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Aboh, Enoch, Guglielmo Cinque, Alice Corr, Rodrigo Gutiérrez-Bravo, Gillian Ramchand, and Vieri Samek-Lodovici. "The Romance Inter-Views: Cartography." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 8, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.246.
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The Romance Inter-Views are short, multiple Q&A pairs that address key issues, definitions and ideas regarding Romance linguistics. Prominent exponents of different approaches to the study of Romance linguistics are asked to answer some general questions from their viewpoint. The answers are then assembled so that readers can get a comparative picture of what’s going on in the field.
After the first Inter-Views focused on (morpho)syntax more generally, the second Inter-Views focus more narrowly on Cartography. We invited six syntacticians, working on this topic from a variety of perspectives, to answer our questions.
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Tedjari, Abdelmalek Farouk, and Messaoud Abbaoui. "Space Syntax for Evaluating Attractivity and Visit Frequency." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 9899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5455.
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The current study uses the Space Syntax innovative method for determining the causes of the attractivity and visit frequency gap between two open public spaces of downtown Setif (Algeria): Sahat El Istiklal square and Masjid Ibn Badis square. A design drawn from a map coming from the National Institute of Cartography and Teledetection (Algeria) is chosen for the configurative analysis carried out by Space Syntax through the DepthMap software. Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) superimposed with the pedestrian real flow permits the visual integration of the analysis of each square. The analysis revealed relevant gaps in the syntactic measure values obtained for each square emphasizing their positive aspects and specific problems. Space Syntax allows the extension of the initial discussion about public squares in urban environments and to work out causality relationships between spatial configuration and human behavior.
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Rizzi, Luigi. "Notes on cartography and further explanation." Probus 25, no. 1 (May 2, 2013): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2013-0010.
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Abstract This article addresses one particular aspect of the cartographic enterprise, the cartographic study of the left periphery of the clause, the system of criteria, and the “syntacticisation” of scope-discourse semantics that rich and detailed syntactic maps make possible. I will compare this theoretical option with the conceivable alternative, the “pragmaticization” of a radically impoverished syntax, and will discuss some simple kinds of empirical evidence bearing on the choice between these alternative perspectives. I will then turn to the issue of whether the properties of the functional sequence (ordering, cooccurrence restrictions) are amenable to “further explanations” in terms of more basic principles constraining linguistic computations. I will argue that the search for deeper explanations is an integral part of the cartographic endeavour: it presupposes the establishment of reliable maps, and nourishes the pursuit of further cartographic questions. I will conclude by illustrating the issue of further explanation by comparing certain properties of topicalization in English and Italian, in particular the fact that DP topics are fundamentally unique in English, while they can be freely reiterated in Italian. This pattern can be plausibly traced back to intervention locality, once certain independent properties distinguishing Italian and English topicalization are taken into account.
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Poplin, A., C. Yamu, and L. Rico-Gutierrez. "PLACE-MAKING: AN APPROACH TO THE RATIONALE BEHIND THE LOCATION CHOICE OF POWER PLACES. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AS CASE STUDY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W3 (September 25, 2017): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w3-73-2017.
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This paper concentrates on power places as perceived by the students in a 60,000 people college town in the United States. Power places are favourite outdoor locations that evoke positive emotions, and are conducive to relaxation and reduction of stress. Further understanding how location affects those places and the feelings of students will help planners and designers be more intentional as they create conditions favourable to the development of cities that are healthy, sustainable, resilient and smart. Research methodologies used in this paper include empirical cartography, mapping and space syntax. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the presented results and further research directions.
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Pinelli, Maria Cristina, Cecilia Poletto, and Cinzia Avesani. "Does prosody meet syntax? A case study on standard Italian cleft sentences and left peripheral focus." Linguistic Review 37, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2045.
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AbstractIn this work we deal with two structures that have a very similar pragmatic function in Italian and have been claimed to have similar semantic and syntactic properties, namely clefts and left peripheral focus. Since Chomsky (1977. On wh-movement. In Peter W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow & Adrian Akmajian (eds.), Formal Syntax, 71–132. New York: Academic Press.) they have been both considered as instances of A’-movement and should therefore behave alike. Here we investigate their prosody and their syntax on the basis of three experimental studies and show that while the prosodic patterns found are indeed very similar, their syntax is less homogenous than expected if we apply general tests that have been traditionally used to distinguish A- from A’-movement. In particular, we will discuss three of these tests, namely parasitic gaps, weak crossover and anaphoric binding and show that the two constructions yield quite different results. We analyse the differences within the framework of featural relativized minimality originally proposed in Rizzi (2004. Locality and the left periphery. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures 3, 223–251. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) and subsequent work. On this basis, we conclude that there is no one to one match between prosodic and syntactic properties, since we observe differences in the syntactic behaviour of the two constructions that do not surface in the prosodic patterns. Indirectly, this study sheds new light on the interface between prosody and syntax and is a confirmation of a modular theory of the components of grammar: some specific syntactic properties have no reflex in other components of grammar and can only be detected through purely syntactic tests.
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Oko Ajah, Richard. "“Lilies in the Mires”: Contesting Eurocentric Paradigms and Rhetoric of Civilization in Scolastique Mukasonga’s War Narratives." Human and Social Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0004.
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Abstract The Rwandan writer, Scholastique Mukasonga chronicles her eye-witness account of Rwandan civil war and genocide; her two novels are part of literary attempts to historicize ethnic collective trauma and memory, but they end up traumatizing national history itself and deconstructing Eurocentric representations. Her works are popularly read as autobiographies and could be mapped under trauma studies. However, this study intends to read these works as autoethnographical texts which this hyphenated writer uses to dismantle conventional boundaries of linguistic morpho-syntax of French, to deconstruct European historical constructions and to contest Eurocentric epistemologies that gave rise to the literary cartography of the Other world. This Eurocentrism produces markers of post/colonial idioms such as “civilized/primitive” and “modern/traditional” as means of justifying the essence of empires. Mukasonga’s account opens our eyes to Rwandan indigenous art, science, medicine and society; therefore, it contests the ontology of European civilization. Although her novels are predominantly written in French, Mukasonga uses her native dialect of Kinyarwanda to unveil age-long Rwandan [African] civilization, thus forcing her European readership to see the “lilies in the mires”.
