Journal articles: 'Cast-iron Ductility'

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Солдатов, Валерий, Valeriy Soldatov, Дмитрий Илюшкин, Dmitriy Ilyushkin, Олег Петраков, and Oleg Petrakov. "INVESTIGATION OF WHITE ALLOYED CAST IRON DUCTILITY." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5c652633961a58.10645526.

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Mironova, Tatiana, and Svetlana Proidak. "Peculiarities of Alloying Effect on the Eutectic Cementite Behavior Under Hot Rolling." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0093.

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Abstract Currently, cast iron remains one of the major modern casting materials in metallurgy and machine-building industry and is sure to take the lead in the future. Chilled cast iron has high hardness and wear resistance due to a large number of carbide phases in its structure. However, low ductility and impact hardness essentially limit its applicability in terms of processing. Hot plastic working, under which the eutectic net crushing is observed, appears to be one of the most effective means of the eutectic alloy products shape and microstructure transformation. Chilled cast iron properties fundamentally improve after hot plastic working: ductility, strength and impact hardness increase by 2-3 times on retention of the high hardness factor. Chilled cast iron ductility increase can be attained when using phase transformations in eutectic cementite under lean alloying with carbide forming elements. The purpose of the paper is to study alloying effect on the chilled cast iron ductility as well as eutectic cementite behavior under hot rolling. In the paper hardening and softening of the structural components in chilled cast iron under hot working have been studied. The deformation texture forming in eutectic cementite under hot rolling has been revealed, which is connected with the dynamic softening and depends on the degree and the nature of its alloying. The mechanism and regularities of the phase transformation effect in cementite on its behavior under plastic deformation and on the alloys ductility in general have been studied. In cementite chromium alloying initiates processes, that can be characterized as the pre-precipitation stage of the new phases, and this way it contributes to the cast iron ductility reduction and embrittles cementite. Carbide transformation, that occurs in eutectic cementite under alloying with vanadium, stimulates softening of the alloy and increases its ductility level. Moreover, the multiple glide planes {130},{011},{112} in cementite have been determined. It has been found out, that in supersaturated cementite vanadium carbides precipitation stimulates the extra glide plane {111} occurrence under hot rolling. The essence of the carbide transformation phenomenon is that under hot working there occurs the lubricating effect at the transition of the metastable iron carbide condition, which is strengthened with vanadium supersaturation and mechanical hardening, to a more stable condition due to precipitation of the proeutectoid constituents on the one hand, and because of the dynamic softening processes on the other hand. At that, the autocatalyticity effect is observed: there is precipitation of carbides with hardening and softening, similar to the processes that arise as a result of the superplastic effect induced by phase transformations.

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Gebril, Mohamed A., M. S. Aldlemey, and Farag I. Haider. "The Effect of Heat Treatment of Gray and Nodular Cast Iron with Ferrite Matrix on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Rate Compared with Medium Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1158.

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In this work, the influence of heat treatment process and quenching in different quenchant media of medium carbon steel, gray and nodular cast iron with ferrite matrix on the hardness, ductility and corrosion rate of has been investigated. During this type of operations, the specimens were Austenizing at 900°C for one hour. Therefore, the specimens were quenched in different kind of oil as quenched medium (oil 20-50, oil 40, oil 90, and water as reference). The hardness , impact energy to measure the ductility, corrosion rate and microstructures were studied. From result of steel 0.47% carbon was clear increasing in hardness and decreasing in ductility with close varying values in oil quenchant kind comparing with as received specimen and water quenched one, corrosion rate decreased with heat treatment and quenching process due to formation of single face instead of double phase before heat treatment process which created galvanic cell. For gray and nodular cast iron it is noticeable that no changing in microstructure within heating for one hour at 900°C because the matrix in both cast iron types is ferrite, therefore no changing in mechanical properties under heat treatment process with time of one hour which is not sufficient to decomposition of graphite, but with comparison the hardness of gray cast iron is more than nodular one due to distribution of graphite flacks which increase the hardness and decrease the ductility as well as increasesing the corrosion rate compared with nodular cast iron. Microstructure of both types of cast iron have been studied after subjected the specimens to heat treatment at 1000°C and for 10 hours, the microstructures shown clear diffusion of some carbon in ferrite matrix around the graphite phase and under quenched some of martensite formed.

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Matsunaga, Hisao, Teruki Usuda, Keiji Yanase, and Masahiro Endo. "Ductility Loss in Ductile Cast Iron with Internal Hydrogen." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 3 (November 14, 2013): 1315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2109-9.

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Lim, Bokkyu, and Young Woo Choi. "Effect of Semi Austempering Treatment on the Fatigue Properties of Ductile Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.295.

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Single phase bainite structure which is obtained by the conventional austempering treatment reduces the ductility of ductile cast iron. Because of the reduction of ductility it is possible to worsen the fatigue properties. Therefore, semi austempered ductile iron which is treated from +ϒ is prepared to investigate the static strength and fatigue properties in comparison with fully austempered ductile iron (is treated from ϒ). In spite of semi austempered ductile iron shows the 86% increase of ductility. Also, semi austempered ductile iron shows the higher fatigue limit and lower fatigue crack growth rate as compared with fully austempered ductile iron. By the fractographical analysis, it is revealed that the ferrite obtained by semi austempering process brings about the plastic deformation(ductile striation) of crack tip and gives the prior path of crack propagation. The relatively low crack growth rate in semi austempered specimen is caused by above fractographical reasons

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Peng, Xian Ping. "Spheroidal Graphite Iron with High Ductility at Cast State and Produced by Cupola Melting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2117.

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This paper described an industrial scale experience of melting as-cast high-ductility nodular iron. We discussed the rationale of selection of chemical compositions and the practice of speroidising and inoculation processes. The experimental results show that nodular iron castings with consistent quality at cast state can be produced using cupola melting technique. The castings of two heavy truck components–brake shoes and brake plates produced meet the technical requirements set in China standard GB/T1348-2009.

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Iwabuchi, Yoshitaka, and Isao Kobayashi. "Suppression of Elevated Temperature Brittleness in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron by Increasing Phosphorus Content." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.428.

