Relevant bibliographies by topics / Caste, class and agrarian

Academic literature on the topic 'Caste, class and agrarian'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Caste, class and agrarian"

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Kalaiyarasan A. and M. Vijayabaskar. "Why Does the ‘Provincial Propertied Class’ Remain Provincial? Reading the Agrarian Question of Capital Through Caste." Urbanisation 6, no. 1 (May 2021): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471211021506.

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While labour linkages and flows between rural and urban India have been studied, there is little discussion on the implications of the agrarian question of capital for the urban. This is particularly important given the intertwining of caste and capital accumulation in India. If there are caste barriers to entry into accumulation in the urban, what does it mean for pathways of diversification of agrarian capital out of agriculture? In this article, we address this question by comparing the trajectories of capital accumulation in the urban by two agrarian caste groups, the Kongu Vellala Gounders (KVGs) in western Tamil Nadu and the Jats in Haryana. We argue that the dominance of specific caste groups in non-agrarian accumulation erects barriers for transition of agrarian capital into the urban. Such barriers are further aggravated by the increasingly adverse conditions under which capitalist farmers produce in rural India and by new barriers to entry posed by globalising market conditions. Finally, we suggest that differences in subnational politics account for differences in transition pathways between the two agrarian castes. We therefore argue that a caste-based reading is critical to understand how caste intersects with diversification of capital from the rural to the Indian urban.
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Saha, Atrayee. "Caste Inequality, Land Relations and Agrarian Distress in Contemporary Agrarian Economy of Bardhaman, West Bengal." Contemporary Voice of Dalit 11, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19866997.

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The contemporary agrarian economy of rural West Bengal is characterized by distinct division of the farming community along caste and class lines. Unlike the belief that the communist regime in the state has significantly reduced instances of caste and class inequalities, the present article based on a fieldwork in Paarhaati village of Memary II block of Purba Bardhaman district argues in favour of the persistence of such inequalities till date. With the help of narratives collected and instances captured in a year-long fieldwork in the village, the present article attempts to bring forth the existence of domination of economically and politically powerful castes of landowners, deprivation of agricultural and landless labourers, formation of factions at the local party level, lack of initiative from the panchayat and increasing intervention of merchants, traders and middlemen that is hindering social, economic and political developments in these regions. The article argues that the ‘change’ proclaimed by the new regime has done nothing exceptional for the contemporary rural economy than the previous regime.
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Behera, Hari Charan. "The Pattern of Landholdings and Emerging Agrarian Relations: A Study in North Chotanagpur Region of India." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 15, no. 1 (January 2015): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1501500112.

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In this paper, the author's attempt is to discuss about emerging landholding pattern, caste wise distribution of landholdings, caste-class relations based on the nature of landholdings, and other social issues concerning agrarian society in north Chotanagpur region of Jharkhand, India through a micro-level study. The focus in the paper is also about agrarian relations in the region through a caste based analysis.
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Yadu, C. R. "Some Aspects of Agrarian Change in Kerala." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2017): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024916680430.

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This article discusses the important features of the post land reforms agrarian relations in Kerala. The first aspect of contemporary land relations in Kerala is the increasing concentration of land in the hands of the rich. It is also seen that there is a marked decline in the proportion of households who directly depend on agriculture for livelihood. The second aspect of Kerala’s post land reforms agrarian relations is concerned with the land concentration and land grabbing in the plantation sector. Kerala’s big plantations quietly and frequently engage in land grabbing which is similar to the land grabbing happening in Latin American and African continents. The third aspect covered in this article is all about the changing class–caste nexus in Kerala’s occupational structure. Caste is no longer a major determining factor of occupations as was the case in the pre-land reform era. Land reforms could significantly break the traditional caste–class nexus.
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Kumar, Satendra. "Class, caste and agrarian change: the making of farmers’ protests." Journal of Peasant Studies 48, no. 7 (November 10, 2021): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1990046.

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Lerche, Jens, and Alpa Shah. "Conjugated oppression within contemporary capitalism: class, caste, tribe and agrarian change in India." Journal of Peasant Studies 45, no. 5-6 (September 19, 2018): 927–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1463217.

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FULLER, C. J. "Anthropologists and Viceroys: Colonial knowledge and policy making in India, 1871–1911." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 1 (October 13, 2015): 217–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000037.

