas for Protected Rivers Based on Ecosystem Integrity and Authenticity: A Case Study of the Qingzhu River, Southwest China." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010323.
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The establishment of protected areas for a river (PARs) is an efficient approach for the conservation of its ecosystem and biodiversity. This study selected the free-flowing Qingzhu River, located in the mountains of southwest China and one of 34 global biodiversity hotspots, as a case study. This study applied the ecosystem approach to develop a model for identifying priority conservation areas for a river (PCARs) based on integrity and authenticity. Three model elements were selected, namely streams, forest and human activity, characterized by three indicators: irreplaceability, tree cover and human activity, respectively. The spatial distributions of these indicators were overlaid according to different weights to generate a map (SCPV) of comprehensive protected value (CPV), which was used to indicate ecosystem integrity and authenticity in the study catchment. Lastly, PCARs were identified by comparing existing protected areas with the calculated SCPV. The application of the model to the Qingzhu River indicated the area of PCARs to be ~71.88 km2, accounting for 15.13% of the total PAR area. Priority reaches for protection were then identified, with many falling within the mainstem of the river in the middle and lower reaches. The total length of priority protected reaches was ~75.97 km, accounting for 49.33% of the total length of the river mainstem within Qingchuan County. This study validated the model at both the theoretical and practical level, confirming that the model is useful for facilitating the precise protection and smart management of rivers.
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Lusardi, Jane, Timothy John Sunderland, Andrew Crowe, Bethanna Marie Jackson, and Glyn Jones. "Can process-based modelling and economic valuation of ecosystem services inform land management policy at a catchment scale?" Land Use Policy 96 (July 2020): 104636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104636.
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Kay, D., A. C. Edwards, R. C. Ferrier, C. Francis, C. Kay, L. Rushby, J. Watkins, et al. "Catchment microbial dynamics: the emergence of a research agenda." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, no. 1 (February 2007): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307073882.
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Parallel policy developments driven in the USA by the Clean Water Act and in Europe by the Water Framework Directive have focused attention on the need for quantitative information on the fluxes of faecal indicator bacteria in catchment systems. Data are required on point and diffuse source loadings, fate and transport of these non-conservative parameters, on the land surface, within soil systems, in groundwater, streams, impoundments and nearshore waters. This new information is needed by regulators to inform Total Maximum Daily Load estimates in the USA and Programmes of Measures in Europe both designed to prevent impairment of water quality at locations where compliance is assessed against health-based standards for drinking, bathing or shellfish harvesting. In the UK, the majority of catchment-scale activity in this field has been undertaken by physical geographers although microbial flux analysis and modelling has received much less attention from the research and policy communities than, for example, the nutrient parameters. This paper charts the policy drivers now operative and assesses the evidence base to support current policy questions. Finally, gaps and priority research questions are identified.
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Singh, A. M., A. S. Chauhan, and D. Aggarwal. "Geospatial Techniques for Efficient Conservation and Management of Surface Water for Irrigation in Joganbedi Village, Khargone District, Madhya Pradesh, India." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-405-2014.
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The study aimed at developing improved methods based on remote sensing and GIS techniques to increase cultivated area under irrigation. Landuse / landcover mapping was considered as the key component to prioritize locations for constructing appropriate recharge structures. Joganbedi scheme was proposed for this study. Joganbedi is situated 13 km. from Khargone, district Khargone, Madhya Pradesh, India. Command area of the proposed scheme lies in Beda sub-basin which is a tributary of the Narmada River. This area is of hard rock terrain and is occupied by the Deccan basalt. The main objective of the study was surface water conservation and management via multi-spectral information resulting from remotely sensed data to increase irrigation. High resolution GeoEye1 stereo images were used for generation of DEM, contour, landuse/landcover mapping, lineaments and drainage mapping. DEM was used for canal alignment. and further, contours were used to determine catchment, submergence /FRL, and command areas. Landuse/landcover statistics of submergence area helped to identify different land classes within the study area. These parameters are required for scheme planning. Additionally, rainfall data, maximum drawdown level, and dam height were collected as supporting parameters. The study concludes that landuse/landcover mapping is useful in identification of surface water conservation and management plan for irrigation purpose. It also proves that implementation of Joganbedi scheme will increase the cultivated area under irrigation, facilitate the farmers for multi season cropping and help in improving their economic condition.
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Phumkokrux, Somkid, Nutthakarn Phumkokrux, Komsan Kiriwongwattana, Supharerk O-In, Akirat Abdulkade, Preeyaporn Muenratch, and Arisa Jirasirichote. "Development of gis and database program on website for concerned government office for environmental management under pes and biocarbon concepts." E3S Web of Conferences 158 (2020): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015806004.
