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Journal articles on the topic 'Cartilaginous endplate'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Chen, Xiaofeng, Weijun Guo, Hao Li, Xi Li, Zhuangxun Han, Xueyuan Chu, Zehui Lao, Junxian Xie, and Dongling Cai. "Evaluation of Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (March 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5534227.

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In order to carry out the evaluation of cartilaginous endplate degeneration based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), this paper retrospectively analyzed the MRI data from 120 cases of patients who were diagnosed as lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and underwent MRI examinations in the designated hospital of this study from June 2018 to June 2020. All cases underwent conventional sagittal and transverse T1WI and T2WI scans, and some cases were added with sagittal fat-suppression T2WI scans; then, the number of degenerative cartilaginous endplates and its ratio to degenerative lumbar intervertebral discs were counted and calculated, and the T1WI and T2WI signal characteristics of each degenerative cartilage endplate and its correlation with cartilaginous endplate degeneration were summarized, compared, and analyzed to evaluate the cartilaginous endplate degeneration by those magnetic resonance information. The study results show that there were 33 cases of cartilaginous endplate degeneration, accounting for 27.50% of all those 120 patients with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (54 degenerative endplates in total), including 9 cases with low T1WI and high T2WI signals, 5 cases with high T1WI and low T2WI signals, 12 cases with high and low mixed T1WI and high or mixed T2WI signals, and 4 cases with both low T1WI and T2WI signals. Therefore, MRI scanning can clearly present the abnormal signals of lumbar intervertebral disc and cartilaginous endplate degeneration, accurately identity their lesion locations, and type their degenerative characteristics, which may be best inspection method for the evaluation of cartilaginous endplate degeneration in the early diagnosis of intervertebral disc degeneration. The study results of this paper provide a reference for further researches on the evaluation of cartilaginous endplate degeneration based on magnetic resonance imaging.

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2

Kokubun, Shoichi, Minoru Sakurai, and Yasuhisa Tanaka. "Cartilaginous Endplate in Cervical Disc Herniation." Spine 21, no. 2 (January 1996): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199601150-00006.

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3

Chen, Ke, Xiaohua Lv, Wei Li, Fei Yu, Jianjing Lin, Junxuan Ma, and Deming Xiao. "Autophagy Is a Protective Response to the Oxidative Damage to Endplate Chondrocytes in Intervertebral Disc: Implications for the Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Disc." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4041768.

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Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability in the elderly. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) was considered as the main cause for LBP. Degeneration of cartilaginous endplate was a crucial harmful factor during the initiation and development of IDD. Oxidative stress was implicated in IDD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the degeneration of cartilaginous endplate remains elusive. Herein, we found that oxidative stress could induce apoptosis and autophagy in endplate chondrocytes evidenced by western blot analysis, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, GFP-LC3B transfection, and MDC staining. In addition, we also found that the apoptosis of endplate chondrocytes was significantly increased after the inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 shown by flow cytometry. Furthermore, mTOR pathway upstream autophagy was greatly suppressed suggested by western blot assay. In conclusion, our study strongly revealed that oxidative stress could increase autophagy and apoptosis of endplate chondrocytes in intervertebral disc. The increase of autophagy activity could prevent endplate chondrocytes from apoptosis. The autophagy in endplate chondrocytes induced by oxidative stress was mTOR dependent. These findings might shed some new lights on the mechanism for IDD and provide new strategies for the treatments of IDD.

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Liu, Sijing, Qiong Wang, Ziyi Li, Lei Ma, Ting Li, Yukun Li, Na Wang, Chang Liu, Peng Xue, and Chuan Wang. "TRPV1 Channel Activated by the PGE2/EP4 Pathway Mediates Spinal Hypersensitivity in a Mouse Model of Vertebral Endplate Degeneration." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (August 21, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9965737.

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Low back pain (LBP) is the primary cause of disability globally. There is a close relationship between Modic changes or endplate defects and LBP. Endplates undergo ossification and become highly porous during intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. In our study, we used a mouse model of vertebral endplate degeneration by lumbar spine instability (LSI) surgery. Safranin O and fast green staining and μCT scan showed that LSI surgery led to endplate ossification and porosity, but the endplates in the sham group were cartilaginous and homogenous. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated the innervation of calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP-) positive nerve fibers in the porous endplate of LSI mice. Behavior test experiments showed an increased spinal hypersensitivity in LSI mice. Moreover, we found an increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expression and an elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration in the porous endplate of LSI mice. Immunofluorescent staining showed the colocalization of E-prostanoid 4 (EP4)/transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and CGRP in the nerve endings in the endplate and in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and western blotting analysis demonstrated that EP4 and TRPV1 expression significantly increased in the LSI group. Our patch clamp study further showed that LSI surgery significantly enhanced the current density of the TRPV1 channel in small-size DRG neurons. A selective EP4 receptor antagonist, L161982, reduced the spinal hypersensitivity of LSI mice by blocking the PGE2/EP4 pathway. In addition, TRPV1 current and neuronal excitability in DRG neurons were also significantly decreased by L161982 treatment. In summary, the PGE2/EP4 pathway in the porous endplate could activate the TRPV1 channel in DRG neurons to cause spinal hypersensitivity in LSI mice. L161982, a selective EP4 receptor antagonist, could turn down the TRPV1 current and decrease the neuronal excitability of DRG neurons to reduce spinal pain.

