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Journal articles on the topic 'Catalytic reforming'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

KALDYGOZOV, Ye К., V. M. KAPUSTIN, G. M. IZTLEUOV, B. A. ABDIKERIMOV, and Ye S. TLEUBAEVA. "CATALYTIC REFORMING OF GASOLINE FRACTION OIL MIXTURES OF THE SOUTHERN REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Neft i gaz 2, no. 116 (April 15, 2020): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2020.006.

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This article discusses the results of a study of the process of catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline obtained from a mixture of oil from a field located in the southern region of Kazakhstan. The individual and group hydrocarbon composition of the initial hydrotreated gasoline and reformate was studied in order to establish the degree of conversion of hydrocarbons at different stages of catalytic reforming. The qualitative characteristics of the catalysis of gasoline reforming obtained at different stages of the process allows us to establish the chemistry and reaction mechanism and the laws of the chemical degree of conversion of individual hydrocarbon groups during all stages of catalytic reforming. As a result of studying the process of catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions НЕФТЕХИМИЯ НЕФТЬ И ГАЗ 2020. 2 (116) 103 О 2 (85–180°С), a chemistry and a reaction mechanism are established that are based on the following reactions: dehydrocyclization of paraffin hydrocarbons, dehydrogenation and dehydroisomerization of naphthenic, isomerization of naphthenic and paraffin hydrocarbons. Comparison of the physicochemical properties and group hydrocarbon composition of the hydrogenate and reforming products shows that the amount of n-paraffin and naphthenic hydrocarbons after catalytic reforming is reduced by 3–4times than in the originalgasoline, and the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons is significantly increased due to the cyclane dehydrogenation reaction and dehydrocyclization of normal paraffins. Set forth in article information on changing the group and individual hydrocarbon composition of gasoline in various stages of the catalytic reforming process, can serve as a basis for optimal control of technological process of catalytic reforming and is a priority in the production of highquality grades of motor fuel and petrochemical development in the processing of local oil and gas Republic of Kazakhstan.
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2

Saad, M. A., N. H. Abdurahman, Rosli Mohd Yunus, Mohammed Kamil, and Omar I. Awad. "An Overview of Reforming Technologies and the Effect of Parameters on the Catalytic Performance of Mesoporous Silica/Alumina Supported Nickel Catalysts for Syngas Production by Methane Dry Reforming." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 13, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520413666200313130420.

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Synthetic gas - a combination of (H2) and (CO) - is an important chemical intermediate for the production of liquid hydrocarbon, olefin, gasoline, and other valuable chemicals. Several reforming methods that use steam, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the presence of various catalytic systems have been extensively investigated, and this paper reviews the recent research on the state-of-the-art of reforming technologies and the effect of parameters on the catalytic activity of mesoporous silica/alumina supported nickel catalysts for syngas production by methane dry reforming. First, we provide an overview of reforming technologies, including methane dry reforming, steam methane reforming, partial oxidation of CH4, and auto thermal reforming of CH4. Then, we review the literature on dry reforming catalysts. Next, we describe recent findings on the effect of parameters on the catalytic activity of mesoporous silica/alumina supported nickel catalysts for syngas production. Finally, we make proposals for future research. This study can help achieve a better understanding of the reforming technologies and the effects of parameters on catalytic performance for syngas production, thus contributing to the development of green technologies.
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3

Qing, Shaojun, Xiaoning Hou, Yajie Liu, Lindong Li, Xiang Wang, Zhixian Gao, and Weibin Fan. "Strategic use of CuAlO2 as a sustained release catalyst for production of hydrogen from methanol steam reforming." Chemical Communications 54, no. 86 (2018): 12242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc06600k.

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4

Aboul-Gheit, Ahmed, and Salwa Ghoneim. "Catalysis in the Petroleum Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Process." Recent Patents on Chemical Engineeringe 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211334710801020113.

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5

Aboul-Gheit, Ahmed K., and Salwa A. W. Ghoneim. "Catalysis in the Petroleum Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Process." Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering 1, no. 2 (January 9, 2010): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874478810801020113.

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6

Safiullina, L. F., I. M. Gubaydullin, K. F. Koledina, and R. Z. Zaynullin. "Sensitivity analysis of the mathematical model of catalytic reforming of gasoline." Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies 3, no. 2 (2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2587-8999-2019-2-2-43-53.

