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Academic literature on the topic 'Castles – Europe'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Castles – Europe"

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Classen, Albrecht, and Discovery Channel University. "Great Castles of Europe: Neuschwanstein and the Castles of the Rhine." Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 36, no. 1 (2003): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3531716.

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Gavryliv, Кalyna-Theodora. "THE PROBLEM OF CASTLE RUINS CONSERVATION WITHIN THE RESTORATION ACTIVITIES FORMATION." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2020, no. 13 (2020): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.13.062.

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The article reveals the history of the restoration activity formation on the example of the castle ruins restoration in Ukraine and Europe during the 19th-20th centuries. Castles have been constantly transforming since their foundation. Each subsequent owner of the castle strengthened it, restored it after its destruction, made changes to the building architecture. And in the 19th century, an understanding of the value of such architectural objects was developed, and various methods for their preservation began to be proposed. Stylistic restorations are considered on the example of Trakai Island Castle (Lithuania) and Pierrefonds castle (France). Archaeological restorations aimed at conserving objects reflect the Upper Castle in Vilnius (Lithuania) and Heidelberg Castle (Germany). Scientifically based, the restoration is presented at facilities in Olesko Castle (Ukraine) and in Warsaw, Inovlodz (Poland). Woodstock Palace (England) is an example of the architectural monument destruction, and Tatar Tower of Ostroh Castle (Ukraine) is a symbol of a good future which is revealed in front of the castles in a state of long ruin. Positions on the restoration of architectural monuments have been analyzed by a number of scientists such as Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, Alois Riegl, Camillo Boito, Yan Zakhvatovich. It was the restoration of the castle ruins that sparked a discourse on how to preserve architectural monuments. After all, a castle is one of the most complex types of structures, including its structure, location, and function. Since the beginning of their founding, castles have been the subject to constant interference with their material structure, which in the 19th century became more important than their utilitarian purpose. The conservation method comes out on top, but it is often paired with fragmentary restoration. In any case, the object must function and be visited, regardless of whether it is compositionally complete or fragmentarily preserved, because the interest in it ensures its further existence.
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E.V., Kilimnik. "ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MEDIEVAL LIVONIAN ORDER." Global problems of modernity 1, no. 9 (September 27, 2020): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2713-2048-2020-1-9-4-18.

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The main purpose of the presented work is a cultural and historical analysis of the evolution of the cul-tural development of medieval Livonia on the example of monuments of defense architecture. The task is to conduct an art analysis of the existing variety of architectural forms of medieval castle complexes of the 13th and 16th centuries, located in different regions of Latvia and Estonia, which have undergone expansion by the feudal Germany, Denmark and Sweden. Creation of architectural and historical clas-sification of castle forms that were in the regions of the medieval Livonian Order of State in the Baltics. As a result of the analysis, the author summarized the historical diversity of the existing architectural and artistic forms of feudal castles of medieval Latvia and Estonia. The common and special in the ar-chitectural forms of castles on the basis of the introduction to this north-eastern region of Europe bor-rowed customs of European castle-building and architectural traditions of the monastic order of the Cistercians of Burgundy has been revealed. It is determined that the castle of the Order of Livon, the fortified residence of medieval bishops in Livonia and Estland, privately owned castles was a whole space, synthesized in the natural environment, social order, system world understanding of the knights-monks of the Order of Livon, which was directly reflected in the architectural forms of castle complexes of the 13th - 16th centuries. taking into account the existing pan-European and local architectural, de-fense and cultural differences. The study makes a significant contribution to the theory and history of art. A new scientific direction has been developed - the history and typology of the castle architecture of medieval Latvia and Estonia.
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Kulpiński, Jacek, Beata Prukop, Paweł Rut, Aneta Rejman, Paweł Świder, and Wojciech J. Cynarski. "Defensive Strongholds and Fortified Castles in Poland—From the Art of Fortifications to Tourist Attractions." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063209.

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The scientific problem undertaken is the importance of castles for the functioning of cultural tourism in the opinion of the inhabitants of Central Europe. What is the use of medieval monuments for the art of fortifications today? The main method of research is a diagnostic survey carried out with the use of a survey on a group of N, important according to the statistics in the number of n = 614 respondents. Statistical analyzes were performed using Statistica version 13.3. On the basis of the presented research results, it can be concluded that the interests of the respondents are very broad and varied. Taking into account the relatively large group of respondents, the research results can be considered reliable. An important goal was supplementing the knowledge, meeting the needs of learning about history, and getting acquainted with the prevailing historical tradition in castles of Europe. The questions presented here accent the interests of castles for the functioning of cultural tourism in the opinion of the inhabitants of Central Europe.
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Wasik, Bogusz. "Castles in the Teutonic Order State in Prussia as Medium of Ideology and Manifestation of Power." Światowit, no. 60 (December 5, 2022): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0082-044x.swiatowit.60.8.