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Elevated temperature brittleness (ETB) of spheroidal graphite (s-g) cast iron has been referred to as reduced ductility within an elevated temperature range and has been related to grain boundary brittleness. The phenomenon of ETB has not been yet clearly understood. In this study, the factor affecting on ETB was studied in terms of strain rate and chemical composition. A study was carried out on the influence of phosphorus on ETB by using laboratory-made heats containing different phosphorus contents. ETB indicated the marked decrease in ductility at around 673K. S-g cast iron containing low phosphorus content manifested ETB at temperatures between 650K and 700K. There was a consistent correlation between the fractional increases in intergranular fracture appearance and the decrease in elongation. The increase of phosphorus suppressed ETB and s-g cast irons containing phosphorus exceeding 0.030 % were found to be immune to ETB. It was found that ETB could be suppressed by reducing the ratio of magnesium and phosphorus to less than 1.5.

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Pilc, Jozef, Michal Šajgalík, Jozef Holubják, Marianna Piešová, Lucia Zaušková, Ondrej Babík, Viktor Kuždák, and Jozef Rákoci. "Austempered Ductile Iron Machining." Technological Engineering 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teen-2015-0002.

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Abstract This article deals with the machining of cast iron. In industrial practice, Austempered Ductile Iron began to be used relatively recently. ADI is ductile iron that has gone through austempering to get improved properties, among which we can include strength, wear resistance or noise damping. This specific material is defined also by other properties, such as high elasticity, ductility and endurance against tenigue, which are the properties, that considerably make the tooling characteristic worse.

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Guzik, E., M. Łagowski, A. Nowak-Dudek, and B. Niedzielski. "Examination and Elimination of Defects in Cone Casting Made of Ductile Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0079.

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Abstract In the scope of existing cooperation with the Foundry of Cast Iron ZM “WSK Rzeszów” Ltd. there was carried out research work of microstructure and mechanical properties in the walls of a cone casting made of ductile cast iron. The particular attention was being put to the search of the potential brittle phases which have deleterious effect on ductility and dynamic properties of highly strained use of the casting prone to the potential risk of cracks during the highly strained use.

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Morton, Allan J., Brigitte Décamps, Mark A. Gibson, and Alan Wolfenden. "Microstructural stability in rapidly solidified ternary iron aluminides." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 988–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178070.

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Iron aluminides containing ternary additions of Cr, Si and other alloying elements offer good oxidation and sulphidation resistance at a relatively low cost but these alloys have only moderate strength at elevated temperatures and are of limited ductility. The generation of a distribution of fine dispersoids throughout the matrix of these alloys can provide increased strength and also improve ductility by reducing grain size.We report a study of the microstructural stability of rapidly solidified strip of iron aluminides containing chromium and minor additions of both titanium and boron. As cast strip thickness was in the range 80-120μm.Figure 1 shows the grain structure near the centre of the as cast strip of a 66.5Fe-28.5Al-5.0Cr (at.%) alloy. The grain size in this view of the strip is quite small (2-5μm) although optical metallography of the longitudinal and transverse cross sections show that the grain structure is columnar through much of the strip thickness.

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Fesomade, Kayode I., Damilola D. Alewi, Saliu O. Seidu, Sheriff O. Saka, Bonaventure I. Osuide, Godwin C. Ebidame, Marybeth C. Ugoh, and Damilola O. Animasaun. "The Effect of Palm Kernel Shell Ash on the Mechanical and Wear Properties of White Cast Iron." Advanced Technologies & Materials 45, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/atm-2020-2-004.

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This study investigates the influence of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) on mechanical and wear properties of white cast iron (WCI) particularly its influence on its microstructure, elemental composition, hardness and wear resistance. The PKSA was characterized to determine its elemental composition, and it was found to contain high amount of silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) followed by calcium (Ca) and other trace elements. The cast iron was cast into rods of specific dimension with sand casting method using rotary furnace to re-melt cast iron scrap. The WCI rods were then cut into bits for the various test. Heat treatment operation was carried out to determine its properties. Upon completion of the examinations, it was found that the PKSA increased the cementite phase within the matrix of the cast iron, and reduced the pearlitic phase and graphite formation, which gave it increased hardness, and perfect wear resistance due to the increment in carbon content and reduction in silicon content. Also, upon heat treatment, it was found that the PKSA reduced the pearlitic phase within the matrix of the cast iron, increases the formation of transformed ledeburites, austenitic dendrites and tempered graphite, which lead to increased machinability and ductility as well as to reduced hardness, and wear resistance when compared to non-heat treated samples.

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Kopyciński, D. "Effect of Ti, Nb, Cr and B on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High Aluminium Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0015.

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Abstract In this work, a method was investigated to eliminate the presence of undesirable Al4C3 phases in a high-aluminium alloys, and thus improve the production process. The melting conditions employed in this work enabled the formation of a Fe-Al-C liquid solution. Moreover, titanium additions into the liquid allowed the precipitation of TiC. According to this reaction, the extent of carbon removal from the melt is strongly influenced by the amount of Ti additions. Hence, proper titanium levels can result in total removal of carbon from the liquid. Notice from this figure that Ti additions above 4.5%, totally eliminate the undesirable Al4C3 precipitates. Making Cr, Ti, B additions reduces size of FeAl alloys grains. In addition, this work indicates that the high-aluminium cast iron posses high oxidation resistance, exceeding that of high-chromium cast iron and chromium cast steels. Finally, the alloy ductility can be enhanced by additions of dopants such as B and Cr. Hence, additions of 0.03% B and 0.03%B-5% Cr combined with a heat treatment were implemented. As a result, the alloy ductility was significantly improved, where the strain of up to 5.3%, (B alone) or 15% (B-Cr) were obtained.

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Salomonsson, Kent, and Anders E. W. Jarfors. "Three-Dimensional Microstructural Characterization of Cast Iron Alloys for Numerical Analyses." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.427.

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In this paper, we aim at characterizing three different cast iron alloys and their microstructural features, namely lamellar, compacted and nodular graphite iron. The characterization of microscopic features is essential for the development of methods to optimize the behavior of cast iron alloys; e.g. maximize thermal dissipation and/or maximize ductility while maintaining strength. The variation of these properties is commonly analyzed by metallography on two-dimensional representations of the alloy. However, more precise estimates of the morphologies and material characteristics is obtained by three-dimensional reconstruction of microstructures. The use of X-ray microtomography provides an excellent tool to generate high resolution three-dimensional microstructure images. The characteristics of the graphite constituent in the microstructure, including the size, shape and connectivity, were analyzed for the different cast iron alloys. It was observed that the lamellar and compacted graphite iron alloys have relatively large connected graphite morphologies, as opposed to ductile iron where the graphite is present as nodules. The results of the characterization for the different alloys were ultimately used to generate finite element models.

