Journal articles on the topic 'Cartilage'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Cartilage.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Cartilage.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Claassen, Horst, Martin Schicht, Bernd Fleiner, Ralf Hillmann, Sebastian Hoogeboom, Bernhard Tillmann, and Friedrich Paulsen. "Different Patterns of Cartilage Mineralization Analyzed by Comparison of Human, Porcine, and Bovine Laryngeal Cartilages." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 65, no. 6 (April 7, 2017): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155417703025.
Full textAbstract:
Laryngeal cartilages undergo a slow ossification process during aging, making them an excellent model for studying cartilage mineralization and ossification processes. Pig laryngeal cartilages are similar to their human counterparts in shape and size, also undergo mineralization, facilitating the study of cartilage mineralization. We investigated the processes of cartilage mineralization and ossification and compared these with the known processes in growth plates. Thyroid cartilages from glutaraldehyde-perfused male minipigs and from domestic pigs were used for X-ray, light microscopic, and transmission electron microscopic analyses. We applied different fixation and postfixation solutions to preserve cell shape, proteoglycans, and membranes. In contrast to the ossifying human thyroid cartilage, predominantly cartilage mineralization was observed in minipig and domestic pig thyroid cartilages. The same subset of chondrocytes responsible for growth plate mineralization is also present in thyroid cartilage mineralization. Besides mineralization mediated by matrix vesicles, a second pattern of cartilage mineralization was observed in thyroid cartilage only. Here, the formation and growth of crystals were closely related to collagen fibrils, which served as guide rails for the expansion of mineralization. It is hypothesized that the second pattern of cartilage mineralization may be similar to a maturation of mineralized cartilage after initial matrix vesicles–mediated cartilage mineralization.
2
Bender-Heine, Adam, Michelle Russell, Allen Rickards, J. Holmes, Mark Armeni, H. Lambert, and Matthew Zdilla. "Optimal Costal Cartilage Graft Selection According to Cartilage Shape: Anatomical Considerations for Rhinoplasty." Facial Plastic Surgery 33, no. 06 (December 2017): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607972.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCostal cartilage grafting is a commonly used reconstruction procedure, particularly in rhinoplasty. Although costal cartilage is broadly used in reconstructive surgery, there are differing opinions regarding which costal cartilage levels provide the most ideal grafts. Grafts are typically designed to match the shape of the recipient site. The shapes of costal cartilage grafts have been described as “boat-shaped,” “C-shaped,” “canoe-shaped,” “U-shaped,” “crescent-shaped,” “L-shaped,” “semilunar,” “straight,” and “Y-shaped.” The shapes of costal cartilages are thought to lend themselves to the shapes of certain grafts; however, there has been little study of the shapes of costal cartilages, and most reports have been anecdotal. Therefore, this study is aimed to detail the average shapes of the most commonly grafted cartilages (i.e., the fifth to seventh cartilages). A total of 96 cadaveric costal cartilages were analyzed through geometric morphometric analysis. The fifth costal cartilage was determined to have the straightest shape and would therefore be particularly suitable for nasal dorsum onlay grafting. The lateral portions of the sixth and, particularly, the seventh costal cartilages have the most acute curvature. Therefore, they would lend themselves to the construction of an en bloc “L”-shaped or hockey stick-shaped nasal dorsum-columellar strut graft.
3
Gong, Huchen, Yutao Men, Xiuping Yang, Xiaoming Li, and Chunqiu Zhang. "Experimental Study on Creep Characteristics of Microdefect Articular Cartilages in the Damaged Early Stage." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (November 13, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8526436.
Full textAbstract:
Traumatic joint injury is known to cause cartilage deterioration and osteoarthritis. In order to study the mechanical mechanism of damage evolution on articular cartilage, taking the fresh porcine articular cartilage as the experimental samples, the creep experiments of the intact cartilages and the cartilages with different depth defect were carried out by using the noncontact digital image correlation technology. And then, the creep constitutive equations of cartilages were established. The results showed that the creep curves of different layers changed exponentially and were not coincident for the cartilage sample. The defect affected the strain values of the creep curves. The creep behavior of cartilage was dependent on defect depth. The deeper the defect was, the larger the strain value was. The built three-parameter viscoelastic constitutive equation had a good correlation with the experimental results and could predict the creep performance of the articular cartilage. The creep values of the microdefective cartilage in the damaged early stage were different from the diseased articular cartilage. These findings pointed out that defect could accelerate the damage of cartilage. It was helpful to study the mechanical mechanism of damage evolution.
4
Wardale, R. J., and V. C. Duance. "Quantification and immunolocalisation of porcine articular and growth plate cartilage collagens." Journal of Cell Science 105, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.105.4.975.
Full textAbstract:
The collagens of growth plate and articular cartilage from 5–6 month old commercial pigs were characterised. Growth plate cartilage was found to contain less total collagen than articular cartilage as a proportion of the dry weight. Collagen types I, II, VI, IX and XI are present in both growth plate and articular cartilage whereas type X is found exclusively in growth plate cartilage. Types III and V collagen could not be detected in either cartilage. Type I collagen makes up at least 10% of the collagenous component of both cartilages. There are significant differences in the ratios of the quantifiable collagen types between growth plate and articular cartilage. Collagen types I, II, and XI were less readily extracted from growth plate than from articular cartilage following pepsin treatment, although growth plate cartilage contains less of the mature collagen cross-links, hydroxylysyl-pyridinoline and lysyl-pyridinoline. Both cartilages contain significant amounts of the divalent reducible collagen cross-links, hydroxylysyl-ketonorleucine and dehydro-hydroxylysinonorleucine. Immunofluorescent localisation indicated that type I collagen is located predominantly at the surface of articular cartilage but is distributed throughout the matrix in growth plate. Types II and XI are located in the matrix of both cartilages whereas type IX is predominantly pericellular in the calcifying region of articular cartilage and the hypertrophic region of the growth plate. Collagen type VI is located primarily as a diffuse area at the articular surface.
5
Korvick, Donna, and Kyriacos Athanasiou. "Variations in the mechanical properties of cartilage from the canine scapulohumeral joint." American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.09.949.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective To measure the intrinsic material properties of scapulohumeral joint cartilage in adult dogs and determine whether regional differences exist within or between the humeral and glenoid cartilages. Samples Paired shoulder joints from 7 clinically normal adult dogs. Procedure An automated indentation apparatus was used to obtain the intrinsic mechanical properties of the cartilage at 7 sites on each joint surface. Results Topographic variations in mechanical properties of the glenoid and humeral cartilages were observed. The largest aggregate modulus (HA) for the humerus was seen at the caudocentral site (0.92 MPa) and for the scapula was seen at the centrocenter site (0.84 MPa). The mean shear modulus (μ) of humeral cartilage (0.23 MPa) was significantly greater than that of the glenoid cartilage (0.19 MPa). The mean Poisson's ratio (ν) of humeral cartilage (0.24) was significantly smaller than that for the glenoid cartilage (0.29). Mean humeral cartilage aggregate modulus (0.71 MPa) was larger than the value for glenoid cartilage (0.67 MPa), but these differences were not significant. There were no significant differences in the compressive stiffness of the opposing cartilage in the canine scapulohumeral joint. Conclusions Differences in mechanical properties between opposing humeral and glenoid cartilages are not a cause of cartilage injury in the scapulohumeral joint of adult dogs. The mechanical properties of cartilage from young dogs with open physes and incomplete subchondral bone plates may be different from those of adult dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:949–953)
6
Wardale, R. J., and V. C. Duance. "Characterisation of articular and growth plate cartilage collagens in porcine osteochondrosis." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.1.47.
Full textAbstract:
The articular and growth plate cartilages of osteochondrotic pigs were examined and compared with those from clinically normal animals. Both types of osteochondrotic cartilage showed considerable localised thickening apparently due to a lack of ossification. Histological examination of cartilage lesions demonstrated a breakdown in the normal pattern of chondrocyte maturation. Articular cartilage lesions lacked mature clones of chondrocytes in the calcifying region. Growth plate cartilage showed an accumulation of disorganised hypertrophic chondrocytes rather than the well-defined columns seen in normal tissue. The overall percentages of collagen in osteochondrotic lesions from both articular and growth plate cartilage were significantly reduced compared with levels in unaffected cartilage. There were substantial increases in the proportion of type I collagen in lesions from both osteochondrotic articular and growth plate cartilages and a reduction in the proportion of type II collagen. Type X collagen was detected in osteochondrotic but not normal articular cartilage. The proportion of type X collagen was unchanged in osteochondrotic growth plate cartilage. The levels of the collagen cross-links, hydroxylysylpyridinoline, hydroxylysyl-ketonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine were radically reduced in samples from osteochondrotic growth-plate cartilage lesions when compared with normal tissue. Less dramatic changes were observed in articular cartilage although there was a significant decrease in the level of hydroxylysylketonorleucine in osteochondrotic lesions. Immunofluorescence examination of osteochondrotic lesions showed a considerable disruption of the organisation of the collagenous components within both articular and growth-plate cartilages. Normal patterns of staining of types I and VI collagen seen at the articular surface in unaffected tissue were replaced by a disorganised, uneven stain in osteochondrotic articular cartilage lesions. Incomplete removal of cartilage at the ossification front of osteochondrotic growth plate was demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining of type IX collagen. Type X collagen was produced in the matrix of the calcifying region of osteochondrotic articular cartilage by small groups of hypertrophic chondrocytes, but was not detected in normal articular cartilage. The distribution of type X collagen was unchanged in osteochondrotic growth plate cartilage.
