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Mari, Jean Luc, and Pierre Gaudiani. "Geophysics on an experimental site." E3S Web of Conferences 342 (2022): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234203001.
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APEC (Association Pédagogique et Expérimentale du Cher) has developed an experimental site, situated in the Cher region (France), both for the training of students and for professionals. The site is also used for experimental studies in near surface geophysics. The training in geophysics concerns the acquisition and processing of surface seismic data in 2D or 3D. On the site, two boreholes have been drilled for logging experiments, such as Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP), Full Waveform Acoustic logging (FWAL). During the drilling, some parameters such as rate of penetration (ROP) and Torque have been continuously recorded. The completion of the two boreholes is different to evaluate the behaviour of logging tools with the change of completion (open hole, steel cased hole, slotted PVC cased hole). After a short review of seismic experiments done on the site, the paper is focused on logging data and shows how the completion can modify the answer of the logging tools (acoustic and electrical tools). In acoustic logging, the comparison of acoustic data recorded in slotted PVC cased hole and in open hole shows that the prediction of shear formation velocity from Stoneley waves can be done in open hole. In case of a completion with slotted PVC, the joints of PVC casing disturb the resistivity measurements. A specific procedure has been developed to filter the casing disturbances.
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Tang, X. M., D. Patterson, and M. Hinds. "Evaluating Hydraulic Fracturing in Cased Holes With Cross-Dipole Acoustic Technology." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 04 (August 1, 2001): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/72500-pa.
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Summary A cross-dipole technology was used to evaluate a carbonate formation in southeastern New Mexico to determine fracture trends in a waterflooded environment. The measurements were first made in open hole, then in cased hole before and after fracture stimulation. The cross-dipole data were processed to find the amount of shear-wave anisotropy and the associated azimuth. The results demonstrate that stimulated fractures create a substantial anisotropy and a well-defined azimuth behind casing. More important, by evaluating the anisotropy magnitude and azimuth from the cased-hole data, we can determine the fracture extent along the borehole and its azimuth in the formation. The fracture extent is also consistent with that from a radioactive tracer measurement. The results of this study suggest that cross-dipole acoustic logging is an effective technology for cased-hole fracture stimulation evaluation. Introduction Hydraulic fracture stimulation in cased boreholes can be effectively performed by pressurizing perforations through casing. But evaluating the stimulation result presents a formidable task. The presence of casing makes it difficult to evaluate and detect the vertical extent and azimuth of the stimulated fractures. This paper presents a solution to this problem using cross-dipole acoustic logging technology. Natural or stimulated fractures parallel to and intersecting a borehole create azimuthal shear-wave anisotropy around the borehole. The amount of anisotropy gives an indication of fracture intensity, and the associated fast-shear polarization azimuth gives the strike of open fractures. For open holes, this fracture-induced anisotropy can be effectively measured with cross-dipole acoustic logging.1 Application of this technology to cased holes has been hindered by two factors. The first is the concern of the effect of casing and cement on the cross-dipole measurement, and the second is the lack of an effective device to measure the tool's orientation inside casing. We performed numerical modeling to show that a cross-dipole tool can measure shear-wave anisotropy through casing and cement provided that they are well bonded with the formation. A gyroscope device allows for measuring azimuth in cased wells. With these foundations, we can apply cross-dipole technology to cased-hole analysis. A well in southeastern New Mexico was chosen to evaluate the cross-dipole technology for cased-hole applications. This well was drilled into a carbonate formation at a depth of approximately 6,800 ft. Petrophysical analysis was performed on this well to obtain the geological formations inherent in the area. This example is located in the northwest edge of the Central basin platform and is bordered to the west by the Delaware basin, to the east by the Midland basin, and near the northwestern shelf and the Captain Reef trend. These basins are parts of what make up the Permian Basin. The goal of this test was to determine the fracture trend in this waterflooded field. First, openhole logging in the well was performed to locate the zones of interest and to determine the amount of anisotropy that existed before casing the well. The openhole logging found two intervals of interest near the bottom of the well. These intervals are 6,650 to 6,770 ft and 6,168 to 6,370 ft, respectively. After the borehole was cased, the same logging measurements were repeated for comparison purposes. The intervals of interest were then completed in two separate stages. The first stage included only the interval of 6,650 to 6,770 ft. It was hydraulically fractured and tagged with three radioactive isotopes: scandium (Sc-46), iridium (Ir-92), and antimony (Sb-124). The scandium was pumped with fluid into the perforations during the fracture stimulation. The fracture was subsequently sand-tagged with iridium (I-92) and antimony (Sb-124), both being solid proppant. As shown by the tracer analysis results (see Figs. 6 and 7 later in this paper), the bulk of the fracture was placed from 6,646 to 6,710 ft; the fracture grew down 20 ft below the bottom perforation and up to 6,545 ft, with a gradually reduced migration up to 6,450 ft. The second completion stage was for the interval of 6,168 to 6,370 ft, which was fractured without any radioactive isotopes. The radioactive tracers can be detected with a cased-hole spectral gamma ray device so that the various stages of the hydraulic fracture can be monitored for their vertical migration away from the perforations. Along with the post-stimulation spectral gamma ray measurement, the cross-dipole acoustic logging was repeated. The results of this logging, together with those of the openhole and prestimulation cased-hole logging runs, were analyzed to determine the vertical extent and azimuth of the stimulated fractures. In the following, we demonstrate the theoretical modeling results for cross-dipole logging through casing, and we present the measurement results for openhole and pre- and post-stimulation cased-hole logging runs. Finally, we interpret the results and provide the conclusions of this study. Cross-Dipole Measurement Through Casing A dipole acoustic tool performs a directional measurement by inducing and receiving flexural (or bending) waves along the borehole. A cross-dipole tool consists of two sets of dipole transmitter-receiver systems facing 90° apart (Fig. 1). The cross-dipole tool measures azimuthal shear-wave anisotropy around a borehole. This anisotropy has two orthogonal polarization directions, referred to as the fast-shear and slow-shear wave polarization directions, respectively. The magnitude of the anisotropy is measured by the fast and slow shear-wave velocity (or slowness) difference. During cross-dipole logging in an anisotropic formation, the borehole flexural wave motion induced by a source transmitter splits into fast and slow waves. These two waves are received by in-line and cross-line receiver arrays on the tool. For the in-line receivers, the maximum receiving sensitivity is in the source vibration direction, while for the cross-line receivers, this sensitivity direction is perpendicular to the source direction. The tool acquires a four-component array data set (two in-line and two cross-line). These data are processed with an array waveform inversion method.2 This method computes the fast and slow dipole-shear waves from the four-component data and matches the fast and slow waves across the array to determine the magnitude and azimuth of the anisotropy simultaneously.
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Z. A., Alfageh. "Exploration of Hidden Hydrocarbons in Old Wells Magid Field - Sirte Basin, Libya." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38143.