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5

Sahoo, Madan Mohan, Sudhir Kumar Mahapatra, Sheetal Kaur, Jitendra Sarangi, and Manoranjan Mohapatra. "Significance of Vertebral Endplate Failure in Symptomatic Lumbar Disc Herniation." Global Spine Journal 7, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568217694142.

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Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Objective: Endplate lesions though have been implicated in the genesis of lumbar disc herniation (LDH), very little is known regarding their clinical course. Thus, the present study is aimed to investigate the incidence and types of endplate failure (EPF) in LDH and its correlation with the clinical symptoms and prognosis. Methods: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of 66 patients with isolated single level LDH were studied. Three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient (3D FSPGR) MRI and computed tomography scans were used to identify the bony and cartilaginous EPF. Twenty-five patients were operated on and 41 patients were treated conservatively. Changes in the pain score, function and neurology were noted at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 weeks. Results: Endplate lesions were observed in 64 patients (96.9%), including bony endplate failure (bony failure) in 47 patients (71.2%) and isolated cartilaginous endplate lesions in 17 patients (25.7%). Bony failure group had similar pain and functional scores but more severe neurological deficit at the initial evaluation. Clinical parameters improved in all groups, but the recovery was lesser in conservatively treated bony failure patients. Conclusion: Endplate lesions are commonly associated with symptomatic LDH. Presence of bony failure can increase neurological deficit and reduce the chance of recovery with conservative management. The 3D FSPGR sequence of MRI can be successfully used for detection of the endplate lesions in the herniated disc.

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6

Vresilovic, E., E. Beattie, J. Yoder, S. Moon, D. Elliott, and A. Wright. "Quantification of Intervertebral Disk Cartilaginous Endplate Morphology using MRI." Global Spine Journal 2, no. 1_suppl (June 2012): s—0032–1320011—s—0032–1320011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1320011.

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7

Park, Kun-Woo, Jin S. Yeom, Joon Woo Lee, Bong-Soon Chang, and Choon-Ki Lee. "Herniation of Cartilaginous Endplate in Lumbar Spine: MRI Findings." Spine Journal 10, no. 9 (September 2010): S88—S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.236.

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8

Gradišnik, Lidija, Uroš Maver, Boris Gole, Gorazd Bunc, Matjaž Voršič, Janez Ravnik, Tomaž Šmigoc, Roman Bošnjak, and Tomaž Velnar. "The Endplate Role in Degenerative Disc Disease Research: The Isolation of Human Chondrocytes from Vertebral Endplate—An Optimised Protocol." Bioengineering 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9040137.

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Background: Degenerative disc disease is a progressive and chronic disorder with many open questions regarding its pathomorphological mechanisms. In related studies, in vitro organ culture systems are becoming increasingly essential as a replacement option for laboratory animals. Live disc cells are highly appealing to study the possible mechanisms of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. To study the degenerative processes of the endplate chondrocytes in vitro, we established a relatively quick and easy protocol for isolating human chondrocytes from the vertebral endplates. Methods: The fragments of human lumbar endplates following lumbar fusion were collected, cut, ground and partially digested with collagenase I in Advanced DMEM/F12 with 5% foetal bovine serum. The sediment was harvested, and cells were seeded in suspension, supplemented with special media containing high nutrient levels. Morphology was determined with phalloidin staining and the characterisation for collagen I, collagen II and aggrecan with immunostaining. Results: The isolated cells retained viability in appropriate laboratory conditions and proliferated quickly. The confluent culture was obtained after 14 days. Six to 8 h after seeding, attachments were observed, and proliferation of the isolated cells followed after 12 h. The cartilaginous endplate chondrocytes were stable with a viability of up to 95%. Pheno- and geno-typic analysis showed chondrocyte-specific expression, which decreased with passages. Conclusions: The reported cell isolation process is simple, economical and quick, allowing establishment of a viable long-term cell culture. The availability of a vertebral endplate cell model will permit the study of cell properties, biochemical aspects, the potential of therapeutic candidates for the treatment of disc degeneration, and toxicology studies in a well-controlled environment.

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9

Yuan, Wei, Ming-Dong Zhao, Feng-Lai Yuan, Wu Che, Ping-Guo Duan, Yi Liu, and Jian Dong. "Association of Endothelin-1 Expression and Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration in Humans." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (April 2, 2013): e60062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060062.

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10

Wu, Yongren, Sarah E. Cisewski, Barton L. Sachs, Vincent D. Pellegrini, Jr, Michael J. Kern, Elizabeth H. Slate, and Hai Yao. "The region-dependent biomechanical and biochemical properties of bovine cartilaginous endplate." Journal of Biomechanics 48, no. 12 (September 2015): 3185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.005.

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11

EURELL, JO ANN C., and LEON E. KAZARIAN. "The Vertebral Cartilaginous Endplate of the Preadult Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)." Spine 11, no. 5 (June 1986): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198606000-00017.

