Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cascaded-Anode plasma torch

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cascaded-Anode plasma torch'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Cascaded-Anode plasma torch"

1

Zhukovskii, Rodion, Christophe Chazelas, Vincent Rat, Armelle Vardelle, and Ron Molz. "Model of a non-transferred arc cascaded-anode plasma torch: the two-temperature formulation." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 6 (October 29, 2021): 065202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac2cec.

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Abstract This study presents an analysis of a three-dimensional unsteady two-temperature simulation of atmospheric pressure direct current electric arc inside a commercial cascaded-anode plasma spray torch; it coupled the arc model with the torch electrodes and used an open-source computational fluid dynamics software (code_saturne). The previously published models of plasma spray torch either deal with conventional plasma torches or assume local thermodynamic equilibrium in cascaded-anode plasma torches. The paper presents the computation of the two-temperature argon plasma properties, compares two enthalpy formulations that differ in association of the ionization part of enthalpy and finally demonstrates the influence of the radiation heat loss data by comparingthe results for two different literature sources. It is the first to compare different enthalpy formulations in the context of plasma torch and discuss the differences in terms of the enthalpy gains and losses. It also explains why an unphysical simulation artifact of electron temperature lower than the heavy species temperature can occur in simulated plasma flow. The solution, then, consists in associating the ionization part of enthalpy to electrons and selecting the appropriate source of the data of radiation heat loss. However, negligible thermal non-equilibrium persists even in the hot core of electric arc, which ensures that the heavy species are heated up by collisions with electrons. The flexibility of the open-source software allows all the necessary modifications and adjustments to achieve satisfactory simulation results. Thus, the paper could be considered as a manual for development of a plasma spray torch model.
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Ruelle, Céline, Simon Goutier, Vincent Rat, Alan Keromnes, Christophe Chazelas, and Érick Meillot. "Study of the electric arc dynamics in a cascaded-anode plasma torch." Surface and Coatings Technology 462 (June 2023): 129493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129493.

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Zhukovskii, Rodion, Christophe Chazelas, Armelle Vardelle, and Vincent Rat. "Control of the Arc Motion in DC Plasma Spray Torch with a Cascaded Anode." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 29, no. 1-2 (December 3, 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00969-8.

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Zhukovskii, Rodion, Christophe Chazelas, Vincent Rat, Armelle Vardelle, and Ron Molz. "Predicted Anode Arc Attachment by LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) and 2-T (Two-Temperature) Arc Models in a Cascaded-Anode DC Plasma Spray Torch." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, September 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01253-4.

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AbstractIn DC plasma spray torches, anode erosion is a common concern. It mainly depends on the heat flux brought by the arc and on the dimensions and residence time of the arc attachment to a given location on the anode wall. The latter depend, to a great extent, on the attachment mode of the arc on the anode wall. This paper compares the anode arc attachment modes predicted by an LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) and 2-T (two-temperature) arc models that include the electrodes in the computational domain. It deals with a commercial cascaded-anode plasma torch operated at high current (500 A) and low gas flow rate (60 NLPM of argon). It shows that the LTE model predicted a constricted anode arc attachment that moves on the anode ring, while the 2-T model predicted a diffuse and steady arc attachment. The comparison between the predicted and measured arc voltage showed that the 2-T prediction is closer to the actual voltage. Also, the post-mortem observation of a new anode ring of the actual plasma torch operated under the same conditions for a short time confirmed a diffuse arc attachment on a new anode.
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Zhukovskii, Rodion, Christophe Chazelas, Vincent Rat, Armelle Vardelle, and Ronald J. Molz. "Effect of Cathode-Plasma Coupling on Plasma Torch Operation Predicted by a 3D Two-Temperature Electric Arc Model." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, January 11, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-022-01501-1.