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7

Park, Yeongsu, Tomoaki Namioka, Kunio Yoshikawa, Seonah Roh, and Woohyun Kim. "213 Catalytic Reforming of Model Compounds of Pyrolysis Tars(International session)." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2008.18 (2008): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2008.18.209.

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8

O'Malley, Alexander J., Stewart F. Parker, and C. Richard A. Catlow. "Neutron spectroscopy as a tool in catalytic science." Chemical Communications 53, no. 90 (2017): 12164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc05982e.

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The unique power of neutron spectroscopy to probe molecular behaviour in catalytic systems is illustrated. Vibrational spectroscopy and quasielastic scattering techniques are introduced, along with their use in probing methanol-to-hydrocarbons and methane reforming catalysis, and also hydrocarbon behaviour in microporous catalysts.
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9

Bromberg, L. "Plasma catalytic reforming of methane." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 24, no. 12 (December 1999): 1131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(98)00178-5.

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10

Sharikov, Yu V., and P. A. Petrov. "Universal model for catalytic reforming." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 43, no. 9-10 (September 2007): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-007-0103-z.

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11

Prokopyuk, S. G., M. I. Akhmetshin, V. A. Malafeev, and T. N. Lanina. "Intensification of catalytic reforming process." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 24, no. 6 (June 1988): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00725594.

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12

Sivasangar, S., and Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. "The Effect of CeO2 and Fe2O3 Dopants on Ni/ Alumina Based Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane to Hydrogen." Advanced Materials Research 364 (October 2011): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.364.519.

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Methane reforming is the most feasible techniques to produce hydrogen for commercial usage. Hence, dry reforming is the environment friendly method that uses green house gases such as CO2and methane to produce fuel gas. Catalysts play a vital role in methane conversion by enhancing the reforming process. In this study Ni/γ-Al2O3was selected as based catalyst and CeO2and Fe2O3dopants were added to investigate their effect on catalytic activity in dry reforming. The catalysts synthesized through wet impregnation method and characterized by using XRD, TEM and SEM-EDX. The catalytic tests were carried out using temperature programmed reaction (TPRn) and the products were detected by using an online mass spectrometer. The results revealed that these dopants significantly affect the catalytic activity and selectivity of the catalyst during reaction. Hence, Fe2O3doped catalyst shows higher hydrogen production with stable catalytic activity.
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13

Wu, Qiong, Chenghua Xu, Yuhao Zheng, Jie Liu, Zhiyong Deng, and Jianying Liu. "Steam Reforming of Chloroform-Ethyl Acetate Mixture to Syngas over Ni-Cu Based Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070826.

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NiCuMoLaAl mixed oxide catalysts are prepared and applied in the steam reforming of chloroform-ethyl acetate (CHCl3-EA) mixture to syngas in the present work. The pre-introduction of Cl- ions using chloride salts as modifiers aims to improve the chlorine poisoning resistance. Catalytic tests show that KCl modification is obviously advantageous to increase the catalytic life. The destruction of catalyst structure induced by in situ produced HCl and carbon deposits that occurred on acidic sites are two key points for deactivation of reforming catalysts. The presence of Cl− ions gives rise to the formation of an Ni-Cu alloy, which exhibits a synergetic effect on catalyzing reforming along with metallic Ni crystals formed from excess nickel species, and giving an excellent catalytic stability. Less CHCl3 and more steam can also increase the catalytic stable time of KCl-modified NiCuMoLaAl reforming catalyst.
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14

Nedybaliuk, O. A., I. Fedirchyk, V. Chernyak, T. Tereshchenko, O. Tsymbaliuk, V. Demchina, M. Bogaenko, and V. Popkov. "Hybrid Plasma-Catalytic Reforming of Ethanol into Synthesis Gas: Experiment and Modeling." Plasma Physics and Technology Journal 6, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.3.270.

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Understanding of the plasma-assisted reforming of hydrocarbons requires a combined application of the experimental studies of reforming systems and the kinetics modeling of reforming processes. Experiments were conducted on a system with a wide-aperture rotating gliding discharge with atmospheric air used as a plasma gas. Reforming parameters essential for the kinetics modelling of the reforming process were obtained. The influence of water addition method on the product composition of plasma-catalytic ethanol reforming was investigated.
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15

Yu, Jie, José A. Odriozola, and Tomas R. Reina. "Dry Reforming of Ethanol and Glycerol: Mini-Review." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121015.

