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Journal articles on the topic 'Cartilage structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Horky, D., and F. Tichy. "Submicroscopic structure of canine articular cartilage." Veterinární Medicína 49, No. 6 (March 29, 2012): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5697-vetmed.

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Canine articular cartilage was studied in male dogs at age 1, 4, 5 and 8 years. Samples collected from four hip joints and two humeral joints in each age category were processed by standard methods to be examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cartilage of both joints was similar in structure. In the superficial cartilage layer of one-year-old animals, individual spindle-shaped chondrocytes in the extracellular matrix were, together with associated collagen fibrils, located parallel to the surface. When viewed by scanning electron microscopy, they were distinctly prominent above the surrounding surface. Changes in the thickness and arrangement of both the chondrosynovial membrane and intercellular matrix were apparent in the 4-, 5- and 8-year-old animals, indicating the onset or progression of an osteoarthritic process. The middle cartilage layer in young animals showed elliptical chondrocytes occurring in pairs. The voluminous cytoplasm contained a great amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi complex and numerous transport vesicles. The pericellular matrix, up to 1 µm thick, was composed of aperiodic fibrils. In the old animals the pericellular matrix was absent and was replaced by thick collagen fibrils with a marked periodicity. The deep cartilage layer in young dogs included groups of three to four chondrocytes situated in a common territory. The cytoplasm contained distinct bundles of intermediary filaments. The pericellular matrix occasionally formed septa between adjoining cells. The intracellular matrix included bundles of collagen fibrils arranged in a matted structure. In the old animals aggregation of chondrocytes into groups almost disappeared. The cytoplasm showed only short cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum, small numbers of mitochondria and transport vesicles, frequent lipid droplets and small glycogen deposits. The intercellular matrix consisted of only short collagen fibrils with no distinct periodicity.

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2

Schroeder, Walter A., Margaret H. Cooper, and William H. Friedman. "The Histologic Effect of Hypervitaminosis A on Laryngeal Cartilages." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 96, no. 6 (June 1987): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988709600602.

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This study investigated the role of hypervitaminosis A on the developing larynx. Pregnant rats received a dose of 100,000 units of Vitamin A on either Day 8 or Day 11 of gestation. The hyaline laryngeal cartilages of the neonatal rats were studied. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages appeared to be the most affected. There was a pronounced central disorganization of the structure of the cartilage, with numerous swollen lacunae devoid of chondrocytes. The thyroid cartilage was the least affected. The center of the cartilage displayed a minimal amount of disorganization, when compared to the control. The effect of hypervitaminosis A on cartilaginous tissue is discussed, as well as its possiible effect on the development of laryngeal cartilages.

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3

Li, Xue, Jin Duo Ye, Chun Qui Zhang, Qian Qian Tian, Xian Kang Wang, and Li Min Dong. "Numerical Simulation about Stretching Process in Different Layers of Cartilage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.480.

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Cartilage with complex structure is a porous viscoelastic material. The direction of arrangement of collagen fibers in different layer regions directly affects the mechanical properties of the cartilage layer region. It is very important to use the method of numerical simulation for studying cartilage damage and repair through experimental measurements of cartilage mechanical parameters of the different layers. Because of the relatively small size of the cartilage, it is very difficult to measure mechanical parameters of cartilages by tensile test. The paper for main problems in the tensile test of cartilages, first by porcine articular cartilage compression testing, measuring the displacement of cartilage areas of different layers, according to the characteristics of the displacement determines the size of areas of different layers of cartilage, and then designed the cartilage and substrate stretching models. Model includes two forms of direct bonding and embedding bonding to simulate stretching process of different layers of the cartilage area in numerical way, displacement fields and stress-strain fields of stretching cartilage in different layer regions are derived. The numerical results show that using the way of embedded bonding can make stress of articular well-distributed without stress concentration, so it is a good way of bonding methods. Paper of the research work laid the foundation for measuring mechanical parameters of cartilage by stretch experiment.

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4

Becerra, José, José A. Andrades, Enrique Guerado, Plácido Zamora-Navas, José M. López-Puertas, and A. Hari Reddi. "Articular Cartilage: Structure and Regeneration." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 16, no. 6 (December 2010): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0191.

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5

Covizi, D. Z., and H. F. Carvalho. "Aggrecan structure in amphibian cartilage." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 33, no. 12 (December 2000): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2000001200002.

