Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Catalyse de fer'
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Rangheard, Claudine. "Oligomérisation de l'éthylène par les complexes du fer." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10332.
Full textAt the end of the 90’s, iron catalysts based on nitrogen-containing ligands, such as diimines and bis(imino)pyridines have been described as catalysts precursors for olefins oligomerization/polymerization. Theses catalysts display a wide range of advantages, spanning from the ease of preparation and handling to the use of low-cost metals with negligible environmental impact. Another interesting feature of theses complexes is provided by the facile tuning of their oligomerization activity by simple modifications of the ligand architecture. In this study, we report bis(imino)pyridine Fe11 complexes reactivities, after activation by an aluminoxane, for the ethylene oligomerization/polymerization, as well as the design, synthesis and characterization of new ligands and the reactivity of their iron complexes toward ethylene. We report the synthesis of new iron complexes associated with new potentially tridentate nitrogen ligands based on 2,4-dipyridin-2-yl-2-methyl-1,2-dihydro-1,10-phenantroline scaffold. We show that these catalysts precursors, once oxidized and activated by MAO, are active and display interesting selectivity for ethylene oligomerization
Wei, Duo. "Iron, manganese and rhenium-catalyzed (de)hydrogenation and hydroelementation reactions." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S105.
Full textThis research work is aimed at developing advanced eco-friendly methodologies in the area of iron, manganese and rhenium-catalyzed (de)hydrogenation and hydroelementation reactions. Initially, we reported the first examples of highly selective catalytic direct C-H borylation of styrene derivatives and terminal alkynes with pinacolborane using Fe(PMe3)4 and Fe(OTf)2/DABCO as catalyst systems, respectively. Afterwards, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based iron complexes Fe(CO)4(IMes) and [CpFe(CO)2(IMes)][I] were efficiently employed in the catalytic reductive amination reactions with hydrosilanes to access a large variety of cyclic amines (pyrrolidines, piperidines and azepanes). Interestingly, with the commercially available Mn2(CO)10 or Re2(CO)10 as catalyst and Et3SiH as an inexpensive hydrosilane source, carboxylic esters, acids and amides can be chemospecifically reduced to the corresponding acetals, alcohols and amines. Besides hydrosilylation, we also explored the application of a series of well-defined manganese pre-catalysts featuring readily available bidendate pyridinyl-phosphine and 2-picolylamine ligands in hydrogenation reactions of aldehydes, ketones and aldimines. In line with our interest in developing group 7 metals based catalysts, we have also demonstrated that a series of amino-bisphosphino ligands coordinated rhenium catalysts can efficiently promote the hydrogenation of carbonyl derivatives, the mono N-methylation of anilines with methanol and the dehydrogenative synthesis of substituted quinolines. Lastly we also developed the Mn-catalysed ligand- and additive-free aerobic oxidation of amines to prepare aldimines, N-heteroaromatics and benzoimidazole derivatives
Calmus, Laurent. "Catalyse au fer : synthèse de 2H-chromènes, synthèse de métachromines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066397.
Full textThe development of new synthetic methods, which could be used in the synthesis of biologically active compounds using inexpensive reactants and environmentally friendly conditions, is a major challenge in modern chemistry. 2H-Chromenes are present in a large number of biologically active compounds and especially in metachromins. Metachromins are natural marine meroterpenoids that present interesting biological activities. With these objectives in mind, our investigations were focused on the development of a synthetic method to access highly functionalised 2H-chromenes from readily accessible phenolic allylic alcohols, catalysed by iron(III) complexes as well as applications to the synthesis of various natural products. At the beginning, this method was applied to mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-substituted phenolic allylic alcohols to efficiently access the corresponding 2H-chromenes. This method tolerated a large number of functionalities and it was possible to modulate the reactivity of the substrates by substituting the aromatic ring and/or the allylic double bond. This method was applied as a key step in the first total synthesis of tephrowatsin B, a natural 2H-chromene isolated from an equatorial plant having insecticidal activities. On the other hand, the first total synthesis of metachromin J and T was investigated. Our method was used as a key step to access their 2H-chromene fragment, a common precursor of these molecules. The total synthesis of metachromin C was also studied
Guérin, Nicolas. "Fonctionnalisation du chrysotile avec du fer pour fins de catalyse." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25608/25608.pdf.
Full textTrehoux, Alexandre. "Synthèse de complexes binucléaires de fer pour activation réductrice du dioxygène : vers de nouveaux catalyseurs d'oxydation bio-inspirés." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS052/document.
Full textThis work describes the synthesis and the study of the reactivity of diiron complexes, developed in order to mimic the catalytic activity of diiron enzymes such as the soluble methane monooxygenase. We synthesized and characterized several diiron(III) complexes, bearing different types of groups (electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, hydrogen bond donating) in their second coordination sphere, in a symmetrical or non-symmetrical way. We studied the influence of the second coordination sphere of these different complexes over the different intermediates (particularly the µ-peroxo-FeIIIFeIII intermediate) formed by exposing them to hydrogen peroxide. We also studied the ability of these complexes to catalyze the oxidation of various substrates (sulfurs, alkenes, alkanes) by hydrogen peroxide, in absence or in presence of water in the reaction mixture. An interesting modification of chemoselectivity was observed in the case of oxidation of cyclooctene by hydrogen peroxyde, catalyzed by a non-symmetrical diiron complex, in presence of water in the reaction mixture. Several mechanistic studies were performed in order to investigate on the origin of the phenomenons we observed during oxidation catalysis studies
Ahr, Mathieu. "Réactions d'homocouplage de composés organomagnésiens aromatiques en présence de sels de fer." Cergy-Pontoise, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CERG0207.