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The article concentrates on an analysis of the forms of castles erected by the Teutonic Order in their conquered domain in Prussia, which were a medium of ideas and manifestation of symbols. The most significant forms were structures of the castell type. That type of fortresses, which had been built since the Antiquity, usually associated with strong centralized state authority and used as a sign of the power propaganda, was later adopted in Western Europe. The Teutonic Knights adjusted that castle type to their needs in the 1270s and 1280s as a sign of the state and the centralized idea of the knight-monks’ authority. Repetitiveness and perfect geometric archi- tectonic forms depicted the character of their rulership, modelled after the Divine Order, and their role as milites Christi, defenders of Christianity. Towers were another construction element with a strong semantic charge as a sign and symbol of feudal power. The beginnings of tower-type residences date back to the 10th century Normandy, from where they spread around Europe in the following centuries. Habitable towers were also used by the Teutonic Order, who built them in 14th century as residences of some lower rank officials. Erecting a palace for the grand masters in Malbork at the end of the 14th century, they also referred to the form of donjon as a symbol of a sovereign and a ruler seat. The castle in Sztum was a result of yet another tradition – a residence situated nearby the capital as a leisure and hunting place for the overlord. That was an expression of court culture and a sign of prestige of a ruler – in this case, the grand master.
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E.V., Kilimnik. "THE INTERNATIONAL FORM IN THE WORLD OF THE WORLD OF THE WEST EUROPE AND FORTIFICATION ART OF THE CRUSADERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST OF THE XIth AND XIIIth CENTURY." Global problems of modernity 1, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2713-2048-2020-1-7-4-16.

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The main purpose of the study is to conduct architectural and historical analysis of the formation of medieval feudal castles as a phenomenon of chivalrous culture of Europe and the Middle East. The task of the study is to analyze the general and special in the evolution of forms in the castle architecture of Western Europe and the Jerusalem medieval kingdom. Creation of architectural and historical typology of castle forms that existed in the regions of medieval Western Europe and the Levant. In the course of the analysis of the formation of Middle Eastern castle complexes of the 12th - 13th century. found that on the one hand they were traditionally based on cultural and construction practices, Introduced to the regions of the Levant by European knights ‒ tower-donjon type of castle, which arose during the conquest in the areas of Israel, Palestine and Syria, on the other ‒ somewhat different from the architectural traditions of Western Europe, local technologies for processing stone quads, the construction of walls that have a boot, the use of cement solution, the creation of a tower-shaped building at the towers-don having a significant amount. Applied in the Middle East construction innovations with the active use of Romano-Byzantine traditions, getting to the territory of Western Europe, developed a chivalrous culture of castle building. As a result of cultural and historical analysis of European and Middle Eastern castle forms of the 12th and 13th century. it was determined that a better system of protection ‒ small wall niches, vaulted system of overlaps ‒ was introduced into the European fortification art by returning crusader knights. Thanks to the acquired building experience, the Crusaders in Western Europe were introduced to a new type of castle, the castel, which was borrowed from the old Roman-Byzantine military architecture during the conquest of the Levant. Based on the study of European castle forms, it was revealed that the new composition of the castle was introduced by knights-pilgrims from the middle east to the lands of Western and Central Europe, where it got its development, thanks to the French masters-fortifiers who formed this classic castle type in the 13th - 15th centuries.
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Буравченко, Сергій Григорович, Олександр Григорович Пивоваров, Олександр Анатолійович Хлюпін, and Ірина Сергіївна Шашкова. "Прийоми реновації замкових комплексів та їх пристосування під сучасне використання на прикладі замку Свірж." Theory and practice of design, no. 23 (December 22, 2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2415-8151.23.16266.