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6

Yi, Hee-Gyeong, Yeong-Jin Choi, Jin Woo Jung, Jinah Jang, Tae-Ha Song, Suhun Chae, Minjun Ahn, Tae Hyun Choi, Jong-Won Rhie, and Dong-Woo Cho. "Three-dimensional printing of a patient-specific engineered nasal cartilage for augmentative rhinoplasty." Journal of Tissue Engineering 10 (January 2019): 204173141882479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731418824797.

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Autologous cartilages or synthetic nasal implants have been utilized in augmentative rhinoplasty to reconstruct the nasal shape for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Autologous cartilage is considered to be an ideal graft, but has drawbacks, such as limited cartilage source, requirements of additional surgery for obtaining autologous cartilage, and donor site morbidity. In contrast, synthetic nasal implants are abundantly available but have low biocompatibility than the autologous cartilages. Moreover, the currently used nasal cartilage grafts involve additional reshaping processes, by meticulous manual carving during surgery to fit the diverse nose shape of each patient. The final shapes of the manually tailored implants are highly dependent on the surgeons’ proficiency and often result in patient dissatisfaction and even undesired separation of the implant. This study describes a new process of rhinoplasty, which integrates three-dimensional printing and tissue engineering approaches. We established a serial procedure based on computer-aided design to generate a three-dimensional model of customized nasal implant, and the model was fabricated through three-dimensional printing. An engineered nasal cartilage implant was generated by injecting cartilage-derived hydrogel containing human adipose-derived stem cells into the implant containing the octahedral interior architecture. We observed remarkable expression levels of chondrogenic markers from the human adipose-derived stem cells grown in the engineered nasal cartilage with the cartilage-derived hydrogel. In addition, the engineered nasal cartilage, which was implanted into mouse subcutaneous region, exhibited maintenance of the exquisite shape and structure, and striking formation of the cartilaginous tissues for 12 weeks. We expect that the developed process, which combines computer-aided design, three-dimensional printing, and tissue-derived hydrogel, would be beneficial in generating implants of other types of tissue.

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7

Horkay, Ferenc, Peter J. Basser, Anne-Marie Hecht, and Erik Geissler. "Cartilage: Multiscale Structure and Biomechanical Properties." MRS Advances 1, no. 8 (2016): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.184.

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ABSTRACTCartilage is a load bearing tissue that has multiple biological functions. The major proteoglycan in cartilage is the bottlebrush shaped aggrecan whose complexes with hyaluronic acid provide the compressive resistance of cartilage. The negatively charged aggrecan-hyaluronic acid complexes generate an osmotic swelling pressure within the tissue, which is balanced by the collagen network. To better understand the function of cartilage at the tissue level, we study aggrecan assemblies using an array of microscopic and macroscopic techniques. The organization of aggrecan assemblies at the supramolecular level is probed by light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. Osmotic and rheological measurements are used to investigate the macroscopic physical properties.

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8

CHEN, JING, CHUNGEN GUO, HONGSHENG LI, XIAOQIN ZHU, SHUYUAN XIONG, and JIANXIN CHEN. "NONLINEAR SPECTRAL IMAGING OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE IN RABBIT EARS." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 06, no. 03 (July 2013): 1350024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545813500247.

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Elastic cartilage in the rabbit external ear is an important animal model with attractive potential value for researching the physiological and pathological states of cartilages especially during wound healing. In this work, nonlinear optical microscopy based on two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation were employed for imaging and quantifying the intact elastic cartilage. The morphology and distribution of main components in elastic cartilage including cartilage cells, collagen and elastic fibers were clearly observed from the high-resolution two-dimensional nonlinear optical images. The areas of cell nuclei, a parameter related to the pathological changes of normal or abnormal elastic cartilage, can be easily quantified. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure of chondrocytes and matrix were displayed by constructing three-dimensional image of cartilage tissue. At last, the emission spectra from cartilage were obtained and analyzed. We found that the different ratio of collagen over elastic fibers can be used to locate the observed position in the elastic cartilage. The redox ratio based on the ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) over flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) fluorescence can also be calculated to analyze the metabolic state of chondrocytes in different regions. Our results demonstrated that this technique has the potential to provide more accurate and comprehensive information for the physiological states of elastic cartilage.

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9

Lawrence, Elizabeth Anna, Jessye Aggleton, Jack van Loon, Josepha Godivier, Robert Harniman, Jiaxin Pei, Niamh Nowlan, and Chrissy Hammond. "Exposure to hypergravity during zebrafish development alters cartilage material properties and strain distribution." Bone & Joint Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.102.bjr-2020-0239.r1.