Full textA new homocoupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents was developed. It takes place in the presence of iron salts and a organic halide which is used as an oxidant. A mechanism was proposed and discussed. Using 1,2-dihalogenoethanes as oxidant reagents, the homocoupling reaction of para-, meta- and ortho- subtitued by various functionalysed aryl Grignard reagents leads the corresponding biphenyls in good yields. 3,3'-bipyridine and 2,2'-difluoro-3,3'-dicarbethoxy-4,4'-bipyridine were also prepared. This reaction was used to perform intramolecular coupling reactions to create rings of 5, 6 and 8 atoms. At last, the total synthesis of N-methylcrinasiadine was completed using the intramolecular coupling reaction as the key step
Lepori, Clément. "Complexes de fer(II) et de cobalt(II) de basse coordinance : synthèses, caractérisations et applications en réaction d’hydroamination des alcènes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS509.
Full textThe nitrogenous units are present in many molecules of pharmaceutical interest. The traditional synthesis methods of these units range, for example, from the nucleophilic substitution of amines on alkyl halides to reductive amination of the carbonyl compounds. These methods, although effective, nevertheless require stoichiometric amounts of reagents to be applied and often generate large amounts of waste. One of the challenges of modern organic chemistry is to develop new methods of synthesizing these more economical and environmentally friendly patterns by producing the lowest waste rate possible. The direct addition of an amine to an unactivated carbon-carbon double bond known as the alkene hydroamination reaction is a very promising approach for the development of an alternative synthesis methodology for these compounds. Indeed, in this reaction, all the atoms of the starting substrate are transferred to the product thus considerably reducing the waste produced. In addition, the amines and olefins employed are relatively inexpensive, abundant and varied reagents. Nevertheless, this simple transformation generally requires the use of a catalyst. In the literature, the hydroamination reaction of alkenes has been studied using alkali metal, alkaline earth, rare earth and transition metal complexes as catalysts. At the beginning of this project there were no examples of the hydroamination reaction of alkenes involving unprotected primary amines catalysed by iron or cobalt complexes. In this context, our team was interested in the reactivity of iron (II) and cobalt (II) complexes of low valence stabilized by β-diketiminate ligands. These complexes have proved to be excellent catalysts for promoting the hydroamination reaction of unprotected primary amines bound to non-activated alkenes.In a first step, the syntheses of the iron (II) and cobalt (II) complexes stabilized by β-diketiminate ligands as well as their applications in cyclohydroamination reaction of the unprotected primary amines will be presented. In addition, advanced mechanistic studies will clarify the mechanism of the reaction, which is proposed to go through a key elementary 1..2 migratory insertion leading to the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond.In a second step, the influence of the electron and steric properties of the ligands on the reactivity in the hydroamination reaction of the alkenes of the iron (II) alkyl complexes will be studied. We will focus particularly on complexes stabilized by asymmetric β-diketiminate ligands or iminoanilides. The crystallographic data of the solid state complexes will then make it possible to rationalize the variations of reactivities of these various complexes.Finally, the iron (II) and cobalt (II) complexes synthesized above will be exploited to develop new reactivities in oxidation reactions, oxidative amination or the creation of a nitrogen-silicon bond by a dehydrogenating coupling
Jollet, Véronique. "Complexes de fer bio inspirés pour la catalyse d'oxydation : systèmes homogènes et supportés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915279.
Full textNicolas, Irène. "Cyclopropanation asymétrique catalysée par les métalloporphyrines (fer et ruthénium)." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S129.
Full textDe nos jours le développement durable est devenu une des principales préoccupations des chimistes. Toutefois, les réactions catalytiques énantiosélectives utilisant des complexes de métaux de transition dans des solvants aqueux restent limitées. Pourtant nous avons mis en évidence que des complexes ruthénium-carbène sur des porphyrines pouvaient être stables en présence de solvants protiques. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à la possibilité d’utiliser ces complexes mais également de développer de nouveaux catalyseurs chiraux hydrosolubles pour des réactions de cyclopropanations. Nos résultats ont montré que les porphyrines de ruthénium et de fer sont des catalyseurs efficaces pour la cyclopropanation asymétrique dans l'eau conduisant même, dans certains cas, à de meilleurs excès énantiomériques. En parallèle, et afin d'étendre les domaines d’applications de ces métalloporphyrines (Fe, Ru) comme catalyseurs, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse de cyclopropyles cétones. Nous avons démontré lors de notre étude que l'addition asymétrique de la diazocétone sur des dérivés du styrène donne des excès énantiomériques allant jusqu'à 86% offrant pour la première fois un accès direct aux cyclopropyles cétones optiquement actives
Thibon, Aurore. "Complexes de fer non-hémiques, modèles de catalyseurs d’oxydation biologiques. Synthèses et caractérisations de complexes fer oxo et fer hydroperoxo. Utilisation en catalyse d’hydroxylation d’hydrocarbures aromatiques." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112152.
Full textThe aim of this work is the functional modeling of iron monooxygenases. Among these biological systems, some are able to hydroxylate aromatic hydrocarbons. New Fe(II) complexes bearing hexadentate amine pyridine ligands or a pentadentate macrocyclic ligand with a pendant pyridine have been synthesized and characterized. The reaction of these Fe(II) precursors in presence of oxidants or oxidizing agents (peroxides, mCPBA, dioxygen) has been studied in different solvents at different temperatures. High valent Fe(IV)(O) intermediate and peroxo complexes (Fe(III)OOH and Fe(III)(O2)) have been obtained and identified. It has also been shown that these Fe(II) precursors are efficient catalyst for the hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons by H2O2. In some instance, the presence of a reducing agent as a cofactor improves the yields in oxidation products. The obtention of [(L52)Fe(III)OOH]2+ as a microcrystalline powder has allowed to perform a mechanistic study of the hydroxylation of aromatics
Xia, Ning. "Arylations de nucléophiles azotés et oxygénés catalysées par des complexes du fer ou du cuivre." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20147.
