Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carte de réponse locale'
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Terekhina, Svetlana. "Comportement en fretting de composite CFRP HexTOOL TM et de sa matrice Bismaléimide." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00601034.
Full textLarvy, delariviere Ulysse. "Orientation automatique de carte d'environement autour d'une scene locale." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS024.
Full textIn this thesis, we have presented a method to register an environment map with a local scene automatically.In the literature, many methods need to orient the environmental map to be coherent with a local scene. This orientation is mostly done manually by a user. We present a method to register an environment map with a local scene automatically. A characteristic of our approach is that we do not need to create a complete 3D model of the local scene or have interaction with the user. Moreover, we are making simple assumptions.We propose a pipeline to create a virtual representation of the scene using our input data. This representation includes the global scene represented by the environment map and the local scene represented by a reference object and its shadow.By using the knowledge of the position of the main light source on the environment map, we can simulate the lighting and project a computed shadow on the ground. It is possible to compare the computed shadow shape with the input one to recover the correct position of the main light source. The final orientation of the environment map is directly related to the position of this main light source.We provide an evaluation of the proposed approach by calculating two metrics that compare our angle estimate with actual ground truth directions. Our orientation estimation shows that our method recovers a correct environment map orientation.In this thesis, we are interested in real input data. The environment map and the local scene are extracted from photographs or videos, which already contain a lighting rendering. It is therefore important to orient the environment map in a way that is consistent with the existing lighting in the local scene.We propose an automatic method, to orient an environment map to a local scene. This method is inspired by the behavior of light, drawing rays of light towards an object and attempting to match two shadows, one given as input and one calculated.We also use 3D data from the object we are considering. The originality is that we base our method on the way light behaves in order to calculate and match shadows. By matching the shadows, we can estimate the correct position of the environment map
Derniame, Sophie. "Cancer du poumon / Réponse immunitaire locale - modulation tumeur dépendante." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0097_DERNIAME.pdf.
Full textLung cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in the world. Smoking is clearly the major cause of this pathology. The proliferation of tumor cells induces an inflammatory stromal reaction comprising numerous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In this study, four complementary approaches have been used to study the tumor-dependent modulation of the immune system : TCR Vβ repertoire usage in flow cytometry, TCRγ gene clonal rearrangements in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE/TTGE), tumor and healthy lung tissue infiltration as well as lymph nodes characteristics in immunohistology and cytokine production by RNA RT-PCR. The results obtained have demonstrated the oligoclonality of T-cells in the three types of tissues tested. A Vβ13. 1 clone and a gamma clone appeared to be specifics of epidermoid carcinoma. Similarly, two TCRγ clones appeared to be restricted to adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the CD3/TCR complex was clearly down regulated in tumors compared to healthy tissue or lymph nodes. Similarly, HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and β2 microglobuline, strongly expressed on healthy pneumocytes were nearly absent from tumor cells. Several cytokines with antagonistic effects were detected within tumoral tissue, especially TGFβ and IL-10, which favour tumor growth and TNFalpha and IFNγ which potentialize the anti-tumoral immune response. In conclusion, the clones identified in healthy lung tissue could be specific of early pre-tumoral lesions induced by tobacco smoke, and some of the clones appear to be tumor-specific. However, the immune system has been defeated by several mechanisms, including a decrease of the expression of partners of the immunological synapse and the production of antagonistic cytokines
Paulin, Christophe. "Etude de l'endommagement du contact multicouche aube/disque sous chargement de fretting : impact des sollicitations variables et de la dimension du contact." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECDL0001.
Full textIn mechanical assemblies and especially for the aeronautical blade on disk contact, the combination between a normal load (centrifugal force) and a tangential load (vibrations) involves fretting solicitations. Resulting contact damages modify contacting surfaces and hinder the good working of the joint. Thus, from this specific industrial problem Snecma is performing a double coating process on one of the two Ti-6Al-4V parts. Lt consists of a soft and rough plasma sprayed layer (Cu-Ni-In) and a polymer bonded MoS2 solid lubricant. The aim of this research is to describe and formalize wear phenomena for variable amplitude conditions as well as the impact of the contact size for each contacting material. Firstly, for the MoS2/lTi-6Al-4V contact, we propose a map of the contact damages encountered ,then, from an elasto-plastic description of the materials we formalize the lifetime master curve. However, this technique reveals that for overcharged contacts the wear regime becomes severe. Then, concerning the wear behaviour of metallic materials, we propose wear kinetics which can take into account adhesion phenomena. This property has been validated for variable amplitude configurations as well as for different contact size and reveals a rather good stability. Finally, the development of an original finite element model of wear, which shows a very good correlation with experimental tests, encourages the way to formalize the global and successive damage of the entire contact
Orzanco, Maria Gabriela. "Exploration de la fusion des informations pour améliorer la fiabilité locale d'une carte forestière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23448/23448.pdf.