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Aims Vertebrates have adapted to life on Earth and its constant gravitational field, which exerts load on the body and influences the structure and function of tissues. While the effects of microgravity on muscle and bone homeostasis are well described, with sarcopenia and osteoporosis observed in astronauts returning from space, the effects of shorter exposures to increased gravitational fields are less well characterized. We aimed to test how hypergravity affects early cartilage and skeletal development in a zebrafish model. Methods We exposed zebrafish to 3 g and 6 g hypergravity from three to five days post-fertilization, when key events in jaw cartilage morphogenesis occur. Following this exposure, we performed immunostaining along with a range of histological stains and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine cartilage morphology and structure, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation experiments to investigate the cartilage material properties, and finite element modelling to map the pattern of strain and stress in the skeletal rudiments. Results We did not observe changes to larval growth, or morphology of cartilage or muscle. However, we observed altered mechanical properties of jaw cartilages, and in these regions we saw changes to chondrocyte morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. These areas also correspond to places where strain and stress distribution are predicted to be most different following hypergravity exposure. Conclusion Our results suggest that altered mechanical loading, through hypergravity exposure, affects chondrocyte maturation and ECM components, ultimately leading to changes to cartilage structure and function. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):137–148.

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10

Müller, Andreas, and Friedrich P. Paulsen. "Impact of Vocal Cord Paralysis on Cricoarytenoid Joint." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 10 (October 2002): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211101006.

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To demonstrate structural changes in the cricoarytenoid joint after recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, we performed a laboratory investigation of fixed arytenoid cartilages from adult humans obtained during laser surgical arytenoidectomy in cases of bilateral vocal fold paralysis, analyzing the articular cartilage, the joint capsule, and the attached laryngeal musculature. Ten arytenoid cartilages from adult humans were studied by means of histology, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After long-standing denervation (>6 months), all arytenoid cartilages showed degenerative changes in their joint surface structure at various levels of intensity. The articular surface revealed fibrillation in some places, demasking of collagen fibrils next to the joint surface, and formation of chondrocyte clusters near the joint surface. All specimens also showed muscle atrophy. We conclude that long-standing recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis does not result in ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joint, as assumed, but the articular cartilage undergoes structural changes comparable to those in osteoarthritis. Structural changes in the articular cartilage and in the surrounding musculature hamper efforts at joint function recovery, as do procedures aiming solely at either medialization or lateralization of the vocal fold.

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11

Horký, D., and F. Tichý. "Submicroscopic Structure of Equine Articular Cartilage." Acta Veterinaria Brno 71, no. 2 (2002): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200271020151.

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12

Nixon, A. J. "Articular cartilage surface structure and function." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 9, no. 2 (1993): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem19930202.

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13

NIXON, A. J. "Articular cartilage surface structure and function." Equine Veterinary Education 3, no. 2 (June 1991): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1991.tb01478.x.

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14

Vignon, Éric. "Structure et métabolisme du cartilage articulaire." Revue du Rhumatisme 67 (July 2000): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1169-8330(00)80088-5.

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15

Horkay, Ferenc, Peter J. Basser, Anne-Marie Hecht, and Erik Geissler. "Structure and Properties of Cartilage Proteoglycans." Macromolecular Symposia 372, no. 1 (April 2017): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201700014.

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16

Bruckner, Peter, and Michel van der Rest. "Structure and function of cartilage collagens." Microscopy Research and Technique 28, no. 5 (August 1, 1994): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280504.

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17

Roughley, Peter J., and Eunice R. Lee. "Cartilage proteoglycans: Structure and potential functions." Microscopy Research and Technique 28, no. 5 (August 1, 1994): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280505.

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18

Mow, Van C., Harukazu Tohyama, and Ronald P. Grelsamer. "Structure-Function of Knee Articular Cartilage." Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 2, no. 3 (1994): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132585-199400230-00003.

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19

Poole, A. Robin, Toshi Kojima, Tadashi Yasuda, Fackson Mwale, Masahiko Kobayashi, and Sheila Laverty. "Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 391 (October 2001): S26—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200110001-00004.

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20

Dijkgraaf, Leonore C., Lambert G. M. de Bont, Geert Boering, and Robert S. B. Liem. "Normal cartilage structure, biochemistry, and metabolism." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 53, no. 8 (August 1995): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(95)90283-x.