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AbstractIn a DC plasma spray torch, the plasma-forming gas is the most intensively heated and accelerated at the cathode arc attachment due to the very high electric current density at this location. A proper prediction of the cathode arc attachment is, therefore, essential for understanding the plasma jet formation and cathode operation. However, numerical studies of the cathode arc attachment mostly deal with transferred arcs or conventional plasma torches with tapered cathodes. In this study, a 3D time-dependent two-temperature model of electric arc combined with a cathode sheath model is applied to the commercial cascaded-anode plasma torch SinplexPro fitted with a wide single cathode. The model is used to investigate the effect of the cathode sheath model and bidirectional cathode-plasma coupling on the predicted cathode arc attachment and plasma flow. The model of the plasma-cathode interface takes into account the non-equilibrium space-charge sheath to establish the thermal and electric current balance at the interface. The radial profiles of cathode sheath parameters (voltage drop, electron temperature at the interface, Schottky reduction in the work function) were computed on the surface of the cathode tip and used at the cathode-plasma interface in the model of plasma torch operation. The latter is developed in the open-source CFD software Code_Saturne. It makes it possible to calculate the plasma flow fields inside and outside the plasma torch as well as the enthalpy and electromagnetic fields in the gas phase and electrodes. This study shows that the inclusion of the cathode sheath model in the two-temperature MHD model results in a higher constriction of the cathode arc attachment, more plausible cathode surface temperature distribution, more reliable prediction of the torch voltage and cooling loss, and more consistent thermal balance in the torch.
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Ruelle, Céline, Simon Goutier, Vincent Rat, Geoffroy Rivaud, Alan Kéromnès, Christophe Chazelas, and Érick Meillot. "Influence of Nozzle Diameter on Electric Arc Dynamics and Coating Properties in a Cascaded-Anode Plasma Torch." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, January 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-023-01706-y.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cascaded-Anode plasma torch"

1

Ruelle, Céline. "Relations entre les caractéristiques d'un jet de plasma généré par une torche à plasma d'arc segmentée et les microstructures des dépôts associés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LIMO0011.

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La projection plasma consiste à faire fondre un matériau dans un jet de plasma et à le projeter à grande vitesse en direction d’un substrat pour y former un revêtement. Ce jet de plasma est généré par une torche à plasma d’arc suite à la formation d’un arc électrique entre deux électrodes. Les torches à plasma dites conventionnelles sont largement utilisées, mais leur design conduit à des instabilités de l’arc électrique et du jet de plasma pouvant affecter le traitement thermocinétique des particules. Des torches à plasma dites segmentées ont alors été développées : grâce à la présence d’un étage supplémentaire entre les deux électrodes, elles sont plus stables et plus puissantes. Cependant, certains aspects du fonctionnement d’une torche segmentée restent peu explorés. L’objectif de ces travaux est d’approfondir l’étude sur le comportement de la torche à plasma segmentée SinplexProTM, de son fonctionnement statique à la dynamique de l’arc électrique, jusqu’à l’étude des caractéristiques des particules en vol et des microstructures des dépôts
Plasma spraying consists in melting a material in a plasma jet and to spray it at high speed towards a substrate to form a coating. The plasma jet is generated by a plasma torch following the formation of an electric arc between two electrodes. Conventional plasma torches are widely used, but their design leads to electric arc and plasma jet instabilities and may affect the thermokinetic treatment of he injected particles. Then, cascaded-anode plasma torches were developed: thanks to the presence of an additional stage between the two electrodes, they are more stable and more powerful. However, some aspects of the operating of a cascaded-anode plasma torch remain unexplored. The aim of this work is to deepen the understanding of the cascaded-anode plasma torch SinplexProTM behavior, from statics operation to the electric arc dynamics, up to the study of in-flight particles characteristics and coatings microstructures
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Conference papers on the topic "Cascaded-Anode plasma torch"

1

Zhukovskii, Rodion, Christophe Chazelas, Armelle Vardelle, and Vincent Rat. "Control of Arc Motion in a dc Plasma Spray Torch with a Cascaded Anode." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0059.

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Abstract Two common concerns in dc plasma torches are stability of plasma jet and anode erosion. The challenge is how to get a stable plasma jet with minimal anode erosion. This study tackles this question by using an external axial magnetic field applied to a cascaded plasma torch. A 3D, time-dependent model of the torch is used to predict the value of the magnetic field and its effect on heat flux to the anode as well as plasma jet stability. The model couples the gas phase and electrodes, making it possible to follow anode temperature evolution. For specific operating conditions, the model predicts an azimuthal self-magnetic field induced by electric arcing and the subsequent effect of an external field on arc attachment and anode wall temperature. This approach is expected to provide a better understanding of arc behavior in dc plasma torches and facilitate the control of anode erosion.
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Ruelle, Céline, Simon Goutier, Vincent Rat, Alan Kéromnés, Geoffroy Rivaud, Christophe Chazelas, and Érick Meillot. "Influence of Nozzle Diameter on Electric Arc Dynamics in a Cascaded-Anode Plasma Torch." In ITSC 2023. ASM International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2023p0127.