Full textIn the traditional forest maps in Quebec, sharp lines represent stand boundaries, forest strata are considered equally concordant in relation to field/cartographic attributes and the woody volume estimations issue from successive regrouping of field plots. The general objective of this research is to explore how different methods can be combined to characterize stand boundaries, forest strata and woody volume estimations, from geomatic and ecological points of view, by map and field information fusion. In order to qualify boundaries, their contrast and spatial contexts are quantified. The integration of these aspects allows the detection of forest sectors where boundary identification could be easiest. A significant relationship exists among the contrast of examined variables with the existence probability of boundaries. Other boundaries are identified from the field plots. These ones correspond to homogeneous plot clusters and to strong spatial discontinuities in the field variables. The two boundary types coincide spatially when neighbourhood differences are intense. The woody volume boundaries are, in this scale, spatially dependent on forest and topographic boundaries. Regression trees are used for grouping field plots considering minimum volume variability. The most effective tree model is associated with field variables. The groups formed with this method present less spatial variability in comparison with the plot groups presently used in Quebec. The forest strata are qualified by their accord map/plot level. For many forest strata the local accord is high while the neighbourhood accord is low. The local accord is attributed to internal strata homogeneity and/or the fact that plots poorly represent the forest stratum. The neighbourhood accord is associated with positional uncertainty of field samples, of boundaries or both. Finally, in order to permit cartographic and field boundary fusion at the element level, the resolution of heterogeneity between field and forest map data must be addressed first. The spatial resolution and semantic ecological significance of cartographic units are the most important of these heterogeneities.
Gendrin, Mathilde. "Articulations entre réponses locale et systémique dans les défenses antibactériennes de la Drosophile." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066285.
Full textAn immune system protects organisms against infections. During my PhD,I have focused on the local immune responses of Drosophila and on their links with the systemic immune response. The systemic response is induced in the fat body by the presence of bacteria in the body cavity while the local response is initiated when bacteria accumulate within an epithelial tissue. Some local gut infections however have been shown to also induce systemic responses in the absence of bacteria in the body cavity. Thus, a signal from the gut is detected by the fat body. It has been proposed that bacterial peptidoglycan, passing across the gut epithelium, could be this signal. In the first project of my PhD, I characterized a new, genital, mode of infection that induces both a local response of the genital tract and a systemic fat body response. Experiments based on genital deposition of peptidoglycan reveal that this molecule is the signal that passes from the genital tract to the fat body. Preliminary results suggest that its passage requires transcytosis. In my second project, I investigated the function of PGRP-LA. PGRPs are regulators and effectors of the immune response in animals. A transcriptome analysis in larval tracheae suggests that PGRP-LA is involved in the maintenance of a basal level of immune response in healthy conditions. Preliminary results suggest that PGRP-LA is also required for a localised response of the fat body surrounding the salivary glands. These studies provide new insights into the immune responses of the tracheae and genital tract and into the communication between barrier epithelia, specifically the salivary glands and the genital tract, and the fat body
Jamet, Sophie. "Rôle nouveau des récepteurs olfactifs dans l'établissement de la carte sensorielle olfactive." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066189.
Full textBugueno, Valdbenito Isaac Maximiliano. "Impact de l'infection par Porphyromonas gingivalis sur la réponse inflammatoire locale et systémique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ090.
Full textThe mechanisms involved in the initiation and development of periodontitis, as well as the dissemination of periodontal pathogens via the systemic circulation and their effects at the vascular level, remain poorly described. Chronic infection has been identified as a potential mechanism involved in atherothrombosis worsening. Indeed, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is considered to be a major periodontal pathogen involved in the onset and development of the diseases. Its ability to disrupt the epithelial barrier, as well as the endothelium barrier, and to induce a sustained inflammatory response contributes to tissue destruction. In this thesis, we evaluated the effects of P.gingivalis on apoptosis and inflammation of epithelial cells (GEC), fibroblasts (FB) and in a 3D model of microtissues (MT), as well as in endothelial cells (EC). Finally, we evaluated its role in the signaling-related inflammatory response via TLR-2 and TLR-4 and its five TIR-domain-containing adaptors proteins (TIR). We have shown that P.gingivalis is able to activate the inflammation and host-immune response, resulting in the destruction of the periodontium through modulation of primordial biological processes of various cell types, such as apoptosis (modulation of apoptosome Apaf-1 and its inhibitor XIAP), cell cycle (P53, P21, CDK4), inflammation (modulation of TLR-2, TLR-4, its MAL and TRAM adaptors proteins and inflammatory proteins such as TNF-α) , allowing it to escape from the immune system contributing to periodontal destruction and its systemic dissemination. The discovery of new mechanisms or new molecular targets affected by this pathogen will allow us to develop new therapeutic strategies
Berrada, Mohamed. "Une approche variationnelle de l'inversion : de la recherche locale à la recherche globale par carte topologique : application en inversion géoacoustique." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066016.
Full textGendrin, Mathilde. "Articulations entre réponses locale et symétrique dans les défenses antibactériennes de la Drosophile." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814743.