7
Holmbeck, Kenn, Paolo Bianco, Kali Chrysovergis, Susan Yamada, and Henning Birkedal-Hansen. "MT1-MMP–dependent, apoptotic remodeling of unmineralized cartilage." Journal of Cell Biology 163, no. 3 (November 10, 2003): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200307061.
Full textAbstract:
Skeletal tissues develop either by intramembranous ossification, where bone is formed within a soft connective tissue, or by endochondral ossification. The latter proceeds via cartilage anlagen, which through hypertrophy, mineralization, and partial resorption ultimately provides scaffolding for bone formation. Here, we describe a novel and essential mechanism governing remodeling of unmineralized cartilage anlagen into membranous bone, as well as tendons and ligaments. Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)–dependent dissolution of unmineralized cartilages, coupled with apoptosis of nonhypertrophic chondrocytes, mediates remodeling of these cartilages into other tissues. The MT1-MMP deficiency disrupts this process and uncouples apoptotic demise of chondrocytes and cartilage degradation, resulting in the persistence of “ghost” cartilages with adverse effects on skeletal integrity. Some cells entrapped in these ghost cartilages escape apoptosis, maintain DNA synthesis, and assume phenotypes normally found in the tissues replacing unmineralized cartilages. The coordinated apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase-directed cartilage dissolution is akin to metamorphosis and may thus represent its evolutionary legacy in mammals.
8
Li, Xue, Jin Duo Ye, Chun Qui Zhang, Qian Qian Tian, Xian Kang Wang, and Li Min Dong. "Numerical Simulation about Stretching Process in Different Layers of Cartilage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.480.
Full textAbstract:
Cartilage with complex structure is a porous viscoelastic material. The direction of arrangement of collagen fibers in different layer regions directly affects the mechanical properties of the cartilage layer region. It is very important to use the method of numerical simulation for studying cartilage damage and repair through experimental measurements of cartilage mechanical parameters of the different layers. Because of the relatively small size of the cartilage, it is very difficult to measure mechanical parameters of cartilages by tensile test. The paper for main problems in the tensile test of cartilages, first by porcine articular cartilage compression testing, measuring the displacement of cartilage areas of different layers, according to the characteristics of the displacement determines the size of areas of different layers of cartilage, and then designed the cartilage and substrate stretching models. Model includes two forms of direct bonding and embedding bonding to simulate stretching process of different layers of the cartilage area in numerical way, displacement fields and stress-strain fields of stretching cartilage in different layer regions are derived. The numerical results show that using the way of embedded bonding can make stress of articular well-distributed without stress concentration, so it is a good way of bonding methods. Paper of the research work laid the foundation for measuring mechanical parameters of cartilage by stretch experiment.
9
Wulkan, Marcelo, Alvaro Julio de Andrade Sá, and Nivaldo Alonso. "Modified technique to increase nostril cross-sectional area after using rib and septal cartilage graft over alar nasal cartilages." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 27, no. 10 (October 2012): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502012001000008.
Full textAbstract:
PURPOSE: Describe a modified technique to increase nostril cross-sectional area using rib and septal cartilage graft over alar nasal cartilages. METHODS: A modified surgical technique was used to obtain, carve and insert cartilage grafts over alar nasal cartilages. This study used standardized pictures and measured 90 cadaveric nostril cross-sectional area using Autocad®; 30 were taken before any procedure and 60 were taken after grafts over lateral crura (30 using costal cartilage and 30 using septal cartilage). Statistical analysis were assessed using a model for repeated measures and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for the variable "area". RESULTS: There's statistical evidence that rib cartilage graft is more effective than septal cartilage graft. The mean area after the insertion of septal cartilage graft is smaller than the mean area under rib graft treatment (no confidence interval for mean difference contains the zero value and all P-values are below the significance level of 5%). CONCLUSIONS: The technique presented is applicable to increase nostril cross section area in cadavers. This modified technique revealed to enhance more nostril cross section area with costal cartilage graft over lateral crura rather than by septal graft.
10
Souza, Thiago Sasso Carmona de, João Victor Buttini, Mariana Sasso Carmona de Souza, Pedro Aguiar Soares, Maria Fernanda Pioli Torres, and Caio Marcio Correia Soares. "MORSELIZED CARTILAGE GRAFT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE AREA AND PERIMETER MEASUREMENTS OF THIS VERSATILE OPTION FOR MODERN RHINOPLASTY." Journal of Contemporary Diseases and Advanced Medicine 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14436/jcdam.1.2.010-024.oar.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: One of the biggest issues in the field of rhinoplasty is the use of grafts, one of which is the morselized cartilage graft. Few studies to date have sought to demonstrate the changes in size suffered by cartilage after the morselization process. Objective: To compare changes in area and perimeter of septal and auricular cartilages after being submitted to two degrees of morselization. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, comparative, and analytical study. Septum and ear cartilages were separated into two groups: Septal Cartilage Group (SCG) and Auricular Cartilage Group (ACG), and evaluated in their intact, and morselized grades 1 and 2 forms. Area and perimeter measurements were taken and compared. Results: A total of 29 cartilages were analyzed, being 20 septal and 9 auricular. There was a significant increase in the measurements in the SCG according to the degree of morselization. Similar results were also obtained in the ACG, but only with a tendency towards significance. When comparing the two groups, no significant differences were identified. Discussion: Morselized cartilages are important options in rhinoplasty. The increase in the degree of morselization leads to larger grafts, but it is also linked to a decrease in cartilage viability. Despite being structurally distinct, auricular and septal cartilages showed a similar behavior of their measurements after morselization. Such information can help surgeons in choosing their grafts, providing more predictable results. Conclusion: Morselization leads to an increase in the area and perimeter of the cartilage, being greater according to the degree of the process, without significant differences between grafts of septal and auricular origin.
11
Åberg, Thomas, Ritva Rice, David Rice, Irma Thesleff, and Janna Waltimo-Sirén. "Chondrogenic Potential of Mouse Calvarial Mesenchyme." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 5 (May 2005): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4a6518.2005.
Full textAbstract:
Facial and calvarial bones form intramembranously without a cartilagenous model; however, cultured chick calvarial mesenchyme cells may differentiate into both osteoblasts and chondroblasts and, in rodents, small cartilages occasionally form at the sutures in vivo. Therefore, we wanted to investigate what factors regulate normal differentiation of calvarial mesenchymal cells directly into osteoblasts. In embryonic mouse heads and in cultured tissue explants, we analyzed the expression of selected transcription factors and extracellular matrix molecules associated with bone and cartilage development. Cartilage markers Sox9 and type II collagen were expressed in all craniofacial cartilages. In addition, Msx2 and type I collagen were expressed in sense capsule cartilages. We also observed that the undifferentiated calvarial mesenchyme and the osteogenic fronts in the jaw expressed Co∗∗∗l2A1. Moreover, we found that cultured mouse calvarial mesenchyme could develop into cartilage. Of the 49 explants that contained mesenchyme, intramembranous ossification occurred in 35%. Only cartilage formed in 4%, and both cartilage and bone formed in 4%. Our study confirms that calvarial mesenchyme, which normally gives rise to intramembranous bone, also has chondrogenic potential.
12
Schroeder, Walter A., Margaret H. Cooper, and William H. Friedman. "The Histologic Effect of Hypervitaminosis A on Laryngeal Cartilages." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 96, no. 6 (June 1987): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988709600602.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the role of hypervitaminosis A on the developing larynx. Pregnant rats received a dose of 100,000 units of Vitamin A on either Day 8 or Day 11 of gestation. The hyaline laryngeal cartilages of the neonatal rats were studied. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages appeared to be the most affected. There was a pronounced central disorganization of the structure of the cartilage, with numerous swollen lacunae devoid of chondrocytes. The thyroid cartilage was the least affected. The center of the cartilage displayed a minimal amount of disorganization, when compared to the control. The effect of hypervitaminosis A on cartilaginous tissue is discussed, as well as its possiible effect on the development of laryngeal cartilages.