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AbstractThe anthropology of caste was a pivotal part of colonial knowledge in British India in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Denzil Ibbetson and Herbert Risley, then the two leading official anthropologists, both made major contributions to the study of caste, which this article discusses. Ibbetson and Risley assumed high office in the imperial government in 1902 and played important roles in policy making during the partition of Bengal (1903–5) and the Morley-Minto legislative councils reforms (1906–9); Ibbetson was also influential in deciding Punjab land policy in the 1890s. Contemporary policy documents, which this article examines, show that the two men's anthropological knowledge had limited influence on their deliberations. Moreover, caste was irrelevant to their thinking about agrarian policy, the promotion of Muslim interests, and the urban, educated middle class, whose growing nationalism was challenging British rule. No ethnographic information was collected about this class, because the scope of anthropology was restricted to ‘traditional’ rural society. At the turn of the twentieth century, colonial anthropological knowledge, especially about caste, had little value for the imperial government confronting Indian nationalism, and was less critical in constituting the Indian colonial state than it previously had been.
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Srinivasulu, K. "Green Revolution Model and Agrarian Crisis: Towards a Perspectival Critique." Indian Journal of Public Administration 64, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117750898.

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In the dominant interpretation, the agrarian crisis and farmers’ suicides have been viewed either as outcomes of individual decisions/actions of the farmers or as caused by vagaries of nature or certain policies. The present study views them as symptomatic of a deeper systemic crisis in agriculture in the post-Green Revolution and post-economic reform period. By examining the transformation of the agrarian question, especially consequent upon the generalisation of the Green Revolution model, this article highlights the importance of the changing dynamics between farm and non-farm sector in terms of accumulation and interaction and the changes in the class–caste relations internal to the rural society as the causes of the crisis.
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Gupta, Priyanshu, and Manish Thakur. "The Changing Rural-agrarian Dominance: A Conceptual Excursus." Sociological Bulletin 66, no. 1 (April 2017): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022916687062.

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Based on a review of extant literature, this article entreats for thorough-going empirical investigation of rural-agrarian dominance in the context of the fundamental transformation of the ‘village’ from the spatial habitat of the traditionally ‘dominant’ to the ‘waiting room’ for the aspiring and the despairing. 1 Against the backdrop of the cultural devaluation of agriculture as an unrewarding profession and the village as the dark underbelly of a shining India, it underlines the need to revisit the conventional political economy models of rural-agrarian dominance. We argue that the triad of caste, land and political power does not exhaust the emergent constituents of rural-agrarian dominance. The aspirational surge towards middle-classisation, even among the village dominants, has unleashed forces and processes whose ramifications have to be meticulously thought through. The three-class dominant social coalition model prevalent in the political economy literature largely fails to take into account the inherent dynamism of the village dominants and their deep-seated propensity for middle-classisation.
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Lerche, Jens. "The farm laws struggle 2020–2021: class-caste alliances and bypassed agrarian transition in neoliberal India." Journal of Peasant Studies 48, no. 7 (October 28, 2021): 1380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1986013.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Caste, class and agrarian"

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Pincus, Jonathan R. "Class power and agrarian change : a case study of three villages in west Java." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318439.

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Kapadia, Karin. "Gender, caste and class in rural south India." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265607.

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Osella, Filippo. "Caste, class, power and social mobility in Kerala, India." Thesis, Online version, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.282594.

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Herbert, Sruthi. "Citizenship at the intersections : caste, class and gender in India." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26173/.

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This research is an empirical investigation into the experience of citizenship at the intersections of social inequalities in India: caste, class and gender. Through the working of the state in one ward of a panchayat in Kerala, South India, I try to understand how social inequalities influence the practice of citizenship, with particular focus on the Marshallian social citizenship. Mixed methodologies, including ethnography, and quantitative data collection were employed. Since Kerala is often seen as an exception in India due to its remarkably high Human Development Index (HDI), and also in development discourses due to its radical communist mobilizations and democratic decentralization, this work has wider relevance to development debates. The key argument made is that social citizenship rights are not upheld in the local state bodies, whose working often contradicts constitutional provisions for group-differentiated citizenship rights. This is illustrated by several simultaneous outcomes of state working in the field site: a geography of caste evidenced locally, caste-gendered ordering of public spaces, the seamlessness between the personal and the political for the elite, and disempowering discourses facilitated through state bodies. The framework within which the state operates, I argue, is patriarchal, upholding upper caste interests. I also show that academic conceptualization of intersections, in limiting caste to SC/Dalits and focusing on Dalit patriarchy, do not sufficiently address the graded nature of caste inequalities and patriarchal relations embedded within them. I propose that caste-gender roles need to be examined in more detail. This work also argues that caste is not static, and reconfigures itself while upholding endogamy. All of this impact the experience of citizenship. This work shows that structural inequalities need to be accounted for while empirically examining citizenship gains, and that for newly formed states, social citizenship rights is an ideal worth aspiring for. In offering a new lens to view Kerala's claims of development, this work points to lacunae in the conceptualization of development not just in Kerala, but also in India where the structural nature of caste is not acknowledged.
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Molund, Stefan. "First we are people- : the Koris of Kanpur between caste and class." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm (University of Stockholm, Department of social anthropology), 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37084909j.