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Збереження замкових і фортифікаційних комплексів є однією з актуальних проблем збереження культурної спадщини. Особливо проблематичним є збереження замків через складність пристосування до сучасних функцій, що обмежує можливості їх використання. Досвід Європи демонструє, що вирішення цієї проблеми полягає у визначенні нових функцій, що дозволяють пристосувати пам’ятки архітектури для сучасних потреб. Мета: систематизування підходів до реновації замкових комплексів та визначення прийомів їх пристосування під сучасне використання. Завданнями дослідження є аналіз вітчизняного та закордонного досвіду реновації і пристосуванні замків для актуального їх використання та повернення до життя, систематизацій прийомів з пристосування замків та їх реновації та активного використання.Методологія. У статті використанно традиційні наукові методи порівняльного аналізу і узагальнення позитивного досвіду, аналізу та метод системно-структурного аналізу.Результати. У статті опрацьовано причини занедбання та не використання замків, передумови їх реновацій та поєднання історичного та сучасного. Проаналізовано приклади з практики реновації та пристосування замкових комплексів. Виявлено прийоми, що покращують стан замку, привертають увагу туристів та відвідувачей, і як наслідок — інвестиції та кошти на збереження. Встановленно, що важливу роль у реновації замків грає саме їх привнесена функція, наскільки вона влучна саме для певного об’єкту спадщини. А вже під нові функції ведуться роботи як з реставрації так і використовуються різні прийоми пристосування, облаштування, та оснащення. виявлені прийоми реновації та пристосування замкових комплексів до сучасного використання.Як впровадження результатів досліджень, авторами цієї статті було розроблено конкурсний проєкт на на кращу проєктну пропозицію реставрації з пристосування під культурно-мистецький центр пам’ятки архітектури національного значення - замку XV - XVII ст. (ох.№481) у с. Свірж Львівського району Львівської області.Наукова новизна. Виявлено особливості реновації та пристосування замкових комплексів, вперше систематизовано європейський досвід щодо пристосування замків до сучасних потреб. Практична значущість. Практичну цінність мають прийоми реновації та пристосування замкових комплесів до сучасного використання. Застосовано отримані данні при розробленні конкурсного проєкту по пристосуванню пам’ятки архітектури національного значення - замку у с. Свірж Львівської області. The modern use of castles is especially problematic due to the complexity of their functional adaptation. The experience of Europe shows that the solution to this problem is to define new functions to adapt architectural monuments to modern needs. The aim of the author's research was to determine approaches to the renovation of castles and to determine the methods of their adaptation to modern objects. Methods. The article uses traditional scientific methods of comparative analysis, generalization of positive experience and the method of system-structural analysis. Results. The article deals with the reasons for the abandonment and non-use of castles, the prerequisites for their renovation and the combination of the historical and the modern. The examples of the practice of renovation of castles are analyzed. Revealed techniques that improve the condition of the castle, which attract the attention of tourists and visitors, and as a result - investments and funds for preservation. An important role in the renovation of castles is played by their introduced function, as far as it is accurate for a certain heritage site. For the new functions, restoration work is being carried out, as well as various adaptation techniques are used. Scientific novelty. The features of the renovation of castle complexes are revealed, for the first time the European experience of adapting castles to modern facilities is systematized. Practical significance. The methods of renovation and adaptation of castles are of practical value. The data obtained were used in the development of a competitive project for adaptation to a cultural and tourist complex and a house of creativity of the National Union of Architects of Ukraine - an architectural monument of national importance - a castle in the village Svirzh Lviv region
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Tkalčec, Tatjana, and Milan Procházka. "Loštice goblets and their imitations in medieval Slavonia." Archaeologia historica, no. 1 (2022): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/ah2022-1-13.

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The Loštice goblets, goods primarily intended for a circle of high feudal lords originating from North Moravian workshops at the end of the Late Middle Ages, were used in the castles all over Central Europe. Their distribution in the area of medieval Slavonia has not been considered so far in specialist literature. However, archaeological excavations (and one historical record) confirm their presence at six Slavonian castles and one rural settlement. The local and foreign imitations of Loštice goblets have also been found on several Slavonian sites. These new data open up possibilities of further reflections on late medieval trade and fashion practised by the Central European medieval elites.
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Gurňák, Daniel, and Andrea Hujová. "Castles and Chateaus – Factor of Tourism Development in Middle Europe." Geografické informácie 18, no. 1 (2014): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17846/gi.2014.18.1.44-53.

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Kajzer, Leszek. "Recent excavation and survey at Zduny, Wrząca and Kliczków Mały: earthworks of the modern period." Antiquity 65, no. 248 (September 1991): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080339.

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At a time when the whole of Europe is growing ever more united, the study of cultural phenomena observable all over the continent gains in importance. One such phenomenon is the occurrence of earthworks of both prehistoric and historical date. Initially associated with tribal Europe and with that period of its history when early states began to emerge, these defensive features began to decline with progressing feudalization. Within Latin Europe they were replaced by imperial ‘pfalze’, feudal seats of the motte type, and castles. Built by rulers, ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights all over the area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to Russia, they were the most outstanding feature of the cultural landscape of medieval Europe. With the decline of the Middle Ages, changes began to affect those castles that were built on an extensive scale as well as smaller defensive features such as the keep on a mound. The picture of European defensive architecture also changed under modern cultural influences from transalpine Italy. One trend led towards ‘military architecture’ in the narrow sense of the word. Modern fortifications became the concern of specialists: engineers and practicians of the battlefield in the period termed by Michael Howard the era ‘of wars of mercenaries, merchants and professionals’ (1976). The other trend was to shape modern civilian architecture, in terms of the development unfortified palaces. The division between architectura civilis and architectura militaris became a fact.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Castles – Europe"

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Crawford, Michael J. "The fight for privilege and status in early modern Castile, 1465-1598." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290108.