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21

ŻYLIŃSKA, BEATA, ALEKSANDRA SOBCZYŃSKA-RAK, URSZULA LISIECKA, EWA STODOLAK-ZYCH, ŁUKASZ JAROSZ, and TOMASZ SZPONDER. "Structure and Pathologies of Articular Cartilage." In Vivo 35, no. 3 (2021): 1355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12388.

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22

Guo, Weimin, Xifu Zheng, Weiguo Zhang, Mingxue Chen, Zhenyong Wang, Chunxiang Hao, Jingxiang Huang, et al. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Oriented PLGA/ACECM Composite Scaffolds Enhance Structure-Specific Regeneration of Hyaline Cartilage in a Rabbit Model." Stem Cells International 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6542198.

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Articular cartilage lacks a blood supply and nerves. Hence, articular cartilage regeneration remains a major challenge in orthopedics. Decellularized extracellular matrix- (ECM-) based strategies have recently received particular attention. The structure of native cartilage exhibits complex zonal heterogeneity. Specifically, the development of a tissue-engineered scaffold mimicking the aligned structure of native cartilage would be of great utility in terms of cartilage regeneration. Previously, we fabricated oriented PLGA/ACECM (natural, nanofibrous, articular cartilage ECM) composite scaffolds. In vitro, we found that the scaffolds not only guided seeded cells to proliferate in an aligned manner but also exhibited high biomechanical strength. To detect whether oriented cartilage regeneration was possible in vivo, we used mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)/scaffold constructs to repair cartilage defects. The results showed that cartilage defects could be completely regenerated. Histologically, these became filled with hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone. Moreover, the aligned structure of cartilage was regenerated and was similar to that of native tissue. In conclusion, the MSC/scaffold constructs enhanced the structure-specific regeneration of hyaline cartilage in a rabbit model and may be a promising treatment strategy for the repair of human cartilage defects.

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23

Glant, T. T., K. Mikecz, and A. R. Poole. "Monoclonal antibodies to different protein-related epitopes of human articular cartilage proteoglycans." Biochemical Journal 234, no. 1 (February 15, 1986): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2340031.

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Monoclonal antibodies produced against chondroitinase-treated human adult cartilage proteoglycans were selected for their ability to recognize epitopes on native proteoglycans. Binding analyses revealed that four of these monoclonal antibodies (BCD-4, BCD-7, EFG-4 and KPC-190) each recognized a different epitope on the same proteoglycan molecule which represents a subpopulation of a high buoyant density (D1) fraction of human articular cartilage proteoglycans (10, 30, 50 and 60% in fetal-newborn, 1.5 years old, 15 years old and 52-56 years old cartilages, respectively). Analysis of epitope specificities revealed that BCD-7 and EFG-4 monoclonal antibodies recognized epitopes on proteoglycan monomer which are associated with the protein structure in that they are sensitive to cleavage by Pronase, papain and alkali treatment and do not include keratan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate or oligosaccharides. The BCD-4 and KPC-190 epitopes also proved to be sensitive to Pronase or papain digestion or to alkali treatment, but keratanase or endo-beta-galactosidase also reduced the immunoreactivity of these epitopes. These observations indicate that the BCD-4 and KPC-190 epitopes represent peptides substituted with keratan sulphate or keratan sulphate-like structures. The BCD-4 epitope is, however, absent from a keratan sulphate-rich fragment of human adult proteoglycan, while the other three epitopes were detected in this fragment. None of these four epitopes were detected in the link proteins of human cartilage, in the hyaluronic acid-binding region of human newborn cartilage proteoglycan, in Swarm rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan, in chicken limb bud proteoglycan monomer and in the small dermatan sulphate-proteoglycan of bovine costal cartilage. EFG-4 and KPC-190 epitopes were not detected in human fetal cartilage proteoglycans, although fetal molecules contained trace amounts of epitopes reactive with BCD-4 and BCD-7 antibodies.

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Kobayashi, Shigeru, Hisatoshi Baba, Kenichi Takeno, Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Kenzo Uchida, Yasuo Kokubo, Eiki Nomura, Chisato Morita, Hidezo Yoshizawa, and Adam Meir. "Fine structure of cartilage canal and vascular buds in the rabbit vertebral endplate." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 9, no. 1 (July 2008): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi/2008/9/7/096.