Full textGrandjean, Sylvie. "Réponse thermique à l'échelle locale dans les matériaux céramiques, effets des pores et des joints de grains." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0033.
Full textA heterogeneous material consists of a mixture of solid phases, pores and interfaces. Many models describe the equivalent thermal conductivity of porous or multiphase material. On the other hand, there is little information concerning the effect of the grain boundaries. We have therefor examined the relation between the porosity and the grain boundaries with conductivity and in particular we have evaluated the thermal resistance of the grain boundaries in alumina, tin oxide and magnesia. Values in the range 0. 7 to 2. 2 10-8 m2. K. W-1 were obtained for the three materials. In order to eliminate the contribution of the pores on resistance, a correction is made by the effective medium percolation theory. This choice was guided by a study in computer simulation of the effect of the porous structure on conductivity. The last part presents an experiment of local measurement of thermal conductivity applied to single crystal fibers as well as polycrystalline ceramics
Labourdette, Rachel. "Caractérisation de la réponse immune locale induite à la suite de l'immunisation avec un vaccin potentiel de Chlamydia trachomatis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0027/MQ41928.pdf.
Full textGonzales, Julia. "Le district industriel de Gamarra-Pérou, le réseau de petites et micro-entreprises : une réponse locale à la globalisation." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030016.
Full textRodriguez, Gonzalo. "Modélisation de la réponse de l'architecture au climat local." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15226/document.
Full textIn the context of the current energy crisis, energy consumption and the carbon trace have become a mayor influence in the architectonic conception, the first link in the construction process. Recent constrains associated with international agreements such as the Rio Summit (1992), the Kyoto Protocole and, specifically in France, Grenelle delʼEnvironnement Round Table (2007), have diversified the number of stakeholders in the architectural conception, traditionally reserved to architects. The race to reduce by hal fenergy consumption in buildings (RT 2012) as well as the goal to cut by four greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (Grenelle de lʼEnvironnement), puts the architectural creative process in jeopardy. Such demanding requirements favor trivial technical solutions and encourage standardization and off shoring of architectural elements.This researchʼs purpose is to place the architectural approach at the center of the sustainable conception. This allows the validation of the performance of a houseʼs shape as an effective response to environmental constrains. For this, we have placed our interest in the vernacular house, usually characterized by simple forms and adapted to their sociocultural and geo-climatic context. This habitat, which has resulted from a long term optimization, is inevitably sustainable. The vernacular habitat is analyzed herein in the search of the motivations that have shaped it. In consequence, geographical and climate circumstances that could have determined the shape of houses have been considered. We claim that from the analysis of visible architectural features it is possible to obtain information on the geo-climatic environment as well as the influence relationships that connect them.These influence relationships are modeled following a qualitative approach supported by a qualitative representation of knowledge. The representation, based upon qualitative functions, enables automatic reasoning, starting from gathered awareness of geo-climatic environment, for establishing corresponding architectural features. Finally, the modeled result both allows the evaluation of the form of new houses and assist the conception of houses adapted to their local context
Tran, Van tieng. "Structures en béton soumises à des chargements mécaniques extrêmes : modélisation de la réponse locale par la méthode des éléments discrets." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627464.
Full textTran, Van Tieng. "Structures en béton soumises à des chargements mécaniques extrêmes : modélisation de la réponse locale par la méthode des éléments discrets." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU021/document.
Full textThis thesis work deals with the predicting of concrete structures submitted to some extreme loadings, and, more particularly, focuses on behavior of concrete under a high-confining pressure. At this range of pressures, irreversible compaction of the material occurs and needs to be considered. Doing so, two elasto-plastic-damaged constitutive laws have been developed and implanted into a discrete element numerical code. Local parameters to be used in these constitutive laws are identified by simulating reference uniaxial traction/compression tests and triaxial compression tests. Once these parameters have been obtained, the law showing the best agreement with the experimental data has been chosen to predict the reponse of concrete sample for triaxial compressive tests at different levels of confinement. The numerical results have been analyzed not only at macroscopic scale but also at discrete element scale. The need of a constitutive law taking into account the elasto-plastic-damaged behavior has been also proved. The second objective of the thesis work was to develop a fluid flow – coupled discrete element model by considering fundamental physical mechanisms of the interaction between the internal fluide flow and the solid particles of a porous material. The flow problem is solved by the finite volume method, where the volume is discretized into tetrahedra issue of a regular Delaunay triangulation. Our model is an adaptation for elastic fluids of a model originally developed for incompressible flows. The developed fluid-flow coupled discrete element has been used to simulate the undrained triaxial behavior of concrete under different levels of confinement. The results show a good reproduction of undrained behavior of saturated concrete under low confinement. For high confinement, the simulations only resemble the experimental results when the fluid compressibility is lower than that of water. Moreover, the effective stress was a relevant variable to describe the behavior of the wet concrete by an intrinsic limit state independent of the degree of saturation
Raphaël, Olivier. "Contribution à la microscopie thermique à sonde locale en mode alternatif : Caractérisation de la réponse et de l’interaction sonde échantillon." Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000844.pdf.