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Abstract: It is increasingly important to improve field productivity in today's competitive market. One way to achieve this, is to add new wells which are expensive and time consuming. The other alternative is to identify bypassed hydrocarbons, track changes in saturations and detect movement of reservoir fluid contacts from existing well bores already in place. It is considerably more cost effective and often more environmentally friendly to explore for those hidden hydrocarbons in old wells rather than drill new wells. As the field matures, there is a need to reevaluate the formation in older reservoirs and to focus the development strategy and approach on bypassed oil pockets and depletion levels in producing intervals. The ability to acquire essential logging data behind casing adds a new dimension to cased hole formation evaluation for locating and evaluating potential hydrocarbon zones in a mature field as in Magid field. A basic petrophysical evaluation was performed incorporating the data recorded behind casing by applying {Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Logging (CHFRL)} in each of these wells. Based on the analysis of cased hole formation evaluation results. The un-depleted intervals were commercially exploited adding reserve to the asset. Keywards: Hydrocarbon zones, Majid Field, Sirte Basin, Libya, CHFRL
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Carpenter, Chris. "Cased-Hole Solution Assesses Tight Reservoirs." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 08 (August 1, 2020): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0820-0055-jpt.
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Jiang, Can, Xue-Lian Chen, Yuan-Da Su, and Xiao-Ming Tang. "Cased borehole acoustic-wave propagation with varying bonding conditions: Theoretical and experimental modeling." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): D161—D169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0798.1.
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Acoustic measurements in cased boreholes are important for cement-bond evaluation behind the casing. In conjunction with a recently developed acoustic-wave theory using slip-boundary modeling, we carried out an experimental study for different cement-bond conditions. Four different cased-hole models were constructed, where the interface between the casing and the cement, and that between the cement and the formation, are decoupled or partially bonded to simulate the different cement bond conditions. An acoustic system is placed in the borehole to measure extensional casing waves along the borehole. By extracting the attenuation and velocity of casing waves from the experimental data, the bonding conditions were analyzed and compared with the theoretical modeling. The results indicate that, compared with the free-pipe situation, the casing waves are attenuated when there is some degree of bonding (good or poor) between the casing and the formation. However, when the poor bonding occurs at the cement-formation interface, the casing wave indicates significant velocity reduction and dispersion, the degree of the velocity change varying with the bonding condition. This wave phenomenon is predicted by the slip-boundary modeling. By adjusting the slip-boundary parameters in the modeling, the experimental results can be quantitatively modeled. These results are also confirmed by cased-hole acoustic logging data examples. The theoretical model can therefore be used to interpret cased-borehole acoustic-wave measurements.
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Jambunathan, Venkataraman, FNU Suparman, Zhipeng Liu, Weijun Guo, and Daniel Dorffer. "Cased-hole interpretation workflow for determining residual oil saturation for mature fields." Interpretation 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): SA135—SA142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0046.1.
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Formation evaluation for mature oil fields remains a challenge for operators. Rock-petrophysical properties present large uncertainties following years of production. Formation evaluation becomes even more challenging when there is a lack of open-hole logging data as is typically the case. Logging programs for cased-hole formation evaluation are limited by the size of the well completion. In addition, a metallic casing often prevents the effective use of electric measurements. However, pulsed-neutron tools (PNTs) are a viable option for mature fields. We developed a brief review of PNT theory. The high-energy neutrons output at a high count rate fit the need of cased-hole applications. Application of pulsed-neutron technology for mature fields and a case history from west Texas, in which pulsed neutron technology was used to determine remaining oil saturation are discussed. We documented the best practice for data acquisition and the processing workflow. Having a good collaboration between operator and service provider helps to better understand the logging objectives and in job planning, which is important for the success of the logging operation.
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Gaurina-Međimurec, Nediljka, and Pavao Mesarić. "Application of Solid Expandable Tubulars in the Petroleum Industry." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 37, no. 1 (2022): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.1.14.
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The development of solid expandable tubular (SET) technology and products (open hole liner, open hole clad, cased hole liner, liner hanger, internal casing patch, etc.) has enabled operators to plan well design in a new way and solve various problems that arise during drilling and exploitation on land and offshore. By including an expandable open hole liner, monobore open hole liner or monobore openhole clad in well design, it is possible to achieve a slim hole design and/or resolve unwanted situations that occur during the drilling of problem zones with minimal hole size reduction and reach hydrocarbon reserves which cannot be achieved economically by conventional technology. By installing an expandable cased hole liner or internal casing patch in production wells to cover the intervals of a corroded casing or to close old perforations, it is possible to extend the life cycle of a production well and increase the final hydrocarbon recovery and speed up the return on investment. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the relevant literature and give an overview of solid expandable tubular technology and its applications in the petroleum industry, as well as the cementing technology of open hole expandable liners. The available data for 21 case studies of SET application in onshore and offshore wells were analyzed in detail. Based on an extensive review of the literature and analyzed data, it can be concluded that SET technology is being successfully applied worldwide and that expandable liners with a diameter of 114.3 mm to 339.72 mm are being run in wells to ever greater depths (up to 5166 m) and in ever more extreme downhole conditions.
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Chinwe Ozowe, Oludayo Olatoye Sofoluwe, Ayemere Ukato, and Dazok Donald Jambol. "A comprehensive review of cased hole sand control optimization techniques: Theoretical and practical perspectives." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 1 (May 30, 2024): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2024.11.1.0079.
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Cased hole sand control is a critical aspect of oil and gas well management, ensuring efficient production by mitigating sand production issues. This review presents a comprehensive review of cased hole sand control optimization techniques, offering theoretical insights and practical perspectives to enhance well productivity and longevity. The review encompasses various aspects, including the challenges of sand production, the importance of sand control, and the evolution of sand control techniques. Sand production in oil and gas wells can lead to equipment damage, wellbore instability, and reduced production efficiency. Effective sand control is thus essential to maintain well integrity and maximize hydrocarbon recovery. This review explores the fundamental principles of sand control, highlighting the key parameters influencing sand production, such as reservoir properties, fluid properties, and wellbore geometry. The review discusses traditional sand control methods, such as gravel packing and standalone screens, along with emerging technologies like expandable sand screens and autonomous inflow control devices. It evaluates the advantages and limitations of each technique, considering factors such as installation complexity, cost-effectiveness, and long-term reliability. Furthermore, the review delves into advanced sand control optimization strategies, including the use of modeling and simulation tools to predict sand production and optimize sand control design. It discusses the integration of data analytics and machine learning techniques for real-time monitoring and decision-making, enhancing sand control effectiveness and reducing operational risks. Practical case studies and field applications are presented to illustrate the implementation of sand control optimization techniques in real-world scenarios. These case studies highlight the challenges faced, the solutions implemented, and the outcomes achieved, providing valuable insights for industry practitioners and researchers. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of cased hole sand control optimization techniques, emphasizing the importance of integrating theoretical knowledge with practical considerations to enhance sand control efficiency and maximize well productivity. his review paper will systematically analyze existing methodologies and the latest advancements in cased hole sand control treatments. It explores theoretical frameworks, compares practical outcomes, and discusses the implications of optimized frac geometries for reservoir performance enhancement across varied geological settings.