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Dry reforming of ethanol and glycerol using CO2 are promising technologies for H2 production while mitigating CO2 emission. Current studies mainly focused on steam reforming technology, while dry reforming has been typically less studied. Nevertheless, the urgent problem of CO2 emissions directly linked to global warming has sparked a renewed interest on the catalysis community to pursue dry reforming routes. Indeed, dry reforming represents a straightforward route to utilize CO2 while producing added value products such as syngas or hydrogen. In the absence of catalysts, the direct decomposition for H2 production is less efficient. In this mini-review, ethanol and glycerol dry reforming processes have been discussed including their mechanistic aspects and strategies for catalysts successful design. The effect of support and promoters is addressed for better elucidating the catalytic mechanism of dry reforming of ethanol and glycerol. Activity and stability of state-of-the-art catalysts are comprehensively discussed in this review along with challenges and future opportunities to further develop the dry reforming routes as viable CO2 utilization alternatives.
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16

Hua, Wei, Yong Chuan Dai, and Hong Tao Jiang. "Noble Metal Catalysts for Methane Reforming in Material Application Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 648 (January 2013): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.648.83.

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Reforming of methane is an important route to produce sygas. In this paper, recent progresses of noble metals (Rh, Ru, Ir, Pt, Pd) catalysts for methane reforming in material application engineering is reviewed. The discussion mainly focuses on catalytic performance of noble metal catalysts or noble metal promoted Ni catalysts in methane reforming reaction. Effects of noble metals, supports and preparation methods on the catalytic activity, selectivity, coke deposition and stability of catalysts have been briefly summarized. In conclusion, Rh as active component, Pd as material for membrane reactor, Pt or Rh as promoters for Ni catalysts, all gave high CH4 conversion, improving catalytic performance.
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17

Shakir, Issam M. A., and Zaineb F. Falah. "Novel Study of Surface Morphological Properties of Commercial Catalytic Reforming Catalysts Used in Iraqi Refineries by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)." Key Engineering Materials 938 (December 26, 2022): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-sr013c.

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Catalytic reforming is one of the most significant processes in the field of petroleum refineries and catalysts as they are considered as the heart of these processes .this paper presents the utilization of Atomic scale microscopy (AFM) to investigate the morphological and the surface properties of two catalytic reforming catalysts that are used in Iraqi refineries (RG582 & PR9). This paper provides a new insight into the study of catalysts since reaction routs significantly rely upon the used catalysts and their basic properties such as morphology, topography, roughness, growth regime and grain size. Keywords: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), catalytic reforming catalysts (CRC), surface properties.
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18

Федірчик, І. І., О. А. Недибалюк, В. Я. Черняк, В. А. Бортишевський, and Р. В. Корж. "Plasma-catalytic reforming of organic oils." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University.Series Physics 38 (July 1, 2015): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2415-8038.2015.38.157-163.

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19

Jäger, Nils, Roberto Conti, Johannes Neumann, Andreas Apfelbacher, Robert Daschner, Samir Binder, and Andreas Hornung. "Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of Woody Biomass." Energy & Fuels 30, no. 10 (July 6, 2016): 7923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00911.

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20

Lenz, Bettina, and Thomas Aicher. "Catalytic autothermal reforming of Jet fuel." Journal of Power Sources 149 (September 2005): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.010.

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21

Sotelo-Boyás, Rogelio, and Gilbert F. Froment. "Fundamental Kinetic Modeling of Catalytic Reforming." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 3 (February 4, 2009): 1107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie800607e.

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22

Nam, In Sik, John W. Eldridge, and James R. Kittrell. "Coke tolerance of catalytic reforming catalysts." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 24, no. 4 (December 1985): 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i300020a011.

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23

Trane, R., S. Dahl, M. S. Skjøth-Rasmussen, and A. D. Jensen. "Catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 8 (April 2012): 6447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.023.

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24

Shiojima, Takeo, Hiroaki Endoh, and Shigeru Matsumoto. "Numerical simulation of catalytic reforming process." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 14, no. 2 (1988): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.14.141.

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25

Bari-Saddiqui, M. A. "Catalytic naphtha reforming (science and technology)." Applied Catalysis A: General 121, no. 2 (January 1995): N26—N28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(95)80075-1.

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26

Kolbitsch, Philipp, Christoph Pfeifer, and Hermann Hofbauer. "Catalytic steam reforming of model biogas." Fuel 87, no. 6 (May 2008): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.002.