13
Shu, Cindy, Carl Flannery, Christopher Little, and James Melrose. "Catabolism of Fibromodulin in Developmental Rudiment and Pathologic Articular Cartilage Demonstrates Novel Roles for MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4 in C-terminal Processing of SLRPs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030579.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Cartilage regeneration requires a balance of anabolic and catabolic processes. Aim: To examine the susceptibility of fibromodulin (FMOD) and lumican (LUM) to degradation by MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, the three major degradative proteinases in articular cartilage, in cartilage development and in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Immunolocalization of FMOD and LUM in fetal foot and adult knee cartilages using an FMOD matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 neoepitope antibody (TsYG11) and C-terminal anti-FMOD (PR184) and anti-LUM (PR353) antibodies. The in vitro digestion of knee cartilage with MMP-13, A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease with Thrompospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5, to assess whether FMOD and LUM fragments observed in Western blots of total knee replacement specimens could be generated. Normal ovine articular cartilage explants were cultured with interleukin (IL)-1 and Oncostatin-M (OSM) ± PGE3162689, a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, to assess FMOD, LUM and collagen degradation. Results and Discussion: FMOD and LUM were immunolocalized in metatarsal and phalangeal fetal rudiment cartilages and growth plates. Antibody TsYG11 localized MMP-13-cleaved FMOD in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the metatarsal growth plates. FMOD was more prominently localized in the superficial cartilage of normal and fibrillated zones in OA cartilage. TsYG11-positive FMOD was located deep in the cartilage samples. Ab TsYG11 identified FMOD fragmentation in Western blots of normal and fibrillated cartilage extracts and total knee replacement cartilage. The C-terminal anti-FMOD, Ab PR-184, failed to identify FMOD fragmentation due to C-terminal processing. The C-terminal LUM, Ab PR-353, identified three LUM fragments in OA cartilages. In vitro digestion of human knee cartilage with MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 generated FMOD fragments of 54, 45 and 32 kDa similar to in blots of OA cartilage; LUM was less susceptible to fragmentation. Ab PR-353 detected N-terminally processed LUM fragments of 39, 38 and 22 kDa in 65–80-year-old OA knee replacement cartilage. FMOD and LUM were differentially processed in MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 digestions. FMOD was susceptible to degradation by MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and to a lesser extent by ADAMTS-5; however, LUM was not. MMP-13-cleaved FMOD in metatarsal and phalangeal fetal rudiment and growth plate cartilages suggested roles in skeletogenesis and OA pathogenesis. Explant cultures of ovine cartilage stimulated with IL-1/OSM ± PGE3162689 displayed GAG loss on day 5 due to ADAMTS activity. However, by day 12, the activation of proMMPs occurred as well as the degradation of FMOD and collagen. These changes were inhibited by PGE3162689, partly explaining the FMOD fragments seen in OA and the potential therapeutic utility of PGE3162689.
14
Khan, M. M., and S. R. Parab. "Average thickness of tragal cartilage for slicing techniques in tympanoplasty." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, no. 5 (April 10, 2015): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115000055.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackground:Cartilage-perichondrial grafts are often used for tympanic membrane and middle-ear reconstructions. Tragal and conchal cartilages are most frequently used for this purpose. Studies have shown that slicing the cartilage to less than 0.5 mm thickness improves acoustic benefit. However, the thickness of the cartilage in a given population may not be uniform.Objective:This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to determine the average thickness of tragal cartilage (in terms of age and sex) in an Indian population.Method:A prospective study of 61 tragal cartilages harvested during serial tympanoplasty and modified radical mastoidectomy were analysed according to thickness.Results:The total average thickness of tragal cartilage was 1.228 ± 0.204 mm in males and 1.090 ± 0.162 mm in females. The overall thickness was 1.018 ± 0.139 mm in those aged less than 15 years, 1.139 ± 0.238 mm in those aged 15–30, and 1.189 ± 0.155 mm in those aged over 30 years.Conclusion:The findings help us to determine age-related cartilage thickness for slicing techniques in tympanoplasty.
15
Hayes, Anthony J., John Whitelock, and James Melrose. "Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041934.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage homeostasis. Cartilage rudiments are transient developmental templates containing chondroprogenitor cells that undergo proliferation, matrix deposition, and hypertrophic differentiation. Growth plate cartilage also undergoes similar changes leading to endochondral bone formation, whereas permanent cartilage is maintained as an articular structure and does not undergo maturational changes. Pericellular and extracellular perlecan-HS chains interact with growth factors, morphogens, structural matrix glycoproteins, proteases, and inhibitors to promote matrix stabilization and cellular proliferation, ECM remodelling, and tissue expansion. Perlecan has mechanotransductive roles in cartilage that modulate chondrocyte responses in weight-bearing environments. Nuclear perlecan may modulate chromatin structure and transcription factor access to DNA and gene regulation. Snail-1, a mesenchymal marker and transcription factor, signals through FGFR-3 to promote chondrogenesis and maintain Acan and type II collagen levels in articular cartilage, but prevents further tissue expansion. Pre-hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes also express high Snail-1 levels, leading to cessation of Acan and CoI2A1 synthesis and appearance of type X collagen. Perlecan differentially regulates FGF-2 and FGF-18 to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis, rudiment and growth plate cartilage growth, and maturational changes including mineralization, contributing to skeletal growth.
16
Divakaran, Sindu, Bethanney Janney J, Priyanga R, Sindoora Jalagam, Ramya R C, and Shakthi R. "Electro arthrography: Recording Electrical Potentials At the Elbow Joint." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.25 (May 3, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.25.12361.
Full textAbstract:
Electroarthrography (EAG) is a recent technology proposed to detect cartilage degradation. It is used to record electrical potentials generated on the surface of elbow while the joint undergoes compressive loading. The aim of this work is to understand the generation of EAG signals and to differentiate between the healthy and unhealthy elbow based on its cartilage degradation. It has been found that EAG signals originate from the cartilages based on the simulated and measured potential values distributions. Unhealthy cartilages produce varying current density with specific potential distribution. EAG signals can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose bone and cartilage degradation.
17
Zhang, Hong, Xiaopeng Zhao, Zhiguang Zhang, Weiwei Chen, and Xinli Zhang. "An Immunohistochemistry Study of Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix Expression in the Mandibular Cartilages of Newborn Mouse." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/265380.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the spacial expression pattern and functional significance of three key transcription factors related to bone and cartilage formation, namely, Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix in cartilages during the late development of mouse mandible. Immunohistochemical examinations of Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix were conducted in the mandibular cartilages of the 15 neonatal C57BL/6N mice. In secondary cartilages, both Sox9 and Runx2 were weakly expressed in the polymorphic cell zone, strongly expressed in the flattened cell zone and throughout the entire hypertrophic cell zone. Similarly, both transcriptional factors were weakly expressed in the uncalcified Meckel’s cartilage while strongly expressed in the rostral cartilage. Meanwhile, Osterix was at an extremely low level in cells of the flattened cell zone and the upper hypertrophic cell zone in secondary cartilages. Surprisingly, Osterix was intensely expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes in the center of the uncalcified Meckel’s cartilage while moderately expressed in part of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the rostral process. Consequently, it is suggested that Sox9 is a main and unique positive regulator in the hypertrophic differentiation process of mandibular secondary cartilages, in addition to Runx2. Furthermore, Osterix is likely responsible for phenotypic conversion of Meckel’s chondrocytes during its degeneration.
18
Trivisonno, Angelo, Steven R. Cohen, Guy Magalon, Jèrèmy Magalon, Aris Sterodimas, Michele Pascali, Valerio Cervelli, et al. "Fluid Cartilage as New Autologous Biomaterial in the Treatment of Minor Nose Defects: Clinical and Microscopic Difference Amongst Diced, Crushed, and Fluid Cartilage." Materials 12, no. 7 (March 31, 2019): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071062.
Full textAbstract:
Developing cartilage constructs with injectability, appropriate matrix composition, and persistent cartilaginous phenotype remains an enduring challenge in cartilage repair. Fourteen patients with minor contour deformity were treated with fluid cartilage filler gently injected as autologous fluid graft in deep planes of defect of the nose that were close to the bone or the cartilage. A computerized tomographic scan control was performed after 12 months. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to investigate differences in cartilage density between native and newly formed cartilages. The endpoints were the possibility of using fluid cartilage as filler with aesthetic and functional improvement and versatility. Patients were followed up for two years. The constructs of fluid cartilage graft that were injected in the deep plane resulted in a persistent cartilage tissue with appropriate morphology, adequate central nutritional perfusion without central necrosis or ossification, and further augmented nasal dorsum without obvious contraction and deformation. This report demonstrated that fluid cartilage grafts are useful for cartilage regeneration in patients with outcomes of rhinoplasty, internal nasal valve collapse, and minor congenital nose aesthetics deformity.
19
Lychagin, A. V., S. V. Ivannikov, V. I. Yusupov, L. A. Semenova, E. D. Startseva, V. V. Surin, I. O. Tinkova, et al. "Laser treatment of chondromalacia lesions in the articular cartilage." Laser Medicine 25, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37895/2071-8004-2021-25-4-9-15.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: to select optimal parameters of two-wave near-infrared laser irradiation for the arthroscopic treatment of chondromalacia foci in the articular cartilage. Material and methods. Bull articular cartilages were treated with laser light delivered by a fifi ber and having various parameters. Human articular cartilages with chondromalacia foci taken during the total knee replacement were also treated with laser light delivered by a fifi ber and having various parameters. The processed cartilage samples were examined macroscopically and then histologically. Changes in the structure of ar[1] ticular cartilage after laser irradiation were assessed. Results. A two-second irradiation with two-wave laser light (λ = 0.97 μm / 30 W and λ = 1.55 μm / 15 W) causes a rapid “melting” of lesion margins without macroscopically visible carbonization with a wide thermally affected zone in the irradiated area. Histologically, cartilage preparations irradiated with two-wave laser light (wavelengths λ = 1.55 μm / 5 W and λ = 0.97 μm / 3 W) for 2 sec demonstrated slight changes in the cartilage structure without thermal destruction of chondrocytes.Conclusion. The optimal combination for laser irradiation of the cartilage tissue in the saline solution environment which restores articular cartilage shape is two-wave laser light λ = 0.97 μm at power of 3 W and λ = 1.55 μm at power of 5 W from the distance of 1–2 mm under 2 sec exposure.