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12

Moon, Sung M., Jonathon H. Yoder, Alexander C. Wright, Lachlan J. Smith, Edward J. Vresilovic, and Dawn M. Elliott. "Evaluation of intervertebral disc cartilaginous endplate structure using magnetic resonance imaging." European Spine Journal 22, no. 8 (May 15, 2013): 1820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-013-2798-1.

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13

Feng, Z. Y., X. J. Hu, Q. Q. Zheng, M. C. Battié, Z. Chen, and Y. Wang. "Cartilaginous endplate avulsion is associated with modic changes and endplate defects, and residual back and leg pain following lumbar discectomy." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 29, no. 5 (May 2021): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.01.010.

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14

Grant, M. Philip, L. M. Epure, J. Antoniou, and F. Mwale. "The Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor as a Contributor in Human Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration." Global Spine Journal 4, no. 1_suppl (May 2014): s—0034–1376550—s—0034–1376550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1376550.

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15

Jin, Ri-Chu, Yong-Can Huang, Keith D. K. Luk, and Yong Hu. "A computational measurement of cartilaginous endplate structure using ultrashort time-to-echo MRI scanning." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 143 (May 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.02.024.

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16

Xu, Haiwei, Yongjin Li, Jianhua Li, Zhenxin Huo, Guowang Li, Lilong Du, Lijun Tian, and Baoshan Xu. "Identification of Differentially Expressed circRNAs, miRNAs, and Genes in Patients Associated with Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 18, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2545459.

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Background. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) disease is a global challenge because of its predominant pathogenic factor in triggering low back pain, whereas cartilaginous endplate degeneration (CEPD) is the main cause of IDD. Accumulating evidence have indicated that the differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been determined to be involved in multiple biological processes to mediate CEPD progression. However, the differentially expressed circular RNAs (DECs) and their potential biofunctions in CEPD have not been identified. Methods. GSE153761 dataset was analyzed using R software to predict DECs, DEMs, and DEGs. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs and host genes of DECs and protein-protein interaction network of DEGs were conducted to explore their potential biofunctions. Furthermore, we explore the potential relationship between DEGs and DECs. Results. There were 74 DECs, 17 DEMs, and 68 DEGs upregulated whereas 50 DECs, 16 DEMs, and 67 DEGs downregulated in CEPD group. Pathway analysis unveiled that these RNAs might regulate CEPD via mediating inflammatory response, ECM metabolism, chondrocytes apoptosis, and chondrocytes growth. A total of 17 overlapping genes were predicted between the host genes of DEGs and DECs, such as SDC1 and MAOA. Moreover, 6 upregulated DECs, of which hsa_circ_0052830 was the most upregulated circRNA in CEPD, were derived from the host genes SDC1, whereas 8 downregulated DECs were derived from the host genes MAOA. Conclusion. This will provide novel clues for future experimental studies to elucidate the pathomechanism of CEPD and therapeutic targets for CEPD-related diseases.

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17

Tang, Pan, Ren Zhu, Wei-Ping Ji, Ji-Ying Wang, Shuai Chen, Shun-Wu Fan, and Zhi-Jun Hu. "The NLRP3/Caspase-1/Interleukin-1β Axis Is Active in Human Lumbar Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 474, no. 8 (May 4, 2016): 1818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4866-4.

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18

Ge, Qinwen, Jun Ying, Zhenyu Shi, Qiang Mao, Hongting Jin, Ping-er Wang, Jiali Chen, Wenhua Yuan, Peijian Tong, and Ju Li. "Chlorogenic Acid retards cartilaginous endplate degeneration and ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration via suppressing NF-κB signaling." Life Sciences 274 (June 2021): 119324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119324.

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19

Law, T., M. P. Anthony, D. Samartzis, Q. Chan, M. Kim, K. Cheung, and P. Khong. "Ultrashort Time-to-Echo MRI of the Cartilaginous Endplate: Technique and Association with Intervertebral Disk Degeneration." Global Spine Journal 2, no. 1_suppl (June 2012): s—0032–1319972—s—0032–1319972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1319972.

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20

Law, Travis, Marina-Portia Anthony, Queenie Chan, Dino Samartzis, Mina Kim, Kenneth MC Cheung, and Pek-Lan Khong. "Ultrashort time-to-echo MRI of the cartilaginous endplate: Technique and association with intervertebral disc degeneration." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology 57, no. 4 (March 26, 2013): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.12041.

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21

Zehr, Jackie D., Jeff M. Barrett, and Jack P. Callaghan. "Cyclic loading history alters the joint compression tolerance and regional indentation responses in the cartilaginous endplate." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 136 (December 2022): 105542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105542.

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Lavelle, William F., Nathaniel R. Ordway, Ali Araghi, Rudolph A. Buckley, and Amir H. Fayyazi. "An in vitro study examining a novel suction curette device for lumbar discectomy compared with standard manual discectomy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 26, no. 4 (April 2017): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.9.spine16283.