Full textScanning Thermal Microscope allows the study of the temperature fields and of the thermals properties of materials at micrometric and nanometric scales. The instruments performances depend primarily on the thermal probe type used. Our microscope uses a thermo-resistive probe manufactured with a Wollaston wire of 75 µm diameter containing a platinum-rhodium core (90% - 10%) of 5 µm diameter. Traditionally this probe is supplied by a continuous electric current. This thesis is about the implementation of the operating process with alternative current. An electronic device is especially developed for this operating process which allows a precise modelling of measurement. Two distinct modellings are presented: the first one is one-dimensional (analytical approach), the second one is three-dimensional (finite element method). These modellings provide the characterization of the thermophysical and geometrical properties of the probe as well as the study of interaction between the probe and various surrounding mediums. The experimental and theoretical studies of the probe response according to the tip-sample distance reveal a phenomenon of thermal diffusion wave interferences. The study of the probe response, in contact, leads to the estimation of a high sensitivity range to the thermal conductivity’s sample and the estimation of the contact thermal resistance. Finally the study of the material with an inclusion shows the alternative mode appropriateness with the characterization of the thin films
Anceau, Christelle Chantal Ginette. "Réponse non-linéaire locale de monocouches moléculaires ordonnées et effets d'exaltations sur les structures métalliques granulaires, sondés par microscopie à 2 photons." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS013V.
Full textMultiphoton microscopy has become a powerful method for imaging chemical and biological samples, especially for lives cells due to the penetration depth in biologic tissues and the photo-damage threshold. Spatial resolution close to that in confocal microscopy , temporal and anisotropic studies are some of advantages in the submicroscopic scale for physics. This describe relates the setup of a 2-photon microscope and its the advantages in submicroscopic physics. Characteristics. Spatial esolution (near 400 nanometers), implementation of spectral detection and polarization analysis made possible local 2-photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation studies on different samples. The samples studied are molecular monolayers deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Polarization studies are a sensitive method to probe the symmetry and the local orientation of the molecular distribution. The second part of this thesis presents the sub-microscopic nonlinear optical properties of granular gold samples supporting local plasmon resonances. The existence of a strong second harmonic generation enhancement confined in sub-microscopic-sized regions was found to depend on roughness on the sample. While the local nonlinear response is shown to be strongly depolarized, it still reflects the local morphology and therefore the local-field anisotropy in the sample plane. The last part of this work focuses on the nonlinear response of a molecular monolayers deposited on gold nanostructures. Enhancement of molecular nonlinear responses are observed but photo-damage is a limiting factor. Measurement of fluorescence lifetime relates a chemical interaction between molecules and metal
Mencik, Jean-Mathieu. "Formulation de la réponse dynamique d'une structure maîtresse couplée à un système annexe et formulation locale du comportement énergétique des structures vibrantes." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1736.
Full textDouaire, Maelle. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la réponse de lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 aux conditions hydrodynamiques locales en réacteur Couette." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0039/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to reach a better understanding of environmental effects on bacterial behaviour in bioreactors. Particular attention has been paid to hydrodynamically-induced stresses at the cell scale, with a view to characterizing and quantifying these local interactions. As a “model experiment”, Lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 has been cultivated in a CouetteBioreactor, a device generating a known and defined flow field. Under specific flow regime (Modulated Wavy Vortex Flow), the cells end up being entrapped in a polysaccharidic matrix. The phenotype of the cells has been demonstrated to be strongly affected by the flow conditions. The stress signal encountered by the cells has been characterized, through umerical simulation (Direct Numerical Simulation) and lagrangian particle tracking, and linked to the phenotypic expression. These studies provide further examples of bacterial response to local hydrodynamic conditions
Daroles, Laura. "Le rôle de la Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein et de alpha CamKII dans la plasticité des cellules granulaires du bulbe olfactif en réponse à l'apprentissage." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066037/document.
Full textThe Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is a major regulator of local translation in neurons. It is absent in the Fragile X Syndrom (FXS), which is the main cause of inherited intellectual deficiency. I studied the role of FMRP in structural plasticity of adult-born granule cells (abGC) of the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) in response to learning. Perceptual learning (PL) induces profound structural changes in abGC. In absence of FMRP in adult-born neurons, learning and associated structural plasticity are prevented. αCamKII is a well known translational target of FMRP, which is involved in synaptic and structural plasticity. In absence of αCamKII mRNA in neurites, PL and associated structural plasticity are abolished. Besides, PL increases the dendritic local translation of αCamKII in an FMRP-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, αCamKII is present in 50% of the total GC population of the OB. Learning-associated structural plasticity occurs only in αCamKII expressing GC. Interestingly, PL activates similarly both populations. These results reveal a new role for local translation in learning-induced structural plasticity. Moreover, PL induces different effects in the two subpopulations we identified, which probably both participate to PL
Todorova, Biliana. "Imagerie in vivo de la réponse immune locale à la vaccination par voie intradermique à l’aide d’un ADN plasmidique associée à l’électroporation chez le macaque cynomolgus." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114837.