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Object The vascular terminations (vascular buds) in the bone–disc junction area are structurally very similar to cartilage. In all previous studies to date, however, the roles of cartilage canals and vascular buds were mainly discussed using histological and transparent sections but not electron microscopic sections. The purpose of this study was to clarify the ultrastructure of the vascular bud seen in the bone–disc junction in comparison to the cartilage canal. Methods Japanese white rabbits from 2 days to 6 months of age were used in this study. The bone–disc junctions were examined by microangiogram and light and electron microscopy, and morphological changes and their association with the age of the animals were noted. Results The fine structure of the vascular bud was similar to that of the cartilage canal that nourished the growing cartilage. They were composed of arteries, veins, capillaries, cells resembling fibroblasts, and macrophages. The capillaries in the cartilage canal were all the fenestrated type. Vascular buds were seen over the entire bone–cartilage interface, with maximum density in the area related to the nucleus pulposus. They projected into the bone–disc junction area from the vertebral body contacting the cartilaginous endplate directly. Conclusions The results of this study clarify the formation process and ultrastructure of the vascular bud seen in the bone–disc junction. The authors found a strong structural resemblance between the vascular bud and the cartilage canal and hypothesize that the immature cells seen surrounding the cartilage canal and vascular bud represent a common precursor for the 3 main types of connective tissue cells seen during early vertebral development.

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Roughley, PJ. "The structure and function of cartilage proteoglycans." European Cells and Materials 12 (November 30, 2006): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v012a11.

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Papagiannopoulos, A., T. A. Waigh, T. Hardingham, and M. Heinrich. "Solution Structure and Dynamics of Cartilage Aggrecan." Biomacromolecules 7, no. 7 (July 2006): 2162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm060287d.

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27

JANCIN, BRUCE. "Weight Loss in OA Modifies Cartilage Structure." Internal Medicine News 43, no. 13 (August 2010): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70702-2.

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28

HARDINGHAM, TIMOTHY E., AMANDA J. FOSANG, and JAYESH DUDHIA. "Domain structure in aggregating proteoglycans from cartilage." Biochemical Society Transactions 18, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 794–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0180794.

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29

Smyth, Patrick A., Rebecca E. Rifkin, Robert L. Jackson, and R. Reid Hanson. "The Fractal Structure of Equine Articular Cartilage." Scanning 34, no. 6 (June 29, 2012): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.21026.

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30

Carney, S. L., and H. Muir. "The structure and function of cartilage proteoglycans." Physiological Reviews 68, no. 3 (July 1988): 858–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1988.68.3.858.

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31

Cai, Hanxu, Peilei Wang, Yang Xu, Ya Yao, Jia Liu, Tao Li, Yong Sun, Jie Liang, Yujiang Fan, and Xingdong Zhang. "BMSCs-assisted injectable Col I hydrogel-regenerated cartilage defect by reconstructing superficial and calcified cartilage." Regenerative Biomaterials 7, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbz028.

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Abstract The self-healing capacity of cartilage was limited due to absence of vascular, nervous and lymphatic systems. Although many clinical treatments have been used in cartilage defect repair and shown a promising repair result in short term, however, regeneration of complete zonal structure with physiological function, reconstruction cartilage homeostasis and maintaining long-term repair was still an unbridgeable chasm. Cartilage has complex zonal structure and multiple physiological functions, especially, superficial and calcified cartilage played an important role in keeping homeostasis. To address this hurdle of regenerating superficial and calcified cartilage, injectable tissue-induced type I collagen (Col I) hydrogel-encapsulated BMSCs was chosen to repair cartilage damage. After 1 month implantation, the results demonstrated that Col I gel was able to induce BMSCs differentiation into chondrocytes, and formed hyaline-like cartilage and the superficial layer with lubrication function. After 3 months post-surgery, chondrocytes at the bottom of the cartilage layer would undergo hypertrophy and promote the regeneration of calcified cartilage. Six months later, a continuous anatomical tidemark and complete calcified interface were restored. The regeneration of neo-hyaline cartilage was similar with adjacent normal tissue on the thickness of the cartilage, matrix secretion, collagen type and arrangement. Complete multilayer zonal structure with physiological function remodeling indicated that BMSCs-assisted injectable Col I hydrogel could reconstruct cartilage homeostasis and maintain long-term therapeutic effect.

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Laorukooa, O. S., and L. A. Aleksina. "Articulate cartilage of humeral bone structure characteristics under high temperature." Scientific Notes of the I. P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1607-4181-2014-21-2-44-46.