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This study aims to develop GIS and database program for ecosystem services management, environmental management and policy planning for natural conservation in the representative areas under the Integrated Community-based Forest and Catchment Management through an Ecosystem Services Approach project (CBFCM) by using Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and Biological storage of carbon (BioCarbon) concepts. At first, the concerned data were collected by brainstorming of the needs of GIS and database program with staffs from 4 pilot areas in Thailand: Mae Sa watershed area in Chiang Mai, Lam Sae Bai River Basin in Ubon Ratchathani, Tha Chin watershed area in Samut Sakhon and Phangan River Basin in Surat Thani. Then, the situations and variables which affect to natural resources were analysed. Secondly, GIS and database program were designed and developed. However, the program can be divided into 3 sub-programs for different proposes which are; (1) to enhance coordinated and follow-up performance of change of PES and Bio-carbon concept, (2) to increase communication and training for delegate areas to understand about PES and BioCarbon concept and (3) to collect and manage data and information for representative areas.
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Gatel, Laura, Claire Lauvernet, Nadia Carluer, Sylvain Weill, and Claudio Paniconi. "Sobol Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Coupled Surface/Subsurface Water Flow and Reactive Solute Transfer Model on a Real Hillslope." Water 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010121.
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The migration and fate of pesticides in natural environments is highly complex. At the hillslope scale, the quantification of contaminant fluxes and concentrations requires a physically based model. This class of model has recently been extended to include coupling between the surface and the subsurface domains for both the water flow and solute transport regimes. Due to their novelty, the relative importance of and interactions between the main model parameters has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, a global Sobol sensitivity analysis is performed on a vineyard hillslope for a one hour intensive rain event with the CATHY (CATchment HYdrology) integrated surface/subsurface model. The event-based simulation involves runoff generation, infiltration, surface and subsurface solute transfers, and shallow groundwater flow. The results highlight the importance of the saturated hydraulic conductivity K s and the retention curve shape parameter n and they reveal a strong role for parameter interactions associated with the exchange processes represented in the model. The mass conservation errors generated by the model are lower than 1% in 99.7% of the simulations. Boostrapping analysis of sampling methods and errors associated with the Sobol indices highlights the relevance of choosing a large sampling size (at least N = 1000) and raises issues associated with rare but extreme output results.
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Wang, Jin-liang, Cheng-long Chen, Jiu-pai Ni, De-ti Xie, Xi Guo, Zhi-jun Luo, and Yue Zhao. "Assessing effects of “source-sink” landscape on non-point source pollution based on cell units of a small agricultural catchment." Journal of Mountain Science 16, no. 9 (July 8, 2019): 2048–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-5268-8.
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Kirk, R. M., R. K. Morgan, M. B. Single, and B. Fahey. "Applied physical geography in New Zealand." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 23, no. 4 (December 1999): 525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300404.
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Physical geographers in New Zealand have a tradition of applied research in a variety of contexts, including environmental management as well as soil, vegetation and landform systems conservation. In recent years this work has been given new impetus (with the promise of even greater involvement) as a result of economic restructuring at the national level, restructuring of government departments and agencies dealing with environmental and resource management and conservation, the introduction of new statutes relating to environmental and resource management, and major changes in the funding and management of science research in the public sector. This article provides an overview of the institutional environment within which New Zealand physical geographers now carry out applied work. The contemporary resource management and legislative contexts are described and structural changes that have taken place in New Zealand science over the last decade are reviewed. Research undertaken by the authors or their research students provides examples of the different types of work now being undertaken by physical geographers in New Zealand under the new legislative and funding regimes. Two examples are described in detail. The first is drawn from research dealing with catchment hydrology and water supply and has been undertaken by a physical geographer employed by Landcare Research, a Crown-owned research company. The second comes from work carried out by two university-based physical geographers into the environmental effects on coasts of a new mode of marine passenger transport (`fast ferries'), to meet the requirements of new environmental legislation.
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Bark, Rosalind H. "Designing a Flood Storage Option on Agricultural Land: What Can Flood Risk Managers Learn from Drought Management?" Water 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182604.
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The increasing probability of loss and damage to floods is a global concern. Countries are united by an urgent need to reduce flood risk to households, businesses, agricultural land, and infrastructure. As natural and engineered protection erodes with climate change and development pressures, new approaches to flood risk management delivered at the catchment scale that work with nature hold promise. One nature-based solution that aligns with this Special Issue on river flooding is the temporary storage of floodwaters on the floodplain. In many countries, this would involve controlled flooding inland low-lying agricultural land. Designing schemes that farmers and irrigation districts will adopt is essential. To inform future floodplain storage options, we review farm-centred drought management, specifically, agreements that transfer agricultural water to municipalities through fallowing in California, USA and an Australian farm exit scheme. These initiatives reveal underpinning principles around the need to: balance the multiple objectives of the parties, share the benefits and responsibilities, address local impacts and practical guidance on incentive design including the consideration of conditional participation requirements and responding to farmer and public preferences. In terms of funding there is opportunity for blended financing with flood-prone communities, insurers, and conservation charities.
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Jafari Shalamzari, Zhang, Gholami, and Zhang. "Runoff Harvesting Site Suitability Analysis for Wildlife in Sub-Desert Regions." Water 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091944.