Full textIn this thesis we have developed 4 original methods based on using catalyst of iron and / or copper. In particular, we discovered a co-catalyst systeme for the arylation of different nucleophiles (oxygen, carbon or nitrogen) from aromatic halides. We have also accheved the arylation of phenol in the presence of a catalytic amont of copper, with non-activated aromatic chlorides, or in the presence of an iron catalyst, with non-activated aromatic iodides. Finally we developed a very simple and efficient catalytic system allowing the synthesis of aniline and its derivatives from ammonia, using a simple copper catalyst
Guérinot, Amandine. "Catalyse par le fer : méthodes de synthèse et approche synthétique du spirangien A." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066438.
Full textAvenier, Frédéric. "Etude mécanistique des réactions de transfert d'oxygène et d'amine catalysées par des complexes dinucléaires de fer : biomimétisme et catalyse." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10087.
Full textRoudier, Mylène. "Catalyse duale pour une synthèse énantiosélective éco-compatible." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4347.
Full textThis manuscript is focus on the development of multicatalyzed reactions involving iminium activation and reversible neutral hydrogen transfer reaction for the synthesis of complexe enantioenriched building blocks from allyl alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyls.An unprecedented cascade catalysis combining an iron catalyst and a pyrrolidine-base catalyst is developed for the preparation of g-fonctionalized enantioenriched alcohols in a formal redox-, atom- and step-economical approach. The efficiency of this method involving a dual catalysis and a retro-Claisen xas further demonstrated in the short synthesis of several key fragments of biologically active natural products or odorant molecule. This methodolgy was then incremented by a experimental mechanistic study allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of this transformation and leading to a new catalytic systeminvolving three different catalysts (iron complex, copper and organocatalyst). Then, we focused on the development of a new synthetic approach to enantioenriched medium-sized lactones. This methodology is based on a 1,4-Michael addition of cycloalkane-1,3-diones to a,b-insaturated aldehydes. Then, a key chemoselective reductively triggered Claisen fragmentation occurred to generate desired lactones in a rapid manner.Finally, thanks to our methodology developed during this thesis, the total synthesis of floribundane B was studied
Toummini, Dounia. "Arylation de nucléophiles, par catalyse au cuivre ou au fer, ou en milieu superbasique en absence de métal de transition." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENCM0001.
Full textThis thesis is part of a very general search for new synthetic eco-friendly methods.In the first part, entitled "Arylation catalyzed by copper nitrate salts aryldiazonium heterocycles", we present our work describing the first example of a Sandmeyer reaction type allowing the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond (C-N). Our systems can, indeed, arylate nitrogen nucleophiles, essentially pyrazole, from aryldiazoniums electrophiles. The patterns obtained, the arylpyrazoles, are extremely common in the field of life and also in materials. The experimental procedures we use are extremely mild, as they involve only catalytic amounts of copper and acetic acid. Furthermore, this system operates at room temperature without the presence of ligand, base or additive. As a side product of the reaction, nitrogen (N2) is released into the medium but without impacting on the inert atmosphere of the reaction. In the second part, entitled "Synthesis of symmetrical biaryls from aryllithiens in the presence of an iron catalyst", we describe a new iron catalytic system that allows the direct synthesis of symmetrical biaryl derivatives from arylithiens, generated in situ from aryl halides under very mild temperature conditions, using an iron catalyst system in the absence of ligands. The procedure which takes place via an in situ quantitatively generated aryl halide with alkyllithiums exchange, provides an excellent control of reactivity and selectivity.Finally, in the last section entitled "Direct Synthesis of biarylmethanes without a transition metal", we demonstrate a new method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biarylmethanes in a super basic medium of benzyl ketones, with enolizable iodinated aromatic compounds. Under these conditions, the presence of a metal catalyst is not necessary. The molecules obtained have a strong interest in the pharmaceutical field and in materials
Roudier, Mylène. "Catalyse duale pour une synthèse énantiosélective éco-compatible." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4347.
Full textThis manuscript is focus on the development of multicatalyzed reactions involving iminium activation and reversible neutral hydrogen transfer reaction for the synthesis of complexe enantioenriched building blocks from allyl alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyls.An unprecedented cascade catalysis combining an iron catalyst and a pyrrolidine-base catalyst is developed for the preparation of g-fonctionalized enantioenriched alcohols in a formal redox-, atom- and step-economical approach. The efficiency of this method involving a dual catalysis and a retro-Claisen xas further demonstrated in the short synthesis of several key fragments of biologically active natural products or odorant molecule. This methodolgy was then incremented by a experimental mechanistic study allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of this transformation and leading to a new catalytic systeminvolving three different catalysts (iron complex, copper and organocatalyst). Then, we focused on the development of a new synthetic approach to enantioenriched medium-sized lactones. This methodology is based on a 1,4-Michael addition of cycloalkane-1,3-diones to a,b-insaturated aldehydes. Then, a key chemoselective reductively triggered Claisen fragmentation occurred to generate desired lactones in a rapid manner.Finally, thanks to our methodology developed during this thesis, the total synthesis of floribundane B was studied
Lafantaisie, Mathieu. "Réactions énantiosélectives catalysées par des complexes de fer(II) chiraux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25428.