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Articulate cartilage of the humeral bone head structure characteristics according to the temperature data and prolongation of their action under high temperature (50 - 90 °С) are demonstrated on the basis of anatomy and histology studies. In female morphological changes occurred much earlier than in male due to less thickness of their articulate cartilage. The obtained findings of high temperature damage effects on the cartilage can be explained by cell protein denaturation in temperature rising even more than +45 °C. More frequent occurence of musculoskeletal system diseaes in metallurgists is explained by the results obtained.

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Yu, Young Soo, Chi Bum Ahn, Kuk Hui Son, and Jin Woo Lee. "Motility Improvement of Biomimetic Trachea Scaffold via Hybrid 3D-Bioprinting Technology." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060971.

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A trachea has a structure capable of responding to various movements such as rotation of the neck and relaxation/contraction of the conduit due to the mucous membrane and cartilage tissue. However, current reported tubular implanting structures are difficult to impelement as replacements for original trachea movements. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new trachea implant with similar anatomical structure and mechanical properties to native tissue using 3D printing technology and evaluated its performance. A 250 µm-thick layer composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers was fabricated on a rotating beam using electrospinning technology, and a scaffold with C-shaped cartilage grooves that mimics the human airway structure was printed to enable reconstruction of cartilage outside the airway. A cartilage type scaffold had a highest rotational angle (254°) among them and it showed up to 2.8 times compared to human average neck rotation angle. The cartilage type showed a maximum elongation of 8 times higher than that of the bellows type and it showed the elongation of 3 times higher than that of cylinder type. In cartilage type scaffold, gelatin hydrogel printed on the outside of the scaffold was remain 22.2% under the condition where no hydrogel was left in other type scaffolds. In addition, after 2 days of breathing test, the amount of gelatin remaining inside the scaffold was more than twice that of other scaffolds. This novel trachea scaffold with hydrogel inside and outside of the structure was well-preserved under external flow and is expected to be advantageous for soft tissue reconstruction of the trachea.

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Hirano, Minoru, Morio Tateishi, Shigejiro Kurita, and Hidetaka Matsuoka. "Deglutition following Supraglottic Horizontal Laryngectomy." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, no. 1 (January 1987): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948709600102.

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In order to determine factors that may contribute to deglutition problems following supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy or its modified techniques, clinical records of 38 patients were studied. Contribution of the following factors was investigated: Age; sex; tumor classification; radical neck dissection; extent of and symmetry in removal of the aryepiglottic folds, arytenoid cartilages, and false folds; removal of the base of the tongue, hyoid bone, and a part of the vocal folds; extent of removal of the epiglottis and thyroid cartilage; cricopharyngeal myotomy; and some complications and concomitant diseases. The results suggest that removal of the arytenoid cartilage and asymmetrical removal of the false folds contribute to deglutition problems. We conclude that the standard supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy associated with surgical approximation of the larynx to the base of the tongue and cricopharyngeal myotomy does not usually cause serious deglutition problems. When the arytenoid cartilage is removed, reconstruction of the structure is required for the prevention of severe aspiration.

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Bailleul, Alida M., Zhiheng Li, Jingmai O’Connor, and Zhonghe Zhou. "Origin of the avian predentary and evidence of a unique form of cranial kinesis in Cretaceous ornithuromorphs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 18, 2019): 24696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911820116.

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The avian predentary is a small skeletal structure located rostral to the paired dentaries found only in Mesozoic ornithuromorphs. The evolution and function of this enigmatic element is unknown. Skeletal tissues forming the predentary and the lower jaws in the basal ornithuromorph Yanornis martini are identified using computed-tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and histology. On the basis of these data, we propose hypotheses for the development, structure, and function of this element. The predentary is composed of trabecular bone. The convex caudal surface articulates with rostromedial concavities on the dentaries. These articular surfaces are covered by cartilage, which on the dentaries is divided into 3 discrete patches: 1 rostral articular cartilage and 2 symphyseal cartilages. The mechanobiology of avian cartilage suggests both compression and kinesis were present at the predentary–dentary joint, therefore suggesting a yet unknown form of avian cranial kinesis. Ontogenetic processes of skeletal formation occurring within extant taxa do not suggest the predentary originates within the dentaries, nor Meckel’s cartilage. We hypothesize that the predentary is a biomechanically induced sesamoid that arose within the soft connective tissues located rostral to the dentaries. The mandibular canal hosting the alveolar nerve suggests that the dentary teeth and predentary of Yanornis were proprioceptive. This whole system may have increased foraging efficiency. The Mesozoic avian predentary apparently coevolved with an edentulous portion of the premaxilla, representing a unique kinetic morphotype that combined teeth with a small functional beak and persisted successfully for ∼60 million years.