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During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries tens of thousands of Castilians initiated lawsuits at the royal appellate courts to gain recognition of the status of hidalgo and enjoyment of legal privileges associated with this status. Appealing to a diversity of laws and customs these litigants claimed that the status of hidalgo provided such privileges as exemption from taxation, freedom from judicial torture, right to public office, and immunity from debtor's prison. Historians frequently characterize pre-modern European society as one in which the ruling classes enjoyed legal privileges on the basis of their social status or estate. Nevertheless in these contests the success or failure of litigants did not depend on the individual's ancestry or the objective application of existing laws governing privilege and status. In Early Modern Castile litigants intensely disputed one another's claims to and about privilege, and their respective definitions of status. Sources from the period reveal that royal and municipal authorities granted and recognized possession of legal privileges based on status. Paradoxically these authorities frequently denied the status of these same individuals and resisted their claims to privilege. In this dissertation I analyze disputes over privilege as a means for understanding how legal inequality actually functioned in Early Modern Castile. The responses of monarchs, royal officials, and municipal councils to claims concerning privilege (at times in the form of judicial rulings) reflected contingent factors typically shaped by their own immediate interests. Consequently both claimants to privilege and the opposing sides in these cases used available rules and procedures as resources to advance their respective causes.
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Derlén, Mattias. "A castle in the air : the complexity of the multilingual interpretation of European community law /." Umeå : Department of Law, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1073.

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Fink, de Backer Stephanie. "Widows at the nexus of family and community in early modern Castile." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289931.

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Widows as individuals and as a social group held fundamental importance to both the family and civic life of early modern Castile. Archival sources indicate that widows' influence throughout all levels of Castilian society was magnified by their relative degree of legal autonomy, combined with a tacit acceptance of women's activities in many areas of familial and municipal life. The use of documents more closely reflecting women's daily activities allows for contextualization of the complex impact of moral and legal rhetoric on the social construction of widowhood, providing concrete examples of widows' practical and often highly tactical employment, evasion, and/or manipulation of patriarchal and moral norms. The experience of widowhood both forces a re-examination of gender boundaries by questioning current theories of female enclosure and demands a re-evaluation of gendered patterns in expressions of patronage and parentage. Marital status and social class become more important that the gendered moral and legal strictures of an apparently patriarchal society in terms of early modern women's ability to take part in a wide range of activities normally not considered possible for their sex. Toledo's widows challenge public/private spheres models by giving evidence of the public nature of private lives and the private ends of public acts. Examining widows' lives provides insight into the complex mechanisms lying behind the formulation of gender boundaries in the early modern world and the pragmatic politics of everyday life at the nexus of family and community.
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Brimnes, Niels. "European authority and caste disputes in South India, 1650-1850." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271966.

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Furtado, Michael Anthony 1958. "Islands of Castile: Artistic, Literary, and Legal Perception of the Sea in Castile-Leon, 1248-1450." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12098.

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xiii, 322 p. : col. ill.
Before Spain encountered the Americas, it first encountered the sea. This dissertation explores the roots of that encounter by examining perceptions of the sea in late medieval Castile-Leon reflected in art, literature, and law. It analyzes the changing attitudes of the Castilians towards the sea through an examination of its perceived place in their world, underscoring the complexity of Castilian attitudes toward the dangers and opportunities presented by the marine environment. Conceptual separation and union serve as the two foundational concepts employed for the analysis of evidence from each of the three genres under examination. Each genre highlights in various ways either the strong contrast drawn between land and sea or their seeming union conceptually. These complexities are manifest in a broad variety of sources, from collections of miracle tales to fifteenth century romances. Analysis of legal distinctions between land and sea reveal significant differences in perception regarding the nature of each environment and the rights and responsibilities of Castilians acting in either. Findings include that artistic sources reveal that a fearful attitude toward the sea accentuated by helplessness before its power dominated thirteenth century imagery, contrasting with the greater unity of land and sea reflected in miniatures from fifteenth century sources. A similar pattern of separation and union emerges in the literary evidence, where fear of the loss of agency when traveling at sea in early sources gives way to fifteenth century examples that praise its value. A comparison of the laws contained in the Siete Partidas with the late medieval records of the Cortes of Castile-Leon reveals that while the Castilian monarchs tended to consider the sea as firmly outside of their realm throughout the majority of the period of this study, strategic necessity led to an inexorable growth in the importance of the sea in the affairs of the kingdom generally. Together, the evidence supports the conclusion that by the mid-fourteenth century the view of the sea as other, typical of all early Castilian sources, gave way to a fifteenth century perspective that welcomed it in many respects, laying the foundation for the development of a great maritime empire.
Committee in charge: Lisa Wolverton, Chairperson; Robert Haskett, Member; David Luebke, Member; David Wacks, Outside Member
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Casties, Isabel [Verfasser], Elizabeta [Akademischer Betreuer] Briski, and Ulrich [Gutachter] Sommer. "Non-indigenous species in Northern Europe and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River: the importance of geographic origin / Isabel Casties ; Gutachter: Ulrich Sommer ; Betreuer: Elizabeta Briski." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1236572726/34.