Full textWe had the objective of developing new synthetic methodologies using a system of iron and a chiral bipyridine ligand. In order to continue with the results previously developed in the group for the meso epoxide-opening reaction with anilines, we tested new nucleophiles using the system. For the opening reaction of aromatic epoxides by indoles, very high enantioselectivities were obtained. After an optimization process, optimal reaction conditions were established. With the addition of molecular sieves to the reaction medium, excellent enantioselectivities ( > 99 % ee ) were obtained for most of the substrates involved . These results allowed us to propose a model for asymmetric induction of this reaction with the organometallic catalyst. The system has also been applied in the kinetic resolution of trans-stilbene oxide with indole. We also focused our research on the application of iron-bipyrine systems in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction in pure water. We have synthesized a new iron salt, i.e. iron(II) bis(dodecylsulfate), acting both as a Lewis acid and a surfactant in the reaction medium. The system was effective to catalyze the reaction in a highly enantioselective manner, without hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether in water. Aromatic, conjugated, heteroaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes could effectively be employed using the method. Centrifugation was used as post-reactional procedure, allowing to separate de products without using any solvent. The reaction may also be carried out on a larger scale, with no erosion on stereoselectivity. We also briefly worked on the development of a methodology for Nazarov cyclization. In this case, the iron-bipyridine system yielded interesting preliminary results. We also worked on the synthesis of chiral ligands with a good potential in asymmetric catalysis. A new method for coupling aminoalcohols in position 2 and 2 ' on bipyridine moieties was used to synthesize two new ligands using L-diphenylprolinol and (1R, 2S)-cis-aminoindanol as chiral units. Finally, the ligands were applied in the above-mentionned reactions.
Taillefer, Marc. "Réactivité des complexes hydruroanioniques du fer carbonyle vis-à-vis des dérivés halogénés aromatiques." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30187.
Full textRouzies, Dominique. "Comportement de phosphates et hydroxyphosphates de fer dans la déshydrogénation oxydante de l'acide isobutyrique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10048.
Full textRICHERT, JEAN-LUC. "Synthese et reactivite de clusters heterometalliques palladium-fer et platine-fer." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13251.
Full textRoutier, Mathilde. "Catalyse photochimique de la réduction du dioxyde de carbone par des porphyrines de fer." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077066.
Full textThe transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is a major challenge in today's society. The first step to address this challenge is to find a way to store and carry this energy, which can be done under the form of chemical bonds through the activation of small molecules like CO2, 02 and H2O. In this context, our work was focused on the catalytic photoreduction of carbon dioxide by three iron porphyrins showing remarkable electrocatalytic properties. We have first studied a homogeneous molecular photochemical approach. A careful analysis of the results, comparing the three porphyrins and the effect of the addition of a weak BrOnsted acid, allowed us to propose a reaction mechanism correlating the different behaviour of the porphyrins with their molecular structures. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the experimental conditions required for the catalysis revealed that they induced the degradation of the porphyrins. To overcome these limits, we studied the use of a photosensitizer, resulting in improved catalytic performances and higher system stability. We also studied a homogeneous molecular photoelectrochemical approach, using p-type Si photoelectrodes. We observed the reduction of CO2 with a photovoltage of 350 mV, thus validating this strategy, but the process is limited by the sensitivity of the photoelectrodes towards 02. We are currently developing new electrodes made of copper oxide to obtain better catalytic performances and a higher stability
Lator, Alexis. "Métalloenzymes artificielles et nouvelles réactivitées des complexes de fer." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC256.
Full textEnvironmental and economic concerns within modern chemistry (waste management, atom economy), lead metal-catalyzed reduction of polarized C=X bonds (X= O, N) with organometallic complexes an important reaction in organic chemistry. Additionally, stereo-, regio- and chemoselective reductions can be involved in organometallic catalysis. In the past decade, cyclopentadienone iron tricarbonyl complexes were reported as efficient for the hydrogenation of C=O and C=N bonds. According to previous investigations in the group, we developed a new approach within artificial metalloenzyme involving iron complexes for the hydrogenation of polarized bonds. Simultaneously, we described new reactivities of the complex prepared in the group for ketone alkylation and amine methylation through auto-hydrogen borrowing process, and chemoselctive C=C bonds of enones. We developed as well a new aminocyclopentadienyl iron complex for the enhancement of reductive amination previously described
Colomban, Cédric. "Défluoration oxydante des aromatiques per- et polyfluorés catalysée par des complexes binucléaires à fer hémiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10254/document.
Full textOxidations of strong C-H and transformation of carbon-halogen bonds under mild conditions are especially difficult and challenging reactions. This reactivity can be achieved in Nature through iron metalloenzymes. In order to reproduce the efficient chemistry found in Nature, we develop bio-inspired diiron macrocyclic catalysts combining the structural features of two the most powerful monooxygenases: cytochrome P450 and soluble methane monooxygenase. Diiron catalysts where two iron atoms are bridged by μ-nitrido group and stabilized by macrocyclic supporting ligands can activate peroxides such as H2O2 for the most challenging oxidations reactions (methane, benzene, dichloromethane) under mild and practical conditions. This thesis is focused on the use of these bio inspired systems for the previously unknown oxidative transformation of the aromatic C-F bonds. This novel approach to the activation of C-F bonds can be used for the mineralization of notorious pollutants: the halogenated aromatics. We (i) described the reactivity of phthalocyanine and porphyrin complexes and (ii) studied the mechanism to (iii) understand and explain the key parameters which gouverns the catalytic efficiency. We had reported the first system able to transform aromatic C-F bonds onto C-OH bonds under mild conditions. Based on mechanistic studies, an epoxidation mechanism mediated by diiron-oxo species has been proposed. We have studied the influence of the bridging atom on the structure and the catalytic efficiency of the catalysts using both spectroscopic and theoretical methods. Finally, the effect of the macrocyclic ligand on molecular geometry and electronic structure of the complexes have been described through the synthesis, the characterization and the comparison of diiron complexes based on porphyrazine, porphyrin or phthalocyanine ligands
Rousseau, Lidie. "Catalyse au fer des réactions de couplage croisé : mécanismes, identification et spéciation des intermédiaires réactionnels." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF020.