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Cherrier, Pierre, Sebastian Lentz, Jana Moser, and Laura Pflug. "Maps under the global condition: a new tool to study the evolution of cartographic language." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-44-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Maps are a means of communication with their own language. This contribution makes a methodological proposal for a tool for to analyse the cartographic language of thematic maps and atlases. Based on the work of Jacques Bertin and on approaches of the Visual Studies, this methodology works on decoding maps in terms of their basic elements, the signs and graphic objects that compose them. As a tool it should allow comparative research on cartographic productions, both, synchronically and diachronically. It suggests two analytical schemes, one for maps and the other for complex map-editions, e.g. atlases.</p><p> On the example of spatial entities (state territories, natural areas etc.), the first part of this contribution introduces the semiotic analysis-scheme for thematic maps. It shows how to deal systematically with signs, signatures and graphic objects on maps. Such analyses should produce the fundament for comparative approaches, which allow to detect typical patterns in cartography and to identify elements of cartographic languages.</p><p> We are interested in the cartographic languages of maps used in atlases. To do this we have chosen a quantitative analysis of the visual content, maps, diagrams and images. The quantitative method makes it possible to analyse a large corpus of maps and atlases, thus making it possible to make comparisons between contents both diachronically and synchronically, i.e. comparisons in time and space. This is an approach relatively rarely used in cartography. There are few studies that produce a quantitative analysis of cartographic content. Among the existing ones, that of Alexandre Kent and especially that of Muelhenhaus on the Goode atlas series. We are following in the footsteps of these studies. To do this, we decided to adopt a semiological approach to the study of maps. Of course, we cannot talk about maps and semiology without mentioning Jacques Bertin and his book: graphic semiology: diagrams, networks, maps (1963) in which he tried to define a “grammar” by establishing rules of good cartographic practice, even if the book is not exclusively reduced to the map.</p><p> The book itself does not contain any reference, but it can be said that graphic semiology is itself derived from linguistic semiology, developed in particular by Ferdinand Saussure. However, although Bertin's work has influenced many cartographers in the design of maps, the method has been little used in the cartographic analysis itself. Semiology is an approach that has been used mainly in the analysis of images and diagrams rather than in cartography. Although it is true that iconographic analysis studies in semiology claim more Barthes and Saussure than Bertin.</p><p> The map can also be considered as an image. Several iconographic analysis studies have thus integrated the map as an object of study. This is the case, for example, of engelhardt who, in his <i>thesis</i> “<i>the language of graphics: a framework for the analysis of syntax and meaning in maps, charts and diagram</i>” (2002), focuses on several types of iconography, even if the map remains a central element of his analysis. Another example is the work of André Lavarde, who in his article “<i>la flèche : le signe qui anime les schémas</i>” (1996) focuses on the history of the use of the arrow in diagrams, while evoking its use in geographical maps. There are therefore bridges between iconographic and cartographic analysis.</p><p> This research is therefore a continuation of the work of Bertin, Mulhenhaus and to a certain extent Engelhardt. The coding system we have developed for our cartographic analysis is divided into three parts and divided tehemselves into several categories. Each category corresponds to a column in the table. From there, there are two ways to fill in the columns. In the first case by filling in the field with the requested information such as the title of a map. Or in a second case to enter 0; 1; or 2 depending on whether the information that corresponds to the absence, presence or uncertainty of the requested information. So if the map coded uses the Mercator projection then it will be entered 1 in the column “map projection: cylindrical projection” and 0 in the column “map projection: compromise”.</p><p> The table is composed of three parts. The first part concerns the general information of the coded map (image 1). This is for example the name of the atlas, the page, the chapter in which the map is located. Then more general information about the map itself is coded like for example its title, theme, scale, type of projection used, etc. This makes it possible to collect a set of basic data. It should be noted that, as mentioned above, we do not only code maps but also other forms of visual representations of space that can be found in atlases. For example, there are images, satellite photos or diagrams that can represent different geographical areas. If the coded object is not a map, this is specified. There is a category provided for this purpose. When coding, cartography-specific elements, such as map projection, are therefore not taken into account. Not all the columns in our table are intended to be filled by each map or coded image. The codification process is therefore flexible. Although the code does not focus only on maps, they represent the vast majority of the content of the atlases studied. This is why we refer more to the “map” rather than to the “visual representation of space”. However, even if they are in the minority, it is important in the analysis to take into account representations of space other than cartography.</p><p> The second part of the table focuses on the signs used by the maps. First of all, we have chosen to divide them into three categories: symbols that are related to the point of the line and the surface. These are the three elementary figures of geometry that Bertin calls implantations. It is from these three types of locations that the different symbols are created. We have distinguished them between the thematic symbols, which are there to illustrate the theme of the map, to convey its message and the Background symbol present to help the reader to orientate himself in space. This is the case, for example, of the equator's path, which is rarely thematic, but rather serves as a geographical point of reference. Of course, the thematic symbols vary according to the theme of the map. Thus, territorial borders can be considered thematic if it is a political map, but will be considered Background information if it is present on a map representing global forest cover. The purpose of this part is to have as much content as possible on the elements that make a map.</p><p> The third and last part of the table refers to visual variables. To be interested in visual variables is to be interested in the interactions between symbols. It is on this part that we rely most on Bertin's work. We have thus taken 5 of the 7 variables he defined. The orientation and the two dimensions of the plan were excluded from our study because they are constant in the cartographic production. It would therefore be irrelevant to record them each time. This is not the case for the remaining components: size, value, texture, shape, and colour. These are elements that may be present in cartography but are not individually necessary. These visual variables form the basic grammar of the “cartographic language”. Studying the visual variables is a way for us to observe how the different signs interact with each other and to see how an information is convey. These visual rules have been established in the 1960s, therefore it the relevance of using this framework to study historical map can be questioned. But Bertin did not design his rules from scratch, he relied on previous mapping practices. It is therefore interesting to observe how often they have been used.</p><p> The second part deals with map themes and regional structures of atlases. Using principles of Visual Studies, it suggests to observe atlases as a whole as cultural products, each subject to a visual programme that determines the frameworks of its expressions and its claim for representativeness. By comparing elements like projection, scale, maps-themes, regional sequences etc. systematically, one may unveil the specific interpretations of world views which are contained in the atlas’ concepts. As some atlases are published in a long series of editions, they become interesting research objects in an evolutionary perspective.</p><p> In a diachronic perspective the coding scheme suggested here, focussing themes and regional subdivisions of atlases, builds the fundament for longitudinal studies. Both methodological parts should make cartographic and atlas-studies more compatible to cultural and historical research approaches.</p><p> Taking the example of a few maps from French atlases from nineteen centuries to the early 2000s the second part of this contribution wants to give an idea, how this methodology can be used to study the evolution of cartographic language over time under the influence of the global condition and how French cartographers faced the challenge of representing a growing interconnected world and which graphical tools they developed.</p>
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ANAGNOSTOPOULOU, ELENA. "Luigi Rizzi (ed.), The structure of CP and IP: the cartography of syntactic structures, vol. 2 (Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. vii+367." Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 3 (October 13, 2006): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706304380.
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Cruschina, Silvio. "Paola Benincà & Nicola Munaro (eds.), Mapping the left periphery: The cartography of syntactic structures, vol. 5 (Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Pp. viii+339." Journal of Linguistics 48, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226711000399.
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Shlonsky, Ur. "The Cartographic Enterprise in Syntax." Language and Linguistics Compass 4, no. 6 (June 2010): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00202.x.
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Ribeiro, Ilza. "Sobre os usos de ênclise nas estruturas subordinadas no português arcaico (About the use of enclisis on subordinated structures in Old Portuguese)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v8i1.1113.
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O texto assume a proposta da cartografia da periferia à esquerda de Rizzi (1997) e de Benincà e Poletto (2004), na explicação do fenômeno da ênclise em construções subordinadas no português antigo. Procura mostrar que o esqueleto da periferia esquerda permite compreender não só os casos de ênclise, como também os de interpolação de constituintes entre o clítico e o verbo. Os traços do núcleo FIN são relevantes para o movimento do verbo para esta posição, por ser o protuguês arcaico um sistemaV2. Neste sistema, a ênclise resultará sempre que V verifica seu traços em FIN e não há na estrutura qualquer constituinte focalizado ou tematizado que atraía o clítico para seu núcleo. Quando a construção de recomplementação realiza os dois núcleos funcionais Força e Fin com o morfema que, a ênclise nunca é possível. A interpolação resulta de uma projeção sincrética de Força/Fin, ficando o clítico em CliticP, entre Fin e TP.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ênclise nas subordinadas. Recomplementação. Sintaxe dos clíticos no português arcaico. Interpolação.ABSTRACTIn this article we assume the proposal of Rizzi (1997), and also Benincà and Poletto (2004), about the left periphery cartography, to explain the enclisis’ fenomenon on subordinated structures in Old Portuguese. And we try to show that the skeleton of the left periphery allows us to understand not only the case of enclisis on subordinated structures, but also the interpolation of constituents between the clitic and the verb. According to our proposal the traces of FIN head are relevants to verb movement to this position because Old Portuguese is a V2 sistem. In this sistem, enclisis results whenever V checks its traces in FIN and there isn ?t on structure any constituent focused or themed that will attract the clitic to its head. When the recomplementation’s construction realizes both functional heads – FORCE and FIN – with ‘que’, enclisis is not possible. The interpolation results of a syncretic projection of FORCE/FIN, with the clític in CliticP, between FIN e TP.KEYWORDS: Enclisis on subordenated structures. Recomplementation. Syntax of clitics in Old Portuguese. Interpolation.