20
Hayashi, Kei, Brian Caserto, Mary Norman, Hollis Potter, Matthew Koff, and Sarah Pownder. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging T2 Values of Stifle Articular Cartilage in Normal Beagles." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31, no. 02 (February 2018): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-17-03-0093.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate regional differences of canine stifle articular cartilage using the quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique of T2 mapping. Methods Fourteen stifle joints from seven juvenile male Beagle dogs with no evidence or prior history of pelvic limb lameness were imaged ex vivo using standard of care fast spin echo MRI and quantitative T2 mapping protocols. Regions of interest were compared between the femoral, patellar and tibial cartilages, as well as between the lateral and medial femorotibial compartments. Limbs were processed for histology with standard stains to confirm normal cartilage. Results The average T2 value of femoral trochlear cartilage (37.5 ± 2.3 ms) was significantly prolonged (p < 0.0001) as compared with the femoral condylar, patellar and tibial condylar cartilages (33.1 ± 1.5 ms, 32.8 ± 2.3 ms, and 28.0 ± 1.7 ms, respectively). When comparing medial and lateral condylar compartments, the lateral femoral condylar cartilage had the longest T2 values (34.8 ± 2.8 ms), as compared with the medial femoral condylar cartilage (30.9 ± 1.9 ms) and lateral tibial cartilage (29.1 ± 2.3 ms), while the medial tibial cartilage had the shortest T2 values (26.7 ± 2.4 ms). Clinical Significance As seen in other species, regional differences in T2 values of the canine stifle joint are identified. Understanding normal regions of anticipated prolongation in different joint compartments is needed when using quantitative imaging in models of canine osteoarthritis.
21
Yi, Hee-Gyeong, Yeong-Jin Choi, Jin Woo Jung, Jinah Jang, Tae-Ha Song, Suhun Chae, Minjun Ahn, Tae Hyun Choi, Jong-Won Rhie, and Dong-Woo Cho. "Three-dimensional printing of a patient-specific engineered nasal cartilage for augmentative rhinoplasty." Journal of Tissue Engineering 10 (January 2019): 204173141882479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731418824797.
Full textAbstract:
Autologous cartilages or synthetic nasal implants have been utilized in augmentative rhinoplasty to reconstruct the nasal shape for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Autologous cartilage is considered to be an ideal graft, but has drawbacks, such as limited cartilage source, requirements of additional surgery for obtaining autologous cartilage, and donor site morbidity. In contrast, synthetic nasal implants are abundantly available but have low biocompatibility than the autologous cartilages. Moreover, the currently used nasal cartilage grafts involve additional reshaping processes, by meticulous manual carving during surgery to fit the diverse nose shape of each patient. The final shapes of the manually tailored implants are highly dependent on the surgeons’ proficiency and often result in patient dissatisfaction and even undesired separation of the implant. This study describes a new process of rhinoplasty, which integrates three-dimensional printing and tissue engineering approaches. We established a serial procedure based on computer-aided design to generate a three-dimensional model of customized nasal implant, and the model was fabricated through three-dimensional printing. An engineered nasal cartilage implant was generated by injecting cartilage-derived hydrogel containing human adipose-derived stem cells into the implant containing the octahedral interior architecture. We observed remarkable expression levels of chondrogenic markers from the human adipose-derived stem cells grown in the engineered nasal cartilage with the cartilage-derived hydrogel. In addition, the engineered nasal cartilage, which was implanted into mouse subcutaneous region, exhibited maintenance of the exquisite shape and structure, and striking formation of the cartilaginous tissues for 12 weeks. We expect that the developed process, which combines computer-aided design, three-dimensional printing, and tissue-derived hydrogel, would be beneficial in generating implants of other types of tissue.
22
QIU, LULU, XUEMEI MA, LILAN GAO, YUTAO MEN, and CHUNQIU ZHANG. "ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL STATE OF THE HUMAN KNEE JOINT WITH DEFECT CARTILAGE IN STANDING." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 08 (November 25, 2016): 1640021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416400212.
Full textAbstract:
Knee joint is the hub of human lower limb movement and it is also an important weight-bearing joint, which has the characteristics of load-bearing and heavy physical activities. So the knee joint becomes the predilection site of clinical disease. Once people have the cartilage lesions, their daily life will be affected seriously. The simulation of the knee joint lesions could provide help for clinical knee-joint treatment. Based on the complete model of knee joint, this paper use the finite element method to analyze the biomechanical characteristics of the defective knee joint. The results of simulation show that the stress of cartilages when standing on single leg is approximately doubled than that of standing on two legs. When standing on single leg, the 8-mm diameter osteochondral defect in femur cartilage can generate maximal changes in von-mises stress (by 36.74%), while the von-mises stress on tibia cartilage with 8-mm defect increase by 87%. The stress distribution of cartilages is almost the same, there is no obvious stress concentration when in defect. Increasing the defective diameter, femoral cartilage, meniscus and tibial all present an increasing trend towards stress. When increasing the applied load, the stress of the femoral cartilage, the meniscus and the tibial cartilage all increased.
23
Fertuzinhos, Aureliano, Marta A. Teixeira, Miguel Goncalves Ferreira, Rui Fernandes, Rossana Correia, Ana Rita Malheiro, Paulo Flores, Andrea Zille, and Nuno Dourado. "Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Human Nasal Cartilage." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010177.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to undergo a comprehensive analysis of the thermo-mechanical properties of nasal cartilages for the future design of a composite polymeric material to be used in human nose reconstruction surgery. A thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in tension and compression modes within the ranges 1 to 20 Hz and 30 °C to 250 °C was performed on human nasal cartilage. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as characterization of the nasal septum (NS), upper lateral cartilages (ULC), and lower lateral cartilages (LLC) reveals the different nature of the binding water inside the studied specimens. Three peaks at 60–80 °C, 100–130 °C, and 200 °C were attributed to melting of the crystalline region of collagen matrix, water evaporation, and the strongly bound non-interstitial water in the cartilage and composite specimens, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the degradation of cartilage, composite, and subcutaneous tissue of the NS, ULC, and LLC take place in three thermal events (~37 °C, ~189 °C, and ~290 °C) showing that cartilage releases more water and more rapidly than the subcutaneous tissue. The water content of nasal cartilage was estimated to be 42 wt %. The results of the DMA analyses demonstrated that tensile mode is ruled by flow-independent behaviour produced by the time-dependent deformability of the solid cartilage matrix that is strongly frequency-dependent, showing an unstable crystalline region between 80–180 °C, an amorphous region at around 120 °C, and a clear glass transition point at 200 °C (780 kJ/mol). Instead, the unconfined compressive mode is clearly ruled by a flow-dependent process caused by the frictional force of the interstitial fluid that flows within the cartilage matrix resulting in higher stiffness (from 12 MPa at 1 Hz to 16 MPa at 20 Hz in storage modulus). The outcomes of this study will support the development of an artificial material to mimic the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the natural cartilage of the human nose.
24
Bista, Neha, Pradesh Ghimire, and Mahgn Rances Collao. "Correlation of Amount of Cigarette Smoking with Thickness and Elasticity of Distal Femoral Cartilages using Sono-Elastography Techniques of Ultrasound, a Cross-Sectional Study." Nepalese Journal of Radiology 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v11i2.38205.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a well-known etiology for chronic musculoskeletal system disorders, like osteoarthritis, affecting the distal femoral cartilages. However, recent studies show protective effects of smoking against osteoarthritis. Ultrasound is an easily accessible and reliable imaging tool for the evaluation of the cartilages, measurement of their thickness, and tissue stiffness. This study seeks to objectively show the effects of smoking by affecting their knee joints’ cartilage and clarify whether it has a chondroprotective effect, or support the usual evidence that smoking is harmful at any cost. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study compares the thickness and elasticity of distal femoral cartilage in heavy, ordinary smokers and non-smokers using B-mode scanning and real-time strain elastographic technique of ultrasound respectively. Results: Among 377 individuals with a mean age of 27.66 years, male predominance (70 %) and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.55, a higher proportion (50 %) of volunteers were ordinary smokers (pack years <20). Elasticity strain ratios were found to be significantly lower in heavy smokers in both sides’ distal femoral cartilages except in right lateral cartilage (p = <0.001) using Fisher’s exact test. Significantly lower thickness was noted in both cartilages of the right side (p <0.001) and left lateral cartilage (p = 0.001) among heavy smokers. After adjusting for the effects of age, sex, BMI, and occupation using one-way ANOVA, similar results were obtained. Conclusions: Heavy cigarette smoking causes degradation of distal femoral cartilages by decreasing their thickness and elasticity.
25
Bagher, Zohreh, Negin Asgari, Parisa Bozorgmehr, Seyed Kamran Kamrava, Rafieh Alizadeh, and Alexander Seifalian. "Will Tissue-Engineering Strategies Bring New Hope for the Reconstruction of Nasal Septal Cartilage?" Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 15, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x14666191212160757.