Full textFor a few years iron catalysis has been considered as a cheap and environmentally benign alternative for traditional noble metal catalysts. Still, because of its hardly controlled access to a large scope of oxidation and spin states, iron’s reactivity as a catalyst has not been fully understood yet. This work first investigates the question of iron’s catalytically active oxidation states in cross-coupling reactions, through an experimental and computational study. The second part of the manuscript deals with the comprehension of some Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The detrimental homocoupling pathway of an aryl-aryl Kumada reaction is elucidated, and the mechanism of the reaction between organomanganese nucleophiles and alkenyl electrophiles is investigated. Finally, the modification of the metal’s coordination sphere thanks to the addition of σ-donating ligands helps to understand the matter of the transmetallation degree control during the cross-coupling process. This work uses classic inorganic chemistry techniques, along with several spectroscopies (NMR, EPR, Mössbauer) and theoretical DFT calculations
Goublaye, de Ménorval Béatrice de la. "Isomérisation squelettale des n-butènes sur zéolithes H-FER : influence de leur composition et du dépôt de coke." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2330.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to understand the particularities of zeolite HFER in the transformation of n-butene into isobutene and more precisely the positive effect of the carbonaceous deposits (“coke”) on the selectivity to isobutene. Two main types of explanations were proposed: the first one based on the coexistence of bimolecular and monomolecular mechanisms, while the second proposes that all the products are only formed by classical bimolecular or pseudomonomolecular mechanisms. The principal experiments were related to the effect of Si/Al ratios and of carbonaceous deposits on the physico-chemical and catalytic characteristics of HFER samples. A simple model was proposed by considering each zeolite crystal as equivalent to a series of nanoreactors (10-MR channels) in which only bimolecular reactions were involved. This model taking into account of all HFER zeolite characteristics, in particular of it shape selectivity for isobutene formation
Meunier, Florent. "Réactions d'oxydation catalysées par des complexes de ruthénium et de fer." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112103.
Full textThis thesis presents new catalytic systems like: [M]/L/[O] : RuCl₃ ou FeSO₄L : 2,2’-bipyridine ou 1, 10-phénanthroline substituée [O] : NaOCl ou NaIO₄Cyclic or acyclic ethers ore oxidized into lactones or esters with yields up to 65 % with the catalytic system RuCl₃/NaOCl. The total degradation of a part of the ether into carbon dioxide led us introducing diimine ligands into the reaction to reduce the oxidizing power of the system. These ligands complexe the metal and resist to oxidation. Applying the system RuCl₃/L/NaOCl to alkenes gives epoxides. The formation of chlorinated products amongst the oxidation products led us putting NaIO₄ in place of NaOCl. Various alkenes are stereoselectively epoxidized with yields up to 83 % by means of RuCl₃/2,2'-dipyridyl/NaIO₄. Replacing 2,2'-dipyridyl by substituted phenanthrolines changes the reactivity of the catalytic system. A similar study was carried out with FeSO₄ instead of RuCl₃. The mechanism of these reactions is discussed and [M = 0] complex was set up as the catalyst
Dal, Zotto Christophe. "Utilisation des propriétés acide de Lewis et π-acide des sels de fer (III) en catalyse." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20155.
Full textIron (III) catalyzed reactions on homo- and hetero- polyinsaturated bounds The main part of this manuscript deals with iron salts catalyzed reactions. Alkenes functionalization using diketones, intramolecular hydroarylation of alkynes and alkenes, reduction of carbonyl compounds have been catalyzed using iron (III) chloride. The annex describes an approach towards the functionalization of histidines. N-aryl substituted histidines have been obtained, in good yields, by Copper (II) catalyzed Chan-Lam-Evans coupling
Pierre, Céline. "Catalyse d'oxydation d'hydrocarbures par des complexes de fer et de manganèse à ligands macrocycliques azotés." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12433.
Full textLefèvre, Guillaume. "Etude mécanistique de réactions de couplage catalysées par des complexes du cuivre et du fer." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833319.
Full textMichaux, Julien. "Études vers la synthèse de la célogentine CUtilisation du chlorure de fer(III) en catalyse." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112251.
Full textA first part of this thesis describes an approach towards the synthesis of celogentin C, a natural compound extracted from Celosia argentea, with potent antimitotic activities. The presence of unusual bonds between the side chains of a leucine, a tryptophan and a histidine gives to this bicyclic octapeptide an original structure. The beta-leucine-tryptophan residue of celogentin C has been synthesised with high selectivities using an asymmetric hydrogenation. A second part deals with iron(III) chloride catalysed reactions. Styrenes hydroamination using various deactivated nitrogen nucleophiles and non protected 2-alkynylanilines cyclisation to indoles (in this case in presence of palladium) have been catalysed using this complex. The Lewis-acidity nature of iron(III) chloride has been further used in the one-pot synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes
Bertho, Sylvain. "Fonctionnalisation d’énamides par voie radicalaire : Catalyse au fer ou application de la chimie des xanthates." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2060.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is to study the addition of radical species on non-aromatic enamide scaffolds in order to access high molecular diversity of cyclic and acyclic nitrogen-containing compounds in a restricted number of steps via sustainable eco-friendly regio- and diastereoselective reactions.Firstly, non-aromatic enamides bearing different functional groups have been synthesized. Then a regio- and diastereoselective iron-catalyzed oxyazidation of enamides was developed in the presence of novel azidobenziodoxolones (ABX) derivatives under mild reaction conditions. In addition, the versatility of the trans α-azido β-esters piperidines was highlighted by the synthesis of various original nitrogen-containing polycycles.Subsequently, C3 alkylation of enamides with α-halogenocarbonyles. was carried out through an iron (II)-catalysis or a metallic iron-mediated process.Finally, radical xanthate chemistry was applied to achieve the metal-free alkylation of the C3 position of enamides or the difunctionalization of enamides in the presence of a nucleophile
Kermagoret, Anthony Braunstein Pierre. "Synthèse de nouveaux complexes de nickel et de fer application en catalyse d'oligomérisation de l'éthylène /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/820/01/kermagoret2007.pdf.