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Tang, Sze-Wing. "Cartographic syntax of performative projections: evidence from Cantonese." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 29, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10831-019-09202-7.
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Ernst, Thomas. "The Syntax of Adverbials." Annual Review of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030334.
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After explicit phrase structure rules were abandoned in government–binding theory, some account of the distribution of adverbials became necessary. This review surveys two current theories. The first, often called the scopal theory, posits that the main factor is semantics: In general, adverbials can appear wherever they cause no violation of semantic well-formedness. Purely syntactic and morphological factors play a role, but it is a relatively minor one. Though the scopal theory predicts a significant range of adverbial distribution correctly, much of its underlying semantic analysis remains to be developed in explicit terms. The second theory discussed in this review, the cartographic theory, takes syntax as central, proposing that adverbials are individually licensed by dedicated functional heads, arranged in a rigid hierarchy by Universal Grammar. This approach has some empirical successes but also a number of problems; thus, the scopal theory is more likely to represent the right direction.
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Bağrıaçık, Metin. "Representing discourse in clausal syntax." Journal of Greek Linguistics 17, no. 2 (2017): 141–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01702001.
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In Pharasiot Greek, an Asia Minor Greek dialect, a certain particle copied from Turkish, ki, is employed in a number of seemingly unrelated constructions. Close scrutiny, however, reveals that in each of these constructions, ki is employed as a device geared to influencing the interlocutor’s epistemic vigilance. Based on the Cartographic Approach which defends the syntactization of the interpretive domains, I propose that this unique semantics of ki should be represented in the clause structure. Following recent work which advocates the existence of a pragmatic field—Speech Act Phrase (SAP) in particular—above the CP-layer, where discourse and pragmatic roles are mapped onto syntax, I propose that ki is the overt exponent of SA0 and is further endowed with a [+ sentience] feature indexing the speaker as the sentient mind. The apparent differences between various construction types which involve ki—hence, in which SAP projects—then reduce to whether the [+ sentience] feature on SA0 is checked by an internally or externally merging category in Spec, SAP.
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Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. "A cartographic view on mood prominence and force in Mandarin." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.20011.jhe.
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Abstract This work investigates the division of labor between mood and illocutionary force in syntax by examining three modal construals encoded by the speaker-oriented adverb zuìhǎo ‘best’ (deontic, epistemic and evidential) in Mandarin, and accounts for a cluster of syntactic and pragmatic properties it is associated with. Very much in line with Tsai’s (2015a, 2015b and 2015d) modal system in Mandarin, it is observed that each type of zuìhǎo can co-occur with its matching modal auxiliary in the fashion of Cinque’s (1999) ‘location-in-Spec’ hypothesis and encodes a certain type of illocutionary force. One persistent question is how zuìhǎo substantiates illocutionary force in syntax, while its designated position is not situated in the licensing domain of ForceP. As far as the left periphery is concerned, this work argues for a conspiracy between syntax, semantics and pragmatics to ensure the success in activating the Bidirectional Agree relation between speech act, force and mood. We argue for a speech act layer (Sa*P) externally merging to CP (Speas and Tenny, 2003), whose head values the uninterpretable speech act feature [uSa] on Force0 via the Bidirectional Agree to trigger its interface with the utterance content (CP). Meanwhile, following Kempchinsky’s (2009) idea, it is further argued in this work that Force0 hosts the uninterpretable feature [uW] which has to be checked and valued by the modal construals of zuìhǎo to determine the irrealis-realis mood. An immediate implication is that ForceP serves as a gateway to not only mood but also speech act at the interface. Several issues involved in dealing with zuìhǎo are discussed.
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Kholod, S. S. "Phytocoenochoras in Arctic tundras: cartographic research method." Geobotanical mapping, no. 2015 (2015): 120–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2015.120.
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The cartometric and morphometric parameters of phytocoenochoras (heterogeneous territorial units) recognized for the arctic tundra vegetation of the Wrangel Island are studied. The analyses of phytocoenochoras is based on the vegetation map at 1 : 100 000 scale, that was made using ArcGIS 10.1. The cartographical units are the sigma-associations – typological categories of phytocoenochoras of micro- or meso-level (rank). Each sigma-association consists of 2 or more phytocoenoses whose affiliation to a particular vegetation syntaxon was described according to the BraunBlanquet method. Following parameters of contours (polygons) of map are analyzed: area, degree of dissection (tortuosity), granularity (complexity), shape (elongation – roundness), degree of typological contrast, uniformity of differentiation. The first three belong to the category of grafo-analytical parameters; some cartometric indicators are used indirectly for the rest. Average values of parameters are calculated for a number of parameters, but the differences between them are not always proved reliable. Low values characterize three types of parameters, there are: area, degree of partition, fragmentation index. A relatively large value of classification index of differentiation means that some vegetation syntaxa belonging to the different classes or orders may coexist in phytocoenochoras. This makes it possible to use the syntaxa of floristic classification for vegetation mapping at a given map scale not fearing that too broad syntaxa will neutralize all the diversity of the abiotic environment.
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Fábregas, Antonio. "Information structure and its syntactic manifestation in Spanish: facts and proposals." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.2.3850.
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This article presents the main facts about how information structure is syntactically codified in Spanish, with particular attention to the syntax of topics and foci. These facts will be used to assess whether cartographic and minimalist approaches can, in their pure version, account precisely for this set of facts in a predictive way. We discuss the taxonomy of topics and foci, the evidence for their syntactic position, their A’-movement properties, the asymmetries between left- and right-dislocated elements, and the availability of information structure inside subordinate clauses.
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Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. "On the syntax-discourse interface of nonsententials in Mandarin." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 252–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.18001.jhe.
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Abstract This paper aims to develop the empirical and theoretical basis for the necessity of motivating a cartographic approach (Rizzi 1997; Cinque 1999) to the clausal structure of nonsententials (NSs) in Mandarin. Especially noteworthy about NSs is that they are able to encode clause type information, illocutionary force and the discourse roles speaker and hearer/addressee, though their structure is considerably reduced. Following the line of reasoning in Sigurðsson & Maling (2012) and Tsai (2015a, 2015b), I show that NSs have a fully-fledged CP structure, according to the effects exerted upon their interpretation. Adopting Haegeman’s (2014) sa*P analysis of the discourse particle in West Flemish, I argue that NSs contain a suprasentential structure, a Speech Act layer, dominating ForceP and responsible for the encoding of the speaker- hearer/addressee relation sensitive to the immediate context. Crucially, it is argued that the discourse properties surrounding NSs pertain to the articulated CP structure of NSs. The major consequence of the proposed analysis is to show that the theory of discourse is closely tied to the architecture of grammar in general, adding weight to the view that the transparent syntax-discourse mapping results from a set of functional projections layered in the CP periphery.
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Alshamari, Murdhy R. "Grammaticalisation of ʔelħi:n in Haili Arabic- From Propositional Item to Discourse Particle: Split CP Investigation." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1202.14.