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Jacobson, Larry A., and Chu-Chiu Fu. "Computer Simulation of Cased-Hole Density Logging." SPE Formation Evaluation 5, no. 04 (December 1, 1990): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19613-pa.
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JPT staff, _. "Cased-Hole Completions Without Perforating Eliminate Risks." Journal of Petroleum Technology 57, no. 02 (February 1, 2005): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0205-0024-jpt.
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Bybee, Karen. "Drilling-Fluids Displacement and Cased-Hole Cleaning." Journal of Petroleum Technology 58, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1106-0060-jpt.
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Felder, R. D. "Cased-Hole Logging for Evaluating Bypassed Reserves." Journal of Petroleum Technology 40, no. 08 (August 1, 1988): 969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18507-pa.
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Kong, Fan-Tong, Can Jiang, Yuan-Da Su, and Xiao-Ming Tang. "A multiple filtering and correlation array signal processing technique for cased-hole acoustic logging and applications." Interpretation 8, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): SL1—SL8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0116.1.
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In cased-hole acoustic logging, estimating the formation velocity is often problematic when the casing is poorly bonded with the formation. The overwhelmingly large casing waves dominate the measured waveforms and overlap with the low-coherence, weak formation arrival, contributing to the failure of conventional semblance processing method. To tackle this problem, we have developed a filtered frequency semblance array waveform signal processing technique. The multiple filter technique is first used to filter the measured waveforms. We then apply the [Formula: see text]th root stacking method to the filtered signals. Consequently, the coherence of the formation signal on the obtained 3D semblance correlogram is significantly enhanced and clearly separated with the casing waves. We have applied the method to process synthetic and field cased-hole acoustic waveform data. Our results indicate that the new method significantly enhances the coherence of the desired formation signal and simultaneously estimates the formation of the P- and S-wave velocity.
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Loginov, Arthur, and Morteza Aminkhaki. "Innovative borehole treatment utilising inflatable packer straddle system technology." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15016.
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Open hole fracturing and acid stimulation utilising the traditional cemented liner and hydro jet perforations or mechanical packers with ball-activated frac sleeves have been deployed successfully in the US and Canada for years. One of the primary concerns about the conventional liner methods is assurance of knowing where the fracture or acid is placed. There is no way to determine if there is adequate annular isolation to ensure the planned treatments are placed in the zone of interest. In cased holes, conventional methods to stimulate perforated zones through matrix and fracture acidising would require isolating and stimulating each zone separately in multiple trips. Otherwise, bull-heading treatments with large volumes of fluid would make it difficult to control the penetration rate into the fractures, and zones could not be selectively acidised. To eliminate these issues, an inflatable packer straddle system was run in eight tight CSG reservoirs in the Bowen Basin (Queensland). The system was run to stimulate these reservoirs in two vertical wells with cased hole perforations. It is understood that this was the first use of this process in Australian CSG wells. This paper addresses the main considerations of tool operation, case histories highlighting job procedures, and lessons learned from previous operations. It also addresses the use of other tools with the straddle system and possible modifications to the system to make it suitable for operational conditions where higher rates and abrasive sand-laden fluids are required.
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Nwala, Stephen Chukwuemeka. "Comparative Studies and Analyses of the Different Mechanical Sand Control Systems: A Case Study of a Well Completed in the Niger- Delta of Nigeria." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49912.
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Abstract: Sand production problems are as old as oil drilling itself. It is argued to be the oldest problem plaguing the oil industry. This phenomenon leads to high economic losses in oil and gas production. If the passive methods of sand control of selective and oriental perforations fail, the active methods which involve the chemical and mechanical methods are called into play. This project work compares four mechanical sand control methods; Cased-Hole Gravel Pack, Wire-Wrapped Screens, Pre-Packed Screens and Slotted Liner. It studies the effectiveness of each system, total skin offered and their effects on well productivity. As a control, the data of a well completed without any sand control system in place in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria was obtained. the IPR/VLP plots were made and the flow efficiencies were calculated. The well was later simulated with the four cases mentioned above and the total skin and flow efficiencies calculated. It was discovered that the flow efficiencies showed a reduction due to the installation of the sand control tools and the skin offered by each sand control system. The flow efficiencies dropped from 0.476 025 to 0.475 977 for Wire-wrapped Screen, 0.475 930 for Cased-Hole Gravel Pack, 0.475 914 for Pre-Packed Screen and finally 0.052 890 for the Slotted Liner. The drops in flow efficiencies were validated by the increasing values of total skin factors from 0 for No Sand Control System, 0.000 484 86 for Wire-Wrapped Screen, 0.002 359 for Pre-Packed Screen, 1.76 for Cased-Hole Gravel Pack and 49.82 for The Slotted Liner. Parameters as Absolute Open Flow Potential (AOFP), Productivity Index (P.I.), Total Skin Value and Liquid (Oil) Production Rate showed that the Wire-Wrapped Screen was the best sand control solution for the given well
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Lowry, D. C. "FIGHTING FRACTURED FLAMINGO—LESSONS FROM RAMBLER-I, TIMOR SEA." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94040.
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Exploration well Rambler-1, located in the Timor Sea, presented an unusual set of engineering and evaluation problems when drilling a thick section of Flamingo Group (Jurassic–Cretaceous). The well encountered normally pressured open fractures where drilling mud was lost, and at least two mildly overpressured fractures that flowed small quantities of gassy oil into the well-bore. In these circumstances it was difficult to find the right combination of casing, mud density, cement plugs and lost circulation material to drill the well in a controlled and efficient manner.Fine grained sandstone in the Flamingo Group gave moderate mud log shows and two cased-hole RFTs recovered oil. However, cased-hole DSTs of the same intervals recovered only small volumes of filtrate. This remarkable behaviour is attributed to the RFTs recovering oil from porous cement that had been impregnated with oil from the lower of the overpressured fractures.Any future wells drilled near the axis of the Sahul Syncline are likely to encounter similar problems and awareness of the lessons learned in Rambler–1 can improve drilling and evaluation strategies.