Full textIn vivo electroporation (EP) is used as a strategy to improve the immune response induced by DNA vaccines. However, its local effect on the innate immune cells has not been fully described. We developed in vivo fluorescence imaging approaches to highlight the cell behavior in the site of vaccination in macaques. Our results show that the local EP not only increases the amount and the distribution of the vaccine antigen, but also induces the mobilization and migration of Langerhans cells. Furthermore, EP causes the recruitment of leukocytes into the skin and subcutaneous tissue and promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These early events that result from the use of the EP as a delivery system for DNA vaccines, highlight its potential as a vaccine adjuvant
Ménard, Laurent. "Etude de la quadrangulation infinie uniforme." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066511.
Full textBourguin, Isabelle. "Vaccination orale contre la toxoplasmose : emploi de la toxine cholérique comme adjuvant de l'immunité locale et systémique ; étude des mécanismes immunitaires associés à la protection." Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR3802.
Full textLouis, Yves. "Etude analytique et numérique de la réponse diélectrique non-locale d'un plasma de tokamak à une perturbation radiofréquence, tenant compte de la toroïdicité et des effets de décorrélation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212532.
Full textDumont, Grégory. "Analyse de modèles de population de neurones : cas des neurones à réponse postsynaptique par saut de potentiel." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14601/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns the mathematical modelling and the study of the behavior of a population of neurons. In this work we will mainly consider a population of excitatory neurons whe reall the cells of the network follow the integrate-and-fire model. Nonetheless, we will tackle in a chapter the modelling of an inhibitory population of neurons, and we will discuss in the lastchapter the modelling of a population of neurons that follows the Ermentrout-Koppell model.The point of view of this thesis is given by the population density approach that has beenintroduced more than a decade ago in order to facilitate the simulation of a large assembly ofneurons. More precisely, this approach gives a partial differential equation that describes thedensity of neurons in the state space that is the set of all admissible potential of a neuron. We will assume that when receiving an action potential, the potential of the neuron makes a small jump. As we will see this partial differential equation is non linear (due to the coupling betweenneurons) and non-local (due to the potential jump). If this idea is complicated and abstract, itallows to simulate easily a large neural network.First of all, the thesis gives a mathematical framework for the equations that arise from thisthe population density approach. Then we will discuss the existence and the possible blow upin finite time of the solution. We will discuss how the consideration of more realistic modellingassumptions, as the refractory period and the delay between the emission and the reception ofan action potential can stop the blow up of the solution and give a well posed model.We will also try to caracterise the occurence of synchronization of the neural network. Twodifferent ways of seeing the synchronization will be describe. One relates the blow up in finitetime of the solution to the occurence of a Dirac mass in the firing rate of the population.Nonetheless, taking into account the delays, this kind of blow up will not be observed anymore.Nonetheless, as we will see, with this additional features the model will generate some periodicalsolutions that can also be related to the synchronization of the population
Foray, Vincent. "La plasticité phénotypique en réponse à la variabilité environnementale : de la norme de réaction aux mécanismes physiologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10299.
Full textPhenotypic plasticity, i.e. the ability of a genotype to express several phenotypes depending on environmental conditions, represents an important source of phenotypic variability and so plays a major role in evolution. In a variable environment, generalist strategies, able to maintain a stable value of fitness over a wide range of environmental conditions, thanks to a greater plasticity of underlying traits, should be favored. The analysis of reaction norms of physiological traits and traits related to fitness as a function of temperature reveals in the parasitoid Venturia canescens that (i) thermal variability of the habitat determines the shape of reaction norms, according to the trade-off between generalist and specialist strategies, (ii) differences between generalist and specialist individuals are maintained face to rapid fluctuations in temperature that mimic natural conditions and (iii) individuals experiencing greater variability in their thermal habitat have a greater capacity for cold acclimation. These results indicate the existence of two different strategies in V. canescens and therefore a thermal niche differentiation, allowing their coexistence in a heterogeneous environment
Nardin, Maxime. "Ajustement biologique du mélèze aux variations environnementales le long d'un gradient altitudinal : approche microdensitométrique de la réponse au climat." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062198.
Full textNardin, Maxime. "Ajustement biologique du mélèze aux variations environnementales le long d’un gradient altitudinal : approche microdensitométrique de la réponse au climat." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2071/document.