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Tucker, Joanna. "A new approach to medieval cartularies : understanding manuscript growth in AUL SCA MS JB 1/3 (Glasgow Cathedral's Registrum Vetus) and the Cartulary of Lindores Abbey in Caprington Castle." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8466/.

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Medieval cartularies have been the focus of many studies in the past few decades. Rather than simply repositories for charter texts, cartularies are now regarded by those who study them as carefully curated collections of texts whose contents and arrangement reflect the immediate concerns and archival environment of the communities that created them. One feature of cartularies which has not received attention is the ‘growth’ of their manuscripts beyond the initial phase of creation. This growth refers not only to the addition of fresh gatherings but also to the piecemeal addition of texts into the available spaces, often in a haphazard order and by many scribes working across a number of decades. ‘Manuscript growth’ is not an uncommon feature of cartularies from the central middle ages, particularly from the thirteenth century onwards. As a phenomenon, however, it has not been recognised or studied, for the good reason that it is difficult to discuss haphazard manuscript growth in a systematic way. This thesis offers a new methodology which engages with multi-scribe contributions to ‘active’ cartularies. It takes a holistic approach which integrates the textual and ‘physical’ evidence of cartularies, and embraces all forms of scribal activity. By studying the growth of cartulary manuscripts, we can gain significant insights into the contemporary use and perception of these valuable objects. This thesis therefore takes a fresh look at the ‘genre’ of medieval cartularies through the eyes of the manuscript evidence itself, and what this can reveal about its medieval scribes and readers. Two manuscripts are taken as the basis of this study: the older cartulary of Glasgow Cathedral (AUL SCA MS JB 1/3) and the older cartulary of Lindores Abbey (in private ownership in Caprington Castle). Chapter 1 introduces the field of cartulary studies, with reference to new work in this area (particularly in relation to cartularies in France and England). Central questions in this field are introduced, such as the definition of a cartulary, their creation and function. It also discusses approaches to analysing complex codices and multi-scribe activity within other manuscript genres. In Chapter 2, a new methodology will be introduced for analysing manuscript growth. This involves rethinking our approach to some familiar elements of manuscripts: their codicology, binding history, the scribes, as well as the challenge of dating the various contributions to the cartularies. New concepts and terminology will be introduced (such as ‘relative dating’ and ‘series’) that have been developed in response to these two complex cartularies. By applying this new methodology, the creation and subsequent growth of each manuscript can be examined in detail in Chapter 3 (for Glasgow Cathedral’s cartulary) and Chapter 4 (for Lindores Abbey’s). It is shown that the contemporary experience of these two cartularies was as a collection of simultaneously ‘active’ units (either unbound or in temporary bindings), offering new scribes a choice of where to place their material. Chapter 5 draws together the analysis, and focuses on the initial creation of the cartularies, the nature of their growth by piecemeal additions, and the reasons for this growth. This reveals two communities that took an active approach to reading and extending their cartularies, treating these manuscripts as a shared space. The vexed question of ‘repeated’ texts within cartularies is reconsidered in this light. The analysis allows us to develop a deeper understanding of the cartularies’ function and the role of their scribes as primarily readers, whose interactions with the manuscript were responsive and dynamic. The institutional setting is also discussed. The thesis concludes by considering the implications of this study for our understanding of the function and typology of cartularies, their relationship to archives of single-sheet documents, and as sources for institutional identity, as well as the potential of the methodology to act as a starting point for studying scribal interactions and scribes as readers in other manuscript genres with multi-scribe growth.
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Barrile, Matthew J. "Thinking patria: Figurations of the in Discourses of the Liberal Spanish State, 1859-1906." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1497982796374111.

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Charlton-Stevens, Uther E. "Decolonising Anglo-Indians : strategies for a mixed-race community in late colonial India during the first half of the 20th century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:254b43ad-a0d6-4416-b451-c1ebff58ecce.

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Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict. The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.
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Tandian, Aly. "Des migrations internationales à la question identitaire : redéfinition de statuts des migrants Haalpulaar et évolution des rôles féminins dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20004.