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Béteille, André. "Caste, class and power : changing patterns of stratification in a Tanjore village /." Delhi ; Bombay ; Calcutta [etc.] : Oxford university press, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37026714t.

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Kulkarni, Sonal. "Sociolinguistic variation in urban India : a study of Marathi-speaking adolescents in Pune." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342144.

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Huggins, Michael James. "Agrarian conflict in pre-famine County Roscommon." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367632.

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Tsering, Tashi. "Social inequality and resource management : gender, caste and class in the rural Himalayas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51178.

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The management of irrigation water and other resources, as practiced by traditional farming communities in developing countries, is often presented as a model of an equitable system – especially when compared to systems managed by states. This study demonstrates that the resource management practices in two Himalayan farming communities are, in fact, inequitable in terms of local gender, caste and class roles. This thesis examines inequalities in the social organization of irrigation systems in two villages in Spiti Valley in India’s Himachal Pradesh state. Its key finding is that the social organization of irrigation management, particularly in terms of farmers’ gender, class and caste backgrounds, is best understood as part of a broader division of labor for farming and related resources (such as for the management of fodder, dung and firewood), which are all embedded in the local socio-economic structure. This finding, which is based on participatory observation and interviews with farmers, as well as an analysis of historical and legal documents, underlines the importance of studying management of different resource sectors relationally rather than compartmentally. In particular, this study identifies key functional linkages between the social organization of farming and different resource sectors and develops theoretical approaches to the study of resource management in rural communities.
Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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BOLAZZI, FLORIANE. "CASTE, CLASS AND SOCIAL MOBILITY. A CASE STUDY IN NORTH INDIA 1958-2015." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/732484.

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This thesis analyses the nexus between caste, class and social mobility in rural India over the last half-century of profound transformations. The increase of demographic pressure on land has reduced agriculture to a subsidiary source of livelihood for the rural population. The transition from farming to informal and irregular forms of labour which require the working population to commute to small and medium towns, have become the predominant patterns of occupational transition in rural India. This thesis investigates the nature and magnitude of these changes and their implications for the reconfiguration of the social structures - caste hierarchy and class stratification - and aims at verifying whether the caste membership continues to prevail as a factor of social stratification. Using unique data at the individual level on the full population of Palanpur, a village in Uttar Pradesh, surveyed seven times from 1958 to 2015, we provide a longitudinal analysis of the trends, the patterns and the determinants of the social mobility of three generations of individuals. We combine the statistical and econometric analysis of the social mobility with a qualitative analysis of more than a hundred interviews carried out during six-months in-depth fieldwork. We find evidence of the opportunities for social mobility to increase but prevalently downward toward manual workers’ class. The advantage of the upper castes to access high salariat positions persists over time, however, with the modernization, the educational attainment plays an equalising role on the chances of upward mobility irrespective of the caste and the class of origin. Moreover, we find that the caste disadvantage for upward mobility from low to middle and top-class decreased over time for some of the castes at the bottom of the hierarchy. While much social stratification research has been and still is carried out in Western countries, this thesis is an original contribution to the emerging literature concerning social stratification and mobility in developing countries.
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Books on the topic "Caste, class and agrarian"

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1930-, Sharma Madan Lal, and Dak T. M. 1936-, eds. Caste and class in agrarian society: Dynamics of rural development. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1985.

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Janagal, Sukhdev Singh. Caste-class struggle. Patiala: Hashia Publications, 2009.

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Janagal, Sukhdev Singh. Caste-class struggle. Patiala: Hashia Publications, 2009.

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Caste-class struggle. Patiala: Hashia Publications, 2009.

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Reconceptualising caste, class, and tribe. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2001.