Full textThe strong climatic variation, in particular the temperature variation, which is associated with the altitudinal distribution of certain stands of forest trees, can induce different divergent selection pressure favoring altitude-dependent phenotype expression. The aim of the present thesis is to determine if local adaptation exists and can be identified in an European larch stand (Larix decidua Mill.) distributed along an altitudinal gradient located in the French Alps near Briançon. four plots of about 200 larches were delimited at 2300 m, 2000 m, 1700 m and 1350 m along this altitudinal gradient. A significant phenotypic variability was observed between these altitudinal levels for most characters studied: circumference, tree height, percentage of sapwood and for all the annual-ring microdensity variables except one (ring width). A population genetics analysis using microsatellite markers showed a small effect of genetic drift on the genetic diversity but an intensive gene flow between the altitudinal levels studied. The inter-altitudinal genetic differentiation was estimated using an in-situ approach based on phenotypic data only (PST) and compared with the differentiation observed by means of microsatellite markers (FST). This analysis indicates that the assumption of local adaptation with altitude can be reasonably proposed for the characters of height, circumference, percentage of sapwood and earlywood density. On the contrary, the local adaptation does not appear to be an acceptable assumption concerning characters such as ring width, ring surface area, latewood width and latewood density
Montarry, Josselin. "Réponse adaptative des populations de Phytophthora infestans, agent du mildiou de la pomme de terre, au déploiement en culture de son hôte Solanum tuberosum." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133363.
Full textFaye, Ibrahima Birame Ndébane. "Dynamique du trait de côte sur les littoraux sableux de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau (Afrique de l’Ouest) : approches régionale et locale par photo-interprétation, traitement d’images et analyse de cartes anciennes." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES1001.
Full textThis PhD Thesis on shoreline changes in western African sandy coasts from Mauritania to Guinea Bissau is a contribution to the “Prospective review of the long-term coastal environment changes in western Africa”, scientific research component of the Regional Coastal and Marine Conservation Program for West Africa (PRCM). Its main objective was to highlight and measure erosion and accumulation processes occurred over several decades on the sandy shores from Mauritania to Guinea Bissau at regional and local scales. The comparison of the instantaneous waterline and the vegetation line positions extracted from multi temporal Landsat images by density slicing or classification with the ISODATA algorithms indicates a regional progradational trend of highly mobile coastal forms like sandy spits, small islands and beach barrier associated with the estuarine systems from Senegal to Guinea Bissau in spite of localized erosion cases. The local analysis focuses on four sites located along the Mauritanian and Senegalese shoreline (Nouakchott area, Ndiago - Saint-Louis, Bargny - Yene-sur-mer, Mbour - Pointe Sarène) and approximately stretching over 67km. It is primarily based on digital processing and interpretation of aerial images in a GIS. Thereby the study of the spatial and temporal evolution of the position of selected shoreline indicators (high water line or upper beach limit) reveals that 47km (70 %) of the studied coastline are eroding and only 20 km (30 %) are prograding
Faye, Ibrahima. "Dynamique du trait de côte sur les littoraux sableux de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau (Afrique de l'Ouest) : Approches régionale et locale par photo-interprétation, traitement d'images et analyse de cartes anciennes." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472200.
Full textCavinato, Cristina. "Caractérisation des micro-mécanismes de déformation et de rupture de la paroi d’anévrisme aortique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEM003.
Full textThe wall of the ascending thoracic aorta retains a complex heterogeneous microstructural organization which can be subjected to aneurysms, irreversible dilatations associated with degenerative remodeling processes of the microstructure. The latter results in an altered mechanical behavior of such key tissue whose utmost consequences are rupture or dissection.The following hypothesis is addressed: the phenomena which occur at the microscopic fibrous structure of collagen and elastin are involved or even responsible for the macroscopic mechanical response of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms, in particular when close to rupture. Towards an improved understanding of the structure-to-mechanics relationship, an experimental methodology enabled the consistent coupling of several test benches: a mechanical inflation test, an optical device for high resolution measurements of the specimen thickness, a image correlation set-up for full-field displacement measurements and a two-photon microscopy bench. Patient-specific analyses were conducted on ex-vivo specimens of animal and human thoracic aortae, in particular human ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms, up to rupture. The analyses focus on the relationship between local mechanical state and microstructural morphology of the principal fibrous components of the outer aortic layer, usually seen as ultimate resistive barrier before rupture. The connection between these data and fundamental information inherent to clinics or morphometry are analyzed. The resulting contribution consists of advanced observations of the fibrous recruitment and reactions to the loading scenario and quantitative links with mechanics and clinics
Chen, Linxiao. "Cartes planaires aléatoires couplées aux systèmes de spins." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS096/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of random planar maps decorated by statistical physics models. We examine three particular models using tools coming from analysis, combinatorics and probability. From a geometric perspective, we focus on the interface properties and the local limits of the decorated random maps. The first model defines a family of random quadrangulations of the disk decorated by an O(n)-loop model. After completing the proof of its phase diagram initiated in [BBG12c] (Chap. II), we look into the lengths and the nesting structure of the loops in the non-generic critical phase (Chap. III). We show that these statistics, described as a labeled tree, converge in distribution to an explicit multiplicative cascade when the perimeter of the disk tends to infinity. The second model (Chap. IV) consists of random planar maps decorated by the Fortuin-Kasteleyn percolation. We complete the proof of its local convergence sketched in [She16b] and establish a number of properties of the limit. The third model (Chap. V) is that of random triangulations of the disk decorated by the Ising model. It is closely related to the O(n)-decorated quadrangulation when n=1. We compute explicitly the partition function of the model with Dobrushin boundary conditions at its critical point, in a form ameneable to asymptotics. Using these asymptotics, we study the peeling process along the Ising interface in the limit where the perimeter of the disk tends to infinity.Key words. Random planar map, O(n) loop model, Fortuin-Kasteleyn percolation, Ising model, local limit, interface geometry
Héry, Elwan. "Localisation coopérative de véhicules autonomes communicants." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2516.