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Sekunowo, O. I., J. O. Ugboaja, and J. A. Tiamiyu. "Investigation of the Nodularisation Propensity of Calcined Cashew-Nut Shell-Ash in Cast-Iron Melt Graphite." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i1.1.

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Production of ductile iron using ferrosilicon-magnesium master alloy in melt treatment is currently fraught with challenges bothering on cost and availability. In this study the suitability of cashew nut shells ash (CNSA) as a viable alternative to magnesium master alloys employed in the treatment of molten cast iron for enhanced mechanical properties was studied. The carbonized CNSA used varied from 2-10 wt. % to treat different heat batches; CA1-CA5 containing varied amount of CNSA, CaO and FeSi in the molten cast iron. The cast samples were subjected to both mechanical characterisation (tensile, hardness and impact) and microstructural analysis using Instron electromechanical machine, impact tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Results show that the 8 wt. % CNSA addition demonstrated the best mechanical properties comparable to ASTM A536 ferritic ductile cast iron. Specifically, the 8 wt. % CNSA cast samples exhibited 433 MPa tensile strength, 144HRC hardness and ductility of 14.7%. Contributions to improved mechanical properties may be attributed to the development of sufficient fractions of graphite nodules during melt treatment with CNSA. These outcomes are a boost both to the production of quality ductile irons and a cleaner environment. Keywords: Nodularisation, ductile-iron, cashew-nut, ferrosilicon-magnesium alloy, mechanical properties

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Goka, Masahito, Ken Kaminisi, Motoharu Taneda, and Hironobu Nisitani. "Effect of Surface Condition on the Ductility of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 59, no. 568 (1993): 2825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.59.2825.

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Inoue, Tatsuo, and Shiro Torizuka. "Effect of Heat Treatmemt in (α+γ) Range on Mechanical Properties of Austempered Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.558.

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It is well known that austempered spheroidal graphite cast iron shows good tensile and elongation. And, retained austenite include in the austempered spheroidal graphite cast iron structure was known to effect for the mechanical properties when TRIP was occurred. On the other hand, fineness and homogeneity of the structure are considered to influence as a factor to improve mechanical property. In this study, the mechanical properties of spherical graphite cast iron was evaluated that it treatmented fineness prior-structure and austenitized at (α + γ) range followed by isothermal treatment at bainitic transformation temperature range. Compared the heat treatment of this study and typical austempering treatment, the mechanical properties with good balance of strength and ductility were obtained in the heat treatment of this study. But, retained austenite that it determined by x-ray diffraction was slightly changed before and after the tensile test. Therfore, it was considered that not TRIP but complex phase effect on mechanical properties.

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Mphela, Caroline, Maje Phasha, Joseph Moema, and Josias van der Merwe. "Filler materials used to weld ductile cast iron – A review." MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237004004.

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Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a new engineering material type which continue receiving increased attention in research and industry. Extensive research conducted so far has demonstrated that ADI has excellent property combination such as high strength-weight ratio, ductility and toughness, good fatigue strength, damping properties and wear resistance. As a result of to their exceptional mechanical property mix, fabrication simplicity, low cost and lowest weight per unit strength ratio compared to common steels, this family of ferrous cast alloys have begun replacing cast and forged steels in some engineering applications. However, a major limiting factor to widespread use of ADI in manufacturing industry remains its weldability, more especially during fabrication process. Current work presents a review of various filler materials (electrodes) used to weld ductile cast iron using two common industrial welding processes, namely, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The successes as well as short-comings of these electrodes on weldability of ductile iron have been recorded and a clear need for an improved filler material is identified.

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TAKEUCHI, Etsuo, Yoshiyuki FURUYA, ZHIMIN Liu, and Takuo HANDA. "OS0610 Giga-cycle fatigue properties for spheroidal graphite cast iron with high ductility." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2011 (2011): _OS0610–1_—_OS0610–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2011._os0610-1_.

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Frisk, Andersson, and Rogberg. "Cast Structure in Alloy A286, an Iron-Nickel Based Superalloy." Metals 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060711.

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The structure and segregation of a continuously cast iron-nickel based superalloy were investigated. Cross-sectional samples were prepared from the central section of a 150 × 150 mm square billet. The microporosity was measured from the surface to the center and theoretical conditions for pore formation were investigated. A central porosity, up to 10 mm in width, was present in the center of the billet. The measured secondary arm spacing was correlated with a calculated cooling rate and a mathematical model was obtained. Spinel particles were found in the structure, which acted as inoculation points for primary austenite and promoted the formation of the central equiaxed zone. Titanium segregated severely in the interdendritic areas and an increase of Ti most likely lead to a significant decrease in the hot ductility. Precipitates were detected in an area fraction of approximately 0.55% across the billet, which were identified as Ti(CN), TiN, η-Ni3Ti, and a phosphide phase.

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Oktadinata, Herry, M. Sa'ban Dafi, and Djoko Hadi Prajitno. "Microstructure Evolution and Hardness Properties of Nodular Cast Iron for Varying Tempering Time." Key Engineering Materials 935 (November 30, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-h1ao57.

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Nodular cast iron is usually used for components that require good mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, and ductility. Heat treatment is applied to the components made from the nodular cast iron to improve their mechanical properties. This study aimed to investigate the influence of tempering time on the microstructure, hardness, and wear rate of nodular cast iron. The heat treatment was performed by austenitizing to 850 °C with a holding time of 1 hour and quenched in the oil medium. After quenching, it was tempered at a temperature of 450 °C by varying the tempering time to 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The investigation consists of microstructure observation, hardness, and wear rate measurements. The results show that the highest hardness was 55.3 HRC at a tempering time of 15 min, and the lowest hardness was 54 HRC at a tempering time of 60 min. The lowest wear rate was 0.00476 g/min at a tempering time of 15 min, and the highest wear rate was 0.00574 g/min at a tempering time of 60 min. It can be concluded that the longer the holding time of tempering, the lower the hardness and the higher the wear rate.

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Li, Zongxuan, Kaixuan Chen, Xiaohua Chen, Yuzhi Zhu, Mingwen Chen, Yanlin Wang, Jiangxu Shen, Jiayun Shi, and Zidong Wang. "In-Situ Fabrication, Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Nano Iron-Rich Precipitate Reinforced Cu and Cu Alloys." Metals 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091453.