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Feder, Judy. "Cased-Hole Standalone Evaluation Succeeds in the Absence of Openhole Data." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0221-0061-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 202894, “Cased Hole Standalone Evaluation: Breaking the Barrier To Successfully Evaluate Challenging Deep Carbonate Reservoirs,” by Pradeep Menon and Carey Mills, ADNOC, and Suvodip Dasgupta, SPE, Schlumberger, et al., prepared for the 2020 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, held virtually from 9-12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Accurate petrophysical evaluations (formation lithology, porosity, and water saturation) are essential in characterizing potential reservoir zones and estimating resources in place. Typically, these evaluations rely on acquisition of openhole logging measurements; however, this is not always possible. The complete paper outlines two examples from tight gas reservoirs in two separate fields offshore Abu Dhabi in which openhole data could not be acquired and petrophysical analysis was undertaken using cased-hole log data. These evaluations successfully identified gas-saturated porous intervals in each well, one of which was successfully flow-tested. Introduction A growing need exists to increase gas production in the UAE. As a result, specific gas-production targets have been mandated from development of currently undeveloped deep gas carbonate reservoirs such as the Permo-Triassic Khuff formation, the middle Jurassic Araej formation, and the Permian Pre-Khuff Unayzah and Berwarth formations. Recent appraisal wells have aimed at evaluating these reservoirs systematically by acquiring a good suite of openhole logs, cutting conventional cores, and conducting well-testing operations. These well data are combined with an evolving regional understanding to better assess and ultimately develop these complex formations. An accurate petrophysical evaluation requires the petrophysicist to develop a realistic evaluation of formation lithology, porosity, and water saturation. These parameters provide the foundations for further work such as static modeling stands, and they must be robust. The Upper Khuff is composed of dolomite occasionally grading to calcareous dolomite with minor interbeds of claystone and anhydrite. In core and cuttings, the dolomite in the uppermost section exhibits a grainstone texture with poor intercrystalline/intergranular porosity. The Lower Khuff is composed of very hard dolomite in part grading to calcareous dolomite, medium-to-dark grey-brown in places, with occasional very-fine-to-medium grainstone texture and very poor intercrystalline porosity. In this paper, the Upper and Lower Araej members are interpreted to have been deposited in an open, marine- circulation shelfal environment, while the Uweinat member is considered to have been deposited in a more- restricted circulation setting with-in a similar shelfal environment. The Barrier Openhole logging generally is the preference for formation evaluation because it represents the simplest environments and benefits from a comprehensive list of available measurements. The variety of tools and diversity of output data available make openhole log acquisition the gold standard for formation evaluation. However, in certain situations in which openhole logging is not possible because of borehole conditions (re-entry of old cased wells, wellbore instability, over-pressure), no option exists other than acquiring petrophysical data in a cased-hole environment.
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Denney, Dennis. "New Cased-Hole Density Porosity for Shaly Sands." Journal of Petroleum Technology 49, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1197-1254-jpt.
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Mijarez, Rito, David Pascacio, Ricardo Guevara, Carlos Tello, Olimpia Pacheco, and Joaquín Rodríguez. "HPHT cased-hole CCL tool enhancement via DSP techniques for accurate depth control in wire-line well interventions." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-tha15.
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Down-hole oil and gas operators require a precise depth control method during well interventions. Wire-line technologies using conventional cased-hole casing collar locator (CCL) tools have been proven effective. However, extremely high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) environments make this a challenging task. This work describes a HPHT down-hole tool that use a conventional inductive CCL enhanced by a DSP based electronic module that performs in real-time DSP techniques such as digital filtering and cross-correlation, which permit to store and transmit analog or digital information to a data acquisition system located in the surface. The obtained laboratory tests results of the enhanced CCL down-hole tool, using changes in temperature from 75 °C – 185 °C, provide a firm basis for testing and evaluating the system in the field.
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Ma, Ben, Hai Qing Li, Xu Deng, and Min Li. "Cross-Section Shape Optimization of Expandable Cased-Hole Liners." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1141.
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Expandable cased-hole liners is to solve the sealing problem of level six multilateral wells. It is a trigeminal expandable tube which is usually prefabricated on the ground and re-expanded when placed in the proper position. In this paper, the trigeminal expandable tubular compression molding process of the pre-forming stage is mainly studied. In this compression process, both sides of the branch pipe should be compressed to a certain shape in order to successfully enter the main borehole; meanwhile, we want to make sure that failures such as rupture do not occur in the subsequent expansion process. According to the theory about sheet metal bending forming process, three different shapes of the mold are designed to control the cross-section shape of the compressed trigeminal expandable tube so that it meets the application requirements. Rack-shaped cross-section is finally selected as a reference of the best through simulation of compression process and comparative analysis of simulation results. At last, field tests show that this cross-section shape is compatible with the theoretical and simulation results.
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Varignier, Geoffrey, Valentin Fondement, Cédric Carasco, Johann Collot, Bertrand Pérot, Thomas Marchais, Pierre Chuilon, Emmanuel Caroli, and Mai-Linh Doan. "Comparison between GEANT4 and MCNP for well logging applications." EPJ Web of Conferences 288 (2023): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328801002.
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MCNP and GEANT4 are two reference Monte Carlo nuclear simulators, MCNP being the standard in the Oil & Gas nuclear logging industry. While performing a simulation benchmark of these two software for the purpose of “Cased Hole” wellbore evaluation, discrepancies between MCNP and GEANT4 were observed: computational experiments were performed first in a theoretical and simplified environment using spherical models, then in a more realistic “Open Hole” wellbore context with simplified logging tools. Results of this comparison show an excellent overall agreement for gamma-gamma physics and an acceptable agreement for neutron-neutron physics. However, the agreement for neutron-gamma physics is satisfactory only for certain lithologies and energy windows, but not acceptable for other operating conditions. These results need to be put in perspective with the current use of nuclear simulation in the logging industry. Indeed, wellbore evaluations rely on charts simulated with Monte Carlo codes in various contexts. In the case of radially heterogeneous environments such as “Cased Hole” wellbores, nuclear simulations are mandatory to precisely determine the radial sensitivity of logging tools via the so-called sensitivity functions. The feasibility of wellbore inversion relies on the physical validity of such sensitivity functions obtained from nuclear simulations. This MCNP vs. GEANT4 benchmark was conducted with the perspective to secure the physical fundamentals used for building the sensitivity functions of logging tools.
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Zhang, Kai, Shengqing Li, Yuanda Su, Baohai Tan, and Bo Zhang. "Design of an Acoustic Through-Casing Logging Tool." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218404.
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Well logging is performed in oil and gas exploration wells to obtain the physical characteristics of underground formations. Thereafter, these wells are cased. Through-casing logging is important in mature fields and for wells that are cased without logging due to borehole stability issues. Acoustic through-casing logging is a challenging issue due to the strong interference of casing waves in formation waves, especially when the casing and formation are poorly bonded. An acoustic tool with dual-source transmitters is developed, in which an additional transducer is added to suppress casing waves. First, the operation principle and the overall design of the tool are carried out, including the span distance between the two transmitting transducers and the spacing distance between the transmitting transducer and the receiving transducers. Thereafter, a dual-source transmitting circuit is designed to send out two excitation signals of opposite polarities. These signals possess good consistency, high emission power, and precise signal adjustment. Lastly, the tool is tested in cased exploration wells in China. The experiment endings show that about 90% of the casing waves are canceled. By suppressing the casing wave amplitude, the cased-hole acoustic logging can be used commercially to obtain trustworthy formation information.
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Winbow, G. A. "Seismic sources in open and cased boreholes." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 7 (July 1991): 1040–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443112.