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Lauder, R. M., T. N. Huckerby, and I. A. Nieduszynski. "Structure of the keratan sulphate chains attached to fibromodulin isolated from bovine tracheal cartilage. Oligosaccharides generated by keratanase digestion." Biochemical Journal 302, no. 2 (September 1, 1994): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3020417.

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The structure of the repeat region and chain caps of the N-linked keratan sulphate chains attached to bovine tracheal cartilage fibromodulin has been examined. The chains were fragmented by keratanase digestion, the resultant oligosaccharides isolated by strong anion-exchange chromatography, and their structures determined using high-field 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The chains were found to possess the following general structure: [formula: see text] All of the capping oligosaccharides isolated terminate with alpha(2-3)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid. No alpha(2-6)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid chain terminators, nor any fucose, alpha (1-3)-linked to N-acetylglucosamine along the repeat region, were detected. This work demonstrates that the structure of the repeat region and chain caps of N-linked keratan sulphate attached to fibromodulin isolated from bovine tracheal cartilage is identical with that of O-linked keratan sulphate chains attached to aggrecan derived from non-articular cartilage.

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Wu, J. P., T. B. Kirk, Z. Peng, K. Miller, and M. H. Zheng. "UTILIZATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM AND POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENT OF EARLY DEGENERATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 09, no. 03 (September 2005): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957705001564.

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Degeneration of articular cartilage begins from deterioration of the collagen fibres in the superficial zone. Standard histology using 2D imaging technique is often used to determine the microstructure of collagen fibres and the physiological functions of articular cartilage. However, information of the 3D collageneous structure in the cartilage could be lost and misinterpreted in 2D observations. In contrast, confocal microscopy permits studying the 3D internal structure of bulk articular cartilage with minimal physical disturbing. Using fibre optic laser scanning confocal microscopy, a 3D histology has been previously developed to visualize the collagen matrix in the superficial zone by means of identifying the early arthritic changes in articular cartilage. In this study, we characterized the collagen orientation in the superficial zone of normal cartilage, the cartilage with surface disruption and fibrillated cartilage using Fast Fourier transforms and power spectral analysis techniques. Thus, we have established an objective method for assessing the early pathology changes in the articular cartilage.

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Newman, Alan P. "Articular Cartilage Repair." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1998): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260022701.

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Articular cartilage can tolerate a tremendous amount of intensive and repetitive physical stress. However, it manifests a striking inability to heal even the most minor injury. Both the remarkable functional characteristics and the healing limitations reflect the intricacies of its structure and biology. Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes embedded within an extracellular matrix of collagens, proteoglycans, and noncollagenous proteins. Together, these substances maintain the proper amount of water within the matrix, which confers its unique mechanical properties. The structure and composition of articular cartilage varies three-dimensionally, according to its distance from the surface and in relation to the distance from the cells. The stringent structural and biological requirements imply that any tissue capable of successful repair or replacement of damaged articular cartilage should be similarly constituted. The response of cartilage to injury differs from that of other tissues because of its avascularity, the immobility of chondrocytes, and the limited ability of mature chondrocytes to proliferate and alter their synthetic patterns. Therapeutic efforts have focused on bringing in new cells capable of chondrogenesis, and facilitating access to the vascular system. This review presents the basic science background and clinical experience with many of these methods and information on synthetic implants and biological adhesives. Although there are many exciting avenues of study that warrant enthusiasm, many questions remain. These issues need to be addressed by careful basic science investigations and both short- and long-term clinical trials using controlled, prospective, randomized study design.

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García-Couce, Jomarien, Amisel Almirall, Gastón Fuentes, Eric Kaijzel, Alan Chan, and Luis J. Cruz. "Targeting Polymeric Nanobiomaterials as a Platform for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 17 (September 4, 2019): 1915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190708184745.