Full textAyadi, Marwa. "RÉACTIONS SÉLECTIVES DES ADDUITS ALLYLIQUES DE MORITA-BAYLIS-HILLMAN CATALYSÉES PAR LES SELS MÉTALLIQUES." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCM0013/document.
Full textThe development of new efficient and general methods for the creation of C-C bond and C-heteroatom is one of the most active areas of current organic chemistry.Our thesis is part of this lineage. It aims at the development of an allylic alkylation reaction of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts, catalyzed by iron(III), with various types of nucleophiles. In fact, depending on the nature of the substrates and the operating conditions, the adducts of Morita-Baylis-Hillman have enabled selective access to various families of increasingly complex compounds, some of which are endowed with interesting biological activities
Orain, Pierre-Yves. "Contribution du précurseur 1,10-phénanthroline à l’élaboration de modèles de l’hydrogénase à fer seul." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2036.
Full text[FeFe]-hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze proton reduction into hydrogen at high rates in relatively mild conditions. The report of the structure of the active site in 1990’s renewed the chemistry of iron carbonyl thiolale compounds, initially explored in 1930’s. In fact, in the last few years, a huge work devoted to the development of biomimetic models in order to better understand and reproduce, in a long term, the excellent catalytic properties of this biological system. The work reported in this dissertation is based on the exploration of different aspects of the reactivity of the enzyme
Boudene, Zoubeyr. "Utilisation de la modélisation moléculaire pour comprendre le rôle du mao dans l'acivation des complexes de fer pour l'oligomérisation des oléfines." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066267.
Full textThe oligomerization of light olefins, especially ethylene to produce linear α-olefins forms a major issue in petrochemical industry. Indeed, linear α-olefins , especially those with 4 to 20 carbon atoms are of great importance as they are used in different industrial applications to synthesize polymers , detergents, surfactants , lubricants, or being added to the diesel pool as a fuel, etc. IFP Energies nouvelles is interested in the iron bis(imino)pyridine family catalysts, known for their high activity in this oligomerization reaction. However , these catalysts, like many other single site oligo/polymerization catalysts, need to be activated by a co-catalyst. Methylaluminoxane (MAO) continues to be the most efficient co-catalyst. MAO often is described as a mixture of oligomers with the general formula [A1O0. 75 -0. 8 (CH3) 1. 4-1. 5 ]n. However, its precise description using experimental means remains incomplete. Therefore, a theoretical study has been undertaken. In the first part of this PhD study, DFT calculations combined with QSPR models were applied to describe MAO models containing between 6 and 33 aluminum atoms. The descriptor that accounts for the average distortion of the aluminum sites was successfully correlated with the stability. The dependence of the MAO structure composition on temperature was studied as well, revealing the size of structures as a second descriptor of MAO, and the existence of a size of optimal stabilty. In the second part of this PhD wok, the energy profiles for the chloride/methyl exchange reactions were calculated for two well-defined cocatalysts : trimethylaluminum (TMA ) and [PhOA1(CH3)2]2, to obtain the activated cationic catalyst and the anionic chlorinated co-catalyst. First, the exchange of the first chloride takes place in a concerted way, the abstraction of the 2nd chloride occurs. The complete dissociation of the anionic cocatalyst from the cation iron species is very costly, and the co-catalyst probably remains in the vicinity of the cationic complex. The impact of the presence of the anionic cocatylist, including a representative model of MAO, on the energy barrier of for chain growth has been calculated. Additionally, several routes that lead to the catalyst's deactivation have been explored. The computational results corroborate with available experimental data and thus might open the way to in silico design of new co-catalysts
Bordet, Alexis. "Une nouvelle génération de nano-catalyseurs à base de carbure de fer pour le stockage chimique de l'énergie." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0017/document.
Full textAfter several decades of oblivious fossil resources consumption, humanity is now facing major issues regarding global warming and energy production and storage. In the double context of intermittent renewable energy storage and CO2 recovery, the power-to-gas approach, and especially the Sabatier reaction (catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methane + water) is of special interest. The main goal of this thesis is to perform the Sabatier reaction using magnetically activated nano-catalysts. The use of magnetic nanoparticles to convert electromagnetic energy into heat is indeed an approach of growing interest in catalysis, even if the field of biomedicine obviously concentrate most of the applications (magnetic hyperthermia, drug delivery, etc.). In this respect, the interest of the synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical applications is studied and discussed. We describe herein a pathway to iron carbide nanoparticles allowing a fine tuning of their carbon content and magnetic properties. We show that the carbon content and the crystallinity of the synthesized nanoparticles greatly impact their magnetic heating efficiency. The Fe2.2C crystallographic phase especially appears to be the key to highly enhanced specific absorption rates (SARs). We took advantage of these exceptional heating properties to investigate the Sabatier reaction in a continuous flow reactor, the catalyst being activated through magnetic induction. The SAR of synthesized iron carbide nanoparticles appeared to be sufficient to reach the temperature required for the activation of the Sabatier reaction (typically > 250°C), and promising results were obtained in a continuous flow reactor. We were thus able to demonstrate that the concept of magnetically induced catalysis can be successfully applied to the CO2 methanation reaction and represents an approach of strategic interest in the double context of intermittent energy storage and CO2 valorization
Guillaume, Patricia. "Influence de ligands bidentates sur les systèmes Fe-NO/Fe-NO2/Fe-NO3/O2 conçus pour l'activation et le transfert de l'oxygène moléculaire." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4410.