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Theoretical modeling, based on the equations of linear elasticity, is used to analyze the performance of downhole seismic sources, specifically, symmetrical radial sources which exert outward pressure on a length of the borehole wall and vertically driven sources clamped to the borehole wall. Torsional sources radiate pure S-waves whose form is independent of the existence of the borehole, and therefore requires no special discussion. The radial sources discussed are airguns, waterguns, and implosive sources. Such sources are in widespread use and development at present. From the calculations we find that radial sources emit almost all (>99 percent) their energy as tube‐waves which travel along the borehole and not out into the formation. Vertical sources radiate almost all their energy into the formation as P- and S-waves. However, if the casing bond slips, the vertical sources lose efficiency and radiate energy as extensional waves along the casing. The radial sources are little affected by the quality of cement bonding. Radial sources may be used at or near the surface to direct tube‐waves down the hole. Conversion of the tube‐waves to P-waves and S-waves either from the end of the hole or from a specially configured converter such as a constriction placed in the hole theoretically represents a viable downhole seismic source for reversed VSP (RVSP) and crosshole imaging. Little energy is lost in tube wave transmission and high acoustic power may be injected into a well.
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Landrum, W. R., R. C. Burton, W. M. MacKinlay, Aasmund Erlandsen, and Arild Vigen. "Results From the Heidrun Field Cased-Hole Gravel Packs." Journal of Petroleum Technology 48, no. 09 (September 1, 1996): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/37171-jpt.
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Wu, Wensheng, Yaping Fu, and Wei Niu. "Numerical simulation of responses for cased-hole density logging." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 10, no. 5 (September 25, 2013): 054006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/10/5/054006.
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Sun, Lian Zhong, and De Li Gao. "Optimum Placement of Friction Reducer in Extended Reach Well." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.339.
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There are some problems such as down hole torque & drag, casing wear and so on in extended reach drilling. Therefore, friction reducers are used widely to keep the drillstring away from the cased hole in extended reach drilling. Currently, the optimum placement of friction reducers is dependent on the drillstring deflection. Friction reducers are often connected to drill pipes by tool joints, which limits their optimum placement. In addition, the placement of the first reducer is often determined by drilling engineers’ experience. The effect of friction reducer on torque & drag is assessed in this paper and the optimum placement of friction reducer is obtained to minimize the torque & drag.
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Kryzhanivskyy, Ye I., D. G. Chornopyskyy, and І. I. Paliichuk. "Stress Concentration in the Casing when Cutting Holes for the Sidetracks." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(72) (September 30, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2019-3(72)-7-18.
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Directional drilling of complementary holes in a cased well is an effective method of restoring decommissioned, emergency and abandoned wells. It enables the possibility to save on drilling new oil and gas wells. Today, sidetracking is considered to be the most efficient technology which makes use of milling casing window. Cutting into the column wall is a very important process. The milling cutter makes a slot-like hole in it due to the force response of the wedge deflection device in the casing. The upper part of the hole becomes elliptical with a smooth contour due to the small angle of the wedge during the axial moving of the tool. At the same time, the lower edge of the hole is straight and forms right angles with its side edges. The vertices of these angles create a stress concentration in the wall, weakened by the hole, under the condition that a significant tensile force of its own weight acts on the casing. These stresses reach their maximum values in those pipe cross-sections where the window width becomes maximum (design), and their area is the smallest one. The topicality and novelty of the solved problem lie in studying the stress-deformed state of the casing pipe under tension while cutting a window, close to a rectangular shape, in its wall, as well as in calculating the maximum stresses that arise around the right angles of the hole. These solutions make it possible to specify stress concentration factors depending on the geometrical parameters of the hole, and thereby ensure the development of engineering methods for designing a trouble-free process for window cutting in casing pipes. The operating results are as follows: a developed mathematical model of a nonaxisymmetric stress state that occurs during tension-compression of a cylindrical shell with rectangular holes, for which the analytical methods of calculating the stress-strain state of non-thin shells with non-canonical stress concentrators have been used, and theoretical and experimental studies of the stress concentration in the walls of this shell.
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Denney, Dennis. "Perforation-Tunnel Permeability Can Assess Cased-Hole Gravel-Pack Performance." Journal of Petroleum Technology 50, no. 03 (March 1, 1998): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0398-0086-jpt.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Testing and Evaluation Method Investigates Cement Expansion in Cased-Hole Wells." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0522-0096-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 208679, “Cement Expansion in Cased-Hole Environments: A Novel Laboratory Testing and Evaluation Method With Successful Field Implementation,” by Vasilii Sukhachev, Amir Salehpour, SPE, and Ilshat Akhmetzianov, SPE, Schlumberger, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Preventing bulk shrinkage of cement in cased-hole wells is important when dealing with the risk of sustained casing pressure (SCP). Current studies based on membrane tests suggest that, even with a high-percentage content of expanding agents, cement systems show little or no expansion in dry media. An alternative laboratory method for measuring cement expansion, followed by a successful field application, was used to evaluate the total bulk volume change of the cement based on curing in a dry environment and in water. Optimal cement-slurry properties were obtained. The developed cement system, which was successfully implemented in the field, provided long-term zonal isolation with no indication of SCP to date. Introduction For a major operator in the Caspian region, drilling development wells required passing through shallow overpressured permeable zones containing water and biogenic gas. The optimal casing design used to minimize the likelihood and severity of SCP consisted of isolating the shallow-soil zone by use of a cemented 24-in. liner followed by a 20-in. surface casing cemented using a two-stage method (Fig. 1). During the first stage, the cement was pumped inside of the 24-in. liner. Then, an external casing packer placed in the 20-in. casing was inflated against the 24-in. liner before performing the second-stage cement job. The second-stage cementing operation brought the cement above the top of 24-in. liner and provided sufficient length to isolate against the shallowest distinct permeable zone. Cement is considered a primary wellbore barrier element. However, the cement placed between the 24-in. liner and the 20-in. casing and in the annulus of the 30-in. conductor and 20-in. casing is subject to shrinkage. This shrinkage leaves a potential leak path all the way to the wellhead on an offshore platform. The cement systems chosen consisted of the 1.92-SG (16-lbm/gal) slurry for the second stage cementing of the 20-in. casing because this stage was the system most susceptible to shrinkage. This slurry was placed in the annular space of the 20-in. casing and both the 24-in. liner and the 30-in. conductor. The curing temperatures and pressures in the field are 32°C and 6.74 MPa at the bottom of the well and 28°C and 2.48 MPa at the top of the cement. The top of the cement will be in direct contact with the spacer, a fluid with 89% water content; however, the remainder of the cement column will not have access to excess water during curing. If acceptable results could be achieved with the 1.92-SG cement system, then the same blend could be used for the 24-in. liner tail and the first-stage tail slurry of the 20-in. casing. This method is a possible solution to obtain a more-robust system that prevents the risk of SCP.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Intermediate String Design Enhances Intelligent Deepwater Completions." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0523-0071-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22087, “One Innovative Intelligent Completion Intermediate String Design for Deepwater Gas-Well Completions: The Installation Case Study From L Gas Field, China,” by Shu Jie Liu, Yi Huang, and Wen Bo Meng, CNOOC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ An intelligent completion design was installed in two wells in China’s L field deepwater project. Both wells have dual-zone stack-pack sand-control lower completions. To handle critical well-control concerns and enable production from each zone, an intermediate string was installed to isolate the reservoir in each zone temporarily. While the complete paper details both the completion string design and its field installation, this synopsis concentrates on the former aspect of the project. This practice will benefit upcoming deepwater well-completion designs, especially for high-pressure/high-temperature gas-field-development projects. Introduction The L field is a deepwater gas field in the Qiong Dongnan Basin with a water depth from 1200 to 1500 m in the South China Sea. The field was discovered in 2014; development launched in early 2018 with a plan for 11 development wells. The target zone of this field is over 3000 m true vertical depth with a widely distributed thin layer of sand deposition. The target zone has a normal pressure gradient of 1.2 and temperature that reaches 93°C. The 11 wells planned included six horizontal and five deviated wells. The openhole drilling of the first well began in April 2020, and the cased-hole intelligent completion of the last well was finished in March 2021. The openhole gravel packs in the first three wells were completed as the first batch. One cased-hole single-zone gravel pack was completed as the fourth well because it sat on the same flank of the reservoir as the first batch of three openhole wells. After that, a floating rig was mobilized on the other flank to complete the remaining three openhole wells. Then, the remaining two cased-hole single-zone gravel-pack completions followed. The most challenging completion, a dual-zone stack-pack intelligent completion, was performed in the last two wells in February and March 2021. A dedicated project manager and team were assigned throughout project execution. The project-management team strictly adhered to the operator’s completion project-management system; managed the interfaces, risks, and schedules through a scientific approach; and provided technical and troubleshooting support in a timely manner. All 11 wells were completed by April 2021, including the two intelligent well completions. The entire field was brought into production by mid-2021. Well-Completion Design Challenges Because of the unconsolidated sandstone present in the field, all 11 wells required a proper sand-control lower completion to eliminate the issue of sand production. However, the geologic conditions of widely distributed sand deposition and a thinly layered gas reservoir required the operator to use three different types of lower completion methods in one project: the openhole gravel-pack method for six horizontal wells to develop small and thin sand deposits, the single-zone cased-hole gravel-pack method for a sand-control completion in the three deviated wells, and the dual-zone stack-pack method for two intelligent completion wells for a dual-zone sand-control lower completion.