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In this paper, the research progress on the strengthening of copper and copper alloy is reviewed. The research shows that traditional strengthening methods are often accompanied by the decrease of plasticity, and there are limitations in size, cost, and other aspects in the process. The in-situ nanoparticle strengthening and plasticizing technology proposed in recent years can avoid the above problems. In this paper, the idea of in-situ nanoparticle strengthening is introduced to realize the simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility of as-cast pure copper and tin bronze alloys. The effects of in-situ precipitation of iron-rich nanoparticles on the microstructure, and mechanical properties of different copper alloy systems, are systematically elucidated based on the former characterization and mechanical testing results. The results show that the in-situ introduction of iron-rich nanoparticles in the copper systems induces the formation of a nano precipitate-fine grain (NPFG) structure, which greatly improves the strength and ductility of copper alloys. The evolution of size, distribution, number density, morphology evolution in iron-rich nanoparticles, and the formation mechanism of NPFG structure, as well as the mechanism of NPFG strengthening and toughening, are summarized. An industrial-applicable casting process is proposed to prepare bulk NPFG structured copper alloys with complex shape, high strength, and high ductility.

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Sujakhu, Surendra, and Sylvie Castagne. "Microstructure and Damage Mechanisms in Thermomechanically Treated Si-Solution-Strengthened Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.583.

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Spheroidal Graphite Irons (SGIs) are ductile cast irons with toughness and ductility comparable to those of carbon steel. In particular, high silicon Solution Strengthened Ferritic (SSF) SGIs are developed to provide higher strength with excellent ductility suitable for structural applications. The main characteristics of these materials lie in the graphite particles inclusions whose morphology and count greatly influence the mechanical properties and more specifically the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviour of the SGI components. In this work, SGIs specimens have been subjected to various thermomechanical treatments in order to analyse the influence of these treatments on the microstructure of the material. Observations of degenerated forms of graphite particles alongside the spheroidal nodules in the microstructure were then used as a basis for correlation with damage mechanisms at the microscale. In static tensile testing, it was observed that the matrix-nodule interface decohesion and plastic deformation of the ferrite matrix were the dominant damage mechanisms. In separately performed fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation tests, it was confirmed that the graphite particle shape played a decisive role in crack initiation and propagation. The results of the microstructural characterization have been implemented in a computational model for further study of the influence of the microstructure on the fatigue behaviour of these materials.

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KASHIKURA, Youhei, Takao YAKOU, and Shigeaki KOBAYASHI. "Improvement of the ductility of cast iron by the nickel electrodeposition and diffusion treatment." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2004.10 (2004): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2004.10.475.

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YAKUSHIJI, TERUTOSHI, W. GEORGE FERGUSON, and MASAHIRO GOTO. "EFFECT OF WATER ON DUCTILITY AND FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE CAST IRON (ADI)." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041707.

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In order to study the mechanism of decreasing tensile strength and elongation of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) in the wet condition, various tension tests and impact tests were carried out. Three point bending fatigue tests were carried out on ADI and annealed 0.55% carbon steel to clarify the influence of water on fatigue strength. The main conclusions are as follow. Embrittlement by water begins when plastic deformation starts in a tension test. The fatigue limit of ADI in water showed a lower value than that in air. The influence of a water environment on fatigue behaviour was similar to that of annealed 0.55% carbon steel. Embrittlement such as that in a tension test was not observed in a fatigue test.

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Shikagawa, Takahiro, Goroh Itoh, Shunsuke Suzuki, Hiromitsu Kuroda, and Toshiyuki Horikoshi. "Effect of Small Additions of Fe on the Tensile Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Aluminium Wires." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.515.

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Although low-alloyed aluminum has been used as electric line and cable materials to date, there still is a great demand for higher strength with retaining the good electrical conductivity and ductility. In the study, iron has been chosen as an additive element and the addition effect on the strength and electrical has been investigated since iron is reported to have a marked solution-strengthening effect at a given addition amount. Aluminum with 99.99mass% purity and Al-Fe alloys with iron up to 0.9mass% were induction-melted, continuously cast into a rod with 8mm diameter, and cold-drawn into a wire with 0.3mm diameter. Tensile test and electrical resistivity measurement were carried out on the rod and wire after each pass. It was found that, in the rod, the strength increased while the ductility and electrical conductivity decreased as the addition iron amount was increased. Work hardening occurred clearly at an early stage of cold drawing, while it became sluggish as the cold reduction increased in each material. At the early stage, the strengths increased as the iron amount was increased, and at the later stage, the alloy with iron addition of 0.9mass% had higher strengths and larger elongation to failure.

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Závodská, Denisa, Eva Tillová, Ivana Švecová, Mária Chalupová, Lenka Kuchariková, and Juraj Belan. "The Effect of Iron Content on Microstructure and Porosity of Secondary AlSi7Mg0.3 Cast Alloy." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 47, no. 4 (May 9, 2018): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.12101.

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In the present study, microstructure and porosity of AlSi7Mg0.3 cast alloy including various amounts (0.123; 0.454 and 0.655 wt. %) of iron were investigated. The alloys were produced as secondary (scrap-based - recycled). Iron leads to the formation of complex intermetallic phases during solidification, and how these phases can adversely affect mechanical properties, especially ductility, and also lead to the formation of excessive shrinkage porosity defects in castings. In order to determine the effect of iron addition to AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy, optical and SEM microscopy with EDX were used for microstructural examinations. Image analysis was conducted in order to determine effect of the Fe content on phases and porosity. It was found that increasing Fe content from 0.123 to 0.655 wt. % has no effect on SDAS but the morphology of Al-Si eutectic became finer. From EDX examinations, different Fe-based intermetallic phases (β-Al5FeSi and α-Al15(FeMg)3Si2) were observed. It was also observed that as Fe content increased, α-Al15(FeMg)3Si2 phases was transformed into Al5FeSi and the size and the number of Al5FeSi phases increases. The image analysis results revealed that porosity values were by increasing Fe content increased too. We can to predict, that with the increasing amount of Fe decreasing the mechanical properties (first of all) ductility (through long β-Al5FeSi intermetallic and high porosity).

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Soivio, Kaisu. "Austempering Experiments of Production Grade Silicon Solution Strengthened Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.239.