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Site selection for runoff harvesting at large scales is a very complex task. It requires inclusion and spatial analysis of a multitude of accurately measured parameters in a time-efficient manner. Compared with direct measurements of runoff, which is time consuming and costly, a combination of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria techniques have proven feasible to address this challenge. Although the accuracy of this new approach is lower than the direct method, conducting in-situ measurements over large scales is not feasible due to its financial issues, a lack of sufficient human resources, and time limitations. To achieve this purpose, climatic, topographic, and soil parameters were used to estimate a runoff coefficient and volume for a single event with the 33%-exceedance probability of maximum daily rainfall in the Kavir National Park of Iran. The main challenges ahead of this research have been a) the large area of the park and the inability to directly evaluate site suitability for runoff harvesting, b) the need for a quick and reliable site evaluation to implement water harvesting measures to address water scarcity, and c) the lack of discharge volume data from water streams (as there are no permanent water streams in the site) and the necessity of reliably estimating runoff in different parts of the park to design water harvesting structures which have been addressed by using GIS and a rainfall-runoff model (Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN)). Site suitability was evaluated for the natural territory of two important wildlife species of the park, namely Gazella dorcas and Ovis orientalis, as the main important food sources of an endangered species named Acinonyx jubatus, commonly known as Persian Cheetah. Saving Persian Cheetah from extinction is currently the top priority for the park managers, which is the main factor behind the species chosen for this research. The Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) and fuzzy membership functions were employed to assign weights and standardized thematic layers, respectively. The layers were then integrated using the weighted linear combination method (WLC) to obtain the final suitability map. Accordingly, 38% of the area (846 km2) is suitable or highly suitable for runoff harvesting, while 62% (2623 km2) has a very low potential for this purpose. Afterward, 11 suitable locations were identified to collect runoff. The results indicated that suitable catchments are mainly located on the southern slopes of the Mount Siahkouh as the only major elevation in the area. The storage capacity of the earth embankment in each catchment was estimated based on the upstream area of the catchment and runoff volume. Based on the population of the intended wildlife species and their average water requirement, there is a need for 6500 m3 of drinking water annually. In the best-case scenario and under the circumstance of receiving five rainstorm events a year, only 257 m3 is collectible from all runoff harvesting structures, which is only 4% of the total water demand.
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J. Lee Long, W., R. G. Coles, and L. J. McKenzie. "Issues for seagrass conservation management in Queensland." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 4 (1999): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000321.
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Coastal, reef-associated and deepwater (> 15 m) seagrass habitats form a large and ecologically important community on the Queensland continental shelf. Broad-scale resource inventories of coastal seagrasses were completed in the 1980s and were used in marine park and fisheries zoning to protect some seagrasses. At least eleven of the fifteen known species in the region reach their latitudinal limits of distribution in Queensland and at least two Halophila species may be endemic to Queensland or northeastern Australia. The importance of seagrasses to Dugongs Dugong dugon, Green Turtles Chelonia mydas and commercially valuable prawn fisheries, will continue to strongly influence directions in seagrass research and conservation management in Queensland. Widespread loss of seagrasses following natural cyclone and flood events in some locations has had serious consequences to regional populations of Dugong. However, the impacts to Queensland fisheries are little studied. Agricultural land use practices may exacerbate the effects of natural catastrophic events, but the long-term impacts of nutrients, pesticides and sediment loads on Queensland seagrasses are also unknown. Most areas studied are nutrient limited and human impacts on seagrasses in Queensland are low to moderate, and could include increases in habitat since modern settlement. Most impacts are in southern, populated localities where shelter and water conditions ideal for productive seagrass habitat are often targets for port development, and are at the downstream end of heavily modified catchments. For Queensland to avoid losses experienced by other states, incremental increases in impacts associated with population and development pressure must be managed. Seagrass areas receive priority consideration in oil spill management within the Great Barrier Reef and coastal ports. Present fisheries legislation for marine plant protection, marine parks and area closures to trawl fishing help protect inshore seagrass prawn nursery and Dugong feeding habitat, but seagrasses in deep water do not yet receive any special zoning protection. Efficacy of the various Local, State and Commonwealth Acts and planning programmes for seagrass conservation is limited by the expanse and remoteness of Queensland's northern coast, but is improving through broad-based education programmes. Institutional support is sought to enable community groups to augment limited research and monitoring programmes with local "habitat watch" programmes. Research is helping to describe the responses of seagrass to natural and human impacts and to determine acceptable levels of changes in seagrass meadows and water quality conditions that may cause those changes. The management of loss and regeneration of sea grass is benefiting from new information collected on life histories and mechanisms of natural recovery in Queensland species. Maintenance of Queensland's seagrasses systems will depend on improved community awareness, regional and long-term planning and active changes in coastal land use to contain overall downstream impacts and stresses.
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Karsun, Karsun, I. Nyoman Merit, and I. Wayan Suarna. "ARAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN SUB DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) TELAGAWAJA PROVINSI BALI." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2015.v09.i01.p03.