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Roostaei, Morteza, Mohammad Soroush, Farshad Mohammadtabar, Mohammad Mohammadtabar, Seyed Abolhassan Hosseini, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Mohtada Sadrzadeh, Ali Ghalambor, and Vahidoddin Fattahpour. "Design for Reliability: Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Cased and Perforated Completions with Standalone Screen." SPE Drilling & Completion 36, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 680–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201315-pa.
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Summary The historical challenges and high failure rate of using standalone screen in cased and perforated wellbores pushed several operators to consider cased-hole gravel packing or frac packing as the preferred completion. Despite the reliability of these options, they are more expensive than a standalone screen completion. In this paper, we employ a combined physical laboratory testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for laboratory scale and field scale to assess the potential use of the standalone screen in completing the cased and perforated wells. The aim is to design a fit-to-purpose sand control method in cased and perforated wells and provide guidelines in perforation strategy and investigate screen and perforation characteristics. More specifically, the simultaneous effect of screen and perforation parameters, near wellbore conditions on pressure distribution and pressure drop are investigated in detail. A common mistake in completion operation is to separately focus on the design of the screen based on the reservoir sand print and design of the perforation. If sand control is deemed to be required, the perforation strategy and design must go hand in hand with sand control design. Several experiments and simulation models were designed to better understand the effect of perforation density, the fill-up of the annular gap between the casing and screen, perforation collapse, and formation and perforation damage on pressure drop. The experiments consisted of a series of step-rate tests to investigate the role of fluid rate on pressure drop and sand production. There is a critical rate at which the sand filling up the annular gap will fluidize. Both test results and CFD simulation scenarios are comparatively capable to establish the relation between wellbore pressure drop and perforation parameters and determine the optimized design. The results of this study highlight the workflow to optimize the standalone screen design for the application in cased and perforated completions. The proper design of standalone screen and perforation parameters allows maintaining cost-effective well productivity. Results of this work could be used for choosing the proper sand control and perforation strategy.
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Eko, Eko Prastio. "APLIKASI ALAT PULSE NEUTRON LOGGING UNTUK MENENTUKAN ZONA HIDROKARBON BARU DI LAPANGAN X." Jurnal Jaring SainTek 2, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jaring-saintek.v2i2.318.
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Pengukuran Neutron Porosity pada sumur terbuka (Open Hole) ditujukan untuk mengukur indeks hidrogen yang terdapat pada formasi batuan. Indeks hidrogen didefinsikan sebagai rasio dari konsentrasi atom hidrogen setiap cm3 batuan terhadap kandungan air murni pada suhu 75oF.
Neutron Porosity log tidaklah mengukur porositas sesungguhnya dari batuan, melainkan yang diukur adalah kandungan hidrogen yang terdapat pada pori-pori batuan. Secara sederhana, semakin berpori batuan semakin banyak kandungan hidrogen dan semakin tinggi indeks hidrogen. Sehingga, shale yang banyak mengandung hidrogen dapat ditafsirkan memiliki porositas yang tinggi pula. Untuk mengantisipasi uncertainty tersebut, maka pada praktiknya, interpretasi porositas dapat dilakukan dengan mengelaborasikan log density logging.
Pengukuran diatas dilakukan pada sumur terbuka (Open Hole) untuk mengetahui respon dari litology, salinity, tipe fluida dan lain-lain. Sedangkan, pengukuran Neutron pada sumur tertutup (Cased Hole) akan sulit dan membutuhkan alat yang khusus.
Pada Tesis kali ini penulis ingin memberikan suatu metode penilian formasi dengan mengunakan alat Reservoir Tool Monitoring (RMT) yang dapat bekerja di dalam casing maupun di dalam tubing.
Kata Kunci : Alat Pulse Neutron Logging, Hidrocarbon dalam Tubing
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Chen, S. T., and E. A. Eriksen. "Compressional and shear‐wave logging in open and cased holes using a multipole tool." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 4 (April 1991): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443072.
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We have found in field observations that the multipole sonic logging tool can effectively measure formation P‐wave and S‐wave data in a cased hole. The multipole tool, containing both monopole and quadrupole source‐receiver systems, was originally designed to log P‐ and S‐waves directly, in all lithologies, for an open borehole. The monopole source‐receiver system (P‐wave) operates at 7–10 kHz, as compared with 15–25 kHz for a conventional sonic tool, while the quadrupole source‐receiver system (S‐wave) operates at 3–7 kHz. These lower operating frequencies enable the signals to penetrate the well casing and cement more effectively than signals from a conventional sonic tool. As a result, the formation P‐ and S‐waves recorded by the multipole tool are generally much stronger than the unwanted waves which travel along the well casing and cement. Formation arrivals can be easily identified and separated from the casing arrivals for a wide range of lithologies. Logs run before and after the wells were cased show remarkable agreement even in severely washed out zones.
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Burton, R. C. "Use of Perforation-Tunnel Permeability To Assess Cased Hole Gravelpack Performance." SPE Drilling & Completion 14, no. 04 (December 1, 1999): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/59558-pa.