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This paper explores the linguistic properties of a discourse variant of the temporal adverb ʔelħi:n, used in Haili Dialect of Najdi Arabic (HA). Maintaining the characteristic of co-occurring clause-initially, and examining lexical/discoursal articulated structures, ʔelħi:n has developed a conventionalized discourse use, turning its morphology into a discourse particle that expresses a degree of speaker’s attitude. ʔelħi:n has undergone a process of grammaticalisation, with morphosyntactic consequence: changing its phrasal status to a head one. Evidence supporting this direction derives from intervention effects (Rizzi, 2006)- ʔelħi:n inhabits movement of head-items in syntax. The immediate consequence of this morphosyntactic change has direct impact on the syntax of ʔelħi:n: occurring clause-initially and its phonology: being unable to bear high tone, unlike its temporal adverb counterpart. Implementing cartographic mechanisms, Rizzi’s (1997) Split CP System, and holding to observations that inherently focused material wh-phrase leɪʃ ‘why’ merges in a position c-commanded by ʔelħi:n, it is established that the discourse instance of ʔelħi:n first merges at a discourse head, instantiating a discourse projection, PrtP, whence it semantically wide-scopes the propositional-TP. Constituents preceding ʔelħi:n are then argued to move and remerge at some Spec of a discourse phrase, C-TopP (Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl, 2007). Mapping the CP-layer of HA, the PrtP headed by ʔelħi:n maintains a rigid order in syntax with respect to CP-items, which makes a possible, initial mapping to the left periphery of HA, calling for scrutiny of more structure.
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Bakkal, I. Yu, E. A. Volkova, A. P. Korablev, V. Yu Neshataeva, and V. N. Khramtsov. "Russian geobotany: results and prospects. On the work of the All-Russian scientific conference with international participation dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Department of Geobotany of the Komarov Botanical Institute (St. Petersburg, September 26–30, 2022)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 45 (2022): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2022.45.124.
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The All-Russian Scientific Conference “Russian geobotany: results and development prospects” was dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Department of Geobotany of the Komarov Botanical Institute. The Conference was held September 26–30, 2022 in St. Petersburg (Proceedings…, 2022). 123 geobotanists from 25 cities of Russia participated in the Conference as well as our colleagues from Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam. The conference activity was held in three main topics: “Vegetation diversity and conservation”, “Structure and dynamics of plant communities”, “Vegetation geography and cartography”. At the plenary session and section meetings 62 oral and 56 poster presentations were presented. Three “round-table” talk sessions were held: two of them were dedicated to the problems of vegetation classification and the last — to the issues of geobotanical terminology. A significant part of the reports at the section “Diversity and protection of plant communities” was devoted to the classification of vegetation. The most part of authors used methods of floristic classification (Brown-Blanquet approach), but general analytic surveys were presented only in some works, and the rest were devoted to regional and local prodromuses of individual unions or to descriptions of lower syntaxa. A significant part of geobotanists follows the traditional principles of the Russian and Soviet school of dominant-determinant classification; the two other approaches to vegetation classification were applied in single reports: topological-ecological and geographical-genetic. Several papers have been devoted to the classification of habitat types. A significant part of vegetation studies have been carried out on the territory of protected areas: nature reserves, sanctuaries, national parks and natural landmarks: from the westernmost — Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) to the easternmost — the Bastak Reserve (Jewish Autonomous Region) and the Koryak Reserve (Kamchatka Region). Many of the reports at the section “Structure and dynamics of plant communities” concerned the study of vegetation dynamics after anthropogenic impacts, which are the main destabilizing factors of vegetation cover. Very few studies related to climate change have been presented. Several reports analyzed the demographic structure of populations. Few reports were also devoted to the statistical modelling of vegetation dynamics. The modern approach based on the functional characteristics of plants is just beginning to develop in Russian geobotany. Rapidly developing machine learning methods are gradually being introduced into the arsenal of geobotanical science methods — for the purposes of vegetation classification and vegetation mapping. Research in the botanical geography and cartography continues in various regions of our country, in Belarus and Kazakhstan. The positive aspects in cartographic work are the increasing use of remote sensing data and tools for their processing, as well as the compilation of applied maps based on vegetation maps to solve various practical problems. However, a small number of reports were presented in the section “Vegetation geography and cartography”, which may reflect a decrease in interest in this area and a lack of specialists. In addition, it should be noted that very few works devoted to major botanical-geographic generalizations have been carried out in recent decades. Less and less geobotanists are engaged in middle- and small-scale vegetation mapping, which would continue and develop the traditions of the national school of geobotanical mapping and zoning.
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Bonilla Carvajal, Camilo Andrés. "The syntax of the Latin presentative adverb ecce: Relation to focus phrase." Journal of Latin Linguistics 19, no. 1 (September 8, 2020): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2020-0001.
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AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of the variables that determine the syntactic distribution of ecce, a presentative adverb in Latin. Traditionally, grammarians have simply regarded ecce as an adverb (similar to here) or an interjection (similar to hey!) but this lexicographic view misses important syntactic phenomena. For example, adverbs in Latin can follow subjects, but ecce cannot. Interjections can be used as single words to express surprise, but ecce, as a presentative, is never used in the absence of a following determiner phrase (DP). Two corpora of almost seven million Latin words ranging from ∼200 BCE to 1800 CE were analyzed for instances of ecce. Adopting a cartographic approach, results suggest that ecce, as a presentative, is base-generated in the head of a Focus phrase (FocP) projection in the matrix clause. This is confirmed through its consistent precedence of subjects, scope over left-dislocated constituents in [Spec, FocP], and its ungrammaticality in the embedded domain. This study brings to light several theoretical implications for the under-studied category of presentatives by showing how discourse and hierarchical properties license the use of ecce and restrict its contexts of use.
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Wakefield, John C. "The Syntax and Semantics of Cantonese Particles in the Left Periphery." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2020-0004.
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Abstract Adopting the cartographic approach, this paper proposes syntactic positions for all left-periphery particles above the tense phrase (TP) in Cantonese. These include both sentence-final particles and sentence-initial particles that can be used in isolation as interjections. Based on previous syntactic proposals for the left periphery, a modification of Rizzi’s (2001) split-complementizer phrase (Split-CP) structure is proposed. A Deictic Phrase (DeicP) is added above the finite phrase (FinP) for the Cantonese “tense” particles laa3 and lei4(ge3). Then, based on a number of proposals inspired by Speas and Tenny (2003), two functional phrases are added above the force phrase (ForceP) – a higher affect phrase (AffectP) for Cantonese sentence-initial particles and a lower discourse phrase (DiscourseP) for most of the sentence-final particles. The resulting structure is tentatively proposed to account for the word order of all left-periphery particles in Cantonese, bringing the description of their syntax closer in line with a number of proposals based on left-periphery particles in other languages. This proposal includes a three-way distinction of the functions and meanings of left-periphery particles: 1) particles that lie between ForceP and TP do not refer directly to the discourse context; 2) particles that head DiscourseP do refer directly to the discourse; and 3) particles that head AffectP refer to the discourse and express human emotions.
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Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. "The syntax of nominal modification and complex noun phrases in Siwkolan Amis." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 48, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 70–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.21014.jhe.
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Abstract This work investigates the syntax of nominal modification involving the linker a in Siwkolan Amis, one of the dialects of Amis, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan. Based on the two observed types of NP-ellipsis patterns and the formal licensing condition, I argue that Amis displays two types of modification. Modifiers in direct modification are functional heads projecting extended functional projections of NP, whereas those in indirect modification are modifier phrases base-generated at [Spec, ModP]. This distinction adds weight to J. Wu’s (2003) view that relative clauses and description-denoting modifiers marked by -ay are clausal modifiers that have a full-fledged CP structure from a cartographic perspective. Furthermore, I argue that a projects the Modifier Phrase (ModP) and is a modificatory clitic endowed with a [+mod] feature that attaches to a head element moving from a lower head position to form a morphological word. Very much in line with Philip (2012), the proposed analysis suggests that a is endowed with an interpretative profile in marking a modification relation between an extended functional projection (a modifier phrase) and a dependent word (a modified noun) in the nominal domain. Issues involved in dealing with the structure of Amis complex noun phrases are discussed.