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Austempered ductile iron provides a feasible way to produce high strength components. However, in heat treatments resulting in highest strengths some of the ductility is lost due to formation of bainitic carbides. The role of silicon in inhibiting the formation of iron carbides in as-cast ductile irons as well as its solution strengthening effect is well known and acknowledged in industry. The effect of silicon on austemperability, resulting microstructures, and mechanical properties of austempered ductile irons with silicon contents with 3.4-3.8 w-% was researched. Quenching and austempering heat treatments were carried out for production grade silicon solution strengthened ductile irons EN GJS 500-14. Results indicate, that it is possible to manufacture a fully ausferritic structure into a silicon solution strengthened matrix and indeed good ductility can be achieved in combination with ultimate tensile strength of 1600 MPa. Segregation of silicon reduces the solubility of carbon into the matrix especially close to the graphite nodules which reduce the stability of carbon stabilized austenite and leads into compromised machinability.

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Jeong, Gu Beom, Pyung Woo Shin, and Sun Ig Hong. "Effect of Scrap: Sponge Ratio on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Zr-1Nb-0.7Sn-0.1Fe Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 977 (June 2014): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.94.

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In this study, the effect of scrap ratio on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zr-1Nb-0.7Sn-0.1Fe alloy was studied. Oxygen content in the ingot cake increased rapidly with increasing fraction of scrap, which can be attributed to the surface oxide of scrap cake made of small pieces of turning, chips, etc. Iron content was not changed much, suggesting scrap materials was well reserved in the iron-free container. As-cast structure of Zr-1Nb-0.7Sn-0.1Fe alloy with the scrap:sponge ratio displayed basket-weave α phase and no appreciable change of the cast structure was observed with change of scrap fraction. The strength increases with increasing fraction of scrap, which can be attributed to the increase of oxygen content. The ductility decreased slightly with increase of scrap fraction. The increase of oxidation resistance with increasing fraction of scrap also can be linked to the increase of oxygen content.

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29

Meier, Leopold, Peter Schaaf, S. Cusenza, D. Höche, Menachem Bamberger, Yogev Amran, K. Weiss, Michael Hofmann, and Hartmut Hoffmann. "Monitoring Phase Transition Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3394.

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Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a very attractive material for applications where high strength, good ductility, wear resistance and fatigue strength are required. Thus, it offers design engineers an alternative to steel and aluminium alloys. ADI essentially is a cast ductile iron that undergoes a specially designed austempering heat treatment, which creates a microstructure of high carbon austenite and bainitic ferrite along with graphite nodules. The final proportion of these phases (and thus the mechanical properties) depends on the phase transformation kinetics which is strongly affected by composition, as-cast microstructure and heat treatment parameters (austempering). ADI samples were austempered (heat treated) and the phase transitions were analysed after interrupted austempering. The phase fractions (austenite, ferrite, martensite, etc.) and their relation to bulk properties, like electrical resistivity, magnetic properties and mechanical properties (e.g. strength, hardness), and others were measured using optical and electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and micro hardness measure¬ment. This combination of complementary techniques allows the correlation of the phase transition kinetics with the resulting properties.

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Cárcel Carrasco, Javier, Fidel Salas Vicente, Aurora Martínez Corral, and Manuel Pascual Guillamón. "Weldability of ductile cast iron using AISI-316L stainless steel ER rod." Revista de Metalurgia 58, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): e224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.224.

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This paper analyzes the corrosion resistance and the mechanical and microstructural properties of a welded joint of ductile cast iron using AISI316L stainless steel as filler material and three different heat treatments: preheating at 250 and 450 ºC and a post-weld annealing treatment. The results show the presence of ledeburite at the interface between the weld bead and the heat affected zone and at the root pass, along with a loss of strength and ductility when the welding coupons are preheated. An annealing does not eliminate the presence of ledeburite and leads to a massive precipitation of chromium carbides at the areas of the weld bead where dilution is higher. Corrosion rate was lower for the annealed coupon, but in that case, the corrosion of the weld bead increases due to the precipitation of chromium carbides.

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YAMADA, Senichi, Shigeo TSUKAHARA, Atsushi MITSUHASHI, and Keiji SAWADA. "Effects of Retained Austenite and Ferrite around Graphite on Ductility of Austempered Gray Cast Iron." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2003.9 (2003): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2003.9.199.

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32

Niklas, Andrea, Asier Baquedano, Sergio Orden, Eulalia Noguès, Manel Da Silva, and Ana Isabel Fernández-Calvo. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a New Secondary AlSi10MnMg(Fe) Alloy for Ductile High Pressure Die Casting Parts for the Automotive Industry." Key Engineering Materials 710 (September 2016): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.710.244.

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Primary AlSi10MnMg alloy is the most widely used alloy for manufacturing of vacuum assisted high pressure die castings (VPDC) with high ductility requirements. In this alloy, die soldering is avoided by a high Mn level (0.5 - 0.6 wt. %) while Fe is kept low (< 0.25 wt. %). Such combination guarantees that the Al-Fe-Mn-Si intermetallic compounds are of the α-iron rich polyhedral or Chinese script type, which is less harmful to the ductility. However, secondary alloys are cheaper and their production requires less energy than the one of primary alloys. The higher amount of Fe, a common impurity in secondary alloys, reduces ductility but also die soldering and thus manufacturing costs. Microadditions based on Mn are known to be very effective in transforming the harmful needle/platelet shaped β-compounds into α-iron compounds with a less harmful morphology. In this work a secondary alloy with 0.60 wt. % Fe and different Mn microadditions has been cast in test parts with different wall thicknesses using VPDC technology. The Mn content of the new alloy has been optimized. Mechanical properties of the optimised alloy have been determined in different heat treatment conditions and been compared to the corresponding AlSi10MnMg primary alloy. Mechanical properties similar to those of the primary alloy have been achieved.

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33

Shin, Shun Myung, Dong Won Lee, Sang An Ha, and Jei Pil Wang. "Study of Cyclic Oxidation for Copper Removal from Solid Ferrous Scrap in End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV)." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.869.

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Iron and steel scrap have been reused to produce new steel and cast iron in the steelmaking and foundry industry for more than 150 years, but the accumulation of tramp elements contained in steel scrap such as copper, tin, antimony, and arsenic is a major concern. This is primarily because these tramp elements are difficult to remove in conventional steelmaking processes. In particular, the presence of copper during the recycling of steel scrap can cause severe surface cracking during hot rolling (hot shortness), inhibit recrystallization during hot forming, and reduce ductility in deep drawing. For these reasons, considerable efforts have been made in recent decades to develop a technology that can remove copper from ferrous scraps[1-3].

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34

Chen, Chao, Junfa Wang, Yiyuan Ge, and Lili Ma. "Investigations on Microstructures and Properties of (Fe, Cr, W)7C3 Carbides by First Principles and Experiments." Coatings 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091363.