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Zhang, Qiong, Yulian Li, Ya Jin, Decheng Niu, Yuexin Meng, Yang Wang, Lvlin Li, et al. "A new gamma density measurement method for cased-hole formation evaluation." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 184 (June 2022): 110178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110178.
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Wu, Wensheng, and Yuling Zhang. "Thin bed responses and correction methods for cased hole density logging." Petroleum Science 5, no. 4 (November 2008): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-008-0054-9.
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SONG, Ruo-Long, Jin-Xia LIU, Gui-Jin YAO, Jun MA, and Ke-Xie WANG. "Parallel Finite Difference Modeling of Acoustic Fields in Nonaxisymmetric Cased Hole." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 53, no. 6 (November 2010): 1029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.1573.
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Zhang, Peng, Javid Shiriyev, Mrinal K. Sen, and Mukul M. Sharma. "Inversion of downhole electrical measurements for proppant mapping using very fast simulated annealing." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): D13—D22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0749.1.
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Proppant mapping is critical for optimizing fracture treatment design and improving wells’ productivity. An electrode-based resistivity tool concept was developed earlier for proppant mapping in cased-hole wells. An array of insulating gaps is installed and cemented in place as a permanent part of the casing string. The electrical measurements are performed by imposing a voltage across each insulating gap, one at a time, before and after hydraulic fracture operations. The voltages across other insulating gaps near the transmitter gap are recorded. The method relies on direct excitation of the casing, which is expected to overcome the severe limitations of induction tools in cased-hole wells. A forward model based on a finite volume method has been developed to simulate the tool’s response to one or multiple fractures. To enable the implementation of such a practical system in multistage fractured horizontal wells, a fast and robust inversion approach is required. To that end, we have developed a divide-and-conquer approach based on a global optimization algorithm very fast simulated annealing (VFSA). Specifically, the original inverse problem is divided into subproblems and each subproblem can be solved separately using VFSA. The results indicate that our approach can invert the data and output widths and radii of multiple fractures without requiring a large number of forward simulations. The robustness of the inverse solver is also tested by adding Gaussian noise to the synthetic data. We tested example cases that demonstrate that when up to 5% noise is introduced, VFSA still provides very accurate inversion results with moderate uncertainties. Inversion results with some more realistic conditions, e.g., tilted fractures, complex fractures, and so on, are also presented.
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Li, Guo Liang, Hong Xue Mi, Xiao Zeng Wang, Yang Yu, and Yi Hua Dou. "Study of Resistance to Wear of P110 Casing Down-Hole in Water Based Mud." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.224.
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The operation of drilling well leads to casing wear to some degree in cased well. The reduced strength of worn casing threats to the safety of well test and completion. In order to calculate casing wear depth and prevent the casing wear, the wear efficiency and friction coefficient is measured in the different wear time, the contact force and the rotating speed. The wear efficiency increases with the contact force and the rotating speed. And the bigger the rotating speed, the bigger the friction coefficient. The wear efficiency of P110 casing is change from 2 to 8×10-13 1/Pa. The rotating speed has less influence on the wear efficient. So it is reasonable that the wear efficiency model is adopted to calculate the wear degree of P110 casing.
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Jacobson, Larry, Venkataraman Jambunathan, Zhipeng Liu, and Weijun Guo. "Technical advances in pulsed-neutron interpretation for cased-hole logging: Physics, interpretation, and log examples." Interpretation 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): SA159—SA166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0174.1.
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Recently developed multidetector pulsed-neutron tools (MDPNTs — a term describing a pulsed-neutron tool with at least three detectors) can provide three-phase formation fluid analysis in cased wells. These tools are 43 mm (1 11/16 in.) or 54 mm (2 1/8 in.) in diameter and can be logged in or below most tubing sizes. We reviewed traditional oil- and water-saturation techniques as well as indirect gas-saturation techniques, and we compared them with recently developed direct gas-saturation techniques, now available from MDPNTs. A log example developed the data verification and interpretation process. The interpretation process was divided into two parts: First, we verified the log data quality and second, we applied a newly developed gas model to the log data providing gas saturation without any reliance on the previously determined oil and water saturation.
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Mimoun, Jordan G., Carlos Torres-Verdín, and William E. Preeg. "Quantitative interpretation of pulsed neutron capture logs: Part 2 — Inversion of measurements in thinly bedded formations." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 3 (May 2011): E95—E103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3569111.
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We have developed an inversion method to reduce shoulder-bed effects on pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logs for estimating layer-by-layer-capture cross sections Σ. The method is based on a previously developed rapid approximation of PNC logs. Tests performed on synthetic examples that include a variety of lithology, saturating-fluid, and bed-thickness configurations confirm the efficiency, reliability, and stability of the inversion procedure. Inversion consistently improves the vertical resolution and Σ definition of PNC logs across beds thinner than 45 cm. Our fast, iterative algorithm inverts Σ logs in seconds of CPU time and is therefore suitable for joint petrophysical interpretation with other open- and cased-hole logs.
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Ayodele, Irewole, Chiara Cavalleri, Adeleke Orimolade, and Babafemi Falaye. "Advances in Elemental Spectroscopy Logging: A Cased Hole Application Offshore West Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n4p63.
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Rising costs for exploration and developments and more stringent need to secure any additional drop of oil have put operators’ margins under increasing pressure. Coupled with the recent oil price decline, this call for efficiency and diligence to be the main drivers for any formation evaluation and planning for development and production. The reservoirs in Western offshore Africa are so diverse in the settings that two reservoirs hardly show any correlation. The complexity associated with the Rifting of African plate from South American plate has introduced significant geological challenges, adding to even bigger challenges in Petrophysical analysis. The mineralogy is complex; clay characterization is often unsolved. The formation waters are fresh with variable salinity and there is occurrence of thin shale laminations and grain size variations contributing to low resistivity low contrast pay generation. Advanced and fit-to-purpose logging technologies and computational methods are needed for rock quality and potential. Moreover, in some cases the accessibility of the target reservoir is difficult and risky, so that formation evaluation must be performed behind casing.The high definition spectroscopy tool is the latest development in wireline spectroscopy measurements. Its technological advances revolutionize the neutron-induced gamma ray methodology to support robust lithology and saturation interpretation in formations with complex mineralogy and fluid content. The ability to determine both the matrix mineral composition and total organic carbon (TOC) are instrumental to the geoscientist, the petrophysicist, the reservoir engineer, and the completion engineer. In the region, the use of high definition spectroscopy measurement has been pioneered while pursuing better understanding of rock composition and more accurate reservoir models in complex lithology and fresh formation waters with low resistivity contrast. The results are beneficial at the various stages of a field development and provide critical input to the petrophysical reserves estimate.In the example described in this paper, the new technology has proven to be critical to evaluate a complex reservoir system independent of the water salinity and resistivity offshore Gulf of Guinea, even with logging behind casing. A comprehensive set of quality outputs is made available for accurate reservoir quality; the logs data processing is performed within the critical-hours after logging to enable informed decision making.