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Griffin, Amy L. "Feeling It Out: The Use of Haptic Visualization for Exploratory Geographic Analysis." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 39 (June 1, 2001): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp39.636.
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Visualization is often defined as the act or process of making something visible. MacEachren and Ganter (1990) have argued for an expanded definition of cartographic visualization that emphasizes the role of the map-reader’s cognitive processes and schemata when creating visual representations. Cartographic visualization in this sense requires both the designer and the user to structure information and identify salient patterns. Processes of pattern identification and structuring are what help to provide insight in exploratory analysis. Pattern identification and information structuring need not, however, be limited to the visual realm. The use of haptic (both tactual and kinesthetic) information for representing geographic phenomena has been given limited attention as a method for exploring data, due to the difficulty of implementing such methods. However, advances in virtual reality technologies may soon make it possible to implement these variables in a system that creates exploratory geographic virtual environments. This paper explores those haptic variables that might be used to create such representations, and develops a haptic variable syntax for the representation of geographic information based on a logical analysis of the physiological properties of haptic sensation.
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Sundaresan, Sandhya. "A plea for syntax and a return to first principles: monstrous agreement in Tamil." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2626.
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The paper focuses on an interesting form of (person) indexical shift in the Dravidian language Tamil which surfaces as 1SG agreement marking in a clause embedded under a speech predicate. I show that this agreement is an instance of indexical shift and label it "monstrous agreement". However, I demonstrate that its full range of empirical properties cannot be adequately explained by the major analyses of indexical shift in the literature. The bulk of these, I argue, in addition to being predominantly semantic in spirit, and thus ill-equipped to deal with a morphosyntactic phenomenon like agreement, also involve two core misconceptions regarding indexicality vs. logophoricity on the one hand and speech vs. attitude predicates on the other. I propose that these core assumptions be strongly re-evaluated from first principles and that syntactic and typological clues on the subject be paid more heed. I propose a new analysis of the Tamil paradigms which derives indexical shift within an enriched grammatical model involving contextual features instantiated in a structurally articulated cartographic left periphery.
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MANTOVAN, LARA, CARLO GERACI, and ANNA CARDINALETTI. "On the cardinal system in Italian Sign Language (LIS)." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 4 (February 11, 2019): 795–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000658.
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This paper offers a comprehensive discussion of the cardinal numeral system of Italian Sign Language. At the lexical level, we present the different formational strategies used to generate cardinal numerals and we provide evidence that in the younger generations of signers, the signonehas lost the function of indefinite determiner and is now used as a cardinal only. At the syntactic level, we show that the attested variation in the ordering between the cardinal and the noun is in part due to definiteness and contrastive focus. We account for this variation within the cartographic approach to syntax. Finally, we offer a principled explanation for the reason why cardinals inside Measure Phrases are not subject to word order variation, but always precede the measure noun.
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Sifaki, Evi. "VOS in Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 13, no. 2 (2013): 239–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-13130205.
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This paper looks into the VOS order in Greek and its focusing patterns. Evidence from main and embedded VOS reveals that embedded VOS is more restricted in its focusing possibilities. If the focus effects of main and embedded VOS differ, then we cannot advocate fixed Focus Projections in the syntactic architecture like the cartographic approaches do. Chomsky (2007; 2008) divides features in two types; the probe-agreement ones which trigger obligatory movement and the E(dge) F(eature) which facilitates movement and yields information structure effects at the Interface. In effect, Greek VOS is viewed as the result of a single derivation in which movement is induced for the satisfaction of an EF. The focus effects that are present in VOS are not assigned in Syntax, but at the Interface. The claim here is that Syntax is ‘blind’ to information structure properties. Yet, in order to explain how one single derivation maps out to two distinct focusing possibilities, we employ the notions of accessibility and saliency, as these are discussed in Slioussar (2007) and developed in Kechagias (2010). Roughly, accessibility corresponds to topics and saliency to foci. In Greek VOS, saliency tends to mark constituents to the right of the verb (i.e. object, or manner adverb).
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Dohi, Atsushi. "A formal approach to role language: sentence-final particles and the speaker-hearer link." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 37, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2021-2041.
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Abstract This paper addresses sentence-final items that fall into the category of role language in Japanese and proposes an analysis from a cartographic perspective. To this end, the syntactic and semantic properties of these items are investigated, with particular attention to their distribution concerning root/embedded context and clause type. The investigation shows that the elements under consideration can be classified into three subcategories and that they are all connected to the speaker-hearer link via agreement relationship, on a par with the politeness marker -mas-. It is also argued that only one subcategory, dubbed gender particles, additionally interacts with illocutionary force and clause type of the sentence, similarly to discourse particles. From this study, it is implied that the role language can be studied within the framework of a syntax-discourse interface.
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Tajsner, Przemysław. "On left-peripheral particle to in Polish and Czech: A focus, a topic head, or neither?" Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 54, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 541–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2018-0022.
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Abstract The article offers a non-cartographic approach to the syntax of the left-peripheral particle to in Polish and Czech. It is claimed here that to is neither a topic nor a focus head. Instead, it has a status of a neutral Relator, a head of Relator Phrase, operative in the formation of the non-directional Structure of Predication. This structure serves the needs of Information Structure in providing a syntactic blueprint for segregating topics from foci, but these notions themselves are solely the interpretations of constituents and not independent syntactic categories. The analysis capitalizes on a clitic status of to in Czech, the lack of special clitics in Polish, and makes use of the ideas of the parametric directionality of Agreement and Labelling Algorithm allowing for merging heads to project.
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Baldi, Benedetta, and Leonardo M. Savoia. "Phenomena in Romance verb paradigms: Syncretism, order of inflectional morphemes and thematic vowel." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 8 (December 31, 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.14954.
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This article aims to propose a treatment of the internal morphological organization of words, based on the idea that morphology is part of syntactic computation. We disagree with Distributed Morphology model, whereby morphology is identified with a post-syntactic component conveying an information ‘separated from the original locus of that information in the phrase marker’ (Embick and Noyer 2001: 557) by rules manipulating syntactic nodes. We also consider inadequate the costly and complex syntactic structures that cartographic approach maps into inflectional strings. We pursue a different conceptualization assuming that morphology is governed by the same rules and principles of syntax. Sub-word elements, including inflections, thematic exponents and clitics, are fully interpretable and enter (pair-)merge operations (in the sense of Chomsky 2020a,b, 2021) according to their content, giving rise to complex words.
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Catasso, Nicholas. "Looking at the periphery from the suburbs: An information-structurally based taxonomy of Hanging Topics in German." Linguistik Online 116, no. 4 (September 11, 2022): 11–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.116.8888.
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In this paper, it is proposed on the basis of data from German that some of the information-structural features encoded by the projections located in the clause-internal Split-CP domain in the Rizzian (1997) model are replicated in the so-called “outer left periphery”, i. e. in the area situated above ForceP. In doing this, I pursue a cartographic approach in which information structure is directly represented in the syntax by means of syntactic heads that project within the clausal left periphery. The main claim of the paper is that the outer left periphery (of German) includes dedicated projections for four classes of topics, namely so-called “Contrastive Hanging Topics”, “Aboutness Contrastive Topics”, “Familiar Hanging Topics” and “Frame-setting Hanging Topics”. The observations made in this paper pave the way for a comparison with other languages, as well as for the question of the universality of this clause-peripheral makeup.