Full textRaucoules, R. "ÉTUDE THÉORIQUE DES RÉACTIONS D'OLIGOMÉRISATION DES OLÉFINES CATALYSÉES PAR DES COMPLEXES DU FER." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482783.
Full textMoyeux, Alban. "Nouvelles réactions de couplage catalysées par des sels de fer ou de cobalt." Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CERG0484.
Full textSustainable development now plays an increasingly important role in the strategy of chemical industries. As a part of these preoccupations, the search for more economic and more eco-friendly new efficient synthetic methods is of vital concern. The development of iron- and cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions is one of the current promising fields of research since these reactions are very attractive compared to the related palladium- or nickel-catalyzed procedures extensively used until now. Several new coupling procedures were described in this thesis. - The iron-catalyzed reaction between aryl Grignard reagents and alkyl halides. - The cobalt-catalyzed reaction between aryl or alkyl Grignard reagents and alkyl halides. - The iron-catalyzed oxidative heterocoupling between dialkylzinc and diarylzinc compounds The last reaction paves the way to a new class of coupling reactions between two organometallics
Donat, Jordan. "Macrocycles tétracarbéniques de fer : du transfert de nitrène aux binucléaires hétéroleptiques μ-nitruro." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV067.
Full textThis project presents the synthesis and study of a new class of iron catalyst. This manuscript proposes to investigate the nature of µ nitruro binuclear iron complexes that have been descibed efficient in methane oxidation and defluorination of substracts. The main idea of this topic is to investigate and adapt this concept to another type of complex: Maccrocyclic tetracarbenic. This thesis presents firstly the synthesis and study of the new described (ME,METCH)Fe (II) and (III) complex. Catalytic activity in aziridination of both complexes has been deepened in order to understand how the oxidation state plays a role. Intermediaites with nitrene donors (PhINTs and ArINTs) have been investigate by different spectroscopy analysis. The second part is about the synthesis of µ-nitrido heteroleptic binuclear complex which includes the tetracarbenic with a hemic part. It describes the synthesis method, azide activation to form the Fe-N-Fe bond, and the spectrometric study of three different heteroleptic binuclear complexes
HAMMOUCHE, MOHAMED. "Catalyse homogene de la reduction electrochimique du dioxyde de carbone par les porphyrines de fer o." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077043.
Full textGuillon, Cyrille. "Ammoxydation du glycérol en acrylonitrile en phase gaz." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10015/document.
Full textDue to the shortage in the petroleum availability and the bad environmental balance, it is necessary to find new ways to create all the products coming from petrochemistry. In this case, Production of biodiesel allows replacing part of actual gasoline consumption. During the synthesis of this biofuel, an interesting molecule in chemistry (the glycerol) is produced. Few years ago, this molecule was not correctly valorized. To increase the valorization, numbers of application have been found. One of them is to use the available glycerol to produce chemical intermediates. In this case, it is possible to use glycerol to produce acrylonitrile to replace the actual reactant, the propene. This reaction has been studied in a fixed bed reactor, using a vanadium-antimonate catalyst supported on alumina. The reaction was difficult to implement, due to the thermal activation of glycerol in presence of oxygen. After trying to overcome this issue, and failing to succeed, it was decided to focus on the indirect ammoxidation of glycerol. A study on the reactivity of the by-products coming from the dehydration of glycerol has been realized. An iron-antimonate catalyst coming from a previous work on ammoxidation of acrolein has been used. In this study, a by-product, able to efficiently synthetized acrylonitrile, has been identified. It was allyl alcohol. At this time, an optimization of the conditions of reaction has been made, to improve the yield of the reaction. After the end and the validation of the optimization, the active phase of the catalyst was studied and found due to the synthesis of a new catalyst which contain only mixed phase. At the end, the organization of the surface was studied, allowing to find the formation of a new phase, only on the surface of the catalyst
Vincent, Jean-Marc. "Réactivité chimique de complexes binucléaires de fer (III) à pont oxo : catalyse d'oxydation d'alcanes et agrégation d'espèces ferriques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10188.
Full textAyadi, Sondra. "Nouveaux nanomatériaux hybrides métal/hydroxyde de fer. Synthèse, caractérisation et application à la catalyse chimique et électrochimique." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EVRY0011/document.
Full textWe developed simple, fast and "green" synthesis of new nanohybrids, composed of metal nanoparticles supported on inorganic matrix of iron hydroxide. Their synthesis in suspension involves first, the formation of the FeII-bearing inorganic solid matrix, then the reaction with metal salt solution, in the same reactor. Three inorganic matrices (carbonated or sulfated green rusts (GRc or GRs) and chukanovite Chu) and three metals (Au, Ag and Pt) were studied. The nanohybrids, noted metal-exMatrix, were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and voltammetry. The matrix acts as a reducing agent supplying electrons by solid state oxidation, and also as the support of metal nanoparticles. Two reaction mechanisms with intra- or inter-particle electron transfer are proposed. Nanoparticles sizes vary between 20 and 200 nm. The first application involves the building of amperometric H2O2 sensors. Carbon ink electrodes incorporating silver-based nanohybrids, particularly Ag-exRVs, or platinum, Pt-exChu, provide electrochemical catalytic properties, enabling us to quantify the peroxide by its electrochemical response in reduction or oxidation. For the second application, the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol by borohydride, we showed that our nanohybrids were more efficient catalysts than the best current materials, with similar metal load and temperature
Soyez, Alain. "Hydrocondensation du monoxyde de carbone catalysée en phase liquide par des espèces à base de fer." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10104.
Full textBlanck, Dimitri. "Modélisation de la structure et de la réactivité de la pérovskite LaFeO3 dopée." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10166/document.