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27

Casanovas, Albert, Carla de Leitenburg, Alessandro Trovarelli, and Jordi Llorca. "Catalytic monoliths for ethanol steam reforming." Catalysis Today 138, no. 3-4 (November 2008): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.05.028.

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28

Ali, Syed A., Mohammed A. Siddiqui, and and Mohammed A. Ali. "Parametric study of catalytic reforming process." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 87, no. 1 (December 2005): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-006-0001-y.

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29

Bobrova, I. I., N. N. Bobrov, and A. A. Davydov. "Catalytic methane steam reforming: novel results." Catalysis Today 24, no. 3 (June 1995): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00037-g.

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30

Wei, Wei, Craig A. Bennett, Ryuzo Tanaka, Gang Hou, and Michael T. Klein. "Detailed kinetic models for catalytic reforming." Fuel Processing Technology 89, no. 4 (April 2008): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.014.

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31

Remón, J., L. García, and J. Arauzo. "Cheese whey management by catalytic steam reforming and aqueous phase reforming." Fuel Processing Technology 154 (December 2016): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.08.012.

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32

Kappis, Konstantinos, Joan Papavasiliou, and George Avgouropoulos. "Methanol Reforming Processes for Fuel Cell Applications." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 8442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248442.

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Hydrogen production through methanol reforming processes has been stimulated over the years due to increasing interest in fuel cell technology and clean energy production. Among different types of methanol reforming, the steam reforming of methanol has attracted great interest as reformate gas stream where high concentration of hydrogen is produced with a negligible amount of carbon monoxide. In this review, recent progress of the main reforming processes of methanol towards hydrogen production is summarized. Different catalytic systems are reviewed for the steam reforming of methanol: mainly copper- and group 8–10-based catalysts, highlighting the catalytic key properties, while the promoting effect of the latter group in copper activity and selectivity is also discussed. The effect of different preparation methods, different promoters/stabilizers, and the formation mechanism is analyzed. Moreover, the integration of methanol steam reforming process and the high temperature–polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) for the development of clean energy production is discussed.
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33

Simakov, David S. A., Mark M. Wright, Shakeel Ahmed, Esmail M. A. Mokheimer, and Yuriy Román-Leshkov. "Solar thermal catalytic reforming of natural gas: a review on chemistry, catalysis and system design." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 4 (2015): 1991–2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy01333f.

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34

Osaki, Toshihiko, and Toshiaki Mori. "The Catalysis of NiO-Al2O3 Aerogels for the Methane Reforming by Carbon Dioxide." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2137.

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The aerogels of nickel-alumina system have been synthesized from aluminum triisoprppoxide and nickel glycoxide by sol-gel and subsequent supercritical drying, and the catalysis of NiO-Al2O3 aerogels for the methane reforming by carbon dioxide have been examined. The aerogel catalysts showed higher activity for the reforming than the impregnation catalysts prepared by a conventional impregnation method, on the other hand, the carbon deposition was much less significant on the aerogel catalysts than on the impregnation catalysts. By TEM and XRD observations, it was found for aerogel catalysts that fine nickel particles were formed throughout the alumina aerogel support with high dispersion. This resulted in not only higher catalytic reforming activity but also much less coking activity. The suppression of catalyst deactivation during the reforming was ascribed to the retardation of both carbon deposition and sintering of nickel particles on alumina aerogel support.
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35

Dai, Rui Qi, Ya Zhong Chen, Fang Jin, and Peng Cui. "Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming over Co-Ni/CeO2 Catalysts Prepared by Coprecipitation." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.729.

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Co/CeO2 catalysts showed good catalytic performances in terms of activity, selectivity and stability for intermediate temperature ethanol steam reforming, while low temperature activity should be improved. Thus, effect of nickel incorporation into Co/CeO2 catalysts for ethanol steam reforming was investigated on the consideration of high activity for CC bond cleavage at low temperature of nickel, while cobalt may improve yield of hydrogen due to the depression of CH4 formation. A series of Co-Ni/CeO2 catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation, characterized by low temperature N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction, and catalytic performance measurement for ethanol steam reforming. The results indicated that 10.0% nickel incorporation into Co/CeO2 resulted in much better catalytic performances, complete conversion of ethanol into C1 species and hydrogen yield about 60.0% at 350°C were obtained. Further increase of nickel content decreased catalytic performance. The high performance of the Co10-Ni10/CeO2 was attributed to enhancement of surface Ce4+ reduction and fine particles of metal.
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36

Tao, Wei, Hong Wei Cheng, Qiu Hua Zhu, Xiong Gang Lu, and Wei Zhong Ding. "Hydrogen Production from Coke Oven Gas by CO2 Reforming over Mesoporous La2O3-ZrO2 Supported Ni Catalyst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 394 (September 2013): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.270.