Full textAbstract:
The nasal septal cartilage plays an important role in the growth of midface and as a vertical strut preventing the collapse of the nasal bones. The repair of nasal cartilage defects remains a major challenge in reconstructive surgery. The tissue engineering strategy in the development of tissue has opened a new perspective to generate functional tissue for transplantation. Given the poor regenerative properties of cartilage and a limited amount of autologous cartilage availability, intense interest has evoked for tissue engineering approaches for cartilage development to provide better outcomes for patients who require nasal septal reconstruction. Despite numerous attempts to substitute the shapely hyaline cartilage in the nasal cartilages, many significant challenges remained unanswered. The aim of this research was to carry out a critical review of the literature on research work carried out on the development of septal cartilage using a tissue engineering approach, concerning different cell sources, scaffolds and growth factors, as well as its clinical pathway and trials have already been carried out.
26
Li, Yefu, and Lin Xu. "Advances in understanding cartilage remodeling." F1000Research 4 (August 28, 2015): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6514.1.
Full textAbstract:
Cartilage remodeling is currently among the most popular topics in osteoarthritis research. Remodeling includes removal of the existing cartilage and replacement by neo-cartilage. As a loss of balance between removal and replacement of articular cartilage develops (particularly, the rate of removal surpasses the rate of replacement), joints will begin to degrade. In the last few years, significant progress in molecular understanding of the cartilage remodeling process has been made. In this brief review, we focus on the discussion of some current “controversial” observations in articular cartilage degeneration: (1) the biological effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on developing and mature articular cartilages, (2) the question of whether aggrecanase 1 (ADAMTS4) and aggrecanase 2 (ADAMTS5) are key enzymes in articular cartilage destruction, and (3) chondrocytes versus chondron in the development of osteoarthritis. It is hoped that continued discussion and investigation will follow to better clarify these topics. Clarification will be critical for those in search of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
27
Liu, Hui, Tingting Zhang, Min Liu, Chunhong Wang, and Jinfeng Yan. "Acupuncture Delays Cartilage Degeneration through Upregulating SIRT1 Expression in Rats with Osteoarthritis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (December 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2470182.
Full textAbstract:
Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) has been reported to inhibit osteoarthritic gene expression in chondrocytes. Here, efforts in this study were made to unveil the specific role of SIRT1 in the therapy of acupuncture on cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). Specifically, OA was established by the anterior cruciate ligament transection method in the right knee joint of rats, subsequent to which acupuncture was performed on two acupoints. Injection with shSIRT1 sequence–inserted lentiviruses was conducted to investigate the role of SIRT1 in acupuncture-mediated OA. Morphological changes and cell apoptosis in rat OA cartilages were examined by safranin-O staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-2 in OA rats were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of SIRT1, cartilage matrix degradation-related proteins (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and ADAMTS5), NF-κB signaling-related markers (p-p65/p65 and p-IκBα/IκBα), and cartilage matrix synthesis-related proteins (collagen II and aggrecan) in the OA cartilage were analyzed by western blot. As a result, acupuncture counteracted OA-associated upregulation of TNF-α, IL-2, cartilage matrix degradation-related proteins, and NF-κB signaling-related markers, morphological damage, apoptosis, SIRT1 downregulation, and loss of cartilage matrix synthesis-related proteins in rat articular cartilages. SIRT1 silencing reversed acupuncture-induced counteractive effects on the aforementioned OA-associated phenomena (except apoptosis, the experiment regarding which under SIRT1 silencing was not performed). Collectively, acupuncture inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis, inflammation, NF-κB signaling activation, and cartilage matrix degradation by upregulating SIRT1 expression to delay OA-associated cartilage degeneration.
28
Rashid, Balsam Muqdad, Sadiq Jaafar Hamandi, and Eman Ghadban Khalil. "Measurement of Cartilage Deformation in Intact Knee Joints under Compressive Loading." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 25, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.25010044.
Full textAbstract:
Many joints in the body depend on cartilage for their mechanical function. Since cartilage lacks the ability to self-heal when injured, treatments and replacements for damaged cartilage have been created in recent decades. The mechanical tests had an important role in the treatment and designing of the replaced cartilage. There are two types of cartilages in the knees: fibrocartilage (the meniscus, it is a special type of cartilage) and hyaline cartilage. Its mechanical properties are important because structural failure of cartilage is closely related with joint disorders. This study aimed to determine the stress-strain curve to give broader understanding of the material’s properties. The results of this study could help to develop computational models for evaluating mechanics of knee joint, predicting possible failure locations and disease progression in joints.The study involved two specimens taken from bovine, the first was the articular cartilage with subchondral bone and the second was the meniscus cartilage each one loaded on a compressive testing machine to compute the displacement, and the force applied, enabling the calculation of the stress-strain curve of the material.Specimen failure occurred in the articular cartilage surface at a force break of 73.8N and get force peak about 87.2 N. The meniscus cartilage failure had occurred at a force break of 29.2 N and get force peak about 34.9 N.
29
Ravikalyan, Dodda, Thukani Sathanantham Shanmugarajan, and Uppuluri Varuna Naga Venkata Arjun. "Polymeric hydrogel-assisted chondro regenerative approaches towards cartilage injury therapy an emerging treatment option." Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 12, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 5999–6006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v12i4.4789.
Full textAbstract:
An injury to the cartilage is a physical disruption of the cartilage's architecture, resulting in fluid loss and pain to the individual. The earliest possible diagnosis of various cartilage defect complications is vital to facilitate healing. Moreover, to fasten the healing process of the cartilage defect, tissue-engineered materials should have several key characteristics, including ideal porosity, and minimal cytotoxicity. The primary characteristic of polymeric hydrogel scaffolds is that they offer a moist environment that accelerates the cartilage repair and good biocompatibility. Most often, biocompatible polymers and incorporated agents (such as stem cells, drug molecules, and bioactive agents) exhibit synergistic effects, resulting in very high therapeutic indexes. This review highlights the phases of cartilage repair, types of natural and synthetic Polymer loaded hydrogels used in Cartilage tissue regeneration, and the importance of the stem cells loaded hydrogel in cartilage tissue engineering concepts.
30
Fujii, Yuta, Lin Liu, Lisa Yagasaki, Maiko Inotsume, Tomoki Chiba, and Hiroshi Asahara. "Cartilage Homeostasis and Osteoarthritis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 6316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116316.
Full textAbstract:
Healthy limb joints are important for maintaining health and attaining longevity. Endochondral ossification (the replacement of cartilage with bone, occurring during skeletal development) is essential for bone formation, especially in long-axis bones. In contrast to endochondral ossification, chondrocyte populations in articular cartilage persist and maintain joint tissue into adulthood. Articular cartilage, a connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes and their surrounding extracellular matrices, plays an essential role in the mechanical cushioning of joints in postnatal locomotion. Osteoarthritis (OA) pathology relates to disruptions in the balance between anabolic and catabolic signals, that is, the loss of chondrocyte homeostasis due to aging or overuse of cartilages. The onset of OA increases with age, shortening a person’s healthy life expectancy. Although many people with OA experience pain, the mainstay of treatment is symptomatic therapy, and no fundamental treatment has yet been established. To establish regenerative or preventative therapies for cartilage diseases, further understanding of the mechanisms of cartilage development, morphosis, and homeostasis is required. In this review, we describe the general development of cartilage and OA pathology, followed by a discussion on anabolic and catabolic signals in cartilage homeostasis, mainly microRNAs.
31
Wang, Haidong, Xiaodong Yao, and Chengjun Wu. "The Therapeutic Effect of Herbal Mixture in Repairing Degenerated Joint." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2023.3238.
Full textAbstract:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease due to the limited capacity to repair itself. There is an increasing need for novel and more effective alternatives to promote cartilage joint regeneration. Natural compounds as herbal remedies are ideal to be considered to treat OA. In order to explore the functional herbal remedy, we investigated the efficacy of herbal mixture along with bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in repairing rat cartilage tissues. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. A cartilage injury models by a drilling was made. The histological H&E analysis, Mankin scores and cartilage-specific markers were tested. We found that herbal mixture treatment can significantly improve the damaged cartilage compared to the control. Moreover, the combination of herbal formulation and 3D bioscaffold containing BMSCs can produce better efficacy to repair the damaged cartilages. Our data provides that herbal formulation is effective to treat damaged cartilage, and the herbal remedy along with BMSCs is most promising therapeutic effect in repairing damaged cartilage tissue, demonstrating a combinational therapeutic effect to be considered in the clinic.
32
Ciliberti, Federica Kiyomi, Lorena Guerrini, Arnar Evgeni Gunnarsson, Marco Recenti, Deborah Jacob, Vincenzo Cangiano, Yonatan Afework Tesfahunegn, et al. "CT- and MRI-Based 3D Reconstruction of Knee Joint to Assess Cartilage and Bone." Diagnostics 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020279.