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Abstract Electric arc dynamics in plasma torch affects plasma jet stability and consequently, coating properties. Depending on plasma torch design, voltage fluctuations can vary from 100 % to only a few percent of the mean voltage. Particularly, cascaded-anode plasma torch leads to very low voltage fluctuation owing to the presence of neutrodes that limit the amplitude of arc fluctuations. However, electric arc dynamics and electrode erosion process in this type of plasma torch are still poorly understood. The aim of this work is to deepen the knowledge on the influence of nozzle diameter on electric arc dynamics for two plasma forming gas compositions by means of several diagnostics devices (end-on imaging, current and voltage time monitoring, plasma jet brightness fluctuations and thermal balance determination). Reducing nozzle diameter from 9 mm to 6.5 mm results in higher voltage fluctuations, lower mean voltage and lower plasma torch thermal efficiency, probably due to a more evenly distributed warm plasma gas in the anode nozzle volume, as suggested by the higher plasma brightness. Nozzle observations after testing show significant wear in a 6.5 mm diameter nozzle, which may be evidence of a longitudinal movement of the electric arc on the anode surface, leading to high voltage fluctuations.
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Zhukovskii, Rodion, Christophe Chazelas, Vincent Rat, Armelle Vardelle, and Ron Molz. "Predicted Anode Arc Attachment by Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) and Two-Temperature Arc Models in a Cascaded-Anode dc Plasma Spray Torch." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0360.

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Abstract Anode erosion is a common concern in dc plasma spray torches. It depends largely on the heat flux brought by the arc and the dimensions, residence time, and mode of the arc attachment to a given location on the anode wall. This paper compares anode arc attachment modes predicted by LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) and 2-T (two-temperature) arc models that include the electrodes in the computational domain. The analysis is based on a commercial cascaded-anode plasma torch operated at high current (500 A) and low gas flow rate (60 NLPM of argon). It shows that the LTE model predicted a constricted anode arc attachment that moves on the anode ring while the 2-T model predicted a diffuse and steady arc attachment. The comparison between the predicted and measured arc voltage indicated that the 2-T prediction is closer to the actual voltage. A post-mortem observation of a new anode ring on a plasma torch operated under the same conditions confirmed the diffuse arc attachment predicted by the 2-T arc model.
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4

Saito, Hiroki, Hikaru Matsumoto, and Takayasu Fujino. "Dynamic Behavior of Anode Arc Jets in a Cascade Plasma Torch with an External Magnetic Field." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0199.

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Abstract This study evaluates the effect of an external magnetic field on arc fluctuations in a cascaded plasma torch. End-on images of anode arc jets are captured by high-speed photography while associated arc voltages are measured. The results are presented and discussed.
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Alaya, M., C. Chazelas, and A. Vardelle. "Parametric Study of Plasma Torch Operation Using a MHD Model Coupling the Arc and Electrodes." In ITSC2015, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2015p0627.

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Abstract Coupling of the electromagnetic and heat transfer phenomena in a non-transferred arc plasma torch is generally based on a current density profile and a temperature imposed on the cathode surface. However, it is not possible to observe the current density profile experimentally. To eliminate this boundary condition and be able to predict the arc dynamics in the plasma torch, the electrodes were included in the computational domain, the arc current was imposed on the rear surface of the cathode, and the electromagnetism and energy conservation equations for the fluid and the electrodes were coupled. The solution of this system of equations was implemented in a CFD computer code to model various plasma torch operating conditions. The model predictions for various arc currents were consistent and indicated that such a model could be applied with confidence to plasma torches of different geometries, such as cascaded-anode plasma torches.
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Darut, Geoffrey, Marie Pierre Planche, Hanlin Liao, Christian Adam, Armando Salito, and Manfred Rösli. "Study of the In-Flight Characteristics of Particles for Different Configurations of Cascade Plasma Torches." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0499.