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Tungsten doping is critical for the wear resistance and application of High-Chromium Cast Iron (HCCI). A series of investigations of (Fe, Cr, W)7C3 carbides were performed by first principles calculations and experimental analysis. The calculated results showed that with the increase in tungsten content in M7C3, the equilibrium cell volumes and the density gradually increased, and the formation energy of M7C3 carbides gradually decreased. The TEM results showed that the (Fe, Cr, W)7C3 carbides were (Fe3.27Cr2.99W0.74) C3 with a hexagonal structure after adding 2.13 wt % tungsten into laser cladding coatings of High-Chromium Cast Iron with a composition of Fe-26.8 wt % Cr-3.62 wt % C. These results from calculations and in situ nanoindentation show that tungsten doping could improve the ductility and indentation modulus of (Fe, Cr)7C3 carbides, and the composition of (Fe, Cr, W)7C3 was expected to be a high hardness and softness material. The wear test results showed that the wear resistance of tungsten-bearing HCCI was better than ordinary HCCI.

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35

Lin, Y. F., T. S. Lui, and L. H. Chen. "The effect of triaxial stress on ductility and fracture morphology of ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 25, no. 4 (April 1994): 821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02665458.

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36

Al-Zuhairi, Haitham Mohammed Ibrahim, Iqbal Alshalal, Auday Awad Abtan, Baha Sami Mahdi, and Muna Khalil Asmail. "Influence of the mold type on the mechanical properties of the piston alloy with nano alumina in casting and metal mold." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 12 (119) (October 30, 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.266263.

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This research is an experimental comparison study to show the influence of mold type casting on mechanical properties. The study considers the aluminum alloy of a gasoline engine piston with nanoparticles alumina Al2O3 size 25 nm manufactured in two types of molds. Sand mold and cast-iron mold were selected to cast the aluminum composite components. A systematic comparative study of tensile strength and hardness properties of cast aluminum components is made on sand and metal molds production. The nano powder can add to enhance the mechanical properties must not exceed 4 % for metal and sand mold casting. According to data for hardness, adding nano alumina powder has minimal impact on metal mold casting, but it significantly improves sand casting. From a financial standpoint, metal casting provides higher economic values for making piston aluminum castings. The hardness rises as the alumina content does in two molds as compared to the obtained specimen. It demonstrates that the highest hardness occurs at 4 % alumina in the sand-casting mold and at 6 % alumina in the metal. When the compositions of the casting materials are the same, a comparison of the fracture morphology between sand and mold casting reveals more ductile fractures for metal molds compared to brittle fractures in sand cast by large silicon separation grains because of higher grain growth in sand casting by longer solidification time. The same is seen in mold casting, which exhibits reduced ductility due to the alumina nanoparticles' dispersion strengthening process in the aluminum matrix. This arises as a result of nano alumina dispersion acting as barriers to dislocation motions in the aluminum matrix, enhancing strength but reducing ductility.

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37

Wei, Tao, Wei Liu, Wenxuan Gou, and Junqiang Kou. "Effective Modulus Estimation Method of QT400-18 Cast Iron with Repair Welding." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (September 19, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5737029.

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Repair welding is an important remediation process for castings with slight defects. In this paper, the tensile behaviors of the QT400-18 nodular cast iron with different repair welding sizes were experimentally analyzed. Specimens with different diameters of the filler region were prepared by the same welding process. The fracture initiated in the filler region under uniaxial tensile loading. The modulus, strength, and ductility decreased with the weld diameter increase. The postyield hardening phenomenon was not observed in the repaired specimen. The repair region ratio was defined as the proportion of the repair welding area to the cross-sectional area of the structure. The effective modulus of the repaired specimens decreased with the repair region ratio increase, and the relationship between them was fitted by a negative exponential function. The repair welding region was treated as an inclusion in the matrix of castings, and the volume fraction of inclusion was applied to characterize the repair welding size. Based on the theories of Eshelby tensor and Mori–Tanaka equivalent method, a method for estimating macroscopic effective modulus of repair welding castings was established. The theoretical solutions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The method will be helpful in estimating the safe service limit of repair welded castings.

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38

Chakraborty, Subhojit, Joseph Indeck, Philipp Steinmetz, Jessica Friess, Kavan Hazeli, and Amber L. Genau. "Localized Strain Analysis of Ce- and Mg-Treated Cast Iron under Uniaxial Compression." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121638.

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Cast iron exhibits a wide range of mechanical properties, depending on its microstructural features. The microstructure of cast iron consists of several microconstituents with different elastic-plastic behavior, making the strain non-uniform across the bulk material. To understand the individual effects of these microconstituents on the overall mechanical behavior, local strain analysis using digital image correlation analysis was carried out. Samples with two different compositions (varying cerium, magnesium and silicon) were processed at different solidification velocities in a Bridgman furnace. Sections of the directionally solidified samples were loaded under uniaxial compression to measure global and local strain behavior. Despite the variability of the microstructure, the stress–strain curves obtained by digital image correlation (DIC) were found to react in a well-controlled way to changes in solidification velocity. It was observed that high-strain failure (greater than 15%) was accompanied by local straining of the softer ferritic phase, but during low-strain failure, local straining was not prominent. Higher nodularities, due to higher solidification velocities, raised the compressive strength without affecting the toughness significantly. Higher percentages of carbides led to higher compressive strengths with corresponding losses in ductility. The continuity of the matrix was also found to play an important role in the behavior during compression.

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39

Wahid, Shah Abdul, Seong-Ho Ha, Bong-Hwan Kim, Young-Ok Yoon, Hyun-Kyu Lim, and Shae K. Kim. "Influence of Si Content on Tensile Properties and Fractography of Al–Mg–Si Ternary Alloys." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 2005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18936.

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This study investigated the heat treatment response and tensile properties of Al–6 mass%Mg–xSi (x = 1, 3, 5, and 7 mass%) ternary alloys. Further, the fracture behavior of these alloys in response to heat treatment for different temper conditions was also examined. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS) analysis of the as-cast alloys revealed, in all of them, the presence of iron-bearing phases (in a size range of 10˜60 μm) that did not dissolve or become refined upon heat treatment. Additionally, eutectic Mg2Si and Al3Mg2 phases were found in Alloy I (Al–6Mg–1Si), while eutectic Mg2Si and Si phases were found in the rest of the alloys. In the as-cast condition, the tensile properties of the examined alloys decreased in relation to increasing Si content. Nonetheless, after heat treatment, the yield strength of the alloys with high Si content (>3 mass%) increased significantly compared with that in the as-cast condition. A yield strength greater than 300 MPa was achieved in both Alloy III (Al–6Mg–5Si) and Alloy IV (Al–6Mg–7Si), although this was achieved at the expense of ductility. According to the fractography of the tensile-fractured surfaces undertaken using optical and scanning electron microscopy, fractures of the iron-bearing phases were found to be the source of cracking in alloys with high Si content. In the case of those with low Si content (≤3 mass%), cracks were believed to have been caused by the debonding of iron-bearing phases from the aluminum matrix.