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Grover, Rahul. "Technology Update: Tool Enables Complete Cased-Hole Formation Evaluation, Reservoir Saturation Modeling." Journal of Petroleum Technology 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1017-0018-jpt.
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Zhang, Kunpeng, and Mian Chen. "Stress distribution of cased elliptical hole with high fluid pressure: Analytical expression." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 208 (January 2022): 109437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109437.
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Li, Ming, Rui Deng, Juan Cao, Jinquan Qiu, Gang Lei, Xincheng Li, and Boce Zhang. "Research on remaining oil evaluation method based on cased hole logging technology." Energy Reports 7 (November 2021): 1168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.09.149.
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Alexander, Karen, Suzanne Winton, and Colin Price-Smith. "Alba Field Cased-Hole Horizontal Gravel Pack: A Team Approach to Design." SPE Drilling & Completion 11, no. 01 (March 1, 1996): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/30941-pa.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Water-Shutoff Technique Extends Productive Life Cycle of Cretaceous Sandstone." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0051-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199070, “Water-Shutoff Technique Extends the Productive Life Cycle of Cretaceous U Sandstone: The Iro Field Case in Ecuador,” by Luis Roberto Bailón, SPE, Ney Holger Orellana, SPE, and Santiago Villegas, Repsol, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 17-19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The water-shutoff technique is used in some wells of the U reservoir in the Iro field of the Oriente Basin in Ecuador as a remediation plan to restore production after an early water breakthrough. The production historical data, workovers, and sand-body correlation of wells are compared to understand reservoir behavior, shale-baffle-sealing continuity, the existence of different sand units, and the effect on production. Introduction The Iro field is in the south of Block 16. Production began in March of 1996. Iro is considered a mature field that produces heavy crude oil. The U sand-stone reservoir at Iro field is constituted by quartz grains subtransparent with fine grain sizes to medium, moderately classified, occasionally clay-like matrix. A thin limestone layer subdivides the U sandstone reservoir into two main stratigraphic units, Upper U and Lower U sandstone. Logging acquisition during the drilling campaign revealed heterogeneous sand-body deposition throughout the field. Depositional features of fluvial channels are developed from the base of the reservoirs, which are overlaid by sand bars. In addition, interbedded shale layers and baffles are present in the U reservoir, in some cases locally. However, the main shale layers are effective seals when they subdivide the Upper and Lower U sandstone units into two or more subunits. A good example is the shale layer that separates channels and bars in the Lower U sandstone unit. This identification was possible after the development of the well-drilling campaign, well correlation, and years of production behavior. Two subunits of the Lower U reservoir, Ui1 and Ui2, were classified as a result of the acquired data. Cased-Hole Logs (Pulsed Neutron) Given the maturity of the fields, during the last 2 years, a logging campaign of pulsed-neutron cased-hole logs has been performed. In the case of the Iro field, pulsed-neutron logs were run in six wells; three of these reached the Lower U reservoir. These three wells have a good correlation between the analog density and neutron curves of the cased-hole and the original openhole curves, providing certainty in the reading of the tool. The logging program obtained data of chemical-element spectra in capture and inelastic modes. This information was processed and analyzed to derive hydrocarbon saturation. In this way, by-passed oil can be identified as well as reservoir zones already drained by production of the same wells or by neigh-boring wells. Data in the Lower U reservoir show fluid movement.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Optimized Multizone Single-Trip Gravel-Pack System Deployed in Brownfield." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 10 (October 1, 2024): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1024-0106-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 214914, “Deployment of Novel Optimized Multizone Single-Trip Gravel-Pack System,” by Emmanuel J. Mogga, SPE, SLB, and Afiq Ismail, SPE, and Adebayo Adeyeba, SPE, Shell, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ The operator constructs many wells that require active sand control for multiple zones in cased-hole environments with the option for zonal selectivity and the possibility of watered-out zones to be isolated through well intervention. The most frequently used tubing in these wells is 3½-in. tubing, which poses a selectivity challenge when used in the standard 9⅝-in. multizone single-trip (MZST) gravel-pack system. An optimized MZST gravel-pack system alternative was developed and implemented successfully in Brunei and across the industry. Background Many brownfield development projects in Brunei use existing platform assets that target multiple sand layers. One of these projects consists of gas infill wells drilled from an existing platform as a sidetrack to target the crestal gas accumulation in sandstone reservoirs to support hydrocarbon-maturation delivery. To develop these shallow gas reservoirs, which have low unconfined compressive strength and high fines content, gravel-packing has become critical for effective sand control downhole for sand-free production. These gas-cap developments target the shallow gas caps and are aquifer-driven, requiring multizone water control and breakthrough management. Functional well requirements of this project are defined as follows: - Robust Sand Control—Based on the offset well history, most offset wells targeting the same reservoir were completed with sand control, predominantly using a gravel-pack technique. As part of competitive scoping, standalone screens were considered but deemed unsuitable because of the high risk of fines plugging and hot spotting. Previously, three wells were completed with casing and perforation without sand control that later required retrofitting with through-tubing sand screens because of sand production. - Zonal Isolation—This is critical because the targets are aquifer-driven and the in-between intermediate reservoirs are filled with water. Thus, a high risk of water breakthrough exists. - Zonal Selectivity—This is required for water shutoff and zonal data acquisition and optimization. Cased-hole completions with selective perforation will ensure the zonal selectivity required for the well, while reservoir and facility management and the gravel pack will control sand production. Considerations for openhole gravel pack or external gravel pack with swell packers do not fully assure zonal isolation upon swelling in a gas-dominant contact environment. - Non-Smart—Permanent downhole gauges and inflow control devices are not required, which reduces the overall project cost. Instead, scheduled wireline operations are used when required. Based on the functional requirement, a cased-hole gravel-pack design was essential. The cost implications were significant for the project because the value drivers were to maximize estimated ultimate recovery and minimize capital expenditures. Thus, the optimized MZST gravel-pack system was considered and matured through the design phases.
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Gao, Cheng Fang, Xiao Meng Wu, and Jia Tian Zhang. "Improvement Hardware Design of High Power and Ultra-Low Frequency Signal Source in Cased Hole Resitivity Logging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 2278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.2278.
Full textAbstract:
The cased hole resistivity logging technology is one of high-tech logging technologies being studied in China. The signal source requires high voltage, high current, ultra-low frequency, high stability, high resolution, etc. Based on the characteristics, proposed were the ideas that the direct digital synthesis technique should be applied to produce the required sine logging exciting signals, and high-power FET were used to produce the signals with high power and high voltage. The results show that the output frequency of signal source is 0~ 10 Hz, frequency resolution 0. 002 Hz, output voltage range -300 V~+300V, output current less than 6 A. The design has been successfully applied in the research project of extremely weak nV-level electric signal acquisition theory and experimental study on formation resistivity measurement through metal casing.
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Dobitz, J. K., and R. M. Cole. "Normalization of Cased-Hole Neutron Logs, Slaughter Field, Cochran and Hockley Counties, Texas." SPE Formation Evaluation 11, no. 01 (March 1, 1996): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27648-pa.
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