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Telagawaja Sub-Watershed is upper part watershed of Unda Watershed. As upper watershed, Telagawaja sub watershed has functions as conservation area, water catchment area, and managed in order to keep sub watershed environment not degradated. This research objectives are to identify the characteristics of the land, the function of the area, and the erosion potential rate (TBE), as well as land management recommendations on Telagawaja Sub-Watershed. The identification of land is conducted by analyzing the characteristics of thematic maps in study area. The directives of classification land function is determined by the Minister of Agriculture Number.837/Kpts/Um/ 11/1980 and Number: 683/Kpts/Um/8/1981. The prediction of actual erosion is calculated by USLE formula for the agriculture area, while non-agricultural land use is applied Snyder formula (1980) in Asdak (2010). Erosion class and erosion rate (TBE) are determined based on the Director General of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation Department of Forestry Number.041/Kpts/V/1998. Determination for the amount of erosion is still can be allowed using the method of Thompson (1957) in Arsyad (2010) which based on soil properties attached to Telagawaja sub watershed. The research shows that Telagawaja Sub-Watershed characteristic is an area which is susceptible to erosion.The analysis shows that the direction of the area function Telagawaja sub-watershed consists of an area of 7337.28 Ha of protection forest (66.01%), and the function of a buffer area 3.778.31 Ha (33.99%). The result of the study on Telagawaja sub-watershed erosion is 2777.07 tonnes ha-1year-1. Erosion class and erosion rate of Telagawaja Sub-Watershed vary from very light to very severe. Erosion class and erosion rate (TBE) with category severe to very severe consist an area of 2.071,97 ha (18,64 %) from total sub-watershed area. Land use planning implemented by applying alternative measures of soil and water conservation can reduce the rate of erosion of 2777.07 tonnes ha-1year-1 to 611.00 tonnes ha-1year-1 or less 2166.07 tonnes ha- 1year-1.
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Mooney, C., and D. Farrier. "A micro case study of the legal and administrative arrangements for river health in the Kangaroo River (NSW)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0391.
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Kangaroo Valley is a drinking water supply catchment for Kangaroo Valley village, parts of the Southern Highlands and Sydney. It is also a popular recreation area both for swimming and canoeing. Land use has traditionally been dominated by dairy farming but there has been significant and continuing development of land for hobby farms and rural residential subdivision. Dairy industry restructuring has affected the viability of some farms in the Valley and created additional pressure for subdivision. River health is a function of flows, water quality, riparian vegetation, geomorphology and aquatic habitat and riverine biota. River flows in the Kangaroo River are affected by water extraction and storage for urban water supply and extraction by commercial irrigators and riparian land holders which have a significant impact at low flows. Current water quality often does not meet ANZECC Guidelines for primary contact and recreation and the river is a poor source of raw drinking water. Key sources of contaminants are wastewater runoff from agriculture, and poorly performing on-site sewage management systems. Riparian vegetation, which is critical to the maintenance of in-stream ecosystems suffers from uncontrolled stock access and weed infestation. The management of land use and resulting diffuse pollution sources is critical to the long term health of the river. The Healthy Rivers Commission of New South Wales Independent Inquiry into the Shoalhaven River System Final Report July, 1999 found that the longer term protection of the health of the Kangaroo River is contingent upon achievement of patterns of land use that have regard to land capability and also to the capability of the river to withstand the impacts of inappropriate or poorly managed land uses. This micro case study of Kangaroo Valley examines the complex legal and administrative arrangements with particular reference to the management of diffuse pollution for river health. In the past, diffuse pollution has fallen through the gaps in legislation and its administration. Although water pollution legislation is broad enough to embrace diffuse pollution, in practice the Environment Protection Authority has focused on regulating point sources. Water legislation has traditionally been concerned with issues of water quantity rather than water quality. Legislation which allows agency intervention in relation to land degradation has grown from soil conservation roots, neglecting the flow-on effects upon water quality. Under the land use planning system existing land uses are protected from new regulatory requirements. A number of recent developments in NSW law and its administration have set the scene for addressing this past neglect. Water planning provisions in the Water Management Act 2000 have the potential to enable community based Water Management Committees to move away from a narrow focus on water quantity to the broader issues of river health, including water quality. Improved management of on-site sewage management systems is expected as a result of the Local Government (Approvals) Amendment (Sewage Management Regulation) 1998. A draft Regional Environmental Plan prepared for the Sydney Catchment Authority aims to improve the assessment of new development in terms of its impact on drinking water quality. It also moves away from an exclusive concern with controlling new development towards grappling with existing uses. Proposed amendments to the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979 as detailed in the White Paper, Plan First (2001) include the integration of imperatives derived from catchment strategies and water management plans into local land use plans.
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Fu, Bo-jie, and Yi-he Lu. "The progress and perspectives of landscape ecology in China." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 2 (April 2006): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp479ra.