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Sedykh, S. A. "Mapping of landscape-ecological situation of the mining area within the Patom upland." Geodesy and Cartography 928, no. 10 (November 20, 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-928-10-10-18.
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The article presents the results of a landscape-ecological study with mapping of the territory in the central part of the Patom upland. Research polygon is located within the Kropotkinsky mining unit of Baikal region, has an area of 600 km2. Technogenic disruption has a wide spatial and temporal distribution. Analysis of a complex ecological situation requires a rational assessment and adequate mapping. For this, modern geoinformation-cartographic, remote methods and a geosystemic approach were used. A large-scale thematic map was created, which includes 250 polygons in the main layer, which belong to 26 types of landscapes. A detailed description of the landscapes is given in the map legend. There are indicated the belonging to the landscape structures of regional and continental dimension, types and degree of disturbance. Additional vector layers are selected for displaying exogenetic geological processes, linear disturbance, geochemical anomalies. Mapsemiotic method was used for the visualization and formalization of the final thematic map. It allows to make full use of the integrated capabilities of the syntax of the map symbols and their semantic value in the software environment.
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Tajsner, Przemysław. "On focus marking and predication. Evidence from Polish with some notes on Hausa." Lingua Posnaniensis 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2015-0006.
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Abstract Purpose: The primary aim of the paper is to provide a new, derivational analysis of two types of Polish sentences with the occurrence of a particle to, which syntactically code focus and topic. These are: to-clefts (To Janek napisał list. ‘It was Janek who wrote the letter’), and topic-to sentences (Janek to napisał list. ‘As for Janek, he wrote the letter’). The secondary aim is to reflect on the relevance of the isomorphism of focus markers and non-verbal copulas in Polish with some reference to Hausa. Method: The approach follows a minimalist method but departs from cartographic accounts with dedicated heads in sentence left-periphery. Instead, it postulates that focus and topic are interpretive by-effects of Specification Predication. In this, the paper extends and modifies Kiss’s (2006, 2010) central idea that focusing is predication. Result & Conclusion: The account proves successful in explaining a few syntactic constraints, doing so in a simple, unitary fashion. Viewing focus as a derivative of predication is a step towards understanding the relation between narrow syntax and information structure.
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Sanfelici, Emanuela, and Camilla Gallina. "The timing of production." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.137.
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This paper investigates the acquisition of prepositions in Italian looking at children’s early spontaneous speech. With a longitudinal study on the production of seven Italian-speaking children aged 1;7 to 3;4, we sought to determine the timing in which different prepositional items emerged in children’s speech. Following much acquisition research, the order of emergence is assumed to reveal how syntax develops during acquisition (Rizzi, 1993/1994; Pérez-Leroux & al., 2012; Friedmann, Belletti, & Rizzi, 2020). Our analysis revealed that children produced different prepositional items at different stages. Adverbial prepositions, i.e., prepositions lacking a lexicalized complement, were produced in an order following the semantic feature hierarchy proposed in Clark (1972). The development of prepositional items with a lexicalized complement was consistent with the geometry of the syntactic tree proposed in the cartographic literature (Cinque, 2010). Interestingly, our results are in line with previous findings on French and Spanish (Morgenstern & Sekali, 2009; Stewart 2015) but diverge from those reported for English (Littlefield, 2009). In this respect, the development of prepositions patterns alike with the acquisition of other functional morphemes that differentiates morphologically rich languages from those with a poorer functional inventory.
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Olaogun, Simeon O. "Focus Constructions in Ǹjò̩-kóo." American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 2, no. 1 (April 7, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijelr.v2i1.65.
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Focusing is a universal syntactic phenomenon. That is, there is no language in the world that does not have a means of placing prominence on constituents for focus purposes. However, the formal expression of focus differs from one language to another. Some languages express focus morphologically by using distinct morphemes or elements while others employ suprasegmentally means. The paper, therefore examines the focus strategies in Ǹjò̩-Kóo. It gives a detailed description of different constituents that may be focused in the language and the changes that are triggered in the clause as a result of the focusing. Adopting the Minimalist Program of Chomsky (1995) and Cartographic analysis of Rizzi (1997) Split-CP projections within the clausal left periphery, the study investigates how focus clauses are derived in the language and reveals that the syntax of focus in the language involves two probes: focus (foc) and emphasis (emph) each of which can provoke displacement operations. The paper employs information and clause structure evidence to motivate the constituents being focused. It is also observed among other things, that the constituents that could be focused in Ǹjò̩-kóo are subject DP, object DP or object DP of preposition, possessor DP and a whole sentence, and that the language does not distinguish between sentence and verbal focus hence the same strategy is employed for both focus types.
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Alshamari, Murdhy R., and Yazeed M. Hammouri. "Grammaticalisation of Raħ in Dialectal Arabic: Generative Phases." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1206.13.
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The lexical item raħ has undergone two phases of grammaticalisation, from a lexical item used as a lexical verb to a temporal-functional particle T-raħ, and further to a discourse-functional particle D-raħ. Syntactic diagnostics show that both T-raħ and D-raħ have developed properties of head status, adopting conventional Minimalist and Cartographic principles (Chomsky, 2000; Rizzi, 1997; Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl, 2007), where evidence is deduced from the fact that movement of a head is sensitive to intervention effects in the course of the derivation (Rizzi, 2006). The novelty about raħ is that, in its first phase of grammaticalised T-raħ, while it has lost its φ-features input, in the sense that it doesn’t spell out any agreeing suffix with the DP it marks, in its second phase of grammaticalised D-raħ, it has retained its φ-features, hence, an agreeing head. Further, this agreeing characteristic of D-raħ, with investigations of more articulated data, brings insight to the current research on discourse particles in that it goes against the widely-adopted characterization of discourse particles that postulates a non-agreeing property of discourse particles; discourse particles do not inflect for agreement. The syntactic properties shown by the grammaticalised raħ propose, on empirical groundings by movement considerations, that discourse particles externally merge in the course of the derivation, giving credence to the theory that the syntax of discourse particles has changed from Move to Merge (Hack, 2014).
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Semenishchenkov, Yu A., and R. S. Korsikov. "Comparative analysis of two approaches to large-scale mapping of forest vegetation in the Southern Nechernozemye of Russia." Geobotanical mapping, no. 2020 (December 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2020.3.