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OBJECTIVE This purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate and assess the efficacy and efficiency of discectomy and endplate preparation during transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) using traditional manual instrumentation versus a novel suction discectomy curette. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion is the most widely used approach for lumbar arthrodesis, and its success depends on the ability to achieve fusion. Complete preparation of intervertebral disc space (removal of the nucleus, endplate cartilage, and margin of inner annulus) is the surgical goal. Performing an adequate discectomy requires numerous instrument passes, increasing surgical time and the risk of complications. METHODS Four experienced spinal surgeons performed transforaminal discectomies from T-12 to S-1 on 5 whole-body cadavers. Each level (n = 26) was randomly assigned to either a control group using traditional instruments (12 levels) or to a suction curette group (14 levels). The time required to perform the discectomy and the number of passes through the annulus were recorded. Motion segments were dissected and analyzed by digital photogrammetric analysis. The intervertebral disc and the discectomy cross-sectional areas were measured on both superior and inferior images of each dissected surgical level. Areas were divided into 4 quadrants based on a midsagittal and midcoronal axis and analyzed for regional efficiency. In addition, a cross-sectional area of bony endplate (the area still covered with cartilage) and an area of endplate perforation were evaluated. RESULTS There was no significant difference in surgical time between the techniques (7:51 ± 2:43 minutes in the manual discectomy [MD] group and 7:06 ± 3:33 minutes in the suction curette discectomy [SD] group). There were significantly fewer (p < 0.01) instrument passes in the SD group (13 passes) compared with the MD group (43 passes). For both techniques, the amount of disc removed depended upon the anatomical region, with the posterior-contralateral side having the least amount of disc material removed. There was significantly less (p < 0.01) disc material removed in the MD group (38%) compared with the SD group (48%). The amount of disc material removed was significantly more (p < 0.05) in each quadrant when comparing the SD and MD groups, with the anterior regions showing the largest difference. For both techniques, the preparation of the endplate within the discectomy area resulted in a mostly cartilaginous interface (50% MD, 48% SD); a smaller amount of bony interface area (31% MD, 38% SD); and a smaller amount of perforation to the interface area (19% MD, 13% SD). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of endplate preparation. CONCLUSIONS The improved discectomy observed with the suction curette device could potentially improve the clinical fusion rate.

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Kokubo, Yasuo, Kenzo Uchida, Shigeru Kobayashi, Takafumi Yayama, Ryuichiro Sato, Hideaki Nakajima, Takaharu Takamura, et al. "Herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs of the human cervical spine: histological and immunohistological findings in 500 en bloc surgical samples." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 9, no. 3 (September 2008): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi/2008/9/9/285.

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Object In this paper the authors' goal was to identify histological and immunohistochemical differences between cervical disc herniation and spondylosis. Methods A total of 500 cervical intervertebral discs were excised from 364 patients: 198 patients with disc herniation and 166 patients with spondylosis. We examined en bloc samples of endplate-ligament-disc complexes. Types of herniation and graded degrees of disc degeneration on MR images were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Results The herniated discs showed granulation tissue, newly developed blood vessels, and massive infiltration of CD68-positive macrophages, which surrounded the herniated tissue mainly in the ruptured outer layer of the anulus fibrosus. The vascular invasion was most significant in uncontained (extruded)-type herniated discs. Chondrocytes positive for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were abundant in both herniated and spondylotic discs. Free nerve fibers, positive for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurofilament 68, growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, and substance P, were strongly apparent in and around the outer layer of uncontained (extruded)-type herniated discs, with enhanced expression of NGF. The authors observed that herniated discs showed more advanced degeneration in the outer layer of the anulus fibrosus around the granulation tissue than spondylotic discs. On the other hand, spondylotic discs showed more advanced degeneration in the cartilaginous endplate and inner layer of the anulus fibrosus than herniated discs. Spondylotic discs also had thicker bony endplates and expressed TNFα and MMP-3 more diffusely than herniated discs, especially in the inner layer of the anulus fibrosus. Conclusions The authors' results indicate that herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs undergo different degenerative processes. It is likely that TNFα, MMP-3, bFGF, and VEGF expression is upregulated via the herniated mass in the herniated intervertebral discs, but by nutritional impairment in the spondylotic discs. Macrophage accumulation around newly formed blood vessels in the herniated disc tissues seemed to be regulated by MMP-3 and TNFα expression, and both herniated and spondylotic discs exhibited marked neoangiogenesis associated with increased bFGF and VEGF expression. Nerve fibers were associated with NGF overexpression in the outer layer of the anulus fibrosus as well as in endothelial cells of the small blood vessels.

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Araújo, Ângelo R., Nuno Peixinho, A. C. Marques Pinho, and J. C. P. Claro. "A Novel Methodology to Assess the Relaxation Rate of the Intervertebral Disc by Increments on Intradiscal Pressure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.379.

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The Intervertebral Disc (IVD) is subjected to several types of loading during daily routine events. However, the overloading on this structure induces higher Intradiscal Pressure (IDP), which could cause severe damage on its structure. This study describes a new approach to that allows monitorize and pressurize nuclear region of the IVD, with a cartilaginous endplate access, by the insertion of an external fluid, while a Motion Segment (MS-assembly composed by vertebra-disc-vertebra) is compressed at a physiological load. This methodology includes the use of a pneumatic structure that applies a certain pressure on the hydrostatic system, forcing a fluid to enter into the MS through a screw, with a drilled hollow along its entire length. Preliminary results indicated that this methodology presents high potential to efficiently pressurize the IVD, providing a useful tool to better understand the response of this structure under pressure.