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After 20 years of research and application, landscape ecology in China has gained many achievements and established a concrete foundation for further development. The major progress of landscape ecology in China was in the fields of land-use structure and ecological processes, landscape pattern and dynamics analysis, theoretical and methodological development, and landscape ecological applications. Past researches emphasized particularly the theories and applications, while the methodological study accounted for a comparatively small part; urban and suburban landscapes, regional and catchment scale landscapes, cold and arid zone landscapes, forest landscapes, agricultural landscapes and wetland landscapes were the main research subjects. Major problems with past researches include the following. 1) There was unbalanced attention on conceptual/theoretical analysis, monitoring, methodological development and applications. 2) Landscape metrics were widely used, whereas the ecological implications were not fully addressed. 3) The researches on the relationship between landscape pattern and ecological processes and scaling were largely preliminary. 4) The risk, uncertainty and accuracy of the data processing were seldom mentioned. 5) The original methodological innovation was scant. To solve these problems effectively and promote landscape ecology in China to full development at a whole new stage of the twenty-first century, the following four closely interrelated and complementary tasks should be addressed: 1) establishing appropriate strategies for the development of landscape ecology; 2) enhancing experiment-based and long-term research; 3) improving landscape planning, design, conservation and management; 4) initiating and advancing the development of unified landscape ecology with Chinese characteristics.
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Vieira, D. A. N., S. M. Dabney, and D. C. Yoder. "Distributed soil loss estimation system including ephemeral gully development and tillage erosion." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-80-2015.
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Abstract. A new modelling system is being developed to provide spatially-distributed runoff and soil erosion predictions for conservation planning that integrates the 2D grid-based variant of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, version 2 model (RUSLER), the Ephemeral Gully Erosion Estimator (EphGEE), and the Tillage Erosion and Landscape Evolution Model (TELEM). Digital representations of the area of interest (field, farm or entire watershed) are created using high-resolution topography and data retrieved from established databases of soil properties, climate, and agricultural operations. The system utilizes a library of processing tools (LibRaster) to deduce surface drainage from topography, determine the location of potential ephemeral gullies, and subdivide the study area into catchments for calculations of runoff and sheet-and-rill erosion using RUSLER. EphGEE computes gully evolution based on local soil erodibility and flow and sediment transport conditions. Annual tillage-induced morphological changes are computed separately by TELEM.
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Saridewi, Tri Ratna, Setia Hadi, Akhmad Fauzi, and I. Wayan Rusastra. "Penataan Ruang Daerah Aliran Sungai Ciliwung dengan Pendekatan Kelembagaan dalam Perspektif Pemantapan Pengelolaan Usahatani." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 32, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v32n2.2014.87-102.
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<p><strong>English</strong><br />Rapid development on Ciliwung watershed converts farmland to other uses causing decreased catchment area and flood. Flood occurrence on Ciliwung watershed indicates that current land use planning is not in accordance with its carrying capacity. Currently, most of the policies issued to manage watershed are dominated by structural approach. Moreover, land use planning often leads regional and sectoral conflicts. Based on a literature study, a non-structural approach should be done prior to a structural approach. Land use planning using an institutional approach is part of a non-structural approach. An institutional approach in managing Ciliwung watershed could be based on Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD). Payment mechanism for environmental services and compensation can be carried out through the operation and maintenance of irrigation and watershed management simultaneously. Good watershed quality is able prevent flood incidence and to guarantee continuity of irrigation water supply resulting in farming productivity improvement. Optimum allocation of Ciliwung watershed can be achieved by accommodating both conservation and economic requirements simultaneously. Effective institutional interaction is the appropriate way to ensure implementation of integrated watershed management. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pembangunan yang sangat pesat di Daerah Aliran Sungai Ciliwung mendorong terjadinya konversi lahan pertanian menjadi lahan terbangun. Hal ini menyebabkan berkurangnya daerah resapan air sehingga terjadi banjir. Banjir tersebut merupakan indikasi bahwa tata ruang saat ini tidak sesuai dengan daya dukung wilayah. Selama ini, kebijakan pemerintah untuk penyelesaian pengelolaan kawasan DAS lebih didominasi oleh penyelesaian secara struktural. Selain itu, perencanaan penataan ruang yang telah disusun seringkali menimbulkan adanya konflik sektoral dan kewilayahan. Melalui studi literatur, dapat diketahui bahwa pendekatan yang bersifat nonstruktural harus dilakukan terlebih dahulu sebelum pendekatan struktural. Penataan ruang menggunakan pendekatan kelembagaan merupakan bagian dari pendekatan nonstruktural. Pendekatan kelembagaan dalam pengelolaan kawasan DAS Ciliwung dapat mengacu pada Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD). Mekanisme imbal jasa lingkungan dan pemberian kompensasi dapat dilakukan melalui operasi dan pemeliharaan irigasi serta pengelolaan DAS secara bersamaan. Kualitas DAS yang terjaga dengan baik mampu menanggulangi banjir sekaligus menjaga kontinuitas air irigasi sehingga produktivitas usahatani meningkat. Alokasi tata ruang kawasan DAS Ciliwung yang optimum dapat diperoleh dengan mengakomodir kebutuhan konservasi dan ekonomi secara bersamaan. Interaksi kelembagaan yang efektif merupakan langkah yang tepat untuk menjamin implementasi pengelolaan DAS secara terpadu.</p>
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Xu, Hongzhang, Meng Peng, Jamie Pittock, and Jiayu Xu. "Managing Rather Than Avoiding “Difficulties” in Building Landscape Resilience." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052629.