Full textAbstract:
For the observation of human joint cartilage, X-ray, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the main diagnostic tools to evaluate pathologies or traumas. The current work introduces a set of novel measurements and 3D features based on MRI and CT data of the knee joint, used to reconstruct bone and cartilages and to assess cartilage condition from a new perspective. Forty-seven subjects presenting a degenerative disease, a traumatic injury or no symptoms or trauma were recruited in this study and scanned using CT and MRI. Using medical imaging software, the bone and cartilage of the knee joint were segmented and 3D reconstructed. Several features such as cartilage density, volume and surface were extracted. Moreover, an investigation was carried out on the distribution of cartilage thickness and curvature analysis to identify new markers of cartilage condition. All the extracted features were used with advanced statistics tools and machine learning to test the ability of our model to predict cartilage conditions. This work is a first step towards the development of a new gold standard of cartilage assessment based on 3D measurements.
33
Hong, Seok Jin, Minseok Lee, Connie J. Oh, and Sehwan Kim. "Monitoring of Biological Changes in Electromechanical Reshaping of Cartilage Using Imaging Modalities." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7089017.
Full textAbstract:
Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is a promising surgical technique used to reshape cartilage by direct current and mechanical deformation. It causes local stress relaxation and permanent alterations in the shape of cartilage. The major advantages of EMR are its minimally invasive nature and nonthermal electrochemical mechanism of action. The purpose of this study is to validate that EMR does not cause thermal damage and to observe structural changes in post-EMR cartilage using several imaging modalities. Three imaging modality metrics were used to validate the performance of EMR by identifying structural deformation during cartilage reshaping: infrared thermography was used to sense the temperature of the flat cartilages (16.7°C at 6 V), optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to examine the change in the cartilage by gauging deformation in the tissue matrix during EMR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show that EMR-treated cartilage is irregularly arranged and the thickness of collagen fibers varies, which affects the change in shape of the cartilage. In conclusion, the three imaging modalities reveal the nonthermal and electromechanical mechanisms of EMR and demonstrate that use of an EMR device is feasible for reshaping cartilage in a minimally invasive manner.
34
CHEN, JING, CHUNGEN GUO, HONGSHENG LI, XIAOQIN ZHU, SHUYUAN XIONG, and JIANXIN CHEN. "NONLINEAR SPECTRAL IMAGING OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE IN RABBIT EARS." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 06, no. 03 (July 2013): 1350024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545813500247.
Full textAbstract:
Elastic cartilage in the rabbit external ear is an important animal model with attractive potential value for researching the physiological and pathological states of cartilages especially during wound healing. In this work, nonlinear optical microscopy based on two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation were employed for imaging and quantifying the intact elastic cartilage. The morphology and distribution of main components in elastic cartilage including cartilage cells, collagen and elastic fibers were clearly observed from the high-resolution two-dimensional nonlinear optical images. The areas of cell nuclei, a parameter related to the pathological changes of normal or abnormal elastic cartilage, can be easily quantified. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure of chondrocytes and matrix were displayed by constructing three-dimensional image of cartilage tissue. At last, the emission spectra from cartilage were obtained and analyzed. We found that the different ratio of collagen over elastic fibers can be used to locate the observed position in the elastic cartilage. The redox ratio based on the ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) over flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) fluorescence can also be calculated to analyze the metabolic state of chondrocytes in different regions. Our results demonstrated that this technique has the potential to provide more accurate and comprehensive information for the physiological states of elastic cartilage.
35
Lukeneder, Petra, and Alexander Lukeneder. "Mineralized belemnoid cephalic cartilage from the late Triassic Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte (Austria)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): e0264595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264595.
Full textAbstract:
Although hyaline cartilage is widely distributed in various invertebrate groups such as sabellid polychaetes, molluscs (cephalopods, gastropods) and a chelicerate arthropod group (horseshoe crabs), the enigmatic relationship and distribution of cartilage in taxonomic groups remains to be explained. It can be interpreted as a convergent trait in animal evolution and thus does not seem to be a vertebrate invention. Due to the poor fossil record of cartilaginous structures, occurrences of mineralized fossil cartilages are important for evolutionary biology and paleontology. Although the biochemical composition of recent cephalopod cartilage differs from vertebrate cartilage, histologically the cartilages of these animal groups resemble one another remarkably. In this study we present fossil material from the late Triassic Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte near Lunz am See (Lower Austria, Northern Calcareous Alps). A rich Carnian fauna is preserved here, whereby a morphogroup (often associated with belemnoid remains) of black, amorphous appearing fossils still remained undetermined. These multi-elemental, symmetrical fossils show remarkable similarities to recent cartilage. We examined the conspicuous micro- and ultrastructure of these enigmatic fossils by thin-sectioning and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The geochemical composition analyzed by Microprobe and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) revealed carbonization as the taphonomic pathway for this fossil group. Mineralization of soft tissues permits the 3D preservation of otherwise degraded soft tissues such as cartilage. We examined eighty-one specimens from the Polzberg locality and seven specimens from Cave del Predil (formerly Raibl, Julian Alps, Italy). The study included morphological examinations of these multi-elemental fossils and a focus on noticeable structures like grooves and ridges. The detected grooves are interpreted to be muscular attachment areas, and the preserved branched system of canaliculi is comparable to a channel system that is also present in recent coleoid cartilage. The new findings on these long-known enigmatic structures strongly point to the preservation of cephalic cartilage belonging to the belemnoid Phragmoteuthis bisinuata and its homologization to the cephalic cartilage of modern coleoids.
36
Burch, W. M., and J. J. Van Wyk. "Triiodothyronine stimulates cartilage growth and maturation by different mechanisms." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 252, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): E176—E182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.2.e176.
Full textAbstract:
The mechanisms by which triiodothyronine (T3) stimulates growth and maturation of growth-plate cartilage in vitro were studied by incubating embryonic chick pelvic cartilages in serum-free medium in the presence and absence of T3 for 3 days. To determine whether T3 might stimulate production of somatomedins by the cartilage, medium from cartilage incubated with and without T3 was assayed for somatomedin C (Sm-C) by radioimmunoassay. No difference in Sm-C content was found. However, cartilage incubated with T3 and increasing amounts of human Sm-C (0.5-20 ng/ml) weighed more and had greater amounts of glycosaminoglycan than cartilage incubated in the same concentrations of Sm-C without T3, suggesting that T3 enhances the growth effect of somatomedin. We added a monoclonal antibody to Sm-C (anti-Sm-C) to the organ culture to determine whether T3's stimulatory effect on cartilage growth could be blocked. The anti-Sm-C inhibited growth of cartilage incubated in medium alone and blocked the growth response to T3. By using alkaline phosphatase as a biochemical marker to follow maturation, we found that T3 stimulated a 57% increase in alkaline phosphatase activity above cartilage incubated in medium alone and that anti-Sm-C did not inhibit T3's stimulatory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. We propose two different mechanisms by which T3 affects growth-plate cartilage: T3 promotes cartilage growth primarily through enhancing the effect of somatomedin, and T3 stimulates cartilage maturation possibly by accelerating the normal process of cartilage differentiation from proliferative to hypertrophic chondrocytes.
37
Wu, Jiang, Bin Zhao, Wei Luo, Xiao Chen, Qian Zhao, Fuji Ren, Huifeng Zheng, and Jingmin Huang. "Arthroscopy combined with high tibial osteotomy promotes cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 31, no. 1 (January 2023): 102255362311653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10225536231165357.
Full textAbstract:
Background To investigate the effect of arthroscopy combined with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) on cartilage regeneration in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods A retrospective analysis of 50 patients with varus and medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee treated by arthroscopy combined with HTO. One year after the operation, a second-look arthroscopy was performed to observe the cartilage regeneration. The regeneration of cartilage was evaluated by different pathological staining of some of the new cartilage. Finally, part of the new cartilages ( n = 6) were taken for quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting experiments to display the mechanism of cartilage regeneration. Results One year after arthroscopy combined with HTO, the results of arthroscopy revealed the formation of new tissue in the defect area of the medial compartment’s cartilage in the knee joint. In addition, different pathological staining results indicated that the new tissue was cartilage-like tissue. Furthermore, HTO potently up-regulated the expression of p-ERK1/2 at the protein level in knee osteoarthritis patients compared with control group. However, there was no significant difference in the relative expression of collagen II at mRNA and protein level between control group and knee osteoarthritis patients. Conclusion Arthroscopy combined with HTO can promote cartilage regeneration in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
38
Jurvelin, J., A.-M. Säämänen, J. Arokoski, H. J. Helminen, I. Kiviranta, and M. Tammi. "Biomechanical Properties of the Canine Knee Articular Cartilage as Related to Matrix Proteoglycans and Collagen." Engineering in Medicine 17, no. 4 (October 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1988_017_042_02.
Full textAbstract:
The instant, creep and equilibrium responses of canine knee articular cartilages were determined after a constant load application with an in situ indentation creep test and related to the chemical composition of the tissue. Instantly, the cartilage stiffness correlated inversely with the proportion of proteoglycans (PGs) extractable with guanidium chloride. The tibial cartilage, rich in PGs but relatively poor in collagen, showed a low resistance to instant rearrangement of the solid matrix after load application. However, the resistance of the tibial cartilage to water flow during creep deformation was similar or even higher than in the femur. The rate of creep correlated inversely with the PG content. The equilibrium modulus of the femoral cartilage (0.40 MPa), 29 per cent higher than in the tibia (0.31 MPa), was related to the content of PGs, while in the tibia the direct correlation between PGs and modulus was not observed. Our results suggest that while PGs control the fluid flow in articular cartilage, a high PG content alone does not guarantee high stiffness of the cartilage. Instead, the properties of the collagen network are suggested to control particularly the instant shape alterations of the articular cartilage under compression.