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Grant, MP, LM Epure, R. Bokhari, P. Roughley, J. Antoniou, and F. Mwale. "Human cartilaginous endplate degeneration is induced by calcium and the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in the intervertebral disc." European Cells and Materials 32 (July 25, 2016): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v032a09.

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Huang, Bao, Jian Chen, Xuyang Zhang, Jiasheng Wang, Zeyu Zheng, Zhi Shan, Junhui Liu, Zhihai Zhu, and Fengdong Zhao. "Alpha 2-Macroglobulin as Dual Regulator for Both Anabolism and Catabolism in the Cartilaginous Endplate of Intervertebral Disc." SPINE 44, no. 6 (March 2019): E338—E347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000002852.

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Holguin, Nilsson. "CORR Insights®: The NLRP3/Caspase-1/Interleukin-1β Axis Is Active in Human Lumbar Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 474, no. 8 (May 31, 2016): 1827–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4912-2.

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Wang, Gangliang, Kangmao Huang, Yangxin Dong, Shuai Chen, Jianfeng Zhang, Jiying Wang, Ziang Xie, Xianfeng Lin, Xiangqiang Fang, and Shunwu Fan. "Lycorine Suppresses Endplate-Chondrocyte Degeneration and Prevents Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Inhibiting NF-κB Signalling Pathway." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 45, no. 3 (2018): 1252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487457.

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Background/Aims: Cartilaginous endplate (CEP) degeneration is an important cause for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration that leads to low-back pain. The identification of compounds that may prevent CEP degeneration is of interest for the prevention of IVD degeneration. Methods: Catabolic protease expression in the CEP of disc degeneration patients was first assessed. The toxicity, function and underlying mechanism of lycorine (LY) on CEP-derived chondrocytes degeneration were assessed in vitro by flow cytometry analysis and western blotting. The concentration and function of LY in rat-tail disc-degeneration models were also assessed by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) quantification and histological analysis. Results: In CEP cells, Interleukin (IL)-1β upregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5 that is critical for the degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix. Interestingly, LY suppressed the expression of these enzymes via the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) signalling and thus prevented IL-1β-induced endplate cell degeneration in vitro. More importantly, LY also reduced the expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 in CEP and exerted a protective effect on both CEP and nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration. In addition to its inhibitory effect on matrix-degrading protease expression, LY treatment also reduced positive regulators of proinflammatory cytokines, such as MIF, which can be secreted by CEP cells and subsequently target NP cells. Conclusion: LY could serve as a potential drug for treating IVD disease.

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Tang, Pan, Wen-Xiang Chen, Hong-Liang Gao, Jia-Yong Dai, Yu Gu, Zi-Ang Xie, Xiong-Feng Li, et al. "Small molecule inhibitor of TAK1 ameliorates rat cartilaginous endplate degeneration induced by oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 148 (February 2020): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.002.

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Kobayashi, Shigeru, Hisatoshi Baba, Kenichi Takeno, Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Kenzo Uchida, Yasuo Kokubo, Eiki Nomura, Chisato Morita, Hidezo Yoshizawa, and Adam Meir. "Fine structure of cartilage canal and vascular buds in the rabbit vertebral endplate." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 9, no. 1 (July 2008): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi/2008/9/7/096.

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Object The vascular terminations (vascular buds) in the bone–disc junction area are structurally very similar to cartilage. In all previous studies to date, however, the roles of cartilage canals and vascular buds were mainly discussed using histological and transparent sections but not electron microscopic sections. The purpose of this study was to clarify the ultrastructure of the vascular bud seen in the bone–disc junction in comparison to the cartilage canal. Methods Japanese white rabbits from 2 days to 6 months of age were used in this study. The bone–disc junctions were examined by microangiogram and light and electron microscopy, and morphological changes and their association with the age of the animals were noted. Results The fine structure of the vascular bud was similar to that of the cartilage canal that nourished the growing cartilage. They were composed of arteries, veins, capillaries, cells resembling fibroblasts, and macrophages. The capillaries in the cartilage canal were all the fenestrated type. Vascular buds were seen over the entire bone–cartilage interface, with maximum density in the area related to the nucleus pulposus. They projected into the bone–disc junction area from the vertebral body contacting the cartilaginous endplate directly. Conclusions The results of this study clarify the formation process and ultrastructure of the vascular bud seen in the bone–disc junction. The authors found a strong structural resemblance between the vascular bud and the cartilage canal and hypothesize that the immature cells seen surrounding the cartilage canal and vascular bud represent a common precursor for the 3 main types of connective tissue cells seen during early vertebral development.

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Yuan, Jinghong, Jingyu Jia, Tianlong Wu, Xijuan Liu, Shen Hu, Jian Zhang, Rui Ding, Chongzhi Pang, and Xigao Cheng. "Comprehensive evaluation of differential long non‑coding RNA and gene expression in patients with cartilaginous endplate degeneration of cervical vertebra." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9390.

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Mai, Ruopeng, Huanyu Tan, Yiwei Zhao, Jun Jia, Wubo Liu, Yonghao Tian, Suomao Yuan, and Xinyu Liu. "Diagnostic value and clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging with the FS-PD-TSE sequence in diagnosing lumbar cartilaginous endplate failure." European Spine Journal 29, no. 5 (February 15, 2020): 1121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06338-2.