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Building landscape resilience inspires the cultivation of the landscape’s capacity to recover from disruption and live with changes and uncertainties. However, integrating ecosystem and society within such a unified lens—that is, socio–ecological system (SES) resilience—clashes with many cornerstone concepts in social science, such as power, democracy, rights, and culture. In short, a landscape cannot provide the same values to everyone. However, can building landscape resilience be an effective and just environmental management strategy? Research on this question is limited. A scoping literature review was conducted first to synthesise and map landscape management change based on 111,653 records. Then, we used the Nuozhadu (NZD) catchment as a case study to validate our findings from the literature. We summarised current critiques and created a framework including seven normative categories, or common difficulties, namely resilience for “whom”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “why”, as well as “can” and “how” we apply resilience normatively. We found that these difficulties are overlooked and avoided despite their instructive roles to achieve just landscape management more transparently. Without clear targets and boundaries in building resilience, we found that some groups consume resources and services at the expense of others. The NZD case demonstrates that a strategy of building the NZD’s resilience has improved the conservation of the NZD’s forest ecosystems but overlooked trade-offs between sustaining people and the environment, and between sustainable development for people at different scales. Future researchers, managers, and decision-makers are thereby needed to think resilience more normatively and address the questions in the “seven difficulties” framework before intervening to build landscape resilience.
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Zárate, Ana, Cristina Dorador, Ruben Araya, Mariela Guajardo, July Z. Florez, Gonzalo Icaza, Diego Cornejo, and Jorge Valdés. "Connectivity of bacterial assemblages along the Loa River in the Atacama Desert, Chile." PeerJ 8 (October 1, 2020): e9927. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9927.
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The Loa River is the only perennial artery that crosses the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. It plays an important role in the ecological and economic development of the most water-stressed region, revealing the impact of the mining industry, which exacerbate regional water shortages for many organisms and ecological processes. Despite this, the river system has remained understudied. To our knowledge, this study provides the first effort to attempt to compare the microbial communities at spatial scale along the Loa River, as well as investigate the physicochemical factors that could modulate this important biological component that still remains largely unexplored. The analysis of the spatial bacterial distribution and their interconnections in the water column and sediment samples from eight sites located in three sections along the river catchment (upper, middle and lower) was conducted using 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Among a total of 543 ASVs identified at the family level, over 40.5% were cosmopolitan in the river and distributed within a preference pattern by the sediment substrate with 162 unique ASVs, while only 87 were specific to the column water. Bacterial diversity gradually decreased from the headwaters, where the upper section had the largest number of unique families. Distinct groupings of bacterial communities often associated with anthropogenic disturbance, including Burkholderiaceae and Flavobacteriaceae families were predominant in the less-impacted upstream section. Members of the Arcobacteraceae and Marinomonadaceae were prominent in the agriculturally and mining-impacted middle sector while Rhodobacteraceae and Coxiellaceae were most abundant families in downstream sites. Such shifts in the community structure were also related to the influence of salinity, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen and redox potential. Network analyses corroborated the strong connectivity and modular structure of bacterial communities across this desert river, shedding light on taxonomic relatedness of co-occurring species and highlighting the need for planning the integral conservation of this basin.
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Alvares Tenenwurcel, Marcelo, Maíse Soares de Moura, Adriana Monteiro da Costa, Paula Karen Mota, João Hebert Moreira Viana, Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes, and Fernando António Leal Pacheco. "An Improved Model for the Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge Based on the Concept of Conservative Use Potential: A Study in the River Pandeiros Watershed, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Water 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041001.
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Water resources have been increasingly impacted due to the growth of water demand associated with environmental degradation. In this context, the mapping of groundwater recharge potential has become attractive to water managers as it can be used to direct public policies and conserve this natural asset. The present study modifies (improves) a spatially explicit model to determine groundwater recharge potential at the catchment scale, testing it in the Pandeiros River basin located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The model is generally based on the water balance approach and the input variables were compiled from institutional sources and processed in a Geographic Information System. The novelty brought by the aforementioned modification relates to the coupling of physical variables (conventional way) and land management practices (introduced here) in the estimation of a percolation factor. The role of land management practices for percolation was assessed by the so-called Conservative Use Potential (PUC) method, which classifies the areas of a river basin in terms of their potential for sustainable use. The results were validated by an independent method, namely the recession curve method based on the interpretation of hydrographs. In general, the groundwater recharge potential is favored in flat to gently undulating areas and forested regions, as well as where the landscape is characterized by well-structured soils, good drainage conditions and large hydraulic conductivity. The map of groundwater recharge potential produced in this study can be used by planners and decision makers in the Pandeiros River basin as a tool to achieve sustainable use of groundwater resources and the protection of recharge areas.
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Momm, Henrique, Ron Bingner, Robert Wells, Katy Moore, and Glenn Herring. "Integrated Technology for Evaluation and Assessment of Multi-Scale Hydrological Systems in Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution." Water 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060842.