39
Aeschlimann, D., A. Wetterwald, H. Fleisch, and M. Paulsson. "Expression of tissue transglutaminase in skeletal tissues correlates with events of terminal differentiation of chondrocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 120, no. 6 (March 15, 1993): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.120.6.1461.
Full textAbstract:
Calcifying cartilages show a restricted expression of tissue transglutaminase. Immunostaining of newborn rat paw bones reveals expression only in the epiphyseal growth plate. Tissue transglutaminase appears first intracellularly in the proliferation/maturation zone and remains until calcification of the tissue in the lower hypertrophic zone. Externalization occurs before mineralization. Subsequently, the enzyme is present in the interterritorial matrix during provisional calcification and in the calcified cartilage cores of bone trabeculae. In trachea, mineralization occurring with maturation in the center of the cartilage is accompanied by expression of tissue transglutaminase at the border of the hydroxyapatite deposits. Transglutaminase activity also shows a restricted distribution in cartilage, similar to the one observed for tissue transglutaminase protein. Analysis of tissue homogenates showed that the enzyme is present in growth plate cartilage, but not in articular cartilage, and recognizes a limited set of substrate proteins. Osteonectin is coexpressed with tissue transglutaminase both in the growth plate and in calcifying tracheal cartilage and is a specific substrate for tissue transglutaminase in vitro. Tissue transglutaminase expression in skeletal tissues is strictly regulated, correlates with chondrocyte differentiation, precedes cartilage calcification, and could lead to cross-linking of the mineralizing matrix.
40
Poole, A. R., C. Webber, I. Pidoux, H. Choi, and L. C. Rosenberg. "Localization of a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (DS-PGII) in cartilage and the presence of an immunologically related species in other tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 5 (May 1986): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.5.3701029.
Full textAbstract:
A monoclonal antibody to a core-protein-related epitope of a small dermatan sulfate-rich proteoglycan (DS-PGII) isolated from adult bovine articular cartilage (22) was used to localize this molecule, or molecules containing this epitope, in bovine articular cartilages, in cartilage growth plate, and in other connective tissues. Using an indirect method employing peroxidase-labeled pig anti-mouse immunoglobulin G, DS-PGII was shown to be present mainly in the superficial zone of adult articular condylar cartilage of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint. In fetal articular and epiphyseal cartilages, the molecule was uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. By approximately 10 months of age it was confined mainly to the superficial and middle zones of articular cartilage and the inter-territorial and pericellular matrix of the deep zone. DS-PGII was not detected in the primary growth plate of the fetus except in the proliferative zone, where it was sometimes present in trace amounts. In contrast, it was present throughout the adjacent matrix of developing epiphyseal cartilage. In the trabeculae of the metaphysis, strong staining for DS-PGII was seen in decalcified osteoid and bone immediately adjacent to osteoblasts. Staining was also observed on collagen fibrils in skin, tendon, and ligament and in the adventitia of the aorta and of smaller arterial vessels in the skin. These observations indicate that DS-PGII and/or molecules containing this epitope are widely distributed in collagenous tissues, where the molecule is intimately associated with collagen fibrils; in adult cartilage this association is limited mainly to the narrow parallel arrays of fibrils which are found in the superficial zone at the articular surface. From its intimate association and other studies, this molecule may play an important role in determining the sizes and tensile properties of collagen fibrils; it may also be involved in the calcification of osteoid but not of cartilage.
41
Yamamoto, Etsuo, Michitaka Iwanaga, and Manabu Fukumoto. "Histologic Study of Homograft Cartilages Implanted in the Middle Ear." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 98, no. 6 (June 1988): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988809800602.
Full textAbstract:
We examined conditions of the micro-sliced homograft cartilages implanted in the middle ear, implanted cartilages removed at revision surgery or implanted cartilages removed at the second stage of staged tympanoplasty, both macroscopically and histologically. Macroscopically, the appearance and shape of the cartilages remained unchanged, with no evidence of erosion. There was no evidence of any foreign body reaction or rejection phenomenon. In general, no marked histologic changes of the matrix tissues were found, although chondrocytes showed degenerative changes. There was partial absorption of cartilage and replacement by fibrous connective tissue when inflammatory changes occurred in the middle ear. It is concluded that implanted homograft cartilage maintains its stiffness for more than 6 months in a healthy, aerated middle ear and appears to be clinically useful for tympanoplasty.
42
Chetina, E. V., and E. V. Chetina. "Inhibition of activity of collagen degradation in cartilage of patients with osteoarthrosis byactivation of glycolysis." Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases 14, no. 1 (April 15, 2011): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/osteo201118-12.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To study the effect of glycolysis activators deferrioxamine (DFO), CoCl2, V(SO4)2 and mimosine on collagen cleavage activity by collagenase in osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage explants. Materials and methods. 32 OA articular cartilages obtained after arthroplasty were examined in the study. Cartilages were cultured in the presence of 10-50μM DFO, CoCl2, V(SO4)2 or mimosine. Collagen cleavage activity was measured by ELISA. Inhibition of protein or DNA synthesis in the presence of [3H]-labeled proline or thymidine, respectively, was used for evaluation of examined agent toxicity. Results. Glycolysis activators DFO, CoCl2, V(SO4)2 or mimosine were capable of inhibiting type II collagen cleavage activity in OA articular cartilage explants. The examined agents have shown no toxic effect in the concentrations used. Conclusion. Glycolysis activation in articular chondrocytes may offer a means of inhibiting articular cartilage destruction in OA patients.
43
McBurney, Kim M., and Glenda M. Wright. "Chondrogenesis of a non-collagen-based cartilage in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-241.
Full textAbstract:
Chondrogenesis of the trabeculae, non-collagen-based cartilages in prolarval stages of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, was examined by light and electron microscopy. Chondrogenesis of the trabecular cartilages in prolarval lampreys commenced with the formation of mesenchymal condensations. Two peaks in mesenchymal cell density occurred, one prior to condensation formation and a second immediately before cartilage differentiation. The possibility of inductive influences by epithelio-mesenchymal interactions on the initiation of chondrogenesis is discussed. Bilateral condensations first appeared by day 17 post fertilization ventromedial to the eyes in a band of tightly packed yolk-laden mesenchymal cells that represent neural crest derived tissue. Cartilage differentiation occurred by day 19 post fertilization and was indicated by the presence of matrix-synthesizing organelles and the first ultrastructural appearance in the extracellular matrix of lamprin, a structural protein unique to lamprey cartilage. Lamprin was initially deposited as discrete 15- to 40-nm globules. Subsequently, lamprin appeared as fibrils aggregated into branching and parallel arrays arranged in pericellular, territorial, and interterritorial zones. Lengthening of the trabecular cartilages was primarily by appositional growth at the rostral end. The timing of the appearance of trabecular cartilages in prolarval stages likely reflects the functional importance of these structures for supporting the brain as the lamprey initiates burrowing behaviour.
44
Tarniţă, Daniela, Marius Catana, and Dan Nicolae Tarnita. "Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of the Human Knee Joint Affected by Osteoarthritis." Key Engineering Materials 601 (March 2014): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.601.147.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a complex three-dimensional model of the human knee joint, containing bones, ligaments, menisci, tibial and femoral cartilages. To investigate the role of the articular cartilage in the developing of the osteoarthritis, to analyze and simulate the biomechanical behavior of the human knee joint, a finite element analysis was performed. The non-linearities are due to the presence of the contact elements modeled between components surfaces and to the nonlinear properties of the cartilage, applying a load of 800 N and 1500 N, for 0o in flexion. The results show that misalignment (valgus variation) could damage the articular cartilage because they increase the stress magnitude, that progressively produce articular cartilage damage and it enhances the osteoarthritis phenomenon due to mechanical factors. The displacements and the Von Mises stress distributions on the cartilage and menisci for the virtual prototype, considering an angle of 10 degrees for valgus, are presented. The obtained values are comparable with the values obtained by other authors.
45
Kirasirova, E. A., N. V. Lafutkina, R. A. Rezakov, R. F. Mamedov, and I. F. Al-Assaf. "PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE CARTILAGE OF THE TRACHEA DEPENDING ON TERMS OF THE INTUBATION." Folia Otorhinolaryngologiae et Pathologiae Respiratoriae 25, no. 3 (2019): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33848/foliorl23103825-2019-25-3-87-93.