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Moon, Sung M. "Challenges and advances in MR imaging of the intervertebral disc — Can the cartilaginous endplate be a biomarker for the disc health?" Biomedical Engineering Letters 4, no. 1 (March 2014): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13534-014-0123-5.

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Kim, Jin-Woo, Neunghan Jeon, Dong-Eun Shin, So-Young Lee, Myongwhan Kim, Dong Hun Han, Jae Yeon Shin, and Soonchul Lee. "Regeneration in Spinal Disease: Therapeutic Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha in Regeneration of Degenerative Intervertebral Disc." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105281.

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The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex joint structure comprising three primary components—namely, nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), and cartilaginous endplate (CEP). The IVD retrieves oxygen from the surrounding vertebral body through CEP by diffusion and likely generates ATP via anaerobic glycolysis. IVD degeneration is characterized by a cascade of cellular, compositional, structural changes. With advanced age, pronounced changes occur in the composition of the disc extracellular matrix (ECM). NP and AF cells in the IVD possess poor regenerative capacity compared with that of other tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master transcription factor that initiates a coordinated cellular cascade in response to a low oxygen tension environment, including the regulation of numerous enzymes in response to hypoxia. HIF-1α is essential for NP development and homeostasis and is involved in various processes of IVD degeneration process, promotes ECM in NP, maintains the metabolic activities of NP, and regulates dystrophic mineralization of NP, as well as angiogenesis, autophagy, and apoptosis during IVD degeneration. HIF-1α may, therefore, represent a diagnostic tool for early IVD degeneration and a therapeutic target for inhibiting IVD degeneration

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Yu, J. "Elastic tissues of the intervertebral disc." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300848.

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Elastic fibres have been generally considered to play no significant role in the mechanical functioning of the intervertebral disc since earlier studies reported that the elastic fibre network was sparse and irregular. However, a recent study has reported that the network is highly organized and that the distribution and orientation of elastic fibres varies from region to region. In the annulus, elastic fibres appear densely distributed in the region between the lamellae and also in ‘bridges’ across the lamellae. They are also organized in the nucleus where long straight fibres are radially oriented and anchor perpendicularly or obliquely into the cartilaginous endplate. Immunohisto-chemistry using specific antibodies indicates that elastin is present in the network, as is fibrillin. Biochemical studies show, however, that the amino acid composition of the residue remaining after alkaline (NaOH) extraction or CNBr digestion contains a higher concentration of polar amino acids than ligamentum nuchal elastin. The composition of the residue suggests that disc elastin may cross-link strongly with some other matrix components. With such coupling, it is thought that elastic fibres could play a significant mechanical role even though overall elastin is less than 5% of the total dry weight of the disc.

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Muramatsu, Dai, Hiroaki Yamaguchi, Yuka Minamisawa, and Aisuke Nii. "Selective Chemonucleolysis With Condoliase in Cynomolgus Monkeys." Toxicologic Pathology 48, no. 5 (July 2020): 656–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623320928006.

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Selective chemonucleolytic effects of condoliase, a glycosaminoglycan degrading enzyme, was investigated histopathologically in cynomolgus monkeys. Condoliase was administered once into the lumber intervertebral disc (IVD), and as a comparative control, chymopapain, a proteolytic enzyme, was administered in a similar manner. Histopathological changes of the IVD and the adjacent vertebral body (VB) were examined at 1 to 26 weeks after administration. Major changes induced by condoliase in the IVD were degenerative and necrotic changes in the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous endplate (CEP), and epiphyseal growth plate (EGP); focal disappearance of the EGP; and neovascularization and ossification of the CEP. Decreased/necrosis of bone marrow cells with new bone formation was observed in the VB. Cellular regeneration in the IVD was observed as a recovery changes on and after week 4. The changes in the IVD and VB subsided at week 26. Chymopapain induced qualitatively similar but more widely extended changes. The degrees of the changes in the IVD and VB were more severe than those of condoliase, and the changes were exacerbated even at week 26. These results indicated that histopathological changes caused by condoliase were less severe and more selective than those by chymopapain.

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Sun, Yongjin, Xu Li, Xiaoxu Yang, Bi Chen, and Wenzhi Zhang. "Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipocytes Attenuate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Rats by Rejuvenating Senescent Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Endplate Cells by Delivering Exogenous NAMPT." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (August 14, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9955448.

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Cellular senescence is a key factor in the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Age-associated decreases in NAD+ levels play a critical role in regulating cellular senescence. Previous studies have found that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by adipocytes (Adipo-sEVs) or adipose tissue are abundant in nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which is the key NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme in mammals. Systemic injection of these sEVs significantly improves physical activity and extends the lifespan of aged mice by increasing NAD+ levels. However, to date, the therapeutic potential of Adipo-sEVs in other age-associated disease models, such as IVDD, has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Adipo-sEVs on senescence of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and cartilaginous endplate cells (EPCs). In vitro, Adipo-sEVs could rejuvenate the senescence of NPCs and EPCs. Age-related dysfunctions were also ameliorated by Adipo-sEVs by delivering NAMPT and activating NAD+ biosynthesis and the Sirt1 pathway. Further in vivo experiments revealed that Adipo-sEV-mediated delivery of NAMPT attenuated IVDD in rats by rejuvenating senescent NPCs and EPCs. Collectively, the results indicate a new cell-free tool and provide a promising sEV-mediated delivery method of NAMPT as a therapeutic approach for IVDD clinically.