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The CO2 reforming of coke oven gas (COG) for hydrogen production was investigated over mesoporous NiO/La2O3-ZrO2 catalysts. At optimized reaction conditions, the conversions of CH4 and CO2 more than 93%, while a H2 selectivity of 94.7% and a CO selectivity of 98.6% have been achieved at 800 °C. The effect of reaction temperature on the catalytic performance was investigated in detail. The catalysts with appropriate La2O3 content showed better catalytic activity and resistance to coking, which will be promising catalysts in the catalytic dry reforming of COG.
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37

Ametova, D. M. "Hich-octane gasoline production processes using catalysts containing platinum." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2021-137-4-16-21.

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The catalytic reforming process is designed to increase the detonation resistance of gasolines and to obtain individual aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly benzene, toluene, xylenes - petrochemical feedstocks. It is important to obtain a cheap hydrogen-containing gas in the process for use in other hydrocatalytic processes. The importance of catalytic reforming processes in oil refining increased significantly in the 1990s. due to the need to produce unleaded high-octane gasoline.
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38

Ametova, D. M. "Hich-octane gasoline production processes using catalysts containing platinum." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2022-137-4-16-21.

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The catalytic reforming process is designed to increase the detonation resistance of gasolines and to obtain individual aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly benzene, toluene, xylenes - petrochemical feedstocks. It is important to obtain a cheap hydrogen-containing gas in the process for use in other hydrocatalytic processes. The importance of catalytic reforming processes in oil refining increased significantly in the 1990s. due to the need to produce unleaded high-octane gasoline.
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39

de la Rama, S. R., S. Kawai, H. Yamada, and T. Tagawa. "Evaluation of Preoxidized SUS304 as a Catalyst for Hydrocarbon Reforming." ISRN Environmental Chemistry 2013 (September 1, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/289071.

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The feasibility of oxidation pretreated SUS304 alloy tube as a hydrocarbon reforming catalyst was investigated. It was hypothesized that preoxidation resulted in the dispersion of the active component and the formation of mixed metal oxides on the surface of the alloy which consequently rendered the alloy tube catalytically active towards reforming reaction. Oxidation pretreatment was done in O2 at 1000°C for 2 hours followed by a catalytic evaluation at 730°C for 2 hours. Tetradecane was used as a model compound for steam, partial oxidation, and CO2 reforming experiments. According to the collected XRD pattern, α-Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 were formed after oxidation pretreatment. In addition, SEM-EDX analysis showed a very rough surface composed of oxygen, chromium, iron, and nickel. Catalytic evaluation of the sample displayed activity towards partial oxidation and CO2 reforming which led to the conclusion that oxidation pretreated SUS304 alloy tube has a potential as a catalyst for partial oxidation and CO2 reforming of hydrocarbons. However, the varying activity observed suggested that each reforming reaction requires a specific formulation and morphology.
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40

Park, No-Kuk, Young Lee, Byung Kwon, Tae Lee, Suk Kang, Bum Hong, and Taejin Kim. "Optimization of Nickel-Based Catalyst Composition and Reaction Conditions for the Prevention of Carbon Deposition in Toluene Reforming." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071307.

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In this study, nickel-based reforming catalysts were synthesized for the reforming of toluene, a major component of thinners and widely used as an organic solvent. The reaction characteristics of these catalysts were investigated by both steam reforming and auto-thermal reforming. Reforming aromatic hydrocarbons like toluene to produce synthesis gas is difficult because carbon deposition also occurs, and the deposition of carbon lowers the activity of the catalyst and causes a pressure drop during the reaction process. In order to maintain a stable reforming process, a catalytic reaction technique capable of suppressing carbon deposition is required. Steam reforming and auto-thermal reforming of toluene were used in this study, and the temperature of the catalyst bed was remarkably reduced, due to a strong endothermic reaction during the reforming process. By using scanning electric microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature-programmed oxidation analysis, it is shown that carbon deposition was markedly generated due to a catalyst bed temperature decrease. In this study, optimum conditions for catalyst composition and the reforming reaction are proposed to suppress the formation of carbon on the catalyst surface, and to remove the generated carbon from the process. In addition, ceria and zirconia were added as catalytic promoters to inhibit carbon deposition on the catalyst surface, and the carbon deposition phenomena according to the catalyst’s promoter content were investigated. The results showed that the carbon deposition inhibition function of CeO2, via its redox properties, is insignificant in steam reforming, but is notably effective in the auto-thermal reforming of toluene.
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41