Full textAbstract:
Objective - to study the nature and prevalence of pathological changes in the cartilage of the trachea depending on the duration of intubation according to the results of pathomorphological studies. Materials and methods. Pathomorphological study of cartilage of the anterior tracheal wall was carried out on 37 patients at different times of mechanical ventilation. Depending on the timing of the ventilator before the tracheostomy, all patients were divided into three groups. In 10 people, the duration of ventilation until tracheostomy was no more than 3 days, in 15 people - 4 -7 days and in 12 people - more than 7 days. Results. On the 1st day of mechanical ventilation, dystrophic changes are determined, with the loss of cartilage cells. On the 2nd day of mechanical ventilation in the cartilage of the trachea significant dystrophic changes with pycnosis of the nuclei in chondrocytes were revealed. By the third day of mechanical ventilation, detachment of perichondria occurred, the surface of cartilage lacking perichondria was usurized, covered with fibrinous overlays, the cartilage no longer contained cartilage cells; by the 7th day of mechanical ventilation, deeper dystrophic and destructive changes were revealed in the tracheal cartilages - there was no perichondria, the cartilage surface was usurized, foci of chondronecrosis were observed in the areas adjacent to the damaged perichondria; by the tenth days of mechanical ventilation, the pathomorphological picture indicates the death of the cartilage and its replacement with granulation tissue, the presence of regeneration processes, expressed in focal proliferation of chondrocytes, thickening and fibrosis of the perichondria, the appearance and sequestration of dead cartilage. Conclusion. The severity of pathomorphological changes in the cartilage of the trachea due to the duration of intubation
46
Dabiri, Y., and L. P. Li. "Altered Knee Joint Mechanics in Simple Compression Associated with Early Cartilage Degeneration." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/862903.
Full textAbstract:
The progression of osteoarthritis can be accompanied by depth-dependent changes in the properties of articular cartilage. The objective of the present study was to determine the subsequent alteration in the fluid pressurization in the human knee using a three-dimensional computer model. Only a small compression in the femur-tibia direction was applied to avoid numerical difficulties. The material model for articular cartilages and menisci included fluid, fibrillar and nonfibrillar matrices as distinct constituents. The knee model consisted of distal femur, femoral cartilage, menisci, tibial cartilage, and proximal tibia. Cartilage degeneration was modeled in the high load-bearing region of the medial condyle of the femur with reduced fibrillar and nonfibrillar elastic properties and increased hydraulic permeability. Three case studies were implemented to simulate (1) the onset of cartilage degeneration from the superficial zone, (2) the progression of cartilage degeneration to the middle zone, and (3) the progression of cartilage degeneration to the deep zone. As compared with a normal knee of the same compression, reduced fluid pressurization was observed in the degenerated knee. Furthermore, faster reduction in fluid pressure was observed with the onset of cartilage degeneration in the superficial zone and progression to the middle zone, as compared to progression to the deep zone. On the other hand, cartilage degeneration in any zone would reduce the fluid pressure in all three zones. The shear strains at the cartilage-bone interface were increased when cartilage degeneration was eventually advanced to the deep zone. The present study revealed, at the joint level, altered fluid pressurization and strains with the depth-wise cartilage degeneration. The results also indicated redistribution of stresses within the tissue and relocation of the loading between the tissue matrix and fluid pressure. These results may only be qualitatively interesting due to the small compression considered.
47
Joiner, G. A., E. R. Bogoch, K. P. Pritzker, M. D. Buschmann, A. Chevrier, and F. S. Foster. "High Frequency Acoustic Parameters of Human and Bovine Articular Cartilage following Experimentally-Induced Matrix Degradation." Ultrasonic Imaging 23, no. 2 (April 2001): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173460102300203.
Full textAbstract:
Matrix degradation and proteoglycan loss in articular cartilag eare features of early osteoarthritis. To determine the effect of matrix degradation and proteoglycan loss on ultrasound propagation in cartilage, we used papain and interleukin-1α to degrade the matrix proteoglycans of human and bovine cartilage samples, respectively. There is also minor collagen alteration associated with these chemical degradation methods. We compared the speed of sound and frequency dependent attenuation (20–40 MHz) of control and experimental paired samples. We found that a loss of matrix proteoglycans and collagen disruption resulted in a 20–30% increase in the frequency dependent attenuation and a 2% decrease in the speed of sound in both human and bovine cartilage. We conclude that the frequency dependent attenuation and speed of sound in articular cartilage are sensitive to experimental modification of the matrix proteoglycans and collagen. These findings suggest that ultrasound can potentially be used to detect morphologic changes in articular cartilage associated with the progression of osteoarthritis.
48
Rose, Christopher S. "The cellular basis of cartilage growth and shape change in larval and metamorphosing Xenopus frogs." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): e0277110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277110.
Full textAbstract:
As the first and sometimes only skeletal tissue to appear, cartilage plays a fundamental role in the development and evolution of vertebrate body shapes. This is especially true for amphibians whose largely cartilaginous feeding skeleton exhibits unparalleled ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversification as a consequence of metamorphosis. Fully understanding the evolutionary history, evolvability and regenerative potential of cartilage requires in-depth analysis of how chondrocytes drive growth and shape change. This study is a cell-level description of the larval growth and postembryonic shape change of major cartilages of the feeding skeleton of a metamorphosing amphibian. Histology and immunohistochemistry are used to describe and quantify patterns and trends in chondrocyte size, shape, division, death, and arrangement, and in percent matrix from hatchling to froglet for the lower jaw, hyoid and branchial arch cartilages of Xenopus laevis. The results are interpreted and integrated into programs of cell behaviors that account for the larval growth and histology, and metamorphic remodeling of each element. These programs provide a baseline for investigating hormone-mediated remodeling, cartilage regeneration, and intrinsic shape regulating mechanisms. These programs also contain four features not previously described in vertebrates: hypertrophied chondrocytes being rejuvenated by rapid cell cycling to a prechondrogenic size and shape; chondrocytes dividing and rearranging to reshape a cartilage; cartilage that lacks a perichondrium and grows at single-cell dimensions; and an adult cartilage forming de novo in the center of a resorbing larval one. Also, the unexpected superimposition of cell behaviors for shape change onto ones for larval growth and the unprecedented exploitation of very large and small cell sizes provide new directions for investigating the development and evolution of skeletal shape and metamorphic ontogenies.
49
Amaratunga, H. A., S. B. Adikari, H. J. Suraweera, A. W. M. W. D. B. Amunugama, M. R. Illeperuma, T. Sivakanesan, W. S. Rathnaweera, and D. R. C. K. Dissanayake. "Histopathological changes due to osteoarthritis in articular cartilages of the knee." Sri Lanka Anatomy Journal 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/slaj.v6i2.162.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: The bony ends of a synovial joint are lined by a specialised hyaline cartilage termed the articular cartilage. Articular cartilage can be affected with degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Knee being one of the larger joints built for weight bearing is the commonest site for osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of articular cartilages of the knee joint in patients diagnosed with primary osteoarthritis.Methods: Seventy-two articular cartilages removed during total knee replacement surgery were observed for macroscopic damage and graded according to the direct visual assessment score. Thirty specimens randomly selected were processed for histology and stained with Safranin-O-fast green-iron hematoxylin and observed and scored using the Mankins histological and histochemical grading system.Results: majority of specimens showed severe damage in the medial compartment and much less damage in the lateral compartment. In the tibia the damage was greatest on the medial most edge where the articular cartilage was absent leaving the bone exposed. Anteromedial area was relatively spared. In the femur the middle part of the medial condyle was seen to be more severely damaged. A similar pattern was observed in 19 (63.3%) of the specimens and showed exposure of bone. In the lateral compartment worst damage was observed in the middle of the lateral femoral condyle, with the rest of the lateral compartment being well persevered. This pattern was observed in 26 (86.6%) of the knee specimens.Conclusion: OA of the medial compartment causes the two cartilage surfaces to grind together, mechanically denuding the cartilage layers, while the lateral compartment which receives much less mechanical stress is well preserved.
50
Piotrowski, T., T. F. Schilling, M. Brand, Y. J. Jiang, C. P. Heisenberg, D. Beuchle, H. Grandel, et al. "Jaw and branchial arch mutants in zebrafish II: anterior arches and cartilage differentiation." Development 123, no. 1 (December 1, 1996): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.123.1.345.
Full textAbstract:
In a large scale screen for mutants that affect the early development of the zebrafish, 109 mutants were found that cause defects in the formation of the jaw and the more posterior pharyngeal arches. Here we present the phenotypic description and results of the complementation analysis of mutants belonging to two major classes: (1) mutants with defects in the mandibular and hyoid arches and (2) mutants with defects in cartilage differentiation and growth in all arches. Mutations in four of the genes identified during the screen show specific defects in the first two arches and leave the more posterior pharyngeal arches largely unaffected (schmerle, sucker, hoover and sturgeon). In these mutants ventral components of the mandibular and hyoid arches are reduced (Meckel's cartilage and ceratohyal cartilage) whereas dorsal structures (palatoquadrate and hyosymplectic cartilages) are of normal size or enlarged. Thus, mutations in single genes cause defects in the formation of first and second arch structures but also differentially affect development of the dorsal and ventral structures within one arch. In 27 mutants that define at least 8 genes, the differentiation of cartilage and growth is affected. In hammerhead mutants particularly the mesodermally derived cartilages are reduced, whereas jellyfish mutant larvae are characterized by a severe reduction of all cartilaginous elements, leaving only two pieces in the position of the ceratohyal cartilages. In all other mutant larvae all skeletal elements are present, but consist of smaller and disorganized chondrocytes. These mutants also exhibit shortened heads and reduced pectoral fins. In homozygous knorrig embryos, tumor-like outgrowths of chondrocytes occur along the edges of all cartilaginous elements. The mutants presented here may be valuable tools for elucidating the genetic mechanisms that underlie the development of the mandibular and the hyoid arches, as well as the process of cartilage differentiation.