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Thiruchandran, Selvy. Ideology, caste, class, and gender. New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 1997.

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Kanhaiyalal, Sharma, and Training for Development Scholarship Society., eds. Caste and class in India. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1994.

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Sathyavathi: Confronting caste, class & gender. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2015.

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Caste, class, and social movements. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1986.

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Pincus, Jonathan. Class Power and Agrarian Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324.

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Book chapters on the topic "Caste, class and agrarian"

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Mehrotra, Ishita. "Who Is a Labourer? Reconceptualising and Understanding the Agrarian Question of Labour Today." In Political Economy of Class, Caste and Gender, 8–61. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429321894-2.

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Lerche, Jens. "The farm laws struggle 2020–2021: class-caste alliances and bypassed agrarian transition in neoliberal India." In Possibility of Politics in India, 296–312. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096535-17.

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Lauter, Paul. "Caste, Class, and Canon." In Feminisms, 227–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22098-4_13.

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Deliège, Robert. "Caste, Class, and Untouchability." In A Companion to the Anthropology of India, 45–61. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444390599.ch2.

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Lauter, Paul. "Caste, Class, and Canon." In Feminisms, 129–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14428-0_9.

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Krishnan, Sanjana. "Caste, Class and Space." In Considering Space, 186–201. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003361152-12.

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Fuller, C. J. "Caste, Class and Nationalism." In Anthropologist and Imperialist, 350–65. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003456315-14.

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Bulte, Erwin, Paul Richards, and Maarten Voors. "Institutional Clash: Empirical Evidence from Case Studies." In Institutions and Agrarian Development, 113–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98500-8_6.

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Pincus, Jonathan. "Measuring Class Differentiation." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 37–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_3.

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Harpending, Henry, and Gregory Cochran. "Assortative Mating, Class, and Caste." In The Evolution of Sexuality, 57–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09384-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Caste, class and agrarian"

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Romanov, Valery, Irina Zhebratkina, Irina Chivileva, Olga Knyazkova, and Ekaterina Stepanova. "The Binary English Class At The Agrarian University." In International Conference on Language and Technology in the Interdisciplinary Paradigm. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.96.

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Aditya Airlangga, Sinergy. "Meaningless ‘Domination’: Workers, Elites and Agrarian Class Dynamics in Agricultural Subsidy Policy." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Rural Socio-Economic Transformation: Agrarian, Ecology, Communication and Community Development Perspectives, RUSET 2021, 14-15 September 2021, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-9-2021.2317179.

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Zelenkov, V. N., V. V. Latushkin, P. A. Vernik, V. B. Novikov, and S. V. Gavrilov. "Sinergotron is a new class of closed-type digital devices for agricultural science." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/09.09.2019.162.

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Tognon, Alisia, and Mariana Paisana Felix. "Growing fast, innovating slowly. Informal Ahmedabad between past and future." In 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture, VIBRArch. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vibrarch2022.2022.15428.

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The fast urban development in India is making evident many social, cultural, and economic complexities reproduced in the city's planning and design. The drive for modernization is becoming the central topic in the national and political debate and becomes more urgent every day. Among these contexts, urban fabrics in-between developing cities, heritage roots, "smart city" missions and "kinetic" cities constitute a framework for research on morphological, functional, social and environmental perspectives. This paper investigates contested locations in Ahmedabad, where informality finds space between heritage structures and recent beautification projects, such as the Sabarmati riverfront. The paper understands how a holistic approach is essential in rethinking and upgrading the spatial and urban conditions of informal settlements in the city and therefore highlights the relevance of adequate lenses to understand these complexities. Like many other cities in India, living in slums or informal settlements is a common phenomenon in Ahmedabad, as they provide affordable housing close to job opportunities. In 2009, AMC (Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation) identified 834 slums, sheltering 23 per cent of the total population of the city. Several conditions and features characterize these settlements since their communities are often from the same region, class, caste, or religion. This paper will analyze case studies in Ahmedabad, where the friction between informality, preservation of heritage structures and new smart city developments is evident. The paper will question various assumptions regarding the informal environment and analyze their cultural and architectural identities, the domestication of heritage structures, and vulnerability within the idea of a smart and globalized Ahmedabad.
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Reports on the topic "Caste, class and agrarian"

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Kothari, Jayna, I. R. Jayalakshmi, Rohit Sharma, and Adhirai S. Intersections of Caste and Gender: Implementation of Devadasi Prohibition Laws. Centre for Law and Policy Research, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/hhej4927.