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Melrose, James, Susan Smith, Sarah Knox, and John Whitelock. "Perlecan, the multidomain HS-proteoglycan of basement membranes, is a prominent pericellular component of ovine hypertrophic vertebral growth plate and cartilaginous endplate chondrocytes." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 118, no. 4 (October 2002): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-002-0449-4.

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Gantenbein, Benjamin, Rahel D. May, Paola Bermudez-Lekerika, Katharina A. C. Oswald, Lorin M. Benneker, and Christoph E. Albers. "EGR2, IGF1 and IL6 Expression Are Elevated in the Intervertebral Disc of Patients Suffering from Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) Compared to Degenerative or Trauma Discs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094072.

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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is characterised by ectopic ossification along the anterior spine and the outer intervertebral discs (IVD). However, the centre of the IVD, i.e., the nucleus pulposus, always remains unaffected, which could be due to the inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. In this study, we investigated the transcriptome for the BMP pathway of DISH-IVD cells versus disc cells of traumatic or degenerative discs. The disc cells originated from nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF) and from cartilaginous endplate (CEP) tissue. Here, ninety genes of the transforming growth factor β-BMP signalling pathway were screened by qPCR. Furthermore, the protein expression of genes of interest was further investigated by immune-staining and semi-quantitative microscopy. IVDs of three DISH patients were tested against three control patients (same disc level and similar age). Early Growth Response 2 (EGR2) and Interleukin 6 (IL6) were both significantly up-regulated in DISH-IVD cells compared to controls (12.8 ± 7.6-fold and 54.0 ± 46.5-fold, respectively, means ± SEM). Furthermore, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) tended to be up-regulated in DISH-IVD donors, i.e., 174.13 ± 120.6-fold. IGF1 was already known as a serum marker for DISH and other rheumatoid diseases and is confirmed here to play a possible key role in DISH-IVD.

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Xu, Hongguang, Guixihg Qiu, Zhihong Wu, Yipeng Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Yong Liu, and Xinyu Yang. "Expression of Transforming Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Core Protein of Proteoglycan in Human Vertebral Cartilaginous Endplate of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis." Spine 30, no. 17 (September 2005): 1973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000176445.01967.8a.

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Kim, Yeo Ju, Jang Gyu Cha, Yoon Sang Shin, Akshay S. Chaudhari, Young Ju Suh, Seung Hwan Yoon, and Garry E. Gold. "3D Ultrashort TE MRI for Evaluation of Cartilaginous Endplate of Cervical Disk In Vivo: Feasibility and Correlation With Disk Degeneration in T2-Weighted Spin-Echo Sequence." American Journal of Roentgenology 210, no. 5 (May 2018): 1131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.17.17855.

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Wang, Yu, Xiao-Dong Yi, and Chun-De Li. "The influence of artificial nucleus pulposus replacement on stress distribution in the cartilaginous endplate in a 3-dimensional finite element model of the lumbar intervertebral disc." Medicine 96, no. 50 (December 2017): e9149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000009149.

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de Azevedo, Ana Manuela, Ana Paula Losada, Andrés Barreiro, Sonia Vázquez, and María Isabel Quiroga. "Skeletal Anomalies in Senegalese Sole (Solea senegalensis), an Anosteocytic Boned Flatfish Species." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 2 (October 3, 2018): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818800027.

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Skeletal anomalies affect animal welfare and cause important economic problems in aquaculture. Despite the high frequency of skeletal problems in reared Solea senegalensis, there is lack of information regarding the histological features of normal and deformed vertebrae in this flatfish. The aim of this study was to describe the histopathological and radiographical appearance of vertebral body anomalies. Sixty-seven juvenile fish were radiographically examined 104 or 105 days after hatching. Through radiographic images, vertebral segments were selected and processed for histopathological examination from 7 normal and 7 affected fish. Alterations in bone shape and vertebral fusion were the most significant anomalies in the vertebral bodies. These alterations occurred most frequently between the last 3 abdominal vertebrae and the first 10 caudal centra. Radiographically, deformed vertebrae showed flattening of the endplates and narrowing of the intervertebral spaces. The radiographic findings concurred with the histological lesions where affected vertebrae exhibited irregular endplates and changes in trabecular bone. Radiolucent cartilaginous tissue was evident in the endplates of the deformed vertebra and, in some cases, the cartilaginous material extended from the growth zone into the intervertebral space. These changes were likely the primary alterations that led to vertebral fusion. Fused vertebrae were often reshaped and showed a reorganization of the trabeculae. The formation of metaplastic cartilage is frequent in a variety of anomalies affecting teleost species.

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Ataya Allah, Zakiyah Mohammed Abid Sulayman. "A REVIEW ON CARTILAGINOUS ENDPLATES AND THE DEGENERATION OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC." International Journal of Medical Sciences (IJMS) 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56981/m0000242.