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The results of the comparative analysis of traditional forest typology data and the data of floristic classification by the J. Braun-Blanquet approach for large-scale mapping of forest vegetation from the Southern Nechernozemye of Russia are presented. 3 model forest areas located in the forestries in borders of different botanic-geographical districts with specific climatic and edaphic conditions have been chosen to make the comparative analysis of cartographic materials (Bryansk and Smolensk Regions). A comparison of existing afforestation plans and created geobotanical maps demonstrates the difference in the number of recognized typological units. In all cases, a smaller number of units are noted for the geobotanical maps with a scale 1 : 25 000. A decrease in the number of typological units can be explain by the lack of information on the age of tree stands. Another reason is, probably, the assignment of some forest stands with the predominance of different indigenous species to a single association. However, the same typological units, distinguished by the predominance of tree species, may correspond to different units of floristic classification, which may increase the number of typological units on the geobotanical map. Some features of the Braun-Blanquet approach such as the allocation of units, primarily based on a comparison of the floristic composition of plant communities, allows attributing both natural stands and forest cultures to a single syntaxon. This also reduces the number of typological units on the geobotanical map. The plans of afforestation show the present-day species composition and the age of the studied stands, but the dynamic interrelations of forest communities are not reflected there. Therefore, it is more effective to reflect the dynamics of vegetation of forest communities in accordance with the methodology adopted when creating geobotanical maps. In this case, the succession state of communities and their links to classification units of higher ranks has been taken into account by the allocation of temporary facies with the predominance of small-leaved species at the site of indigenous broad-leaved or coniferous forests. The deductive approach with the identification of non-rank «communities» also makes it possible to separate into separate syntaxa and time-unstable, unformed or poorly floristic communities. Typically, such forests are formed by coniferous cultures in the zone of deciduous forests. The unformed «semi-forest» communities in the lowland swamps are also placed into the same category. They are often formed after felling, initiating or intensifying bogging under conditions of fluctuating moisture. The use of a single colorimetric scheme for forest stands in different climatic and edaphic conditions, reflected in the TLU (forest conditions) system, can be considered not quite correct. Stands with the predominance of the same species can correspond to different zonal-conditioned TLUs. At the same time, communities of some syntaxomomical taxa of floristic classification can be formed in different TLUs and their diversity corresponds to the width of the ecological amplitude of the types of plant communities. The more stenotopic communities, the smaller number of TLUs corresponding to their habitats. The afforestation plans and geobotanical maps can be used by different ways in forestry. The traditional afforestation plans are widely used in forestry planning. However, the geobotanical map supplemented with information on the dynamic relationships of stands allows making more efficient prediction of scenarios of forest stand development under known forest conditions. In addition, cartographic materials on the proposed geobotanical basis reflect the general botanical and geographical trends of vegetation, and the syntaxa of the floristic classification always have a certain chorological content, thus, they can be used as zonal-climatic indicators. This feature is reflected in their compliance with TLU, which are specifically distinguished for different natural zones.
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PEREIRA, Bruna Karla, and Jânia Martins RAMOS. "Brazilian Portuguese lá in the CP-domain: a Cartographic analysis." Revista da ABRALIN 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rabl.v12i2.38241.
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This paper aims at investigating Brazilian Portuguese ‘lá’ (‘there’) in structures with rhetorical question, imperative, directive, emphatic assertion, and predicative. We argue that, in these constructions, ‘lá’ is merged in the specifier of FocusP and ForceP in the CP- cartography. This proposal is based both in the F-Spec Theory (CINQUE, 1999) and in the cartographic project (RIZZI, 1997; CINQUE & RIZZI, 2008). The former claims that AdvPs are merged in the specifier of functional categories. The latter identifies a domain to the left of the IP which is made up by a range of functional categories facing both discourse and syntax.
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Satık, Deniz. "Cartography: Innateness or Convergent Cultural Evolution?" Frontiers in Psychology 13 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.887670.
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Haspelmath argues that linguists who conduct comparative research and try to explain patterns that are general across languages can only consider two sources of these patterns: convergent cultural evolution of languages, which provides functional explanations of these phenomena, or innate building blocks for syntactic structure, specified in the human cognitive system. This paper claims that convergent cultural evolution and functional-adaptive explanations are not sufficient to explain the existence of certain crosslinguistic phenomena. The argument is based on comparative evidence of generalizations based on Rizzi and Cinque's theories of cartographic syntax, which imply the existence of finely ordered and complex innate categories. I argue that these patterns cannot be explained in functional-adaptive terms alone.
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Kunst, Jan Pieter, and Franca Wesseling. "The Edisyn search engine." Oslo Studies in Language 3, no. 2 (June 17, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.98.
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Edisyn (European Dialect Syntax) is an ESF-funded project on dialect syntax. It runs at the Meertens Institute in Amsterdam from September 2005 until September 2010. It aims at achieving two goals. One is to establish a European network of (dialect)syntacticians that use similar standards with respect to methodology of data collection, data storage and annotation, data retrieval and cartography. The second goal is to use this network to compile an extensive list of so-called doubling phenomena from European languages/dialects and to study them as a coherent object. One of the deliverables of the Edisyn project is a web-based search engine to search different linguistic corpora simultaneously and show the combined search results.
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Friedmann, Naama, Adriana Belletti, and Luigi Rizzi. "Growing trees: The acquisition of the left periphery." Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5877.
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We suggest here a Growing Trees approach for the description of the acquisition of various syntactic structures in Hebrew, based on the main results reported in Friedmann and Reznick (this volume) and on our own research on a corpus of natural productions. The heart of our account is that stages of acquisition follow the geometry of the syntactic tree, along the lines of the cartographic analysis of the clause, with early stages of acquisition corresponding to small portions of the adult syntactic tree, which keeps growing with the growth of the child. The lower parts of the tree are acquired first, and higher parts are acquired later. We propose three stages of acquisition connected to the development of functional layers of the syntactic tree. In the first stage, the IP is acquired, including the lexical and inflectional layers. This allows for the appearance of A-movement structures, including SV/VS alternations with unaccusative verbs, alongside SV sentences with unergative/transitive verbs. The second stage involves the acquisition of the lower part of the left periphery, up to QP, which allows for the acquisition of subject and object Wh questions, some adjunct questions, yes/no questions, and sentence-initial adverbs. In the third stage, the rich structure of the left periphery is completely acquired, including the higher CP field. This is the stage in which sentential embedding (of finite declarative and interrogative clauses), subject and object relative clauses, why questions, and topicalization appear. A further, different type of stage, which occurs on the already-grown tree and which is independent of structure building, is the acquisition of intervention configurations, allowing for the mastery of structures involving movement of a lexically-restricted object across an intervening lexically-restricted subject. The paper illustrates the fruitful dialogue between the science of syntax acquisition and the cartography of syntactic structures.
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Kouankem, Constantine. "NP-internal structure and the distribution of adjectives in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ." Linguistics Vanguard 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2020-0046.
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Abstract This article discusses the structural and internal properties of adjectives in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ, a Grassfield language spoken in the west region of Cameroon. It focuses on material inside the NP with a view towards establishing the structural positions of NP-internal constituents such as adjectives. I analyze adjectives and propose, following Scott, Gary-John. 1998. Stacked adjectival modification and the structure of nominal phrases. School of Oriental and African Studies Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 8. 59–89, Scott, Gary-John. 2002. Stacked adjectival modification and the structure of nominal phrases. In Guglielmo Cinque (ed.), Functional structure in DP and IP: The cartography of syntactic structures, 91–120. New York: Oxford University Press that adjectives pattern within the DP just like adverbs pattern within the clause. In Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ, an adjective can be placed before the noun, after the noun or alternatively before and after the noun. Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ adjectives can further be distinguished as belonging to three classes: pure adjectives, verbal adjectives and nominal adjectives. In this paper I focus principally on the position in which attributive adjectives are generated inside the DP. However, issues relating to the internal structure of adjectives will also be mentioned. I show that Cinque, Guglielmo. 1994. On the evidence for partial N-movement in the Romance DP. In Guglielmo Cinque, Jan Koster, Jean-Yves Pollock, Luigi Rizzi & Raffaella Zanuttini (eds.), Paths towards universal grammar, 85–110. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, Cinque, Guglielmo. 2003. The dual source of adjectives and XP-vs. N-raising in the Romance DP. Incontro annuale di dialettologia, Padua, 26, Cinque, Guglielmo. 2010. The syntax of adjectives: A comparative study. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs. Cambridge: MIT Press), and Laenzlinger, Christophe. 2005. French adjective ordering: Perspectives on DP-internal movement types. Lingua 115 views are both necessary to fully capture adjectival placement facts in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ. Building on and refining the analysis given by these authors, I demonstrate that the type of mechanism involved in introducing adjectival modification correlates with the syntax of the adjective. On the proposal advanced here, depending on their syntactic distribution, adjectives are generated in specifier positions directly and NumP versus FP movement yields the surface structure.
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Real-Puigdollers, Cristina. "A minimalist approach to the syntax of p." Linguistic Variation, September 8, 2020, 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00034.rea.