Full textTo be able to navigate autonomously, a vehicle must be accurately localized relatively to all obstacles, such as roadside for lane keeping and vehicles and pedestrians to avoid causing accidents. This PhD thesis deals with the interest of cooperation to improve the localization of cooperative vehicles that exchange information. Autonomous navigation on the road is often based on coordinates provided in a Cartesian frame. In order to better represent the pose of a vehicle with respect to the lane in which it travels, we study curvilinear coordinates with respect to a path stored in a map. These coordinates generalize the curvilinear abscissa by adding a signed lateral deviation from the center of the lane and an orientation relative to the center of the lane taking into account the direction of travel. These coordinates are studied with different track models and using different projections to make the map-matching. A first cooperative localization approach is based on these coordinates. The lateral deviation and the orientation relative to the lane can be known precisely from a perception of the lane borders, but for autonomous driving with other vehicles, it is important to maintain a good longitudinal accuracy. A one-dimensional data fusion method makes it possible to show the interest of the cooperative localization in this simplified case where the lateral deviation, the curvilinear orientation and the relative positioning between two vehicles are accurately known. This case study shows that, in some cases, lateral accuracy can be propagated to other vehicles to improve their longitudinal accuracy. The correlation issues of the errors are taken into account with a covariance intersection filter. An ICP (Iterative Closest Point) minimization algorithm is then used to determine the relative pose between the vehicles from LiDAR points and a 2D polygonal model representing the shape of the vehicle. Several correspondences of the LiDAR points with the model and different minimization approaches are compared. The propagation of absolute vehicle pose using relative poses with their uncertainties is done through non-linear equations that can have a strong impact on consistency. The different dynamic elements surrounding the ego-vehicle are estimated in a Local Dynamic Map (LDM) to enhance the static high definition map describing the center of the lane and its border. In our case, the agents are only communicating vehicles. The LDM is composed of the state of each vehicle. The states are merged using an asynchronous algorithm, fusing available data at variable times. The algorithm is decentralized, each vehicle computing its own LDM and sharing it. As the position errors of the GNSS receivers are biased, a marking detection is introduced to obtain the lateral deviation from the center of the lane in order to estimate these biases. LiDAR observations with the ICP method allow to enrich the fusion with the constraints between the vehicles. Experimental results of this fusion show that the vehicles are more accurately localized with respect to each other while maintaining consistent poses
Pyun, Nam Jun. "Extraction d’une image dans une vidéo en vue de la reconnaissance du visage." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB132/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to create a methodology in order to extract one or a few representative face images of a video sequence with a view to apply a face recognition algorithm. A video is a media particularly rich. Among all the objects present in the video, human faces are, for sure, the most salient objects. Let us consider a video sequence where each frame contains a face of the same person. The primary assumption of this thesis is that some samples of this face are better than the others in terms of face recognition. A face is a non-rigid 3D object that is projected on a plan to form an image. Hence, the face appearance changes according to the relative positions of the camera and the face. Many works in the field of face recognition require faces as frontal as possible. To extract the most frontal face samples, on the one hand, we have to estimate the head pose. On the other hand, tracking the face is also essential. Otherwise, extraction representative face samples are senseless. This thesis contains three main parts. First, once a face has been detected in a sequence, we try to extract the positions and sizes of the eyes, the nose and the mouth. Our approach is based on local energy maps mainly with a horizontal direction. In the second part, we estimate the head pose using the relative positions and sizes of the salient elements detected in the first part. A 3D face has 3 degrees of freedom: the roll, the yaw and the pitch. The roll is estimated by the maximization of a global energy function computed on the whole face. Since this roll corresponds to the rotation which is parallel to the image plan, it is possible to correct it to have a null roll value face, contrary to other rotations. In the last part, we propose a face tracking algorithm based on the tracking of the region containing both eyes. This tracking is based on the maximization of a similarity measure between two consecutive frames. Therefore, we are able to estimate the pose of the face present in a video frame, then we are also able to link all the faces of the same person in a video sequence. Finally, we can extract several samples of this face in order to apply a face recognition algorithm on them
Portet, Anaïs. "Décryptage du Polymorphisme de Compatibilité dans l’interaction entre Biomphalaria glabrata et Schistosoma mansoni : une approche intégrative." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0035/document.