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Cartilaginous Endplates (CEP) acts as a mechanical barrier and forms the anatomical structure of intervertebral disc. It allows the nutrients to get transported into the disc from the nearby blood vessels. Low back pain is a primary complication raised by Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IVDD). The objective of the current review article is to provide an overview about the composition and the functions of Cartilaginous Endplates, development and the progression of the IVDD, application of modern techniques for its treatment. CEP primarily contains water, type II collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) while it also has type X collagen. The study provided an overview about the IVDD, causal factors, diagnostic methods and the application of different types of treatment methods. The authors recommend to validate the stem cell-based therapies at clinical levels since such therapies have been proposed and validated so far, only in in vitro and animal models. Further, the study recommends to develop novel diagnostic tools that are not only cost-effective, but also non-invasive by leveraging the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques in the diagnostics methods.

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Joe, Eugene, Joon Woo Lee, Kun Woo Park, Jin Sup Yeom, Eugene Lee, Guen Young Lee, and Heung Sik Kang. "Herniation of Cartilaginous Endplates in the Lumbar Spine: MRI Findings." American Journal of Roentgenology 204, no. 5 (May 2015): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.14.13319.

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Neidlinger-Wilke, Cornelia, Antje Boldt, Christoph Brochhausen, Fabio Galbusera, Claus Carstens, Franz Copf, Markus Schultheiss, et al. "Molecular Interactions Between Human Cartilaginous Endplates and Nucleus Pulposus Cells." Spine 39, no. 17 (August 2014): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000000372.

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Kakitsubata, Yousuke, Daphne J. Theodorou, Stavroula J. Theodorou, Shozo Tamura, Kazuki Nabeshima, Debra Trudell, Paul L. Clopton, and Donald Resnick. "Cartilaginous Endplates of the Spine: MRI with Anatomic Correlation in Cadavers." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 26, no. 6 (November 2002): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200211000-00013.

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Kawaguchi, Kenichi, Katsumi Harimaya, Yoshihiro Matsumoto, Mitsumasa Hayashida, Seiji Okada, Keiichiro Iida, Go Kato, et al. "Effect of cartilaginous endplates on extruded disc resorption in lumbar disc herniation." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): e0195946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195946.

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Takashima, Hiroyuki, Mika Yanagida, Rui Imamura, Mitsunori Yoshimoto, Izaya Ogon, Mitsuhiro Nakanishi, Yoshihiro Akatsuka, et al. "Optimization of MR Signal Contrast of the Lumbar Cartilaginous Endplates Using Ultra-Short TE." Applied Magnetic Resonance 50, no. 1-3 (November 17, 2018): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-018-1100-4.

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Goldschlager, Tony, Peter Ghosh, Andrew Zannettino, Stan Gronthos, Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld, Silviu Itescu, and Graham Jenkin. "Cervical motion preservation using mesenchymal progenitor cells and pentosan polysulfate, a novel chondrogenic agent: preliminary study in an ovine model." Neurosurgical Focus 28, no. 6 (June 2010): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.focus1050.

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Object There is an unmet need for a procedure that could generate a biological disc substitute while at the same time preserving the normal surgical practice of achieving anterior cervical decompression. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that adult allogeneic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) formulated with a chondrogenic agent could synthesize a cartilaginous matrix when implanted into a biodegradable carrier and cage, and over time, might serve as a dynamic interbody spacer following anterior cervical discectomy (ACD). Methods Eighteen ewes were divided randomly into 3 groups of 6 animals. Each animal was subjected to C3–4 and C4–5 ACD followed by implantation of bioresorbable interbody cages and graft containment plates. The cage was packed with 1 of 3 implants. In Group A, the implant was Gelfoam sponge only. In Group B, the implant consisted of Gelfoam sponge with 1 million MPCs only. In Group C, the implant was Gelfoam sponge with 1 million MPCs formulated with the chondrogenic agent pentosan polysulfate (PPS). In each animal the cartilaginous endplates were retained intact at 1 level, and perforated in a standardized manner at the other level. Allogeneic ovine MPCs were derived from a single batch of immunoselected and culture-expanded MPCs isolated from bone marrow of outbred sheep (mixed stock). Radiological and histological measures were used to assess cartilage formation and the presence or absence of new bone formation. Results The MPCs with or without PPS were safe and well-tolerated in the ovine cervical spine. There was no significant difference between groups in the radiographic or histological outcome measures, regardless of whether endplates were perforated or retained intact. According to CT scans obtained at 3 months after the operation, new bone formation within the interbody space was observed in the Gelfoam only group (Group A) in 9 (75%) of 12 interbody spaces, and 11 (92%) of 12 animals in the MPC cohort (Group B) had new bone formation within the interbody space. Significantly, in the MPC & PPS group (Group C), there were only 1 (8%) of 12 levels with new bone formation (p = 0.0009 vs Group A; p = 0.0001 vs Group B). According to histological results, there was significantly more cartilaginous tissue within the interbody cages of Group C (MPC & PPS) compared with both the control group (Group A; p = 0.003) and the MPC Group (p = 0.017). Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility of using MPCs in combination with PPS to produce cartilaginous tissue to replace the intervertebral disc following ACD. This biological approach may offer a means preserving spinal motion and offers an alternative to fusion to artificial prostheses.

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