Full textPollution control of exhaust gases from gasoline vehicles is operated by three-way catalysis (TWC). This term refers to the combination of three reactions: the oxidation of CO to CO2, the combustion of unburned hydrocarbons and NOx reduction. Actually three-way catalysts are made of noble metal nanoparticles (Pt, Rh, Pd ...) deposed on an oxide support. Due to their high and fluctuating price numerous study are trying to limit their use. One possibility are perovskites which are used since the mid-70s in catalysis as support. These materials have also been a recent revival of interest as a carrier or as the active phase to the extent that their structural properties reduce the amounts of noble metals by limiting the aggregation of the metal nanoparticles. In the case of three-way catalysis, the redox intrinsic iron capabilities make the perovskite LaFeO3 (LFO) an interesting candidate for the reduction of NOx and oxidation of CO. To date, the reaction mechanisms, as well as the active sites of the catalyst are unknown. It is important to highlight them for rational improvement activities and selectivity of the catalysts 3 new generation pathways. In this study we sought to determine the reaction mechanism on perovskite. At first we tried to study the surface condition of the perovskite in the presence of water and determine these surfaces. Then we calculated the thermochemistry of a set of elementary reaction on surfaces to finally proposed possible reaction mechanism of NO reduction and CO oxidation. After determining transition states we sought to optimize the formulation of the perovskite by doping transition metal surfaces
Gatignol, Jérémie. "Catalyses au Cuivre et au Fer : Outils Efficaces pour la Formation de Liaisons C-P." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2005.
Full textThis thesis was devoted to the development of new and environmental friendly catalytic systems for the synthesis of C-P bonds. First, a general and effective synthetic method was developed based on the copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of differently functionalized bromobutadienes and various secondary phosphines (diaryl, dialkyl- and alkylaryl), diphenylphosphine oxide or H-phosphonates. This method provides a straightforward access to butadienylphosphines with different steric and electronic properties as well as butadienylphosphine oxides and butadienylphosphonates in good yields. These two last families were engaged in chemoselective reduction reaction to obtain a complementary access to butadienylphosphines and an unprecedented route to functionalized primary butadienylphosphines. Finally, the first regioselective and efficient iron-catalyzed hydrophosphination reaction of alkenes was developed, offering for the first time a regioselective entry either to anti-Markovnikov or Markovnikov adducts according to the oxidation state of the iron salts, FeCl2 or FeCl3
Tohme, Ayham. "Synthèse et étude de phosphines organométalliques électrocommutables pour la catalyse." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S012/document.
Full textDuring this work, we have synthesized and characterized new metalloligands bearing redox-active organometallic end-groups. Switching the redox state of the latter should modify the electronic properties of the studied metalloligands. Once these are complexed to a metal, this should induce a change of the metal’s electronic density, which results ideally in a change of its catalytic activity. First, we studied triarylphosphine ligands bearing one or three organoiron end-groups. Four of these metalloligands were fully characterized in both their reduced and oxidized states, and their electronic parameters were evaluated using two different experimental methods. Later on, corresponding Pd(II) complexes were also synthesized and their catalytic preformances were tested. In the second part of this work, organometallic Fe(II) alkynyldiarylphosphine derivatives were synthesized. Upon oxidation, the resulting species was found to be unstable, leading to the formation of dicationic bis-acetylide Fe(II) complexes, that were isolated and characterized. The dimerization process was inhibited either by sequestration of the electronic lone pair of the phosphorus atom, or by controlling the steric hindrance around that center. Finally, corresponding precatalysts were synthesized and, upon the oxidation of the metalloligands, they were found to be fairly stable compounds. Some of these complexes were also tested in a catalytic transformation
Berges, Julien. "Formation de liaisons C-C et C-N par catalyse au Cuivre, au Fer ou en absence de metal de transition." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENCM0014.
Full textThis thesis is part of a very general search seek to develop methodologies for environmentally sustainable conversion of small molecules into more valuable substances catalyzed by copper and iron complexes or under metal-free conditions. The work focuses on the functionalization of aromatic rings by C-C or C-N bond formation.In a first chapter, a novel coupling involving an aryldiazonium salt and a nitrogenous nucleophile (CAr-N bond formation) is first described. The method proceeds under mild conditions using a cheap and non-toxic copper catalyst system. The obtained coupling products (Ar-NHet) are of central interest in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. Then in a second part, a method allowing the coupling between aryldiazonium salts and styrene derivatives, using a BuOK / DMF system is presented. This reaction, carried out for the first time in the absence of catalysts based on transition metals, makes it possible to access to various stilbene units which find numerous applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.A second chapter concerns the use of hypervalent iodine derivatives allowing the functionalization of aromatic or vinyl substrates. A first method describes a direct triflimidation reaction of acetanilide compounds with an exclusive selectivity in the para position. Two reactions conditions have been established for this functionalization. One uses a stoichiometric amount of PhI(OAc)2 and another uses a catalytic amount of iodotoluene (in-situ generation of iodine (III)). This transformation resulted in the formation of CAr-N bonds in the presence of lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LINTf2) as the nitrogen nucleophile. In a second part, we have shown that bisphosphoranilidene iodide (PNPI) can catalyze a selective vinylic trifluoromethylation of styrene derivatives in the presence of a hypervalent iodine reagent (iodine (III)), Togni’s reagent II. Work is under way to try to understand the positive influence of PNPI.A third chapter describes preliminary results of an iron-catalyzed heterocoupling of 4-iodotoluene an phenylithium system allowing the obtention of an honorable yield (54%) during the coupling of 4-iodotoluene with phenyllithium. Another series of tests describes the coupling between aryl halides and primary alkyllithiums. The method seems to be very effective, since very recent work in the literature for similar couplings involving the same reaction partners involves catalysts of iron or palladium
Baron, Ronan. "Etudes électrochimiques de la réduction directe et indirecte de quelques peroxydes et hydroperoxydes organiques." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10134.
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