Full textBiomphalaria glabrata is tropical fresh water snail, living in Latin America. This planorbe is the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni, a trematode responsible for the intestinal Schistosomiasis, second worldwide human vector-borne disease after the malaria. In this context, a better comprehension of the parasite/snail interaction is necessary and appearsa promising research field. The understanding of immunological interaction between the host and the parasite and the molecular mechanisms used by the two partners appears like essential for the discovery of new targets and new strategies in order to develop means of struggle against the pathogen. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the immunological interactions between the B. glabrata snail and S. mansoni trematode. Different aspects of the interaction between the snail and the parasite have been explored, from molecular and cellular bases to the tripartite interaction between the snail immunity, its microbiota and the pathogen. In a first step we have been able to demonstrate a gradient of parasite infectivities and snail susceptibilities from different geographical origins. Moreover, the immunological interaction between B. glabrata and S. mansoni is supported by local adaptation, at the molecular level. We were also able to show than an opsonin, the BgTEP, plays a key role in the interaction between B. glabrata and its various pathogens. Finally, the existence of a true tripartite interaction between the snail immune response, its microbiota and its parasite could was demonstrated
Loyet, Raphaël. "Dynamic sound rendering of complex environments." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995328.
Full textAssaad, Bassel. "Contribution à la prise en compte des aspects thermiques des machines électriques dans un environnement mécatronique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2251/document.
Full textElectric machines play an important role in power conversion in several applications and fields. With the increasing demand for designing lighter and more efficient machines and optimizing the existing structures, thermal analysis becomes a necessary; in fact, the performance of electric machines islimited by the allowable temperatures in many critical components like windings, permanent magnetsand bearings. Two main approaches can be employed in order to study the machine thermal behavior : the lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) or numerical models. Considering low-computationtime-consuming and the possibility to be integrated in a mechatronics system design, the LPTN method is considered in our study. The latter is mainly applied on electric machine integrated in a complex mechatronics environment. The thermal network is presented along with the definition of the principal elements constituting this network. In fact, an accurate and reliable network strongly depends on many critical parameters like heat transfer coefficients, interface gaps, impregnation goodness, among others. For this reason, different sensitivity analysis techniques are carried out in order to, first, identify the significance of uncertainties in the evaluation of these parameters on machine temperatures and second, to reduce the thermal network. Next, we propose two optimization algorithm-based identification methodologies in order to calibrate results of the thermal network with measured temperatures obtained from a test-bench of a permanent magnet based integrated starter-generator machine. The calibrated model is then integrated in a mechatronics system consisting of an electric model of the electric machine, along with its control strategy and the power converter. This final study allows us to evaluate the impact of the machine temperature rise on the mechatronic system
"Exploration de la fusion des informations pour améliorer la fiabilité locale d'une carte forestière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23448/23448.pdf.
Full textHuang, Ping. "La solidarité numérique : réponse locale à l'exclusion et redéfinition des stratégies de développement en matière de TIC." Thèse, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5698/1/D2561.pdf.
Full textCattan, Sarah. "Plasticité de la réponse aux orientations dans le cortex visuel primaire du chat par la méthode d'imagerie optique intrinsèque." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18508.
Full textIn the cat primary visual cortex (areas 17 and 18), neurons responding to orientations in the environment (such as the outline of objects) are organized in columns perpendicular to the cortical surface. It was previously shown that a drastic change in orientations in the environment changes the response of neurons. For example, a neuron responding to a horizontal orientation will respond, after learning a new environment, to an oblique orientation. In this thesis, we seek to follow the changes of properties of large populations of neurons due to this type of learning. To this end, we used the intrinsic signals optical imaging technique, which measures the activity of a cortical surface using the BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) signal. This thesis follows three axes: the effect of learning at the local level, the effect of learning at the visual area scale, and the modeling of learning. In the first part, we compared the changes in orientation of neurons according to the local gradient of orientation. This gradient is strong when two neighboring neurons have very different orientations, and weak when their orientations are similar. The obtained relation between the gradient and the magnitude of change in orientation shows that when neurons are increasingly surrounded by neurons with different orientations, they change their response to orientation to a greater extent. This suggests that local connections have a decisive influence on the extent of learning. In the second part, we followed the change in the orientation of neurons in the areas 17 and 18, before and after learning. The results are not significantly different between area 17 and area 18. However, it is noteworthy that orientation changes in area 18 are more variable in amplitude than in area 17. This may be because area 18 receives more diverse inputs than area 17, including a direct input from dLGN (dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus) Y cells. In the third part, we modeled the experimentally observed learning with neural networks using a Hebbian learning rule (networks are self-organizing maps). We have shown that feedback from higher areas to the primary visual cortex was desirable for the neurons orientation selectivity conservation. Overall, this thesis shows the importance of local connections in neuronal plasticity. In particular, they guarantee a homeostatic learning, i.e. maintaining the representativeness of orientations in the cortex. In a complementary manner, it also shows the importance of the superior areas in the conservation of learned orientations.
Le, Renard Pol-Edern. "Injectable formulations forming an implant in situ as vehicle of silica microparticles embedding superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the local, magnetically mediated hyperthermia treatment of solid tumors." Phd thesis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709676.
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