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Suite aux sécheresses, à la fin de l'Etat providence, etc. , de nombreux Sénégalais se sont retrouvés face au choix de migrer. Cette situation s'est surtout développée dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal où les populations ne se résignent pas à leur sort car la migration, en majorité masculine, se présente comme une protestation contre les conditions de vie difficiles. Notre recherche s'est réalisée dans la société haalpulaar où il existe des serviteurs, des esclaves et des hommes libres ainsi qu'une suprématie foncière détenus par ces derniers. L'accentuation des migrations a modifié les destinations aujourd'hui plus complexes et plus lointaines. Ces nouvelles formes migratoires ainsi que le capital économique amassé affecte au pays de départ la structure sociale. L'intérêt de cette recherche est de visibiliser les stratégies circulatoires des migrants et le réajustement des formes de sociabilités au sein des villages d'origine où sont ressentis de plus en plus les effets des absences masculines, et où se recomposent les rôles familiaux
Following the repeated droughts, the end of the welfare system. . . , many Senegalese citizens choose to expatriate. This situation is increased in the valley of the Senegalese river where the inhabitants don't resign to their fate for the leading majority of the male migration can be seen as a protest against the hard living conditions. Our research was carried out in the Haalpulaar society where there are free men, servants and slaves as well as a land supremacy of free men. Yet, with the increasing migration, new complex and remote destinations are defined for many reasons while making it possible to the migrant to acquire economic ressources. We would like to show the circulatory strategies through the country of settlement and the adjustement of ways of sociability in the native villages. Thus, from the emerging constructions of individual and collective identities, the aim of this research is to explain the effects of the male absence on the reconstruction of the family role and to assess the importance of capital in the Haalpulaar social structure
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Books on the topic "Castles – Europe"

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Couderc, Philippe. Guide de la vie de château en Europe. [Paris]: Flammarion, 1986.

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Peter, Hicks. How castles were built. New York: PowerKids Press, 2008.

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Peter, Hicks. How castles were built. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999.

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Peter, Hicks. How castles were built. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999.

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1920-, Barker Philip, ed. Timber castles. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1995.

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1920-, Barker Philip, ed. Timber castles. London: Batsford, 1992.

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I, Meirion-Jones Gwyn, Impey Edward, and Jones Michael, eds. The seigneurial residence in Western Europe, AD c800-1600. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2002.

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Osborne, Will. Knights and castles. New York: Random House, 2000.

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1937-, Trumler Gerhard, ed. The great country houses of Central Europe: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland. New York: Abbeville Press, 1991.

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Schmid, Christina. Raumstrukturen und Raumausstattung auf Burgen in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Castles – Europe"

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Krauskopf, Christof. "Castles, Towns, and Villages: An Archaeological and Historical Approach to Askanian Settlement Policy in Medieval Brandenburg." In Town and Country in Medieval North Western Europe, 217–40. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tmc-eb.5.107299.

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Vargha, Mária. "The Impact of Castles on the Development of the Local Church System in Hungary in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." In The Medieval Networks in East Central Europe, 139–52. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149219-9.

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Thompson, I. A. A. "Castile." In Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe, 69–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21121-0_4.

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Wiewióra, Marcin. "The Transmission of New Construction Techniques and Urbanisation Concepts During the Teutonic Crusade: Cities and Castles in Chełmno Land (Poland) in the Early Thirteenth Century." In Building Networks: Exchange of Knowledge, Ideas and Materials in Medieval and Post-Medieval Europe, 173–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51963-5_12.

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Lalaj, Ana. "1968: The Prague Spring and the Albanian ‘Castle’." In Eastern Europe in 1968, 235–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77069-7_11.

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Poliakov, L. "Racism in Europe." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Caste and Race: Comparative Approaches, 223–34. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719503.ch15.

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Barclay, Katie, and François Soyer. "Teresa of Ávila (1515–1582), The Interior Castle." In Emotions in Europe 1517–1914, 161–64. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003175384-30.

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Giustino, Cathleen M. "The Ghetto and the Castle." In Interurban Knowledge Exchange in Southern and Eastern Europe, 1870–1950, 25–49. 1st Edition. | New York : Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2020. | Series: Routledge advances in urban history ; vol 9: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429319235-3.

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Morris, Robert J. "The Making of a 21st-Century Castle, Edinburgh 1745–2018." In Urban Heritage in Europe, 51–69. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003346999-5.

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Jančar, Mojca, and Mateja Ravnik. "Bull, Ram and Hare: Pottery Aquamaniles from Upper Maribor Castle (Slovenia)." In A United Europe of Things, 69–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48336-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Castles – Europe"

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Abos, Ileana Ana. "CULTURAL HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS: THE RENAISSANCE CASTLES OF THE MURE? VALLEY, TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA IN THE 20TH-21ST CENTURIES." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/fs05.06.

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The Mure? Valley is one of Romania's most culturally cohesive landscapes. Its cultural heritage intertwines with Western and Central Europe. Europe's cultural heritage includes this region's heritage. Starting in the 16th century, several noble residences were constructed in this region in magnificent geographical surroundings. Some of these were built according to designs based on Italian Renaissance architectural treatises. The most impressive style of Transylvanian Renaissance architecture is represented by these monuments. These belonged to noble and princely families, and they varied greatly in terms of size and demand. Around them, parks were constructed, and the castle contained a remarkable collection of books and artwork. After being nationalised in 1949, they underwent significant changes under communism. Some of these changes destroyed them, and others are irreparable. This work aims to illustrate the changes the magnificent Renaissance mansions of the nobility have undergone over time. These changes occurred in the 20th and 21st centuries. On the inside, there were numerous changes. In addition, the parks that border these architectural complexes have been changed or eliminated. The cultural landscape has irrevocably changed. Our research shows three main categories of Renaissance castles in the Mures Valley. A) Saved monuments, where you can see how they were preserved and incorporated into tourist routes. It may also involve returning castles to the community. B) Crumbling castles represent the opposing polarity. C) Castles undergoing restoration. According to their legal standing, castles are either privately owned, owned by the state, or owned by Catholic or Reformed churches. Preserving these monuments and the cultural landscape they generate preserves a significant part of our implicit cultural heritage and European identity.
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Tikhoonova, O. "Reading the history of bastion castles in Galicia (Eastern Europe) using the Friedrich von Mieg map." In DEFENCE HERITAGE 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dshf160071.