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40

Nilsson, Karl-Fredrik, and Vratko Vokál. "Analysis of ductile cast iron tensile tests to relate ductility variation to casting defects and material microstructure." Materials Science and Engineering: A 502, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.082.

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41

Chen, Ze Hao, Cong Xu, Xiao Liang Hu, Zhi Guo Liu, Hiroshi Yamagata, and Chao Li Ma. "Effect of Iron-Rich Intermetallic and Eutectic Si Accumulation on Al-Si-Mg Alloy." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.633.

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Al-Si-Mg alloys, an important aluminum cast alloys, are excessively used inmanufacturing of critical components due to their high strength to weight ratio, flexibility ofmanufacturing designs, economic processing and capital material cost for automotive industry. Thisresearch is aimed to study microstructure evolution including distribution and morphology ofiron-rich intermetallic, as well as eutectic Si accumulation and their effect on mechanical propertiesof Al-Si-Mg (A356) casting alloy after artificial ageing. The results show that formation of iron-richintermetallic and eutectic Si accumulation resulted in surprisingly opposite mechanical properties,especially ductility. The elongations deceased with increase of area of accumulated eutectic Si and theamount of needle-like iron-rich intermetallic. When the area of accumulated eutectic Si reached 31%of the microstructure of the A356 alloy, the strength and elongation were respectively damaged to129.69 MPa and 1.05%. Moreover, the amount of needle-like iron-rich intermetallic increased, thestrength and elongation respectively decreased.

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42

Polishko, Serhii. "WAYS TO INCREASE PLASTICITY IN DEFORMATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS WITH MINIMIZATION OF ENERGY COSTS." Journal of Rocket-Space Technology 29, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/452113.

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This article dial with study, which was carried out to increase the ductility and deformability of titanium alloys BT1-0 and BT6, as well as the formation of highly plastic β-phase emissions in the microvolumes of the alloy. It was determined that the reason for the satisfactory combination of high plastic and impact characteristics with significant strength (σв> 800 MPa) were the following factors: the formation of a significant amount of metastable β-phase, has high plasticity and favorable morphology of the structure in the form of quasi-eutectoid, in which α -phase alternates with plastic β-layers. Research and experiments based on the new concept have proven the prospects of microalloying titanium with a non-deficient effective alloying element, iron. It also shows the real possibility of using much cheaper low-grade sponge-titanium (compared to high-purity sponge titanium) in the smelting of ingots and their processing with a decrease in energy consumption of processing processes and significant economy of titanium. Analysis of these experimental data allowed us to draw the following conclusions. With an increase in the amount of iron in the alloys of the Ti-Fe system, the yield strength and Brinell hardness naturally increased. As shown, iron "loosens" the crystal lattice of titanium and can’t increase the strength of the interatomic bond. Therefore, the nature of the strengthening of titanium iron is different. It is due to the following: grinding of grain in cast and forged states under the influence of iron. It was found that the size of cast grains decreased tenfold during doping titanium alloys by iron. Thus, with increasing concentration of iron in the titanium alloys, the length of the grain boundaries, which were an obstacle to the movement of dislocations, increased sharply.

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43

Lin, H. M., T. S. Lui, and L. H. Chen. "Effect of cyclic heating on ductility deterioration of high silicon ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron by salt bath." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 16, no. 5 (November 2003): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2003.11819626.

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44

Цеханов, Ю. А., М. Н. Подоприхин, И. В. Шепеленко, and Я. Б. Немировский. "METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PLASTICITY OF LOW-PLASTIC MATERIALS UNDER HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.17.3.022.

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Предложен метод определения пластичности малопластичных материалов. Он заключается в осевом сжатии цилиндрического образца, состоящего из нескольких сопряженных втулок из разных материалов: из исследуемого малопластичного и из высокопластичных. При деформировании в исследуемой втулке создается высокое гидростатическое давление, повышающее ее пластичность и деформируемость. Разработана теоретическая модель сжатия такого составного образца, позволяющая экспериментально достигать пластического разрушения хрупкого материала при высоком гидростатическом давлении. Это достигается как выбором пластичного материала, так и положением втулки из малопластичного материала по отношению к втулкам из высокопластичных материалов. Точность предложенного метода подтверждена сравнением результатов расчетов как по модели, так и с помощью метода конечных элементов. Расчеты, выполненные по разработанной модели, позволяют определять параметры напряженно-деформированного состояния образца из исследуемого малопластичного материала, а также его накопленную до разрушения деформацию при различных отрицательных значениях коэффициента жесткости. Разработанный метод использован для определения пластичности чугуна СЧ20, из которого изготавливаются гильзы двигателей, обрабатываемых с помощью деформирующего протягивания, когда в контактной зоне с инструментов возникают большие гидростатические давления и пластические деформации. В этом случае для оценки качества обработки необходимо рассчитывать ресурс использованной пластичности с помощью диаграммы пластичности чугуна. В экспериментах достигнуты значительные деформации хрупкого чугуна. Полученные результаты позволили построить диаграмму пластичности чугуна в области высокого гидростатического сжатия The article proposes a method for determining the plasticity of low-plastic materials. It consists in axial compression of a cylindrical specimen, consisting of several mating sleeves made of different materials: from the investigated low-plastic and high-plastic ones. During deformation, a high hydrostatic pressure is created in the bushing under study, which increases its plasticity and deformability. We developed a theoretical model of the compression of such a composite sample, which makes it possible to experimentally achieve plastic fracture of a brittle material at high hydrostatic pressure. This is achieved both by the choice of plastic material and by the position of the sleeve made of low plastic material in relation to the bushes made of high plastic materials. The accuracy of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing the calculation results both by the model and by the finite element method. Calculations performed according to the developed model make it possible to determine the parameters of the stress-strain state of a specimen from the investigated low-plastic material, as well as its accumulated deformation before failure at various negative values of the stiffness coefficient. We used the developed method to determine the ductility of cast iron SCH20, from which the liners of engines are made, processed using deforming broaching, when large hydrostatic pressures and plastic deformations arise in the contact zone from the tools. In this case, to assess the quality of processing, it is necessary to calculate the resource of the used plasticity using the plasticity diagram of cast iron. In the experiments, significant deformations of brittle cast iron have been achieved. The results obtained made it possible to construct a diagram of the ductility of cast iron in the area of high hydrostatic compression

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45

Wächter, Michael, Alexander Linn, Ralf Wuthenow, Alfons Esderts, Christian Gaier, Jan Kraft, Carl Fällgren, and Michael Vormwald. "On Scaled Normal Stresses in Multiaxial Fatigue and Their Exemplary Application to Ductile Cast Iron." Applied Mechanics 3, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 259–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech3010018.