Su, Ay, Ying Chieh Liu, Wei Chieh Lin, Chih Kai Cheng, and Jai Houng Leu. "Integration Study of Micro Reformer and High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.730.

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An integration platform assembling with methanol reformer and high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was constructed in this present. The methanol micro reformer combines with catalytic reaction section and reforming section. Catalytic reaction section with Pt calalysis maintains the constant temperature envoriment for reforming process. SRM reforming results show the 74%~74.9% hydrogen and 23.5%~25.7% of carbon dioxide in the mixture product. Less than 2% of carbon monoxide was produced. Using the reforming product of low carbon monoxide concentration and the highest methanol conversion rate, a micro reformer links with fuel cell integration experiment was performed. Results show the high temperature PEMFC with 3 ~ 4W power output under methaol flow rate 15ml/hr. Due to the lower of hydrogen pressure supplying from the micro reformer, may cause the fuel cell power output become unstable.
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42

Ledesma, Cristian, and Jordi Llorca. "CuZn/ZrO2 catalytic honeycombs for dimethyl ether steam reforming and autothermal reforming." Fuel 104 (February 2013): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.116.

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43

Badmaev, Sukhe, and Vladimir Sobyanin. "Production of Hydrogen-Rich Gas by Oxidative Steam Reforming of Dimethoxymethane over CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 3684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143684.

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The catalytic properties of CuO-CeO2 supported on alumina for the oxidative steam reforming (OSR) of dimethoxymethane (DMM) to hydrogen-rich gas in a tubular fixed bed reactor were studied. The CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst provided complete DMM conversion and hydrogen productivity > 10 L h−1 gcat−1 at 280 °C, GHSV (gas hourly space velocity) = 15,000 h−1 and DMM:O2:H2O:N2 = 10:2.5:40:47.5 vol.%. Comparative studies showed that DMM OSR exceeded DMM steam reforming (SR) and DMM partial oxidation (PO) in terms of hydrogen productivity. Thus, the outcomes of lab-scale catalytic experiments show high promise of DMM oxidative steam reforming to produce hydrogen-rich gas for fuel cell feeding.
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44

Arora, Shalini, and R. Prasad. "An overview on dry reforming of methane: strategies to reduce carbonaceous deactivation of catalysts." RSC Advances 6, no. 110 (2016): 108668–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20450c.

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Catalytic reforming of methane (CH4) with carbon dioxide (CO2), known as dry reforming of methane (DRM), produces synthesis gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
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45

Petrova, D. A., P. A. Gushchin, E. V. Ivanov, V. A. Lyubimenko, and I. M. Kolesnikov. "Modelling Industrial Catalytic Reforming of Lowoctane Gasoline." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 57, no. 1 (March 2021): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-021-01234-x.

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46

Ouadi, Miloud, Nils Jaeger, Charles Greenhalf, Joao Santos, Roberto Conti, and Andreas Hornung. "Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of municipal solid waste." Waste Management 68 (October 2017): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.044.

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47

HU, SHANYING, and X. X. ZHU. "MOLECULAR MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION FOR CATALYTIC REFORMING." Chemical Engineering Communications 191, no. 4 (April 2004): 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440390255933.

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48

McMinn, T. "Catalytic steam reforming of chlorocarbons: catalyst deactivation." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 31, no. 2 (May 4, 2001): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(00)00274-5.

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49

Ortego, J. D., J. T. Richardson, and M. V. Twigg. "Catalytic steam reforming of chlorocarbons: methyl chloride." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 12, no. 4 (July 1997): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(96)00087-2.

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50

Intarajang, K., and J. T. Richardson. "Catalytic steam reforming of chlorocarbons: catalyst comparisons." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 22, no. 1 (August 1999): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(99)00030-2.

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