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CLPR’s policy brief on the Devadasi practice in States like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra investigates the prevalence of the Devadasi system and reviews the implementation of legislation prohibiting the practice. The policy brief pays close attention to the intersectional discrimination faced by Devadasi women due to their caste, class, and gender and suggests a range of recommendations from statutory amendments to regular empirical studies and training programs to strengthen the working of the legislation.
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Sanyal, Madhurima. Caste and Gender Backlash: A Study of the #MeToo Movement in Tertiary Education in Kolkata, India. Institute of Development Studies, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/backlash.2023.001.

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In the light of the #MeToo movement, this paper explores how the positionality (in terms of caste and class) of female university students in Kolkata, India is employed as an instrument of backlash to pushback their efforts at making progressive change with regard to sexual harassment. The study includes an analysis of six semi-structured interviews based on an amalgamation of conventional and alternate understandings of backlash. It argues that conventional and alternate understandings are not independent of each other, but are interlinked and exist side by side. Backlash silences women and forestalls their demands and pushes crucial gender issues to the backburner.
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Tambe, Anagha, and Swati Dyahadroy. Breaking through the intergenerational cycle of educational inequalities: First generation learners, stigmatized occupational groups and sustainable futures. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf1507.2023.

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This study aims to investigate educational inequalities amongst precarious and stigmatized workers and unravel how the deeply intertwined inequalities of caste, class and gender shape micro practices in this group that work towards their children’s educational exclusion as well as mobility. It explores how parental occupation, stigma, subsequent living conditions, neighbourhood, and mobilizations of and interventions for workers, impact the educational journeys of first-generation students.
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Thompson, Stephen, Brigitte Rohwerder, and Clement Arockiasamy. Freedom of Religious Belief and People with Disabilities: A Case Study of People with Disabilities from Religious Minorities in Chennai, India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.003.

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India has a unique and complex religious history, with faith and spirituality playing an important role in everyday life. Hinduism is the majority religion, and there are many minority religions. India also has a complicated class system and entrenched gender structures. Disability is another important identity. Many of these factors determine people’s experiences of social inclusion or exclusion. This paper explores how these intersecting identities influence the experience of inequality and marginalisation, with a particular focus on people with disabilities from minority religious backgrounds. A participatory qualitative methodology was employed in Chennai, to gather case studies that describe in-depth experiences of participants. Our findings show that many factors that make up a person’s identity intersect in India and impact how someone is included or excluded by society, with religious minority affiliation, caste, disability status, and gender all having the potential to add layers of marginalisation. These various identity factors, and how individuals and society react to them, impact on how people experience their social existence. Identity factors that form the basis for discrimination can be either visible or invisible, and discrimination may be explicit or implicit. Despite various legal and human rights frameworks at the national and international level that aim to prevent marginalisation, discrimination based on these factors is still prevalent in India. While some tokenistic interventions and schemes are in place to overcome marginalisation, such initiatives often only focus on one factor of identity, rather than considering intersecting factors. People with disabilities continue to experience exclusion in all aspects of their lives. Discrimination can exist both between, as well as within, religious communities, and is particularly prevalent in formal environments. Caste-based exclusion continues to be a major problem in India. The current socioeconomic environment and political climate can be seen to perpetuate marginalisation based on these factors. However, when people are included in society, regardless of belonging to a religious minority, having a disability, or being a certain caste, the impact on their life can be very positive.
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Kaur, Harpreet. The Policy Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysing Implications for Indigenous Peoples in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/prcp12.2022.

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In this report, we examine the impacts of the pandemic and policy responses to it, focusing on Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which spans Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. Our analysis reveals that the pandemic and accompanying lockdowns produced new forms of exclusions. It widened existing socio-economic fissures and brought into sharp relief social security systems which were already strained. For example, a widening of the existing digital divide that excluded Adivasi students from online education and homogenous policy interventions that often reproduce inequities based on caste, class, livelihoods, and gender. Policy interventions have, to some extent, engaged with the multiple risks and impacts COVID-19 placed on the poor and marginalised, but few of them attend to the structural inequities of IPs or speak to their differential experiences and vulnerabilities.
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Khemani, Shreya, Jharna Sahu, Maya Yadav, and Triveni Sahu. Interrogating What Reproduces a Teacher: A Study of the Working Lives of Teachers in Birgaon, Raipur. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf1307.2023.