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Abstract Cascaded plasma torches are becoming increasingly common, but the influence of geometry, notably that of the anode, is relatively unexplored. This work investigates the relationship between anode-cathode distance and plasma voltage fluctuations. The study was conducted using cascaded torches that can be configured with different numbers of neutrodes and commercially available Al2O3 powders. The powders were sprayed at different gas flow rates and current intensities while monitoring voltage fluctuations as well as in-flight particle temperature and velocity. The resulting alumina coatings were characterized based on microstructure, phase composition, porosity, and hardness. A frequency analysis of the arc voltage fluctuations revealed well-defined peaks at 60, 120, and 180 kHz that vary in intensity based on the number of neutrodes. The more neutrodes, the sharper and higher the peak. In contrast, the power spectra of the arc voltage generated by a conventional plasma torch contains no such peaks, indicating a random displacement of the arc root leading to less stability of the arc.
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7

Zhukovskii, R., C. Chazelas, V. Rat, A. Vardelle, and R. Molz. "Effect of Cathode-Plasma Coupling on Plasma Torch Operation Predicted by a 3D Two-Temperature Electric Arc Model." In ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0395.

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Abstract In a DC plasma spray torch, the plasma-forming gas is the most intensively heated and accelerated at the cathode arc attachment due to the very high electric current density at this location. A proper prediction of the cathode arc attachment is, therefore, essential for understanding the plasma jet formation and cathode operation. However, numerical studies of the cathode arc attachment mostly deal with transferred arcs or conventional plasma torches with tapered cathodes. In this study, a 3-D time-dependent and two-temperature model of electric arc combined with a cathode sheath model is applied to the commercial cascaded-anode plasma torch SinplexPro. The model is used to investigate the effect of the cathode sheath model and bidirectional cathode-plasma coupling on the predicted cathode arc attachment and plasma flow. The model of the plasma-cathode interface takes into account the non-equilibrium spacecharge sheath to establish the thermal and electric current balance at the interface. The radial profiles of cathode sheath parameters (voltage drop, electron temperature at the interface, Schottky reduction of the work function) were computed on the surface of the cathode tip and used at the cathode-plasma interface in the model of plasma torch operation. The latter is developed in the open-source CFD software Code_Saturne. It makes it possible to calculate the flow fields inside and outside the plasma torch as well as the enthalpy and electromagnetic fields in the gas phase and electrodes. This study shows that the cathode sheath model results in a higher constriction of the cathode arc attachment, more plausible cathode surface temperature distribution, more reliable prediction of the torch voltage, cooling loss, and more consistent thermal balance in the torch.
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8

Barbezat, G., and K. Landes. "Plasma Technology TRIPLEX for the Deposition of Ceramic Coatings in the Industry." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0881.

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Abstract As a new plasma gun technology the TRIPLEX system has been introduced in the industrial field two years ago. The core of the TRIPLEX technology is a plasma gun with three cathodes and a long cascaded nozzle consisting of several insulated rings. Only the last ring with a relatively long distance to the cathode is operated as anode. Because of the equal and constant lengths of the three independent arcs, stretching from the three cathodes to the common anode, a stationary plasma jet is generated. Compared to conventional torches, the improved stability of the plasma jet allows a more uniform powder treatment and a higher deposition efficiency as well as the powder feed rate can be increased using a triple injection system. A significantly longer life time of the electrodes reduces the cost for quality control in the coating process. The characteristic properties of oxide ceramic coatings are improved in comparison with the coatings produced by conventional plasma torches. The results of two years industrial application of the innovative torch system TRIPLEX are presented in the paper.
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Barbezat, G. "The Evolution of the Plasma Spraying Technology During the Last Ten Years." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p1273.

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Abstract The plasma spray technology has shown a considerably evolution during the last 10 years. Modeling and diagnostic methods also have shown a strong development and offer tools for a better characterization and simulation of the plasma spray processes. In the same time some new types of plasma torches were developed. The motivation for the development primarily was the productivity measured in spray rate and deposition efficiency. However the necessary level of energy used for the melting and the accelerating of the powder was not always considered as important factor. In the future this factor certainly will take more importance. The reliability of the process becomes to be considered as a major aspect. During the last decade two directions of development were taken. One direction is the axial injection of the powder in the plasma jet. This process allows an excellent control of particles trajectories and looks as attractive process, however the stability of the arc root is not really realized through the axial injection. The stability of plasma spray process can be increased using the principle of cascaded anode to fix the arc root and provide quasi constant condition for the melting and accelerating of the injected powder. The current density of the cathode plays an important roll regarding the time life and also the stability of the process. It was realized an improvement of a factor 5 to 10 of time life of cathode by the using a multi cathode plasma torch with low current density. This technology shows a significantly improvement by the deposition of metallic alloys and ceramic regarding the productivity and the constant quality level of the coating.
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