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Abstract This paper proposes a minimalist analysis of locative prepositions in Central Catalan, from a comparative perspective. Specifically, I claim that certain semantic and syntactic properties that are usually considered part of the field of the extended projection of PPs in cartographic approaches (categories like Place, Degree, K, and AxPart, for example) are in fact properties of the DP in the complement of a preposition. This claim takes the view that adpositions are a functional projection that relates two DPs, the Figure and the Ground, and not a lexical head that projects a functional domain on its own, as Ns, Vs or As (cf. den Dikken 2010; Koopman 2000). The final part of the paper proposes a model to account for the variation that locative prepositions exhibit across Romance languages following the Conjecture of Borer (1984) (known as the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture since Baker 2008). More precisely, I propose a model in which microparametric differences among Romance simple locative prepositions depend on the particular composition of features in p.
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Satık, Deniz. "The strong minimalist thesis is too strong: Syntax is more than just merge." Biolinguistics 16 (December 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.9861.
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This paper raises specific puzzles for the Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT) based on certain crosslinguistic patterns. I do so by pointing out that the SMT entails two undesirable consequences: first, the SMT assumes that the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture is true; in other words, that all syntactic variation across languages is due to lexical differences. Second, it assumes that there can be no ordering restrictions on Merge, because they would imply the existence of an independent linguistically proprietary entity. I first present crosslinguistic evidence from case and agreement that the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture alone is not sufficient to account for syntactic variation. I then present evidence for the existence of ordering restrictions on Merge, based on a cartographic distinction between high and low complementizers. I argue that both of these patterns are purely syntactic, in that they are independent of Merge. I conclude that these independent problems raise puzzles for saltationist theories of language evolution.
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Sundaresan, Sandhya. "A plea for syntax and a return to first principles: monstrous agreement in Tamil." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, April 3, 2015, 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i0.2626.
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The paper focuses on an interesting form of (person) indexical shift in the Dravidian language Tamil which surfaces as 1SG agreement marking in a clause embedded under a speech predicate. I show that this agreement is an instance of indexical shift and label it "monstrous agreement". However, I demonstrate that its full range of empirical properties cannot be adequately explained by the major analyses of indexical shift in the literature. The bulk of these, I argue, in addition to being predominantly semantic in spirit, and thus ill-equipped to deal with a morphosyntactic phenomenon like agreement, also involve two core misconceptions regarding indexicality vs. logophoricity on the one hand and speech vs. attitude predicates on the other. I propose that these core assumptions be strongly re-evaluated from first principles and that syntactic and typological clues on the subject be paid more heed. I propose a new analysis of the Tamil paradigms which derives indexical shift within an enriched grammatical model involving contextual features instantiated in a structurally articulated cartographic left periphery.
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Bross, Fabian. "Encoding different types of topics and foci in German Sign Language. A cartographic approach to sign language syntax." Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 5, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1094.
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Aguilera, Mariela, and Federico Castellano. "Maps, Language, and the Conceptual–Non-Conceptual Distinction." Grazer Philosophische Studien, November 17, 2020, 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-00000119.
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Abstract To make the case for non-conceptualism, Heck (2007) draws on an apparent dichoto-my between linguistic and iconic representations. According to Heck, whereas linguistic representations have conceptual content, the content of iconic representations is non-conceptual. Based on the case of cartographic systems, the authors criticize Heck’s dichotomous distinction. They argue that maps are composed of semantically arbitrary elements that play different syntactic roles. Based on this, they claim that maps have a predicative structure and convey conceptual content. Finally, the authors argue that, despite their differences, maps and sentences can logically interact with each other through heterogeneous inferences. These considerations not only challenge the view that conceptual content and inferential processes necessarily involve linguistic representations; furthermore, they provide a new perspective for thinking about maps, their semantics and syntax, and their interaction with linguistic systems.
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Tescari Neto, Aquiles. "On the Raising of the Finite Main Verb in Angolan Portuguese and in Mozambican Portuguese: Cartographic Hierarchies, Microvariation and the Use of Adverbs as Diagnostics for Movement." Probus, June 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2022-0008.
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Abstract This paper revisits the issue of verb raising in two closely related languages, namely Angolan Portuguese (AP) and Mozambican Portuguese (MP). Cinque’s (cartographic) hierarchy of adverbs is used to examine microvariation in these two varieties of Portuguese. The empirical data, gathered through experiments on acceptability rating tasks (to detect the position of the V(erb) in relation to adverbs) and cloze tests (to diagnose the adverbial classes which can be recovered by the elliptical VP), have been collected among university students in Luanda and Maputo, the capitals of Angola and Mozambique, respectively. The cutting points within the functional hierarchy where the V goes, be it mandatorily or optionally, are different in the two languages. In AP, the verb must raise past the frustrative aspect adverb (em vão/à toa ‘in vain’), while in MP the verb must raise to the left of the singular completive adverb (tudo ‘everything’). The main verb cannot raise past the AspTerminative adverb (já não/não mais ‘no longer’) in MP. In AP, it can optionally raise over the highest projection in the inflectional domain. Such a difference may explain the recovery of high adverbs in VP-ellipsis structures, only possible in AP. The corollary of the inter-linguistic study developed for Comparative Syntax is the adequacy of the cartographic démarche when it comes to establishment of strict boundaries in the study of microvariation among closely related grammars.
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Quy, Nguyen Thi Hong. "Demonstratives as Sentence Final Particles and the Architecture of the Periphery in Vietnamese." VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 37, no. 3 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4592.
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This paper analyzes Vietnamese demonstrative sentence-final particles (SFP) from the perspective of generative syntax. Such demonstratives as đây, kia, này, kìa, and đấy can be used at the end of a sentence to mark the psychological distance between the speaker and the proposition.
These SFPs can be divided into two groups: particles in Group I (namely đây and kia) are used to describe the relation between the speaker and the proposition while elements from Group II (i.e., này, kìa, and đấy) are employed to call for the addressee’s attention or to persuade the addressee to believe in the propositional content. đây này, kia kìa, and kia đấy are three cases of SFPs used in clusters.
From Generative Grammar and Cartography’s perspective, the sentential periphery can be split into three functional projections. The lowest functional projection, namely AttP, encodes the speaker’s commitment to the proposition, while attP encodes the addressee’s propositional attitude. The highest layer DiscP represents the speaker’s attitude towards the addressee. Particles from Group I are base-generated at the Head position of AttP, whereas Group II belongs to attP.
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Mecner, Pawel. "Zu satzfinaler Subjektposition, Unakkusativität und C-Domäne im Jiddischen." Linguistik Online 80, no. 1 (February 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.80.3566.
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The article examines structures of Yiddish clauses in which the kernel verb contains only one NP. The thematic role of an accessible NP is patient/theme, whereas the agent-NP remains vacant. It is assumed that a direct object of the type “X efent Y” (‘X opens Y’) and an accessible NP of the type “exists Y” appear in Yiddish in the clause-final position as a focalized subject. The study combines minimalist investigations and the cartographic approach, especially with regard to CP and IP/TP structures proposed in Rizzi (1997, 2004) and Belletti (1999) among others, and adopts the concept of functional topic/focus projections in the syntax of Yiddish. Investigations reveal possibilities of case assignment and feature checking in lower projection areas as well as the correlation between the topic projection of the C-domain and the clause-internal focus projection. A mechanism is assumed to combine precisely clause-final focalized subjects, unaccusatives and the C-domain including the following alternatives: (i) unmarked adverbials (PPs), (ii) expletive es and (iii) verb fronting. The analyzed structures have been observed in texts of Isaac Bashevis Singer (1931), Isaac Leib Peretz, (ed. 1920) and Fishl Bimko (1921) as well as in Yiddish daily newspaper Forverts.