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Articular cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is found in anatomical areas that are important for the movement of the human body. Osteoarthritis is the ailment that most often affects the articular cartilage. Due to its poor intrinsic healing capacity, damage to the articular cartilage is highly detrimental and at present the reconstructive options for its repair are limited. Tissue engineering and the science of nanobiomaterials are two lines of research that together can contribute to the restoration of damaged tissue. The science of nanobiomaterials focuses on the development of different nanoscale structures that can be used as carriers of drugs / cells to treat and repair damaged tissues such as articular cartilage. This review article is an overview of the composition of articular cartilage, the causes and treatments of osteoarthritis, with a special emphasis on nanomaterials as carriers of drugs and cells, which reduce inflammation, promote the activation of biochemical factors and ultimately contribute to the total restoration of articular cartilage.

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Tkachenko, Artem S., Olena S. Maksymova, Oleksii V. Korenkov, Andrii P. Voznyi, and Gennadii F. Tkach. "STRUCTURE OF THE KNEE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AFTER THE FEMUR AND TIBIA EXTRA-ARTICULAR INJURY." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 8 (2021): 1863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202108115.

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The aim: To study the microscopic, ultramicroscopic, and histomorphometric features of the knee articular cartilage in rats with an extra-articular injury of the femur and tibia. Materials and methods: 60 white laboratory rats divided into three groups (I – control; II – animals with traumatic femur injury; III – animals with traumatic tibia injury) were used for the study. The light microscopy was performed by Olympus BH-2 microscope (Japan), transmission electron microscopy – by JEM-1230 microscope (Japan). SPSS software (version 17.0) was used for mathematical analysis. Results: The more pronounced morphological changes were observed in the articular cartilage of the proximal tibial epiphysis after mechanical tibial injury. The thickness of the articular cartilage was 27.89 % less than in the control. The chondrocyte number in the superficial zone was lower by 8.94 %, intermediate zone – by 14.23 %, and deep zone – by 21.83%, compared to control. Herewith, the histological changes were mostly detected in the intermediate and deep zones of the articular cartilage of both bones. Also, some chondrocytes had deformed nuclei, hypertrophied organelles, numerous inclusions, and residual glycogen granules. Conclusion: The extra-articular mechanical trauma of the lower limb bones leads to pathological changes in the knee articular cartilage. The structural changes include the articular cartilage thickening, the decrease in chondrocyte number, as well as chondrocyte rearrangement due to degenerative-dystrophic processes.

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Jasin, H. E. "Structure and Function of the Articular Cartilage Surface." Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 24, sup101 (January 1995): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009749509100900.

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Rieppo, Jarno, Juha Töyräs, Miika T. Nieminen, Vuokko Kovanen, Mika M. Hyttinen, Rami K. Korhonen, Jukka S. Jurvelin, and Heikki J. Helminen. "Structure-Function Relationships in Enzymatically Modified Articular Cartilage." Cells Tissues Organs 175, no. 3 (2003): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000074628.

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DUDHIA, JAYESH, AMANDA J. FOSANG, and TIMOTHY E. HARDINGHAM. "Domain structure and sequence similarities in cartilage proteoglycan." Biochemical Society Transactions 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0180198.

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DOEGE, KURT, MAKOTO SASAKI, and YOSHI YAMADA. "Rat and human cartilage proteoglycan (aggrecan) gene structure." Biochemical Society Transactions 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0180200.

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MIYATA, Shogo, Kazuhiro HOMMA, Katsuko FURUKAWA, Takashi USHIDA, and Tetsuya TATEISHI. "Structure Assessment of Regenerated Cartilage Using NMR Spectroscopy." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 72, no. 716 (2006): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.72.1237.

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Dudhia, Jayesh, and Timothy E. Hardingham. "The primary structure of human cartilage link protein." Nucleic Acids Research 18, no. 5 (1990): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.5.1292.

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YAMADA, YOSHIHIKO, KIMITOSHI KOHNO, YOSHIKI SAKURAI, PILAR FERNANDEZ, ANNE MARIE NUNEZ, SEISHI KATO, and GEORGE R. MARTIN. "Gene Structure: Cartilage and Basement Membrane Collagen Genes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 460, no. 1 Biology, Chem (December 1985): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb51229.x.

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Bhosale, A. M., and J. B. Richardson. "Articular cartilage: structure, injuries and review of management." British Medical Bulletin 87, no. 1 (August 1, 2008): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn025.

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Brown, Wendy E., Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "Structure-function relationships of fetal ovine articular cartilage." Acta Biomaterialia 87 (March 2019): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.073.

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Morrison, EH, MT Bayliss, MWJ Ferguson, and C. W Archer. "P44. Novel articular cartilage structure in Monodelphis domestica." Bone 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90967-9.

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