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Conservation agencies need information to guide planning activities and allocation of limited mitigation resources at regional scales. Utilization of hydrological modeling tools at sub-watershed scales can adequately represent existing conditions, but information on a few discrete uncoordinated efforts cannot be scaled up to the entire region. Conversely, large scale modeling studies suffer from overgeneralization caused by needed lumping of information. In this study, a multiscale and standardized procedure was sought to characterize water and nonpoint source pollution spatiotemporal dynamics at basin-scale but through detailed field-scale analysis. The AnnAGNPS watershed pollution model was enhanced with new capabilities for simulation of large areas based on an Integrated Technology for Evaluation and Assessment of Multi-scale-hydrological Systems (ITEAMS) approach. Comparisons between the standard and proposed ITEAMS approach indicated no difference in streamflow and small underestimation of suspended sediments during high intensity rainfall events. The ITEAMS approach was applied to a basin with a total area of 3,268,691 ha which was discretized into 469,628 sub-catchments with an average size of 6.8 ha. The resulting 366 linked AnnAGNPS simulations were executed hierarchically generating estimates of water and suspended sediment yield and loads. This pilot study revealed the ITEAMS approach is a viable alternative for modeling and simulating large areas but at high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Nugroho, Nunung Puji. "ESTIMASI HASIL AIR DARI DAERAH TANGKAPAN AIR DANAU RAWA PENING DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL INVEST." MAJALAH ILMIAH GLOBE 19, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.24895/mig.2017.19-2.578.
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<p class="JudulABSInd"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="abstrak">Informasi hasil air dari suatu ekosistem sangat penting dalam pengelolaan sumber daya air. Dalam perencanaan kegiatan konservasi sumber daya air, informasi sebaran spasial hasil air diperlukan untuk menentukan prioritas wilayah terkait dengan alokasi anggaran. Hasil air dari suatu ekosistem atau daerah aliran sungai (DAS) dapat diestimasi dengan menggunakan model hidrologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang hasil air, baik besaran maupun sebaran spasialnya, dari daerah tangkapan air (DTA) Danau Rawa Pening. Hasil air dari lokasi penelitian dihitung dengan menggunakan model hasil air pada InVEST (<em>the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs</em>), yang didasarkan pada pendekatan neraca air. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa volume hasil air di DTA Danau Rawa Pening pada tahun 2015 adalah sekitar 337 juta m<sup>3</sup>. SubDAS Galeh, sebagai subDAS terluas, merupakan penghasil air terbesar (72,4 juta m<sup>3</sup>) diikuti oleh subDAS Sraten (66,8 juta m<sup>3</sup>) dan Parat (62,4 juta m<sup>3</sup>). Secara spasial, hasil air di lokasi kajian mempunyai nilai antara 0 hingga 29.634,19 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. Wilayah hulu dan tengah subDAS Sraten secara umum mempunyai hasil air yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan wilayah danau dan sekitarnya serta hulu subDAS Galeh mempunyai hasil air yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan wilayah lainnya. Wilayah dengan hasil air tinggi dapat diprioritaskan dalam kegiatan konservasi sumber daya air untuk mendukung pasokan air ke Danau Rawa Pening.</p><p><strong><em>Kata kunci</em></strong><em>: hasil air, daerah tangkapan air, model InVEST, Danau Rawa Pening</em><em></em></p><p class="judulABS"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="Abstrakeng">Accurate information on water yield from an ecosystem is very important in the management of water resources. In the planning of water resources conservation activities, the information on the spatial distribution of water yield is needed to determine regional priorities related to budget allocations. The water yield from an ecosystem or watershed can be estimated using a hydrological model. This study aimed to obtain information about the water yield, both the magnitude and their spatial distribution, from the catchment areas of Lake Rawa Pening. The water yield from the study area was calculated using the water yield model in InVEST (the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs), which based on the water balance approach. The results indicated that the volume of water yield in Lake Rawa Pening for 2015 is approximately 337 million m<sup>3</sup>. Galeh subwatershed, as the largest subwatershed, is the largest water producer (72.4 million m<sup>3</sup>), followed by Sraten subwatershed (66.8 million m<sup>3</sup>) and Parat subwatershed (62.4 million m<sup>3</sup>). Spatially, the water yield at the study site has a value between 0 to 29,634.19 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. Upstream and middle areas of Sraten subwatershed generally have higher water yield, while the lake and its surrounding areas as well as the upstream of Galeh subwatershed have lower water yield compared to other regions. The regions with high water yield can be prioritized in water resource conservation activities to support the supply of water to Lake Rawa Pening.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: water yield, catchment areas, InVEST model, Lake Rawa Pening</em><em></em></p>
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Newson, Malcolm. "Catchment control and planning." Land Use Policy 8, no. 1 (January 1991): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(91)90049-o.