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This study, situated in an industrial working-class neighbourhood in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, aims to look at what sustains and reproduces an elementary school teacher in low-fee private schools. Within a highly stratified system of education such as ours (NCERT 2005), both at the level of school and teacher education itself, as well as in the context of a highly stratified society—where the imagination and reality of ‘a teacher’ is informed as much by a historical domination of teaching by specific caste groups as it is by a contemporary reality in which the bulk of the teachers in schools across the country are women (UDISE+ 2019-20)—how do we understand the working lives of teachers and the work of teaching? This study thinks through this question by inquiring into the labouring lives of teachers in our fieldsite—centring tensions between productive and unproductive labour and paid and unpaid work.
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Huntington, Dale. Anti-trafficking programs in South Asia: Appropriate activities, indicators and evaluation methodologies. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1019.

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Throughout South Asia, men, women, boys, and girls are trafficked within their own countries and across international borders against their wills in what is essentially a clandestine slave trade. The Congressional Research Service and the U.S. State Department estimate that between 1 to 2 million people are trafficked each year worldwide with the majority originating in Asia. Root causes include extreme disparities of wealth, increased awareness of job opportunities far from home, pervasive inequality due to caste, class, and gender bias, lack of transparency in regulations governing labor migration, poor enforcement of internationally agreed-upon human rights standards, and the enormous profitability for traffickers. The Population Council, UNIFEM, and PATH led a participatory approach to explore activities that address the problem of human trafficking in South Asia. A meeting was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, September 11– 13, 2001 to discuss these issues. Approximately 50 representatives from South Asian institutions, United Nations agencies, and international and local NGOs attended. This report summarizes the principal points from each paper presented and captures important discussion points that emerged from each panel presentation.
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Howard, Jo. Understanding Intersecting Vulnerabilities Experienced by Religious Minorities Living in Poverty in the Shadows of Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.012.

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The purpose of this study, conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic between November 2020 and March 2021 in India and Nigeria, is to explore the direct and indirect effects of Covid-19 on religiously marginalised groups experiencing intersecting vulnerabilities. The findings provide recognition of the impact of Covid-19 on targeting and encroachments faced by these groups in order to inform policy so that it includes their perspectives in building back better and promoting inclusive development. Policymakers need to understand both the direct and indirect impacts of Covid-19 in order to coordinate effective support and avert deepening marginalisation. This research demonstrates how religious inequalities intersect with other inequalities of power – historical, structural, and socially determined characteristics (class, ethnicity, caste, gender, age) – to shape how people experience the Covid-19 pandemic. Both India and Nigeria manifest high levels of authoritarianism, an absence of press freedom, targeting of religiously marginalised groups, and unequal access to public services and the protection of the state by religiously marginalised groups, according to geographic location. The findings of this report reveal the appalling everyday realities as well as the great courage of religious minorities living in poverty during the pandemic. Greater sensitivity to the critical intersection of vulnerabilities is essential for the longer-term recovery of these groups, who otherwise face slipping deeper into intergenerational poverty. Deepening poverty and proliferating ethno-religious injustices are fuelling tensions and conflict, and the risks of neglecting these issues are immense.
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Panwar, Nalin Singh. Decentralized Political Institution in Madhya Pradesh (India). Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.23.

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The change through grassroots democratic processes in the Indian political system is the result of a growing conviction that the big government cannot achieve growth and development in a society without people's direct participation and initiative. The decentralized political institutions have been more participatory and inclusive ensuring equality of political opportunity. Social exclusion in India is not a new phenomenon. History bears witness to exclusion of social groups on the bases of caste, class, gender and religion. Most notable is the category of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women who were denied the access and control over economic and social opportunities as a result they were relegated to the categories of excluded groups. It is true that the problems of the excluded classes were addressed by the state through the enactment of anti-discriminatory laws and policies to foster their social inclusion and empowerment. Despite these provisions, exclusion and discrimination of these excluded groups continued. Therefore, there was a need to address issues of ‘inclusion’ in a more direct manner. Madhya Pradesh has made a big headway in the working for the inclusion of these excluded groups. The leadership role played by the under privileged, poor and the marginalized people of the society at the grassroots level is indeed remarkable because two decade earlier these people were excluded from public life and political participation for them was a distant dream. Against this backdrop, the paper attempts to unfold the changes that have taken place in the rural power structure after 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent the decentralized political institutions have been successful in the inclusion of the marginalized section of the society in the state of Madhya Pradesh [India].
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