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Tunzi, Pasquale. "I castelli nei periodici illustrati del primo Ottocento in Italia." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17948.

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European publishing in the early 19th century promoted the dissemination and knowledge of historical heritage through illustrations. For the first time, ordinary people could see depictions of buildings that had marked the milestones and workings of civilisations over time and in different places. The favoured historical period was the Middle Ages, a time in which the noble origins of European peoples were rooted. Castles were the emblem of those civilisations whose national identity needed to be sustained. In this contribution, we look at castles published in Italian magazines from 1834 to around 1850. A selection of the castle subjects depicted and commented on has allowed us to address the graphic and figurative aspects, to dwell on some of the information and narratives offered to the public with the intention of elevating them culturally. What emerges is a singular picture in which the defensive or military-technical aspect was not considered, but the castles were given their historical character.
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Martorano, Francesca. "Piani di fortificazione in Calabria Ultra tra XVI e XVII secolo." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11326.

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Fortification plans in Calabria Ultra between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuriesThe Crown of Spain acquired, as it is known, the kingdom of Naples in 1504, which as Viceregno it will be part of the Spanish empire for more than two centuries. The empire between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was faced with various challenges, both internal and boundary, particularly maritime, attacked by the Ottoman expansion. Urban and coastal fortification plans were prepared and put in place to defend the territory. Calabria was also a participant in this effort, which the Viceroys directed and followed from Naples, with the approval of Madrid. This study examines the projects and achievements implemented in the chronological period under consideration in Calabria Ultra, current provinces of Reggio Calabria, Vibo Valentia, Catanzaro and Crotone. Particular attention is paid to coastal defense plans with the design of new towers, which combined with city walls and/or castles in state-owned or feudal cities, complement the defensive projects of the coasts. It is important to highlight how the types adopted are consistent with coherent implementations implemented in the extended territory of the empire, thus declaring widespread knowledge and cultural identity in the Europe of the time.
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Quarta, Aurora. "Il Castello di “Carta”. Excursus della presenza del castello di Gallipoli nella cartografia storica." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11339.

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The Castle of "paper". Excursus of Gallipoli’s castle presence in historical cartographyThe castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centuries there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture.The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defence from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period.The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.
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Olmedilla Lacasa, Fernando, Yanira Huertas de Maya, and Pilar Barraca de Ramos. "Obra en Patrimonio Público Español. Una experiencia profesional." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17980.

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Action on the monumental architectural heritage implies the formation of multidisciplinary teams whose mission is its preservation and enhancement for its enjoyment in the present and inheritance of the future. Thanks to this work it is possible to undertake the complex tasks of rehabilitation and restoration of fortified monuments, maintaining their original essence in aesthetics and architecture, always providing information that allows us to recognize their memory and the identity they had in past times. Public administrations, associations, foundations, or councils can access different public subsidies in order to preserve the Heritage Property and ensure that the surrounding environment values it to finally protect it by considering it their own. This kind of works are sustainable due to the rehabilitation of these castles and defensive monuments, since the obtaining of benefits is reflected in their enhancement, in their recognition by the society that inhabits that territory, in their cultural promotion and their dissemination as a high-level tourist product. The commitment to Heritage that is a guarantee of success when there is a prior study and awareness of the need for intervention. There are very numerous assets on which to act and the choice must be determined for logistical reasons, applying the recommendations and instructions entrusted by international organizations such as UNESCO or the Council of Europe. Using value judgments about the history of the place or the landscape it forms, supervised by expert technicians in each subject, we will guarantee that the future of each intervention is an example of how to act, demonstrating that, seeking excellence, resources are allocated to the best proposals. We show, as examples, a selection of projects that are successfully completed in Spain, or are in development, carried out through agreements with public entities or through competitions to obtain economic funds, and that include a series of defensive structures of different chronological moments.
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Ferrari, Lia, Marco Catellani, and Elena Zanazzi. "CANOSSA CASTLE: THE IMPORTANCE OF A CRITIC AND AWARE PLAN OF INTERVENTIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND PREVENTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12122.