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Karasińska, Wiesława, Andrzej Nienartowicz, Mieczysław Kunz, Dariusz Kamiński, and Agnieszka Piernik. "Resources and dynamics of halophytes in agricultural and industrial landscapes of the western part of Kujawy, Central Poland." Ecological Questions 32, no. 4 (September 24, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eq.2021.030.
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This article is dedicated to the memoryof tireless researcher of saline vegetation in KujawyProfessor Jadwiga Wilkoń-Michalska (1921–2005) This paper presents the status and comparison of the halophytic flora on two research plots in the Upper Noteć catchment, distinguished by the intensity of human activity and the type of landscape: 1 – Lake Gopło (G) and 2 – the area located by the Noteć Canal (N) in the western part of the Kujawy region. Fishery on the twelfth largest lake in Poland and agriculture are the main forms of economy in the former plot. A significant part of this plot is a Natura 2000 site, legally protected in compliance with the EU directives. The development of halophytes, mainly facultative ones, in the G plot is conditioned by natural factors, i.e. the inflow of saline groundwater. In the N plot, the agricultural landscape was transformed into the industrial and urbanised landscape following the years of development of two soda factories and the municipal and housing infrastructure of the nearby town of Inowrocław. Strong human impact led to the fact that already several decades ago this plot was classified as one of the most ecologically endangered areas in Poland. The abundance of halophytes in the N plot, including many obligatory ones, is related to the geomorphology of the area and the associated pattern of salt deposit leaching, as well as brine exploitation and soda industry. The species composition and population resources of individual halophyte species at 65 sites on the G plot and 90 sites on the N plot were compared using numerical classification methods. The distribution of the sites and their species richness are presented on the maps of the study area. The results of our analysis were compared with the results of observations made by other authors in the same area at different times. Based on the comparative analysis, we have arrived at conclusions regarding the protection of halophytes and the anticipated effects of technological changes in agriculture, salt and soda industry, as well as spatial management. We believe that the data provided in the tables and the resulting maps will constitute reference points for assessing the effectiveness of undertaken conservation recommendations and the correctness of scenarios formulated by different authors for the development of natural systems in the study area.
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Aragão, João Paulo Gomes de Vasconcelos, and Edvânia Torres Aguiar Gomes. "Que há nas margens dos rios? Reflexões a partir da paisagem do rio Capibaribe – Pernambuco em cidades (What is on the banks of the rivers? Reflections from the Capibaribe River landscape - Pernambuco in cities)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 9, no. 6 (November 23, 2016): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v9.6.p1784-1803.
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As margens de rios são componentes do substrato natural das bacias hidrográficas e representam as transformações e o estado de desenvolvimento de um sistema natural, por vezes, imbricado a um sistema social de um dado povo e suas complexas e relevantes formas de ocupação e uso dos solos no tempo espaço. A definição de margens de rios a partir de parâmetros numéricos e/ou de aspectos naturais demonstra-se limitada para representar a complexidade das relações estabelecidas sobre estas áreas, bem como insuficiente para fomentar processos de conservação ou recuperação das margens de rios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir margens de rios a partir dos processos de ocupação e uso dos solos ilustrados em recortes de paisagens de cidades banhadas pelo rio Capibaribe, estado de Pernambuco. Para isso, foram levantadas fotografias e imagens de satélite das margens do rio Capibaribe em cidades e identificadas formas de ocupação e uso, refletindo, cada realidade verificada, segundo uma visão sistêmica das relações Sociedade – Natureza. A paisagem foi utilizada como categoria que fomenta um ponto de partida aos estudos sobre meio ambiente e o espaço com seus elementos constituintes. Acredita-se que as “margens de rios” são áreas componentes do processo de reprodução espacial, sendo marcadas pela coexistência e integração de processos naturais e sociais. Isto significa que sua delimitação em planos de gestão, recuperação e/ou conservação deve pautar-se nas associações deste ambiente com outras subunidades de planejamento desde a pequena cidade, a rede de cidades, a mesorregião e/ou a bacia hidrográfica. A B S T R A C T Riverbanks are components of the natural substrate of river basins and represent the transformations and developmental state of a natural system, sometimes interwoven with a social system of a given people and their complex and relevant forms of occupation and land use in time space. The definition of riverbanks from numerical parameters and / or natural aspects is limited to represent the complexity of the relationships established in these areas, as well as insufficient to foster conservation processes or recovery of riverbanks. The objective of this work was to discuss river banks from the processes of occupation and use of the soils illustrated in the landscapes of cities covered by the Capibaribe river, state of Pernambuco. To this end, photographs and satellite images of the banks of the Capibaribe river were taken in cities and identified forms of occupation and use, reflecting each verified reality, according to a systemic view of Nature - Society relations. The landscape was used as a category that fosters a starting point for studies on the environment and space with its constituent elements. It is believed that the ";river banks"; are areas that are part of the process of spatial reproduction, and are marked by the coexistence and integration of natural and social processes. This means that its delimitation in management, recovery and / or conservation plans should be based on the associations of this environment with other planning subunits from the small town, the network of cities, the mesoregion and / or the catchment area. Key words: River banks; landscape; Capibaribe river.