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The approaches used to calculate the fatigue life of components must inevitably consider multiaxial stresses. Compared to proportional loading, the calculation of nonproportional loading is particularly challenging, especially since different materials exhibit the effects of nonproportional hardening and shifts in fatigue life. In this paper, the critical plane approach of scaled normal stresses, first proposed by Gaier and Dannbauer and later published in a modified version by Riess et al., is investigated in detail. It is shown that, on the one hand, compatibilities exist or can be established with known proportional strength criteria that can account for the varying ductility of different materials. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the scaled normal stress approach can be formulated in such a way that different strength criteria can be used therein. As an example, the generally formulated approach for scaled normal stresses is applied to test results from ductile cast iron material EN-GJS-500-14. Different correction factors accounting for nonproportional loading are investigated. Through appropriate parameterization of one of the studied corrections, proportional and nonproportional test results were observed to fall within one common scatter band.

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46

Adebayo, Abdullahi Olawale, Akinlabi Oyetunji, and Kenneth Kenayo Alaneme. "MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, MECHANICAL AND WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM-ALLOYED DUCTILE IRONS SUBJECTED TO TWO AUSTEMPERING PROCESSES." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0185.

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The effect of aluminium addition and austempering processes on the microstructures, mechanical and wear properties of rotary melting furnace processed ductile irons was investigated. Ductile irons containing 1−4 wt.% Al were produced and subjected to single and two-step austempering processes. Optical microscopy was used to characterize the graphite features and estimate the volume fraction of the matrix phases present, while the x-ray diffractogram was also carried out to analyse the samples. Mechanical and wear properties of the alloys were equally evaluated. From the results, it was observed that both the as-cast and austempered ductile iron microstructures contained nodular graphite, and the matrix structure for the as-cast ductile irons consisted predominantly of pearlite and ferrite, while that of the austempered grades, contained principally, ausferrite. The microstructure and intermetallic compound obtained played dominant role on the properties of the alloys. The aluminium addition and austempering processes had a significant influence on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloys. The austempered ductile irons exhibited superior strength and wear resistance compared to the as-cast samples, albeit ductility values were lower in the composition group. Austempering increased the strength by over 100% while the addition of Al further enhanced the strength. The improved properties were linked to the refined microstructure, increased proportion of ausferrite phase and intermetallic compound formed. For all properties evaluated, the two-step austempering yielded better properties combination than the single step process. The rotary melting furnace processing adopted was found viable for ductile iron production.

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47

Colin García, Eduardo, Alejandro Cruz Ramírez, Guillermo Reyes Castellanos, Jaime Téllez Ramírez, and Antonio Magaña Hernández. "Microstructural and Mechanical Assessment of Camshafts Produced by Ductile Cast Iron Low Alloyed with Vanadium." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010146.

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In the present study, ductile iron camshafts low alloyed with 0.2 and 0.3 wt % vanadium were produced to study the microstructural and mechanical evaluation of lobes and camshaft. For this purpose, camshafts were produced in one of the largest manufacturers of the ductile iron camshaft in México by the phenolic urethane no-bake sand mold casting method. The microstructure of the lobes was studied in three zones located at the top, middle, and bottom of the lobes by optical microscopy, and mechanical tests were performed on lobes and camshafts. A homogeneous distribution of spheroidal graphite with high nodularity for both castings was obtained from the regions of the lobes analyzed. The high cooling rate on the lobe surfaces enabled us to obtain a high nodule count of a smaller size instead of the middle region where big nodules with a low nodule count are presented. An inverse chill behavior was found in the middle region of the lobes where there is an increase in the concentration of carbide-forming elements, leading to the highest micro-hardness values in this region. The tensile properties were increased when the vanadium contents were increased; however, the toughness and ductility of the as-cast alloys were decreased as a result of the increase of the volume fraction of carbide particles.

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48

Baer, Wolfram. "Chunky Graphite in Ferritic Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron: Formation, Prevention, Characterization, Impact on Properties: An Overview." International Journal of Metalcasting 14, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 454–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00363-8.

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Abstract Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) materials have a remarkable technical potential and economic impact in modern industry. These features are closely related to the question of how the cast materials can be produced without structural defects and graphite degenerations such as, for example, chunky graphite. Although the chunky graphite degeneration superficially seems to be well known, its metallurgical background is still controversially discussed, appropriate field-tested nondestructive tools for its quantification in castings are lacking, and the knowledge on its impact on material properties is fairly limited. Addressing this status, the article is providing a current overview on the subject. Existing theories on formation and growth mechanisms of chunky graphite are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, from a metallurgical point of view, causes for the appearance of chunky graphite as well as preventive measures are concisely summarized. Particular attention is paid to the morphology of chunky graphite and how it can be characterized by destructive and nondestructive techniques. Special emphasis was laid on providing a comprehensive overview on the impact of chunky graphite on strength, ductility, fatigue limit, fatigue crack growth rate as well as fracture toughness of ferritic SGI materials based on experimental data. Moreover, conclusions for the assessment of castings affected by chunky graphite are drawn.

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Nilsson, Karl-Fredrik, Darina Blagoeva, and Pietro Moretto. "An experimental and numerical analysis to correlate variation in ductility to defects and microstructure in ductile cast iron components." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 73, no. 9 (June 2006): 1133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2005.12.005.

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Lin, Hung-Mao, Truan-Sheng Lui, and Li-Hui Chen. "Effect of Microstructural Refinement on Ductility Deterioration of High Silicon Ferritic Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Caused by Cyclic Heating." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 44, no. 6 (2003): 1209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.44.1209.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cast-iron Ductility'

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