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Fortified architecture is a widespread and peculiar typology in Italy as it represents an identifying element for communities and a reference point in the landscape. An imposing system of castles, dating back to the 11th century, characterises the area of Reggio Emilia, in the Emilia Romagna Region. Among these fortifications, Canossa Castle is an important and distinctive fortress. Built on the top of an isolated cliff, a particularly strategic and defensive point, it played a central role in the medieval European history. For instance, it was the scene of the well-known reconciliation between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, which ended the Investiture Controversy in 1077. The current state of ruins of this fortress is due to both centuries of neglect and to recent incongruent interventions. Therefore, archival research, in-situ inspections and photogrammetric techniques were carried out on the case study of Canossa Castle, in order to analyse the numerous restoration yards that have followed one another on the fortress in the last century. Firstly, the lack of coordination between the different interventions emerged. Furthermore, it has been observed that the principles of restoration have been disregarded several times, with consequent damage to the archaeological remains. Therefore, the present study aims to underline the importance of a critical and aware intervention plan for the conservation and damage prevention of cultural heritage, considering the possible support of HBIM tools.
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Ray, Sandip, Atul Prasad Deb Nath, Kshitij Raj, and Swarup Bhunia. "CASTLE: Architecting Assured System-on-Chip Firmware Integrity." In 2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474099.

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Murovec, Barbara Kristina. "Visual Representation of the Young Widow-Mother in the Early Modern Times: The Castle of Slovenska Bistrica and the Patronage of Maria Juliana Countess Vetter von der Lilie." In XVII. Dani Cvita Fiskovića: Žene u/o umjetnosti. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Filozofski fakultet, Odsjek za povijest umjetnosti, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/9789533791654.04.

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The article provides an insight into methodological approaches and research questions in early modern studies of female patronage, relevant to the visual representation of a young mother-widow from Inner Austria. Maria Juliana Countess Vetter von der Lilie (1672–1708) inherited the Castle of Slovenska Bistrica in Styria (Slovenia) after husband’s death in 1695. Although the Castle was redecorated after 1717 by Ignaz Maria Count Attems, the uncle of the deceased, several spaces can still be linked to the women’s patronage. A biblical quotation on the main portal announces that a wise woman built her house, a fresco on the first floor depicts the Allegory of Mother Earth, and Vischer’s print of the garden and the ceiling painting of the pharmacy also show themes often related to women. Maria Juliana Vetter is a prominent secular nobelwoman who has emerged from her husband’s shadow and from oblivion in the under-researched field of female patronage in Central Europe.
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Pérez Gallego, Francisco, and Rosa María Giusto. "La influencia de Pedro Luis Escrivá en el sistema defensivo colonial de América." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11340.

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The influence of Pedro Luis Escrivá in the American colonial defense systemThe architect and military engineer Pedro Luis Escrivá (1490 ca. - sixteenth century), at the service of Charles V of Habsburg and the Viceroyal Court of Naples, built two bastioned fortifications designed to considerably influence the subject of territorial defense structures: The quadrangular Spanish Fort of L'Aquila (1534-1567) and the reconstruction of the Sant’Elmo Castle in Naples (1537), with an elongated six-pointed stellar plan, served as a reference point for the European and American fortifications of the period. Due to its size and versatility, the model adopted in L’Aquila was widely used in the Latin American context between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It is found in countries that were Hispanic colonies such as Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; as well as in the Hispanic domains of the United States and in some of the dependent territories of the Portuguese crown, in Brazil. Based on a historical-architectural and contextual analysis of these structures, the effects of the “cultural transfer” between Europe and America will be investigated with respect to the model devised by Escrivá to promote its cultural valorization.
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Reports on the topic "Castles – Europe"

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Durovic, Mateja, and Franciszek Lech. A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64577.

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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and under- mining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell short due to its continued reliance on consent, autonomy and failure to adequately protect consumers from indirect discrimination. It is posited that a focus on creating a contracting landscape where the consumer may be properly informed in material respects is required, which in turn necessitates blending the approaches of competition, consumer protection and data protection laws.
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Heinisch, Reinhard, and Diana Hofmann. The Case of the Austrian Radical Right and Russia During the War in Ukraine. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp001311.

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The right-wing, populist Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) has viewed Putin’s Russia as an effective constraint on what the Radical Right regards as a liberal cultural and economic agenda pursued by the European Union and the United States. The FPÖ remained a supporter of Kremlin policies, even after Moscow’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, and even signed a cooperation agreement with Putin’s United Russia party in 2016. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the FPÖ has been careful not to be seen defending Moscow’s aggression. Instead, it has resorted to populist framing that casts the Austrian people as victims of national and Western political elites. Concretely, the party leadership claims that the country’s policies toward Russia are counterproductive and have been decided without the consent of the people. This approach is an extension of the FPÖ’s traditional Euroscepticism and anti-establishment positioning. It also appeals to Austrians’ longstanding preference for neutrality. According to polling data, the FPÖ is well positioned to outperform all other parties in the current issue environment.
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